the periodic table: highlights from the history of an icon carmen j. giunta le moyne college
TRANSCRIPT
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The Periodic Table:Highlights from theHistory of an Icon
Carmen J. Giunta Le Moyne College
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AbstractThe periodic table is an icon of chemistry—one of
the few visual images that makes anyone who sees it think of chemistry. The periodic table has even branched out beyond its chemical roots as an arrangement for vegetables, desserts, and the like. Back to chemistry: where did it come from? When? How? What chemistry had to be known before the table could be discovered? (For that matter, was it discovered or invented?) These are just a few of the questions to be touched on in a whirlwind tour of the history of the periodic table from its devising to the present, including various shapes and sizes it has assumed over the years.
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Periodic Table of Desserts
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P. T. with Cupcakes
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Periodic
Table
of the Elementssilvercarbon
telluriumargon
copper
plutonium
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Periodic properties
Electronegativity
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Periodic properties
Molar volume
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Periodic properties
Ionization energy
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Periodic properties
Julius Lothar Meyer, Annalen der Chemie, Supplementband 7, 354 (1870)
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Prerequisites• concept/definition of element• lists of elements• properties of elements• how to order elements (atomic weights)• enough elements for patterns to emerge
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Prerequisites: Boyle
Robert Boyle, The Sceptical Chymist
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Prerequisites: Lavoisier
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Prerequisites: Dalton
John Dalton and his atomic weights
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Prerequisites: Cannizzaro
Stanislao Cannizzaro; translation of his Sunto (1858)
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Triads
Johann Döbereiner and his triads (1829)
Li
Na
KCa
Sr
Ba
S
Se
Te
Cl
Br
I
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1862: Vis Tellurique
Alexandre-ÉmileBéguyer de Chancourtois
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Law of Octaves: 1865
John Newlands and his law of octaves
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Law of Octaves
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Julius Lothar Meyer
Julius Lothar Meyer’s partial table (1864)
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Julius Lothar Meyer
1870 table
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Dmitrii Mendeleev
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Dmitrii Mendeleev (1869)
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Dmitrii Mendeleev (1871)
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After Mendeleev
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About that new column
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About that new column
Ramsay,Gases of the Atmosphere (1896)
•Argon discovered 1894•“molecular” weight = 39.9•monatomic•no room between K & Ca
•Helium discovered 1895•Ramsay places Ar in new group after Cl & before K•Ramsay predicts other monatomic inert gases•Ramsay & Travers find Ne, Kr, Xe in 1898
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Atomicnumber
Henry Moseley &|his X-ray spectral data
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Glenn Seaborg
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Early 20th Century
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Standard modern table
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Other arrangements
Left-step table (Charles Janet, 1928)
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Other arrangements
Spiral table (after Edgar Longman, 1951)
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Other arrangementsPhilip Stewart
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Other arrangements
Periodic roller coaster (William Crookes, 1898)
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Other arrangements
Periodic table table (Theodore Gray, 1951)
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Resources•Carmen Giunta, Classic Chemistry website, http://web.lemoyne.edu/giunta/•Mark Leach, INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables, http://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?Button=All•Eric R. Scerri, The Periodic Table: Its Story and its Significance (2007) & A Tale of Seven Elements (2013)•J. W. van Spronsen, The Periodic System of Chemical Elements: a History of the First Hundred Years (1969)