the phytochemical investigation of phyllanthus … · priyanka chaurasia*, shubham chaurasia and...

www.wjpps.com Vol 9, Issue 5, 2020.

1158

Priyanka et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

THE PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF PHYLLANTHUS

AMARUS FOR ANTIDIARRHOEAL ACTIVITY

Priyanka Chaurasia*, Shubham Chaurasia and Prashant Gupta

Department of Pharmacology, Daksh Institute of Pharmaceutical Science,

Chhatarpur (M.P.) 471001.

ABSTRACT

Diarrhoea is one of the leading causes of preventable death in

developing countries and mainly affects children and infants. Diarrhea

occurs in whole world and causes four percentages of all death and five

percentages of strength defeat to disability. The antidiarrhoeal effects

of the aqueous extract of phyllanthus amarus were evaluated in rats.

Antidiarrhoeal activity was screened by using castor oil induced

diarrhea, charcoal meal assay and PGE2 induced assay the extracts of

leaves phyllanthus amarus exhibited pronounced antidiarrhoeal effects

in dose dependent manner. Aqueous extract was prepared and

phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of Flavonoids and

tannins or major constituents like flavonoids, tannins, terpenes are

reported to possess antiulcer and antidiarrhoeal activity. From the acute

toxicity study of the aqueous extracts was establish to be non-lethal up to 2000mg/kg body

weight of animals. Aqueous extract of Phyllanthus amarus possessed significant anti-

diarrhoeal activity against different diarrhoeal induced models.

KEYWORDS: Antidiarrhoeal Activity, Intestinal Motility, Phyllanthus amarus, Dysentery,

Castor Oil, Enterotoxin, PGE2.

INTRODUCTION

As per WHO 3 or more excretion of loose or watery stools in 24 hour period are considered

as diarrhoea. In pathological terms, diarrhoea occurs due to passage of excess water in faeces.

Diarrhoea is mainly caused by gastrointestinal infection which destroys approximately 2.2

million individuals global in every year, mainly infants in developing country. Utilization of

WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

SJIF Impact Factor 7.632

Volume 9, Issue 5, 1158-1170 Research Article ISSN 2278 – 4357

Article Received on

01 March 2020,

Revised on 22 March 2020,

Accepted on 10 April 2020

DOI: 10.20959/wjpps20205-16039

*Corresponding Author

Priyanka Chaurasia

Assistant Professor,

Department of

Pharmacology, Smt.

Vidyawati College of

Pharmacy Jhansi, (U. P.)

284121.


1159


drinking water in sanitation is an important preventive criteria but infected water is too a

significant reason of diarrhoea. Cholera and dysentery cause strict, from time to time life

intimidating forms of diarrhoea.

The communicable agents that cause diarrhoea are infrequently introduced all through the

universe. Around the world 1.1 billion public need admittance to enhanced water resources

and 2.4 billion have no basic hygiene. In Southeast Asia and Africa, diarrhoea is liable for as

greatly as 8.5% and 7.7% of all deaths correspondingly. Diarrhoea due to illness is prevalent

all over the developing nation. Diarrhoea is the transient of improved amount (greater than

300g in 24 hours) of wobbly stools. Mainly persons are pretentious by diarrhoea at several

times in their live. It is frequently accompany by abdomen pain, emotion ill and sickness. It is

frequently due to use of drinking water infected with bacterial, undercooked beef and eggs or

insufficient kitchen hygiene-in other words, an illness

It is basis by a virus commonly or bacteria and can be acute (short period of time) or chronic

(huge period i.e. more than two or three weeks).


1160


Symptoms of diarrhoea

1. Numerous diluted motions.

2. Decrease in appetite.

3. Nausea and vomiting

4. Stomach pain.

5. Agitation.

6. Dryness.

Warning signs

1. Blood in the action.

2. Pus in the action (Yellow Mucus).

3. Incapability to drink liquid since of vomiting.

4. Dehydration –Where Symptoms comprise excreting little amount of shady urine,

sleepiness, dehydrated mucous membranes and dryness. Dehydration as a consequence of

diarrhoea is a meticulous hazard for young brood and the old.

