the policy framework for the promotion of hydrogen and fuel cells in europe (eng) / el marco de...

8/2/2019 The Policy Framework for the Promotion of Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in Europe (Eng) / El Marco de Polticas de Pro

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@rufgs Gurepgck Gdekeild êoldy `rlgalkfs

bttp://www.deogurep.`g/gde/puòldctleks.bti

]bg êoldy Arcigwerh aer tbg ^reietlek ea

Bymrefgk ckm Augo Dgoos lk Gurepg:

c Drltldco Cssgssigkt*

Pcliukm @oglsdbwltzckm Klheocs @cmgr**

@GG^ `rlgalkf k 3>2

* ]bg rgsgcrdb aer tbls @GG^ wcs pcrtoy aukmgm `y tbg GW cs pcrt ea tbg Lktgfrctgm ^rejgdt

"Pecms0ByDei"8 sgg aer aurtbgr lkaerictlek www.recms0by.dei.

]bls puòldctlek megs ket kgdgsscrloy rgprgsgkt tbg vlgws ea tbg Gurepgck Deiilsslek.

Qcoucòg deiigkts wgrg rgdglvgm arei, lktgr colc, ^gr Mckkgickm, Ckkg Kyfccrm, Icrdgo Vggmc,

Pe`grt Ttglk`grfgr, Kldh Ewgk.

** Pcliukm @oglsdbwltz ls vlsltlkf preagsser lk tbg gdekeilds mgpcrtigkt ea tbg Deoogfg ea Gurepg (@rufgs).

Bg ls cose caalolctgm wltb tbg Vuppgrtco Lkstltutg ckm tbg Wklvgrsltlgs ea Vuppgrtco ckm Hcssgo (coo

Fgricky). Klheocs @cmgr ls rgsgcrdb csslstckt ct tbg Deoogfg ea Gurepg (@rufgs).Derrgspekmlkf cutber: k`cmgrNdeogurep.`g8 tgo.: +40 7>=664378 acx: +40 7>=664>>.
http://www.coleurop.be/template.asp?pagename=ecopublichttp://www.coleurop.be/template.asp?pagename=ecopublichttp://www.roads2hy.com/mailto:[email protected]://www.coleurop.be/template.asp?pagename=ecopublicmailto:[email protected]://www.roads2hy.com/


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C`strcdt

]bls pcpgr rgvlgws tbg durrgkt GW peoldy arcigwerh lk vlgw ea lts lipcdt

ek bymrefgk ckm augo dgoo mgvgoepigkt. Lt sdrggks GW gkgrfy peoldlgs, GW

rgfuoctery peoldlgs ckm GW spgkmlkf peoldlgs. Hgy qugstleks cmmrgssgm crgcs aeooews: ]e wbct gxtgkt ls tbg durrgkt peoldy arcigwerh dekmudlvg te

bymrefgk ckm augo dgoo mgvgoepigkt5 Vbct `crrlgrs ckm lkdekslstgkdlgs dck

`g lmgktlalgm5 Bew dck peoldlgs petgktlcooy preietg bymrefgk ckm augo

dgoos lk Gurepg, tchlkf lkte cddeukt tbg deipogx gveoutlek ea sudb c

mlsruptlvg tgdbkeoefy5 Bew sbeuom tbg GW peoldy arcigwerh `g rgaerigm

lk vlgw ea c strgkftbgkgm ckm ierg debgrgkt cpprecdb5

]bg pcpgr dekdoumgs tbct tbg durrgkt GW peoldy arcigwerh megs ket blkmgrbymrefgk mgvgoepigkt. \gt lt megs ket dekstltutg c strekf pusb acdter

gltbgr. GW gkgrfy peoldlgs bcvg tbg strekfgst lipcdt ek bymrefgk ckm augo

dgoo mgvgoepigkt gvgk tbeufb tbglr petgktlco ls stloo ukmgrgxpoeltgm.

Pgfuoctery peoldlgs bcvg c wgch `ut pesltlvg lipcdt ek bymrefgk. GW

spgkmlkf peoldlgs sbew seig lkdekslstgkdlgs. Bewgvgr, tbg ocrfg sdcog

icrhgt mgvgoepigkt ea bymrefgk ckm augo dgoos wloo rgqulrg c kgw peoldy

cpprecdb wbldb deiprlsgs tgdbkeoefy spgdlald suppert cs wgoo cs csuppertlvg peoldy arcigwerh wltb c spgdlco rgflekco mligkslek.

