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Mrs. Mrkaich

THE PATH OF THE

EMPIRE

IWBAT: explain why the United States suddenly

abandoned its isolationism and turned outward at

the end of the nineteenth century.

EQ: What were the causes and signs of America’s

sudden turn toward international involvement at

the end of the nineteenth century?

OBJECTIVE

Expansionism : 3:05

Name three reasons for expansion

1.

2.

3.

Name two important people

1.

2.

Name two issues of the Anti-Imperialist

1.

2.

QUICK VIDEO

• Many developments fed the

nation’s ambition for over seas

expansion.

• The country was bursting with

a new sense of power

generated by the strong

growth in population, wealth,

and productive capacity, labor

violence and agrarian unrest

increased.

IMPERIALIST

STIRRINGS

Describe this political cartoon in ten words?

WELL, I HARDLY KNOW WHICH

TO TAKE FIRST!

• Reverend Josiah Strong's Our Country: inspired

missionaries to travel to foreign nations.

• Darwin’s theory of survival-of-the-fittest

• Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan's, argued that control of

the sea was the key to world dominance.

• James G. Blaine published "Big Sister" policy which

aimed to rally the Latin American nations behind

America's leadership and to open Latin American

markets to American traders.

IMPERIALIST

STIRRINGS

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The willingness of America to risk war over such distance and

minor disputes with Italy, Chile, and Canada demonstrated

the aggressive new national mood.

• American and Germany: almost went to war over Samoan

Islands

• Italy and America: almost fought due to the lynching of 11

Italians in New Orleans.

• American and Chile: almost went to war after the death of

two American sailors.

• America and Canada: had arguments over seal hunting.

IMPERIALIST

STIRRINGS

Book written by a Protestant minister that

proclaimed the superiority of Anglo-Saxon

civilization?

South American nation that nearly came to

blows with the US in 1892 over an incident

involving the deaths of American Sailors?

QUESTIONS

• British Guiana and Venezuela • disputing their border for over 50

years.

• when gold was discovered a peaceful resolution faded.

• Sec. of State Richard Olney, informed the British

• Their actions were a violation of the Monroe Doctrine.

• The two nations almost went to war.

MONROE'S DOCTRINE AND

THE VENEZUELAN SQUALL

• Both sides chose not to fight.

Britain's rich merchant marine was vulnerable to American commerce raiders

Russia and France were unfriendly,

and Germany was about to challenge the British naval supremacy.

• The Great Rapprochement, or reconciliation, between the United States and Britain became a cornerstone of both nations' foreign policies.

MONROE'S DOCTRINE AND

THE VENEZUELAN SQUALL

POLITICAL CARTOON

The first New England missionaries reached Hawaii in 1820.

• In 1840s, State Department warn other nations to keep their

hands off Hawaii.

• In 1887, a treaty with the native gov’t guaranteed naval-base

rights at Pearl Harbor.

• The profits of sugar cultivation in Hawaii

became less profitable with the McKinley

Tariff of 1890.

• American planters decided to annex Hawaii.

• Queen Liliuokalani insisted that native

Hawaiian should control the islands.

SPURNING THE

HAWAIIAN PEAR

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A minority of whites organized a successful revolt in 1893.

The Queen was overthrown and white revolutionists gained

control of Hawaii.

When a treaty to annex Hawaii was presented to the

Senate, President Grover Cleveland promptly withdrew it.

SPURNING THE

HAWAIIAN PEAR

Sugar production of Cuba became less profitable when

the America passed the tariff of 1894.

Cubans revolted in 1895 after the Spain began to place

Cubans in reconcentration camps.

Cuban destroyed their sugar cane fields, hoping Spain

might abandon Cuba or the United States interfere.

CUBANS RISE IN REVOLT

America had a large

investment as well as annual

trade stake in Cuba.

President Cleveland refused

to budge and fight for

Cuba's independence.

CUBANS RISE IN REVOLT

William R.

Hearst and Joseph

Pulitzer led the fabricated

atrocities of Cuba apart of

the new "yellow

journalism."

The two men caused the

American people to believe

that conditions in Cuba

were worse than they

actually were.

THE MYSTERY OF

THE MAINE EXPLOSION

Story of the USS Maine: 3:55

Answer Questions

VIDEO

On February 15, 1898, the U.S. battleship U.S.S Maine mysteriously exploded in Havana, killing 260.

Despite an unknown cause, America blamed Spain

Hearst called down to Cuba, “you supply the pictures, I’ll supply the story.”

What really happened: Accidental Explosion

America ignored conclusion

THE MYSTERY OF

THE MAINE EXPLOSION

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American public wanted war

McKinley privately didn’t like war or violence

Wall Street didn’t want war because it would upset business

On April 11, 1898 the president sent his war message to Congress anyway;

War with Spain seemed inevitable

America had to defend democracy

Opposing a war could split the Republican Party and America

MCKINLEY UNLEASHES THE

DOGS OF WAR

Congress declared war and

adopted the Teller

Amendment.

It proclaimed to the world

that when the United States

had overthrown the Spanish

misrule, it would give the

Cubans their freedom.