5. Prominent sleepiness appropriate to dryness or intoxication.

6. Sharp diarrhea in infant.

7. Sensitive diarrhoea in elderly.

Diagnosis of diarrhoea

Indicative test to found the causes of diarrhoea can comprise the follow

1. Due to therapeutic record and physical test: The physician will be asking patient

regarding their intake behavior and medicine apply and will be inspect you for symbols of

sickness.

2. Due to Stool background: A trial of bench is analyzed in a laboratory to ensure for

bacterial, parasites or additional symbols of infection and illness.

3. Due to Blood test: Blood test can be useful in decision out definite disease.

4. Due to Fasting tests: To get out if a food bigotry or sensitivity is cause the diarrhoea, the

physician can inquire you to evade lactose, carbohydrates, wheat or other food to see

whether the diarrhoea react to a change in diet.

5. Due to Sigmoidoscopy: For this test, the physician uses a particular tool to seem at the

within of the rectum and lower part of the colon.

6. Due to Colonoscopy: This trial is analogous to a sigmoidoscopy, other than it allows the

physician to sight the whole colon.


1161


7. Imaging tests: These tests can regulation out structural abnormality as the causes of

diarrhoea.

Mechanism of intestinal ion and water transport

Figure: Action of cyclic nucleotides on electrolyte transport of intestinal mucosal cells.

Water and electrolytes are absorbed as well as secreted in the intestine. Jejunum is liberally

porous to saline and water which is inertly absorbed secondary to the nutrients (glucose,

amino acids etc.) absorption. In the ileum and colon lively Na+K

+ATPase mediate salt

absorption occur, mainly in the established cells liner the villous tips, water follow iso-

osmotically. In addition glucose facilitated Na+ takes place in the ileum: one Na

+ ion is

transported along with each molecule of glucose absorbed. This mechanism remains intact

even in severe diarrhoea.

Absorption of Cl- and HCO3 is passive (par cellular) as well as by exchange of HCO3

- Cl

-

(transcellular). Bicarbonate is engrossed also by the discharge of H+ (connected to that in

proximal tubule of kidney) and Na+

accompanies it. K+ is excretion by faecal water by

alternative with Na+, as well as by discharge in to mucus and in desquamated cell. The

osmotic deposit of luminal stuffing acts a significant position in formative final stool volume.

When non-absorbable solutes are presentence in disaccharides deficit (which occur in

starvation), the stool water is improved. Reticence of Na+ K

+ ATPase and structural injure to

mucosal cell (by rota virus) cause diarrhoea by falling absorption. Intracellular cyclic

nucleotides are significant regulator of absorptive and secretary progression. Stimuli

increasing cAMP or cGMP cause grid defeat of salty and wet, together by inhibit sodium

chloride absorption in villous cells and by promote anion secretion (Na+

accompany) in the

crypt cells which are primarily secretary. So many bacterial toxinseg. Cholera toxin, exotoxin

elaborated by Enterotoxigenic E.coli (ETEC), Staph. aureus, Salmonella etc. activate

adenylyl cyclase which enhances secretion that reaches its peak after 3-4 hrs and persist until


1162


the stimulated cells are shade in the normal turnover i.e. thirty 36 h gone single coverage.

Simultaneous reserve of absorption adds to the speed of salt and water. Prostaglandins (PGs)

and intracellular Ca2+

encourage the secretary method. Every acute enteric illness produces

secretary diarrhoea. The heat established toxin (ST) of ETEC, Clostridium diffcile and E.

histolytica base enhance of cGMP which stimulate anion discharge (less strong than cAMP)

and reduce Na+ inclusion. Diarrhoea linked with characinoid (secreting 5-HT) and modularly

carcinoma of thyroid (secreting calcitonin) is mediate by cAMP. Excess of bile acid also

caused diarrhoea by activating adenylyl cyclase. Traditionally hyper motility of bowel has

been ascribed a crucial role in diarrhoea. However, changes in intestinal motility are now

thought to be of secondary importance and may be due to fluid accumulation in lumen.