Hgywerms: gkgrfy peoldy, lkkevctlek, bymrefgk

JGO demgs: S=0, S0, S77, O73


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]bg êoldy Arcigwerh aer tbg ^reietlek ea Bymrefgk

ckm Augo Dgoos lk Gurepg: C Drltldco Cssgssigkt

Pcliukm @oglsdbwltz ckm Klheocs @cmgr

@GG^ `rlgalkf k 3>6) - wloo dekstltutg c icjer dbckfg `csgm upek c mlsruptlvg tgdbkeoefldco

lkkevctlek. Cs bymrefgk dck `g c dcrèk kgutrco igcks te su`stltutg aesslo augos, tbg

Gurepgck Deiilsslek lk olkg wltb fevgrkigkts weromwlmg - rgfcrms lts aurtbgr

mgvgoepigkt ckm icrhgt lktremudtlek cs mgslrcòg (GD, 0>>6c). Bewgvgr, bymrefgk dckket

deipgtg ygt wltb lkdui`gkt tgdbkeoeflgs ckm ls stloo lk lts gcroy stcfg ea icrhgt

lktremudtlek.

]bg aeooewlkf pcpgr tchgs ek tbg wgoo-gstcòlsbgm crfuigkt tbct lk gcroy pbcsgs ea ùslkgss

mgvgoepigkt ckm icrhgt lktremudtlek lkkevctleks kggm c tgdbkeoefy spgdlald suppert

sdbgig. Vltbeut sudb c spgdlald suppert sdbgig, oedh-lk gaagdts ea prgvclolkf tgdbkeoeflgs

(Crtbur, 3), petgktlco mlsgdekeilgs ea sdcog (Lsecrm/Terlc,

0>>3), ckm tbg kgdgsslty te rgcdb ct ogcst c drltldco icss ea premudtlek ogfltlilsg tcloer-

icmg suppert sdbgigs aer bymrefgk.

3


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P. @oglsdbwltz ckm K. @cmgr, ]bg eoldy Arcigwerh aer tbg reietlek ea Bymrefgk ckm Augo Dgoos lk Gurepg:C Drltldco Cssgssigkt

Lt ls lipertckt te cdhkewogmfg bewgvgr tbct mug te lts mlstlkdt dbcrcdtgrlstlds bymrefgk

kggms c ierg deipogx suppert sdbgig tbck rgkgwcògs (Pes gt co., 0>>68 Pecms0ByDei,

0>>2). Ct ogcst tbrgg gogigkts dekstltutg tbg mlsruptlvg dbcrcdtgr ea bymrefgk ckm augo dgoos

arei c peoldy-rgoctgm pelkt ea vlgw:

3. Cs bymrefgk ls ck gkgrfy dcrrlgr (ckm ket ck gkgrfy seurdg sudb cs wlkm) lt ket ekoy

kggms lkarcstrudturg aer lts premudtlek ùt cose aer lts mlstrlùtlek.

0. Wkolhg `leaugos tbct dck `g ògkmgm lkte dekvgktlekco fcseolkg er mlgsgo augos er

rgkgwcòg gkgrfy wbldb dck `g agm lkte tbg gogdtrldlty frlm, bymrefgk kggms te `g icmg

deipctlòg wltb tbg gxlstlkf gkgrfy lkarcstrudturg.

4. ]bg evgrcoo pgraerickdg ea bymrefgk ckm augo dgoos rgolgs ek seig wgch olkhs sudb cs

stercfg tgdbkeoefy wbgrg tgdbkeoefldco prefrgss ls drudlco.

Aer tbesg rgcseks lt ls ukolhgoy tbct suppert ckm lkdgktlvg systgis tbct bcvg prevgk te `g

suddgssauo aer rgkgwcòg gkgrflgs wloo `g suaaldlgkt aer tbg mgpoeyigkt ea bymrefgk ckm

augo dgoos.

Vg crfug tbct bymrefgk rgqulrgs c deiprgbgkslvg suppert sdbgig wbldb `rlmfgs tbg fcp

`gtwggk tbg tbrgg mligksleks ea (c) icrhgt rgqulrgigkts, (`) sustclkc`lolty/ dolictg

rgqulrgigkts ckm (d) bymrefgk tgdbkeoefy mgvgoepigkt. Tudb c deiprgbgkslvg suppert

sdbgig wloo bcvg te `cockdg strctgfld mgpoeyigkt ek tbg ekg bckm ckm epgkkgss ckm

aogxl`lolty ek tbg etbgr c `cockdg wbldb bcs `ggk mlsdussgm wltb rgfcrm te fevgrkckdg ckm

gdekeild peoldy `y @oglsdbwltz (0>>6) ckm Igtdcoag (0>>4). Eur pcpgr ukmgrtchgs c

sdrggklkf ea tbg gxlstlkf GW peoldy arcigwerh wltb tbg cli ea ck lipcdt ckcoysls tewcrms

tbg mgvgoepigkt ckm icrhgt lktremudtlek ea bymrefgk ckm augo dgoos. Lt sgghs te lmgktlay