MCKINLEY UNLEASHES THE

DOGS OF WAR

DEWEY'S MAY DAY

VICTORY AT MANILA

American people plunged into the war with jubilation,

which seemed premature to Europeans.

The American army numbered 2,100 officers and 28,000

men compared to the 200,000 Spanish troops in Cuba.

Spanish had advantage: more troops, better army, and younger

generals.

Navy Sec. John D. Long and his assistant Sec. Theodore

Roosevelt had modernized the U.S. navy making it sleek

and sharp (ranked 5th world-wide).

DEWEY'S MAY DAY

VICTORY AT MANILA

DEWEY'S MAY DAY

VICTORY AT MANILA

Roosevelt cabled

Commodore George

Dewey's 6-ship fleet to take

over the Philippines.

On May 1, 1898, Dewey

slipped by detection at

night

and attacked and destroyed

the 10-ship Spanish fleet

at Manila.

Dewey completely took

over the islands from the

Spanish.

DEWEY'S MAY DAY

VICTORY AT MANILA

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Dewey had naval control, but he could not storm the islands and

its fortresses, so he had to wait for reinforcements.

Foreign ships began to gather in the Manila harbor, protecting

their nationals.

After several incidents, the potential for battles with other

nations blew over.

The German navy defied American blockade regulations.

UNEXPECTED

IMPERIALISTIC PLUMS

On August 13, 1898, American troops arrived and

captured Manila.

On July 7, 1898, the US annexed Hawaii and Hawaii

received full territorial status in 1900.

Hawaii was needed as a supply base for Dewey

UNEXPECTED

IMPERIALISTIC PLUMS

The Spanish gov’t sent a fleet of warships to Cuba, led by Admiral Cervera.

He was blockaded in the Santiago harbor in Cuba by American ships.

Leading the invasion force from the rear to drive out Cervera was General William R. Shafter.

They were ill-prepared for combat in the tropical environment.

THE CONFUSED

INVASION OF CUBA

ROUGH RIDER

The "Rough Riders," a regiment of volunteers consisting

of cowboys and ex-athletes.

The group was organized principally by Theodore

Roosevelt.

William Shafter's landing near Santiago, Cuba was made

without serious opposition.

On July 1st, fighting broke out at El Caney and San Juan

Hill, up which Colonel Roosevelt and his Rough Riders

charged.

THE CONFUSED

INVASION OF CUBA Admiral Cervera's fleet was entirely destroyed on July 3,

1898 and shortly thereafter Santiago surrendered.

General Nelson A. Miles met little resistance when he took

over Puerto Rico.

On August 12, 1898, Spain signed an armistice.

Before the war's end, much of the American army was stricken

with malaria, typhoid, and yellow fever.

CURTAINS FOR

SPAIN IN AMERICA

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In late 1898, negotiators in Paris begin heated

discussions.

Americans secured Guam and Puerto Rico and freed

Cuba

The Philippines presented President McKinley with a

problem:

American couldn’t honorably give it back to Spain: misrule

America couldn’t just take it like an imperialistic nation.

MCKINLEY HEEDS DUTY,

DESTINY, AND DOLLARS

McKinley decided to keep the Philippines.

Even though they had been captured the day after the

war.

McKinley did so because of popular public opinion and it

meshed well with business interests.

America therefore agreed to pay Spain $20 million for the

Philippines.

MCKINLEY HEEDS DUTY,

DESTINY, AND DOLLARS

Upon the US taking of the

Philippine's, uproar broke out, since

until now, the US had mostly

acquired territory.

The Anti-Imperialistic

League sprang up and fought the

McKinley administration's

expansionist moves.

Even the Filipinos wanted freedom.

AMERICA'S COURSE (CURSE?)

OF EMPIRE

In the Senate, the treaty was almost not passed.

In 1900, Democratic presidential candidate, William J.

Bryan influenced senators to get the treaty approved

on February 6, 1899.

He argued that the sooner the treaty was passed, the

sooner the Filipinos could gain their independence.

The treaty passed by only one vote.

AMERICA'S COURSE (CURSE?)

OF EMPIRE

By the Foraker Act of 1900, Congress gave the Puerto Ricans a

limited degree of popular government and, in 1917, granted

them U.S. citizenship.

The American regime worked wonders in education, sanitation,

transportation, and other improvements.

In the Insular Cases, the Supreme Court declared that the

Constitution did not extend to the Philippines and Puerto Rico.

Letting Congress do what ever it wanted

The case said the islands residents do

not share the same rights.

PERPLEXITIES IN PUERTO

RICO AND CUBA PLATT AMENDMENT

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The United States, honoring the Teller Amendment of

1898, withdrew from Cuba in 1902.

The U.S. forced the Cubans to write their own

constitution of 1901 (the Platt Amendment).

The US could intervene and restore order in case of

anarchy

The US could trade freely with Cuba

That the US could get two bays for naval bases

(Guantanamo Bay)

PERPLEXITIES IN PUERTO

RICO AND CUBA Although the Spanish-American War only lasted 113 days,

American prestige as a world power increased.

One of the greatest results of the war was the bonding

between the North and the South.

NEW HORIZONS IN TWO

HEMISPHERES