Decreased segmenting activity in the intestine may promote diarrhoea by allowing less time

for absorptive processes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Chemicals and reagents

All the chemicals of analytical grade were obtained from different places. Atropine were

purchased from Medly pharmaceuticals Ltd. Daman. Anesthetic ether, Pet.ether, Chloroform,

Naoh was purchased from Karnataka Fine Chemicals, Bangalore. Loperamide was purchased

from Merck, Mumbai. Oxalic acid, Toffers reagent, Phenol reagent as purchased from Nice

Chemicals Pvt. Ltd. All the chemicals used were of analytical grade.

Plant authentication

The whole parts of plants (Phyllanthus amarus) were collected locally in Chhatarpur (M.P.)

authenticated by Dr. Amita Arjariya Department of Botany, Govt. Maharaja PG College,

Chhatarpur (M. P.). A voucher specimen no. is (013/Bot/2018).

IAEC approval for animal studies

In this study, Swiss albino mice (25–35 g) and Wistar rats of either sex (male and female)

weighing between 150 to 250 gm were obtained from the DRDO, Gwalior and used

randomly. The animals were in-housed in Poly propylene cages and maintain at 24˚C ± 2˚C

less than 12hrs light/dark cycles and were nourished with paradigm pellet diet and had

liberated entrance to water. The animals were procured from standard diet supplied by Godrej

Agrovet Ltd. Pune. The composition of the diet has been protein (10%), Arachis oil (4%),

Fibers (1%), Calcium (1%), Vitamin A 1000 IU/gm and Vitamin D 500 IU/gm.


1163


Institutional Animal Ethics Committee approves the experimental protocol. Animals were

maintained in standard circumstances in an animal house which has been approved by

Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision on Experiments on Animals

(CPCSEA).

Extraction of plants & phytochemical screening

The leaves of Phyllanthus amarus were shadow dried and compact to coarse fine particles in

a motorized dicer. The powdered products obtain were then subjected to extraction in batch

by various solvents such as, n-Hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, Ethanol and Aqueous in a

soxhlet extractor. The different extracts found were evaporated at 45°C to get a semisolid

mass. Then the various extracts were exposed to phytochemical study.

Acute toxicity study

In this study Swiss albino mice (healthy adult female)weigh among 25 to 35 g. Animals were

separated into five groups of six animals in each extracts and were reserved fast during the

night (OECD 420 no. guideline). The various doses (5, 50, 100, 500 and 2000) mg/kg b. w.

were administered to the Group I, II, III, IV and V correspondingly. After that administering

the extracts to various groups the behavioral change like body temperature, CNS action,

micturition, defection etc were experiential for 24 h.

Evaluation of antidiarrhoeal activity

Castor oil induced diarrhoea

Rats of either sex (150-200 gm) were fasted for 18 h. They were divided into five groups

(n=4). The first group, which served as control was administered with aqueous 1% tragacanth

suspension. The second group received standard drug, Loperamide (2 mg/kg) orally as

suspension. The Phyllanthus amarus extract was administered orally at 100 mg/kg dose to

third group and 200 mg/kg dose to fourth group and 400 mg/kg to fifth group as suspension.

After 60 min of drug treatment, the animals of each group received 1 ml of castor oil orally

and the watery fecal material and number of defecation was noted up to 4 h in the transparent

metabolic cages with filter paper at the base. Weight of paper before and after defecation was

noted.

Charcoal meal test

Rats of either sex (150-200gm) were fasted for 18 h. They were divided into five groups

(n=4). The first group which served as control was administered with aqueous 1% tragacanth


1164


suspension. The second group receives standard drug atropine (0.1 mg/kg) subcutaneously.

The extract was administered orally at 100 mg/kg to third group, 200 mg/kg to fourth group

and 400 mg/kg to fifth group as suspension. The animals were given 1 ml of 10% activated

charcoal suspended in 10% aqueous tragacanth powder p. o., 30 min after treatment. Animals

were anesthesia 30 min after charcoal meal administration by ether anesthesia. The abdomen

was cut off and the small intestine carefully removed. The distance travelled by charcoal plug

from pylorus to caecum was measured.