`crrlgrs cs wgoo cs lkdekslstgkdlgs ckm slmg gaagdts tbct blkmgr tbg gkvlscfgm uptchg ea c

bymrefgk gdekeiy lk Gurepg. ]bls ls lipertckt `gdcusg lk Gurepgck Igi`gr Ttctgs tbg

peoldy arcigwerh mgpgkms te c ocrfg pcrt upek tbg GW ogvgo wltb lkdrgcslkf lipertckdg ea

GW rgfuoctlek (^gohicks, 0>>1).

]bg GW sgts tcrfgts aer lts Igi`gr Ttctgs wltb rgfcrm te gkgrfy gaaldlgkdy er tbg sbcrg ea

rgkgwcòg gkgrfy lk gogdtrldlty premudtlek8 lt rgfuoctgs tbg gilsslek trcmlkf systgi (G]T)

ckm pcrtoy cose tbg Gurepgck icrhgts aer fcs ckm gogdtrldlty.

0


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Lt sgts ilkliui ogvgos aer gkgrfy tcxctlek ckm su`slmlsgs gkgrfy tgdbkeoeflgs tbreufb lts

rgflekco aukms ckm rgsgcrdb prejgdts. Tbgmmlkf olfbt ek tbg lipcdt ea durrgkt GW peoldlgs

tbus ls lipertckt aer auturg bymrefgk ckm augo dgoo mgvgoepigkt lk Gurepg cs wgoo cs lk

etbgr rgfleks. Eur cpprecdb tbus deipogigkts rgsgcrdb ek bew peoldlgs sbcpg

tgdbkeoefldco dbckfg tewcrms sustclkcòg gkgrfy, wbldb bcs `ggk mekg cs gx-pest

gvcouctlek ea WT gxpgrlgkdgs (Ker`grf-@ebi, 0>>>), ea rgkgwcòg gkgrfy seurdgs lk

Fgricky, Twgmgk ckm tbg Kgtbgrockms (Jcde`ssek/ @grfgh, 0>>=) ckm ea gkgrfy-gaaldlgkdy

tgdbkeoeflgs (Fru``/Wopb, 0>>0).

]bg pcpgr ls erfcklsgm cs aeooews. Tgdtlek 0 ckcoysgs GW gkgrfypeoldlgs aer tbgy bcvg c

mlrgdt lipcdt ek bymrefgk ckm augo dgoos cs wgoo cs ek deipgtlkf tgdbkeoeflgs (G]T,

gkgrfy gaaldlgkdy, rgkgwcògs). Tgdtlek 4 mgcos wltb rgfuoctery peoldlgs8 tbesg crg ket

mlrgdtoy rgoctgm te bymrefgk ckm augo dgoos ùt bcvg tbg petgktlco te blkmgr er preietg tbg

mgvgoepigkt ea tbgsg tgdbkeoeflgs (gkgrfy tcxctlek, ol`grcolsctlek ea tbg lktgrkco icrhgt aer

fcs ckm gogdtrldlty). Tgdtlek = ckcoyzgs GW spgkmlkf peoldlgs cshlkf wbgtbgr tbgy ilfbt

dekstltutg c pusb acdter aer bymrefgk ckm augo dgoo mgvgoepigkt. Alkcooy, sgdtlek 7 mrcws

dekdousleksckm flvgs rgdeiigkmctleks aer ck gkbckdgm peoldy arcigwerh.

0. GW gkgrfy peoldlgs

Tlkdg lts gcroy `gflkklkf lk pest-wcr Gurepg gkgrfy bcs cowcys pocygm c preilkgkt reog lk

tbg Gurepgck lktgfrctlek predgss. ]we ea tbg tbrgg aeukmlkf trgctlgs gstcòlsbgm

erfcklsctleks wbldb mgcot wltb gkgrfy suppoy: tbg Gurepgck Deco ckm Ttggo Deiiuklty

(378 ^gohicks,

0>>1). ]bg GW kew bcs su`stcktlvg pewgr lk sgvgrco algoms wbldb crg ea mlrgdt rgogvckdg

aer bymrefgk ckm augo dgoo mgvgoepigkt.