PGE2 induced diarrhoea

Rats of either sex (150-200gm) were fasted for 18 h. They were then divided into five groups

(n=4). A solution of PGE2 was made in the 5%v/v in the normal saline. The first group,

which served as control, was administered with PGE2 (100 µg/kg p. o.) only. The second

group, which served as vehicle control was administered with aqueous 1% tragacanth

suspension by oral route. The extract was administered orally at 100 mg/kg to third group,

200 mg/kg to fourth group and 400 mg/kg to fifth group as suspension. Immediately after

extract administration PGE2 was administered. After 30 min following administration of

PGE2 each rat was sacrificed and whole length of the intestine from pylorus to caecum was

dissected out, its content collected in measuring cylinder and volume measured.

Statistical analysis

The data are represented as mean ± S.E.M, and statistical significance between treated and

control groups was analyzed using of ANOVA, followed by Tukey where P<0.05 was

considered statistically different.

RESULTS

Extraction of plant materials

The percentage yield of the successive extraction of Phyllanthus amarus leaves are presented.

Table 1: Description of different extracts of phyllanthus amarus (L.) leaves.

On the basis of above results, three solvents i.e. Chloroform, Ethanol and Aqueous extract for

further studies.

Extracts Colour Odour Consistency % yield(w/w)

Hexane Extract Dark Brown Characteristic Waxy 0.5

Chloroform Extract Bluish Brown Characteristic Sticky 2.3

Ethyl Acetate Extract Yellowish Brown Characteristic Waxy 0.7

Ethanol Extract Dark Brown Characteristic Dry 2.7

Aqueous Extract Dark Brown Characteristic Dry 4.3


1165


Acute toxicity studies

The acute toxicity studies of the different plants were performed. Aqueous extract of

Phyllanthus amarus (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg), orally was selected for different diarrhoea

induced models.

Table 2: Preliminary acute toxicity levels of crude extracts.

Group

Extracts

Dose Levels (mg/kg) N

N0

dead

CPAE

N0 dead

EPAE

N0

dead

APAE CPAE EPAE APAE

Group 1 5 5 5 6 0 0 0

Group 2 50 50 50 6 0 0 0

Group 3 100 100 100 6 0 0 0

Group 4 500 500 500 6 2 2 0

Group 5 2000 2000 2000 6 2 2 0

Control 1 ml dH2O 1 ml dH2O 1 ml dH2O 6 0 0 0

CPAE = Chloroform Phyllanthus amarus Extract.

EPAE = Ethanolic Phyllanthus amarus Extract.

APAE =Aqueous Phyllanthus amarus Extract.

On the basis of above result’s that aqueous extract for further studies and doses 100, 200 and

400 mg/kg.

Preliminary phytoconstituents

Table 3: The preliminary phytochemical analysis of extract revealed that the presence

of various phyto constituents.

Constituents Chemical test Phyllanthus amarus Extract

Alkaloids

Hager's Test + ve

Mayer's Test + ve

Dragendroff’s Test ve

Wagner's Test + ve

Carbohydrates

Molish’s Test + ve

Fehling's Test + ve

Benedict's Test + ve

Cardiac glycosides Baljet's test ve

Legal's test ve

Anthraquinone glycosides Borntrager’s test + ve

Modified Borntrager’s test + ve

Saponin glycosides Foam test ve

Fixed oil Stain Test ve

Proteins and Amino acids

Million’s Test + ve

Biuret Test + ve

Ninhydrin Test + ve

Triterpenoids Liebermann-Burchard Test + ve


1166


Constituents Chemical test Phyllanthus amarus Extract

Flavonoids Shinoda test + ve

Sodium hydroxide test + ve

Tannin and Polyphenols

Lead acetate solution + ve

5% FeCl3 solution + ve

Bromine water test + ve

Potassium dichromate test + ve

Evaluation of Anti-diarrhoeal activity

Table 4 (a): Evaluation of anti-diarrhoeal activity of aqueous extract of phyllanthus

amarus by castor oil induced diarrhoea.

Group Treatment Total number of

faeces

Total number of

diarrheal faeces

Delay in defecation

time (min)

I Control 9.21±0.51 6.42±0.35 5.41±0.06

II Loperamide (2 mg/kg) 4.25±0.15 3.25±0.15 3.56±0.15

III Aqueous extract (100 mg/kg) 5.83±0.52 6.01±0.75 5.05±0.40

IV Aqueous extract (200 mg/kg) 5.63±0.22 5.45±0.77 4.52±0.42

V Aqueous extract (400 mg/kg) 4.64±0.08 3.95±0.25 3.86±0.12

*P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs. Control group. Number of animals (N) =4, values are expressed as

mean±SEM.

Table 4(b): Evaluation of anti-diarrhoeal activity of aqueous extract of phyllanthus

amarus by charcoal meal test.

Group Treatment Movement of charcoal

I Control 89.04 ± 0.16

II Atropine sulphate (2 mg/kg) 18.48 ± 0..24**

III Aqueous extract (100 mg/kg) 45.25 ± 0.70**

IV Aqueous extract (200 mg/kg) 54.80 ± 0.82**

V Aqueous extract (400 mg/kg) 71.64 ± 0.16**

Number of animals (N) =4, values are expressed as mean±SEM, **=P<0.01= very

significant.

Table 4(c): Evaluation of anti-diarrhoeal activity of aqueous extract of phyllanthus

amarus by PGE2 induced enteropooling.

Group Treatment Volume of intestinal fluid (ml)

I PGE2 control 3.1 ± 0.97

II Vehicle control 2.98 ± 0.10

III Aqueous extract (100 mg/kg) 2.09 ± 0.10**

IV Aqueous extract (200 mg/kg) 1. 89 ± 0.19**

V Aqueous extract (400 mg/kg) 1.10 ± 0.11**

Number of animals (N) =4, Values are expressed as mean±SEM,**=P<0.01= very

significant.


1167


DISCUSSION

In research of Phyto-chemistry, plant products and also its isolated constituents some of the

chief gorgeous source of novel drugs, and have been shown promising effect for the action of

diarrheal in various induced experimental models for evaluating anti-diarrhoeal agents. In the

present investigation plants were selected that was used traditionally as ulcer-protective and

anti-diarrhoeal but not screened for antiulcer activity and anti-diarrhoeal action. The

preliminary phytochemical evaluation plant extract shown the occurrence of flavonoids,

saponins, tannins, alkaloids, and lipids. In qualitative analysis indicate that the aqueous and

ethanolic extract is extremely wealthy in flavonoids, tannins, lipid and alkaloids. Tannins and

flavonoids are identified as in nature occurring complex having gastro-protective and anti-

diarrhoeal action.

Aqueous extract were prepared and phytochemical analysis revealed presence of flavonoids

and tannins as a major constituent. Many phytochemical constituents like flavonoids, tannins,

terpenes that are reported to possess antiulcer and anti-diarrhoeal activity are also present in

extract. These phytochemicals have been proposed to explain their gastro protective and

antidiarrhoeal effects by several mechanisms in the present study.

Every doses of plant extract shown active against PGE2 induced enteropooling, which

strength be owing to the reserve of mixture of prostaglandins. Anti-enteropooling action of

the extract is more pertinent since the avoidance of enteropooling help in the reserve of

diarrheal. Aqueous extract and the anti-muscarinic drug, atropine (0.1 mg/kg) decrease the

propulsive group in the charcoal meal test. The original mechanism appears to be spasmolytic

and an anti-enteropooling action by which the extract formed release in diarrhoea. The

complex created coat above the intestinal mucosa and make the intestinal mucosa

extraopposed to and reduce discharge. The tannin there in the plant extracts may be

conscientious for the anti-diarrhoeal action.

CONCLUSION

Phytochemical analysis of the extract revealed that extract contains the Carbohydrates,

flavanoid, saponin, tannin/polyphenol and fat, phyto-sterols and tri-terpenoids. From the

acute toxicity study of the hydro-alcoholic extract was established to be non-lethal up to

dosesup to 2000 mg/kg body weight of the animals.