0.3. Gkgrfy gaaldlgkdy peoldlgs

Gkgrfy gaaldlgkdy (GG) rgfuoctleks crg kericooy mgslfkgm te mgdrgcsg tbg gkgrfy lktgkslty

ea ck gdekeiy, l.g. te ilklilsg tbg cieukt ea gkgrfy usgm pgr uklt FM^ (LGC,3


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trcmltlekco fcseolkg pewgrgm lktgrkco deiùstlek gkflkgs), ogflsoctlek ek GG icy lkmlrgdtoy

acveur tbg mgvgoepigkt ckm icrhgt lktremudtlek ea augo dgoos.

Tlkdg 0>>>, tbg Deiiuklty bcs cmeptgm sgvgrco igcsurgs lk tbg algom ea GG. Icky ogfco

lkstruigkts dekdgrk spgdlald sgdters sudb cs ùlomlkfs ckm tbg oc`goolkf ea prgdlsgoy mgalkgm

premudts sudb cs beusgbeom cppolckdgs er gogdtrld evgks. ]we rgoctlvgoy rgdgkt mlrgdtlvgs

crg corgcmy rctbgr gkdeipcsslkf lk tbglr sdepg ckm sgt c arcigwerh aer kgcroy coo sgdters:

]bg mlrgdtlvg ek gkgrfy gkm-usg gaaldlgkdy ckm gkgrfy sgrvldgs ea 0>>7 sgts tbg tcrfgt

tbct gvgry igi`gr stctg iust ek cvgrcfg liprevg `y 3% lts GG gvgry ygcr. ]bgsg

tcrfgts crg lkmldctlvg. ]bg Igi`gr Ttctgs crg rgoctlvgoy argg te dbeesg tbg lkstruigkts

`y wbldb tbgy wckt te rgcdb tbgsg fecos (GD, 0>>1c).

Lk 0>>7, tbg GW cose cmeptgm c mlrgdtlvg ek tbg gdemgslfk ea gkgrfy-uslkf premudts.

]bls mlrgdtlvg cppolgs lk prlkdlpog te cky gkgrfy uslkf premudt ckm clis te liprevg

GG lk tbg wbeog olag dydog ea tbg premudt. ]bg tgxt prevlmgs aer GG stckmcrms ckm

rgqulrgigkts aer gvgry stcfg ea tbg premudtlek `gflkklkf wltb tbg gcroy mgslfk pbcsg.

]bg tgxt ltsgoa megs ket sgt cky `lkmlkf tcrfgts (GD, 0>>7c).

Teig ogfco tgxts rgagr gxpoldltoy te augo dgoos. Aer lkstckdg, tbg GW mlrgdtlvg ek dei`lkgm

bgct ckm pewgr igktleks tbgi cs c defgkgrctlek tgdbkeoefy (GD, 0>>=). Bewgvgr, gvgkwbgk augo dgoos crg ket mlrgdtoy igktlekgm lk GW mlrgdtlvgs, tbg octtgr dck stloo bcvg frgct

lipcdt ek tbglr icrhgt lktremudtlek. ]bg `gaerg igktlekgm gde-mgslfk mlrgdtlvg sgts c

arcigwerh aercoogkgrfy-uslkf premudts (gxdgpt aer vgbldogs aer trckspert) wbldb tbgrgaerg

cose dekdgrks augo dgoos. Lk acdt, prefrgss lk augo dgoo tgdbkeoefy lk seig spgdlald crgcs olhg

sicoo cppolckdgs bcs tbg petgktlco te aurtbgr tbg mgvgoepigkt ea augo dgoos lk etbgr crgcs tee,

sudb cs trckspert.

Ekg sbeuom ketg, bewgvgr, tbct stckmcrms kggm te `g sgt wltb c ilm tgri pgrspgdtlvg lk

ermgr te fe `gyekm lkdrgigktco liprevgigkts ckm te cttrcdt alkckdlkf aer tbg augo dgoo

ùslkgss wbldb ls TIG `csgm (Jcde` gt co., 0>>7).

Lk tbg deilkf ygcrs tbg GW ls vgry olhgoy te cmept ierg ci`ltleus ogflsoctlek lk tbg algom ea

GG. Ct lts suiilt ea Icrdb 0>>6, tbg GW bcs cfrggm ek tbg tcrfgt te scvg 0>% ea lts

gkgrfy deksuiptlek deipcrgm te prejgdtleks aer 0>0> (GD, 0>>6`).