1168


Anti-diarrhoeal action was screened by using castor oil induced diarrhoea, charcoal meal

assay and PGE2 induced enteropooling assay. The extract of leaves Phyllanthus amarus

exhibited pronounced anti-diarrhoeal effect in a dose-dependent manner following oral pre-

treatment on castor oil-induced diarrhoea compare with the positive standard. The effect of

extract increases the onset time of diarrhoea. Though the action is important but relatively it

is smaller than the loperamide 2 mg/kg. The extract considerably (P < 0.01) reserved together

the incidence of defecation as well as the wetness of the faecal dung of rat. Effect of plant

extract on intestinal transit was observed using charcoal meal test. Distance travel by the

charcoal meal was compact in the extract treated test groups with the dose of 100 mg/kg, 200

mg/kg and 500 mg/kg correspondingly, compare to control group. Anti-enteropooling action

was assess by using PGE2induce diarrhoea. The extract reserved PGE2-induced enteropooling

notably (P<0.01) in mice at every doses. The anti-diarrhoeal result of it might also due to the

occurrence of tannins and flavanoids in the extract and may be which are accountable for the

overproperty.

In conclusion, aqueous extract of Phyllanthus amarus possessed significant anti-diarrhoeal

activity against different diarrhoeal induced models. The anti-diarrhoeal result of aqueous

extract is outstanding to decrease of GIT motility, reserve of the synthesis of prostaglandin

and NO. The extract has potential effect on the reduction of gastrointestinal motility than the

other effects. The above effects of it may also be due to the presence of tannins and

flavonoids in the extract.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors are thankful to Assosiate Prof. Prashant Gupta, Head of Department of

Pharmacology, Daksh Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Chhatarpur (M.P) for providing

all necessary facilities and moral support to carry out this research work.

Conflict of interest: Nil.

REFERENCES

1. www.who.intwhr2001/1001/archives/2000/ex/index.htm, Date15/06/07.

2. Amstrong D., Cohen J. Infectious diseases, Mosby, Spain, 1999; 35.35(2): 1-35.70.

3. Sixma T. K., Pronk S. E., Kalk K. H., Wartna E. S., Zanten B A., Witholt B., Hoi W. G.

Nature, 1991; 351: 371-377.


1169


4. Kopic S., Geibel J. Toxin mediated diarrhea nin the 21st century: The pathophysiology of

intestinal ion transport in the course of ETEC, V. cholerae and Rotavirus infection.

Toxins, 2010; 2: 2132-2157. ISSN 2072-6651. (www.mdpi.com/journal/toxins).

5. Umukoro S, Ashorobi RB Effect of Aframomum melegueta seed extract on castor oil-

induced diarrhea. Pharm. Biol, 2005; 43(4): 330-333.

6. Tangpu V, Yadav AK Antidiarrhoeal activity of Rhusjavanica ripens fruit extract in

albino mice. Fitoterapia, 2004; 75: 39-44.

7. Otshudi AL Antidiarrhoeal activity of root extracts from Roureopsisob liquifoliata and

Epinetrum villosum. Fitoterapia, 2001; 72(3): 291-294.

8. Lofti B, Moncef BS Effect of Rice-based solution on intestinal water movement and

motility: studies in a model of prostaglandins induced secretory diarrhea and the

myoenteric plexus preparation. J. Anim. Vet. Adv, 2005; 4(8): 730-733.

9. Agunu A Evaluation of five medicinal plants used in diarrhea treatment in Nigeria. J.

Ethnopharmacol, 2005; 101(1/3): 27-30.

10. Calzada, F.; Arista, R. & Pérez, H. Effect of plants used in Mexico to treat

gastrointestinal disorders on charcoal-gum acacia-induced hyper peristalsis in rats.

Journal of ethnopharmacology, 2010; 128(1): 49-51. ISSN 0378-8741.

11. Chen, JC. Ho, TY. Chang, YS.; Wu, SL. & Hsiang, CY. Anti-diarrheal effect of Galla

Chinensis on the Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin and ganglioside interaction.

Journal of ethnopharmacology, 2006; 103(3): 385-391. ISSN 0378- 8741.