=


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Cddermlkf te GW gstlictgs corgcmy bcoa ea tbls gkgrfy scvlkfs tcrfgt deuom `g rgcdbgm la tbg

gxlstlkf ogflsoctlek wcs wgoo lipogigktgm ckm tbg preietlekco ckm mlssgilkctlek cdtlvltlgs

rgcdbgm eut te c blfb kui`gr ea gkgrfy deksuigrs. Bewgvgr, te rgcdb tbg rgiclklkf 3>%,

tbg Deiiuklty wloo kggm te cmept ckm lipogigkt kgw ogflsoctlek (GD 0>>7`) wbldb icyacdloltctg tbg icrhgt lktremudtlek ea augo dgoos cssuilkf tbct c oekf tgri pgrspgdtlvg `gyekm

0>0> ls tchgk lkte cddeukt.

Vltb rgfcrm te aurtbgr GG ogflsoctlek lt ls lktgrgstlkf te sgg tbct gkgrfy deksuiptlek bcs

frewk `gtwggk 3>= iclkoy lk twe sgdters ckm ls gxpgdtgm te dektlkug te frew lk

auturg: gogdtrldlty deksuiptlek (beusgbeoms ckm sgrvldgs mgickm ierg gogdtrldlty) ckm

trckspert (arglfbt ckm pcssgkfgr trckspert). Lk tbg octtgr, tbgrg bcvg se acr `ggk rgoctlvgoy

olttog GG liprevgigkts (LGC, 0>>6).

Deksgqugktoy, tbg Gurepgck Deiilsslek bcs prepesgm rgoctlvgoy ci`ltleus tcrfgts aer tbg

rgmudtlek ea auturg trckspert gilssleks. Lts prepesco stlpuoctgs tbct `y 0>30 tbg cvgrcfg

gilssleks ea kgw dcrs seom lk tbg GW sbcoo ket gxdggm 30>f DE0/hi (GD, 0>>6d). Flvgk

tbct lk 0>>= tbg cvgrcfg gilssleks ea kgw seom dcrs cieuktgm te 314f DE0/hi, tbg

prepesco lk lts durrgkt aeri weuom aerdg dcr premudgrs te ichg mrcstld duts lk gilssleks ckm

deksgqugktoy su`stcktlco liprevgigkts lk GG. Bewgvgr, tbls prepesco ls stloo te `g

mlsdussgm lk tbg Deukdlo ckm tbg Gurepgck ^crolcigkt. Lts dektgkt icy tbus `g cotgrgm.

]e dekdoumg, tbg GW bcs `ggk rgoctlvgoy cdtlvg lk tbg algom ea GG lk rgdgkt ygcrs. Iergevgr,

kgw ogflsoctlek wloo kggm te `g cmeptgm la tbg uklek ls te rgcdb lts 0>% feco `y 0>0>

(Ogdbtgk`bigr gt co. 0>>78 @uslkgss Gurepg 0>>6). ]bls mgvgoepigkt dck `gkgalt

bymrefgk ckm augo dgoos wbldb dck `g lipertckt igcks aer rgcdblkf blfbgr GG stckmcrms

gspgdlcooy la c pgrspgdtlvg `gyekm 0>0> ls tchgk. La cky dest `gkgalt ckcoysls weuom aedus ek

oew bckflkf arults ckm ket tchg lkte cddeukt pessl`og pesltlvg cotgrkctlvgs catgr tbg ygcr

0>0>, bymrefgk ckm augo dgoos icy ket `g dekslmgrgm c prlerlty.

Lt ls tbus ket ekoy ukdgrtclk wbgtbgr tbg GW rbgterld wloo `g aeooewgm `y kgw ogflsoctlek

ckm gaagdtlvg lipogigktctlek ct tbg kctlekco ogvgo `ut cose wbct lipcdt ek bymrefgk ckm

augo dgoos tbls icy bcvg. Oeehlkf cbgcm ekg icy cose dekdoumg tbct GG peoldy icy `gdeig

c pewgrauo teeo aer aestgrlkf bymrefgk ckm augo dgoos lk crgcs wbgrg tbg petgktlco aer icrhgt

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pgkgtrctlek ls bufg (ie`log cppoldctleks, cuxlolcry pewgr, sgg Arl, 0>>4, p. 6> ek tbct cspgdt

ea cky mlsruptlvg tgdbkeoefy) ckm wbgrg tbg gkvlrekigktco prgssurg te cdt acdloltctgs

cdtleks (g.f. puòld ùssgs aer ur`ck crgcs).

0.0. Pgkgwcòg gkgrfy peoldlgs

Bymrefgk ls ekoy cs frggk cs lts gkgrfy seurdg. Cs oekf cs lt ls premudgm vlc fcs rgaerilkf

er vlc gogdtreoysls `csgm ek dcrèk lktgkslvg gogdtrldlty, lt wloo ket slfklaldcktoy dur` dcrèk

gilssleks (Bglick/ Teoeiek, 0>>6). ]bg pgkgtrctlek ea rgkgwcòg gkgrfy seurdgs lk tbg

Gurepgck gkgrfy systgi ls tbgrgaerg c prgdekmltlek aer tbg sustclkcòg usg ea bymrefgk.

]bg GW sgt lk 0>>3 tbg tcrfgt ea c 03% rgkgwcòg gkgrfy sbcrg ea tetco gogdtrldlty

deksuiptlek `y 0>3> (Mlrgdtlvg 0>>3/66/GD). ]bls aeooews c tcrfgt sgt lk 31.

62,3

1>

=

4,1 7,6

6,7

1

6

7,3 1 7

03

>

3>

0>

4>

=>

7>

1>

6>

2>

%

Custrlc

10,26

1


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@csgm ek durrgkt prgmldtleks, lt sggis vgry ukolhgoy tbct tbg 30% tcrfgt ea prlicry gkgrfy

deksuiptlek er tbg tcrfgt ea c 03% sbcrg lk gogdtrldlty deksuiptlek dck `g rgcdbgm `y

0>3> (GurE`sgrvGr 0>>6, p. 64). Bewgvgr, ct tbg GW Tuiilt lk Icrdb 0>>6, tbg GW

ogcmgrs sgt tbg auturg tbrgsbeom gvgk blfbgr cfrgglkf te iggt 0>% ea tbglr evgrcoo gkgrfykggms `y tbg usg ea rgkgwcòg gkgrfy `y 0>0>.

]bls sbews tbct tbg GW megs ket ocdh tbg ci`ltlek te lkdrgcsg tbg sbcrg ea rgkgwcòg

gkgrflgs. Lt bcs dogcroy stctgm lts wloo te me se. Bewgvgr, lt dogcroy sbews mgaldlts lk tbg

lipogigktctlekea lts fecos. ]bus, tbg GW wloo pre`còy aclo wltb rgfcrm te lts tcrfgts aer

0>3>. Ekg ea tbg gssgktlco dekmltleks ea frggk bymrefgk premudtlek ls tbus durrgktoy

ukolhgoy ea `glkf auoaloogm. \gt, tbg gxcipog ea Fgricky wbldb ls aeur ygcrs cbgcm ea lts

sdbgmuog sbews tbct wltb prepgr lkdgktlvgs `csldcooy wltb rgiukgrctlek aggs prevlmlkf

dgrtclkty cèut premudtlek dests tbg GW tcrfgts icy `g rgcdbgm.

]bg dekdousleks aer eur pcpgr ls tbct tbg GW wloo bcvg te `gttgr ieklter tbg lipogigktctlek

ea tbg rgkgwcògs e`jgdtlvgs ct Igi`gr Ttctg ogvgo lk ermgr te deipoy wltb lts ci`ltleus

tcrfgts aer 0>3> ckm 0>0>. ]bls wloo cose rgqulrg mlssgilkctlek ckm bcrieklsctlek ea tbesg

suppert igdbcklsis tbct bcvg prevgk te `g suddgssauo (Jcksgk gt. co., 0>>7). Lt ls mlaalduot te

licflkg tbct tbg GW wloo `g lk gxdgss ea rgkgwcòg gkgrflgs `y 0>0> tbct dck `g utlolsgm te

premudg bymrefgk ek c ocrfg sdcog. Evgrdcpcdltlgs icy gigrfg lk seig rgfleks (g.f.

gogdtrld bymrepewgr, wlkmiloos lk Mgkicrh, ek lsockms er eaasberg). ]bls bcs twe

lipoldctleks: Alrstoy, sykgrflgs `gtwggk rgkgwcòg gkgrflgs, gogdtrldlty systgis ckm

bymrefgk sbcoo `g gxpoeltgm ckm, sgdekmoy, ct ogcst aer c trcksltlek pgrlem etbgr eptleks te

premudg bymrefgk (sudb cs `y-premudtlek lk dbgildco lkmustry er fcs rgaerilkf) sggi

ierg rgcolstld (Ttglk`grfgr-Vlodhgks ckm ]rugipgr, 0>>68 Pes gt co. 0>>6).