12. Hajhashemi, V.; Sadraei, H.; Ghannadi, AR. & Mohseni, M. Antispasmodic and

antidiarrhoeal effect of Satureja hortensis L. essential oil. Journal of ethnopharmacology,

2000; 71: 1-2, 187-192. ISSN 0378-8741.

13. Okoli, R.I., Turay, A.A., Mensah, J.K., Aigbe, A.O., Phytochemical and antimicrobial

properties of four herbs from Edo State, Nigeria. Report and Opinion, 2009; 1: 67-73.

14. Komuraiah, A., Bolla, K., Rao, K.N., Ragan, A., Raju, V.S., Singara Charya, M.A.,

Antibacterial studies and phytochemical constituents of South Indian Phyllanthus species.

African Journal of Biotechnology, 2009; 8: 4991-4995.

15. Ogunlesi, M., Okiei, W., Osibote, E. A. S., Muotoh, C., Antimicrobial activity of the

essential oil and the fractional samples obtained from the leaves and seeds of Phyllanthus

amarus (Euphorbiaceae). Research Journal of Phytochemistry, 2009; 3(4): 77-84.

16. Oluwafemi, F., Debiri, F., 2008. Antimicrobial effect of Phyllanthus amarus and

Parquetina nigrescens on Salmonella typhi. African Journal of Biomedical Research,

2009; 11: 215-219.

http://www.mdpi.com/journal/toxins


1170


17. Okigbo, R. N., Igwe, D. I., Antimicrobial effects of Piper guineense 'Uziza' and

Phyllanthus amarus 'Ebe-Benizo' on Candida albicans and Streptococcus faecalis. Acta

Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica, 2007; 54(4): 353-366.

18. Mazumder, A., Mahato, A., Mazumder, R., Antimicrobial potentiality of Phyllanthus

amarus against drug resistant pathogens. Natural Product Research, 2006; 20(4): 323-326.

19. Kloucek, P., Polesny, Z., Svobodova, B., Vlkova, E., Kokoska, L., Antibacterial

screeningof some Peruvian medicinal plants used in Calleria District. Journal of

Ethnopharmacology, 2005; 99(2): 309-312.

20. Lee, S. H., Jaganath, I. B., Wang, S. M., Sekaran, S. D., Antimetastatic effects of

Phyllanthus on human lung (A549) and breast (MCF-7) cancer cell lines. PLoS ONE,

2011; 6(6): e20994. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020994.

21. Abhyankar, G., Suprasanna, P., Pandey, B.N., Mishra, K.P., Rao, K.V., Reddy, V.D.

Hairy root extract of Phyllanthus amarus induces apoptotic cell death in human breast

cancer cells. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 2010; 11: 526-532.

22. Notka, F., Meier, G. R., Wagner, R., Inhibition of wild type huma immuno-deficiency

virus and reverse transcriptase inhibitor-resistant variants by Phyllanthus amarus.

Antiviral Research, 2003; 58: 175-186.

23. Huang, R. L., Huang, Y. L., Ou, J. C., Chen, C. C., Hsu, F. L., Chang, C., Screening of

25compounds isolated from Phyllanthus Species for anti-human hepatitis B virus in vitro.

Phytotherapy Research, 2003; 17: 449-453.

24. Ott, M., Thyagarajan, S. P., Gupta, S., Phyllanthus amarus suppresses hepatitis B virus by

interrupting interactions between HBV enhancer I and cellular transcription factors.

European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 1997; 27(11): 908-915.

25. Vasudevan M, Parle M. Memory-Enhancing activity of T. populnea in Rats. Pharm Bio

2007; 45: 267–273.

26. Prajapati ND, Purohit SS, Sharma AK, Kumar TA. Book of Medicinal plant 1st ed.

India: Agrobios India; 2003.

27. Parmar C, Kaushal MK. Wild Fruits of Sub Himalyan Region. 1st ed: Kalyani Publishers;

1982.

28. Handral HK, Pandith A, Shruthi SD. A review on Murraya koenigii: Multipotential

medicinal plant. Asian j of pharm and clin research, 2012; 5: 45-49.

the phytochemical investigation of phyllanthus … · priyanka chaurasia*, shubham chaurasia and...

Documents