0.4. ]bg Gilsslek ]rcmlkf Tystgi

Gilsslek trcmlkf ls ekg ea tbg se-dcoogm Hyete igdbcklsis te lipogigkt tbg rgmudtlek ea

FBFs. Cddermlkf te gdekeild tbgery ck G]T rgmudgs tbg dests ea rgcdblkf c spgdlald

gilssleks tcrfgt `y tchlkf cmvcktcfg ea mlaagrgkt icrflkco c`ctgigkt dests ea tbg

pcrtldlpctlkf cdters. Dest scvlkfs crg pcrtlduocroy `lf la iltlfctlek dests mlaagr slfklaldcktoy

`gtwggk seurdgs devgrgm `y tbg sdbgig. ]bg dest mlaagrgkdgs drgctg ck lkdgktlvg te trcmg.

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Flvgk tbct bymrefgk premudtlek dck `g mekg vlc aesslo augos, tbg spgdlald igdbcklsis ea tbg

GW G]T crg ea frgct lipertckdg aer lts auturg icrhgt prldg.

]bg Gurepgck Gilssleks ]rcmlkf Tdbgig (GW G]T) stcrtgm ek 3stJckucry 0>>7 `csgm ek

tbg Mlrgdtlvg 0>>4/26/GD (@oglsdbwltz gt co., 0>>6). ]bg sdbgig spgdlalgs twe pgrlems, tbg

alrst arei 0>>7-0>>6 ckm tbg sgdekm derrgspekmlkf te tbg alrst deiiltigkt pgrlem ea tbg

Hyete ^retedeo arei 0>>2-0>30. Lt ls c dcp ckm trcmg systgi wbldb wcs lkltlcooy ekoy

aedussgm ek DE0. Lts lipogigktctlek wloo, bewgvgr, tchg pocdg lk mlaagrgkt pbcsgs wltb

rgvlgws ckm pessl`loltlgs aer lts gxtgkslek te cmmltlekco fcsgs ckm sgdters.

]bg G]T durrgktoy cppolgs te deiùstlek lkstcooctleks wltb c rctgm tbgrico lkput cèvg

0>IV, ilkgrco elo rgalkgrlgs, dehg evgks, lrek ckm stggo premudtlek, dgigkt premudtlek ckm

puop ckm pcpgr premudtlek. Creukm 30>>> lkstcooctleks tchg pcrt lk tbg systgi wbldb devgrs

cèut =7% ea tetco GW DE0gilssleks.

Vltb rgfcrm te bymrefgk tbg iclk qugstlek ls te wbct gxtgkt tbg GW G]T gkdeurcfgs c sblat

ea lkvgstigkts tewcrms ierg sustclkcòg gkgrfy suppoy systgis, lkdoumlkf mlsruptlvg

tgdbkeoeflgs sudb cs bymrefgk ckm augo dgoos. Gxlstlkf ckcoysls rgvgcos tbct tbg G]T pcrtoy

gkdeurcfgs tbg uptchg ea dolictg-arlgkmoy tgdbkeoeflgs `y rgwcrmlkf ùslkgssgs lkvgstlkf

lk gkgrfy gaaldlgkdy ckm seig frggk tgdbkeoeflgs turklkf tbglr lkvgstigkts lkte quldh,sbert tgri prealts. @ut flvgk tbg ukdgrtclktlgs cèut tbg mgvgoepigkt ea bymrefgk ckm augo

dgoos cs wgoo cs etbgr ierg mlsruptlvg sustclkcòg tgdbkeoeflgs, tbg G]T dck bcrmoy

gkdeurcfg lkvgstigkts lkte oekf tgri seoutleks. ]bg rlsh ea sukh dests, cs wgoo cs tbg

deermlkctlek dests aer icky lkvgsters ls stloo tee blfb (Id Hlksgy ckm Gdeays, 0>>78 Gkmrgs

ckm Ebo, 0>>7). ]bls ls cffrcvctgm `y tbg oliltgm pocylkf algom ea tbg G]T: tbg cuteie`log

lkmustry ckm elo lkmustry crg ket devgrgm `y tbg GW G]T. Turreukmgm `y tbesg dekstrclkts,

tbg GW G]T lk lts durrgkt aeri megs ket ygt prevlmg gkeufb lkdgktlvgs te gi`crh ek kgw

sustclkcòg tgdbkeoeflgs sudb cs bymrefgk ckm augo dgoos.

Lkstgcm ea sgttlkf lkdgktlvgs aer bymrefgk mgvgoepigkt, tbg G]T ilfbt ct seig pelkt gvgk

blkmgr lts mgvgoepigkt. ]bg G]T icy lk auturg cppoy cose te bymrefgk premudtlek.

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Lk lts deiiukldctlek 0> 0> `y 0>0>, Gurepgs dolictg dbckfg eppertuklty ea Jckucry

0>>2 tbg Deiilsslek prepesgs c icjer rgaeri ea tbg G]T (GD 0>>2c):

tbg G]T sbeuom cppoy te coo lipertckt lkmustrlco gilttgrs8

FBFs etbgr tbck DE0 sbeuom `g lkdoumgm lk tbg G]T8

arei 0>34 ekwcrms tbg wbeog pewgr sgdter sbeuom `g pcrt ea tbg G]T8

GW wlmg cudtleklkf ea cooewckdgs sbeuom rgpocdg tbg kctlekco cooedctlek pocks wbldb

crg durrgktoy lk pocdg8

Igi`gr Ttctgs sbeuom usg ct ogcst 0>% ea tbglr cudtleklkf fclk aer lkvgstigkt lk

gkgrfy rgsgcrdb, tgdbkeoefy mgvgoepigkt ckm etbgr frggkbeusg fcs (FBF) rgmudlkf

igcsurgs.

La c rgaerigm G]T cppolgm te coo lkmustrlco gilttgrs, bymrefgk premudtlek (g.f. lk dbgildco

lkmustry) weuom tbgk iest olhgoy acoo ukmgr lt tee. Vltbeut spgdlald prevlsleks aer tbg

cmvcktcfgs ea bymrefgk ek c olag-dydog `csls, tbg G]T weuom tbus blkmgr (FBF lktgkslvg)

bymrefgk premudtlek. Lk dektrcst, eptleks te acdloltctg tbg icrhgt lktremudtlek ea bymrefgk

ckm augo dgoos crg cs aeooews: ^redgssgs aer bymrefgk premudtlek deuom `g gxgiptgm arei

tbg G]T wbgrgcs kgcroy coo etbgr lkmustrlco gilttgrs icy `g lkdoumgm. Bewgvgr, FBF

lktgkslvg bymrefgk premudtlek sbeuom ekoy `g gxgiptgm arei tbg G]T aer c dgrtclk tlig

pgrlem kggmgm te mgvgoep c icrhgt. Ekdg c icrhgt aer bymrefgk ckm augo dgoos gxlst,

bymrefgk premudtlek sbeuom `g lkdoumgm lk tbg G]T te preietg ogss FBF lktgkslvg

premudtlek predgssgs.

]bg cooedctlek igdbcklsi icy ek tbg etbgr bckm `g suppertlvg te tbg bymrefgk gdekeiy.

C deipcky premudlkf bymrefgk ct dgrtclk stckmcrms icy `g gktltogm te cmmltlekco argg

cooewckdgs (frckmactbgrlkf), tchlkf lkte cddeukt tbg FBF rgmudtlek vlc tbg cppoldctlek ea

bymrefgk. Cs c deipogigktcry igdbcklsi, tbg aukms arei cudtleklkf cooewckdgs icy cose`g usgm aer tbg icrhgt lktremudtlek ea bymrefgk ckm augo dgoos. Ea deursg, tbesg prepescos

suppesg tbct tbg prldgs aer DE0cooewckdgs rlsg, iggt gxpgdtctleks te rlsg aurtbgr ckm tbus

sgt lkdgktlvgs aer oekf tgri lkvgstigkt lk kgw gkgrfy seoutleks.


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4. GW rgfuoctery peo ldlgs

]bg GW ogvgo cose lipcdts ek seig rgfuoctery peoldlgs. Flvgk tbct seig ea tbgsg peoldlgs

icy lkaougkdg tbg prldg ea bymrefgk tbgy dck `g sggk cs ck gssgktlco pcrt ea tbg GW peoldy

arcigwerh aer bymrefgk preietlek. Lk tbg aeooewlkf eur pcpgr wloo tbus ckcoyzg tbg GW

peoldy lk tbg algom ea gkgrfy tcxctlek ckm tbg ol`grcolsctlek ea tbg fcs ckm gogdtrldlty icrhgt

4.3. ]cxctlek

Frggk tcxctlek bcs rgdglvgm iudb cdcmgild cttgktlek lk rgdgkt ygcrs. Tgvgrco stumlgs bcvg

sbewk tbg gaagdtlvgkgss ea gkvlrekigktco tcxgs ckm gipbcslsg tbct tbgrg stloo ls petgktlco

aer `gttgr ckm wlmgr usg ea tbgsg Lkstruigkts (Foeii gt co., 0>>28 Frrgs ckm Dettrgoo,

0>>28 EGDM, 0>>1). Gkgrfy tcxctlek lk pcrtlduocr dck `g ck gaagdtlvg lkstruigkt ea

lkaougkdlkf mgickm la wgoo cppolgm ckm dei`lkgm wltb etbgr lkstruigkts (@grhbeut gt co.,

0>>=).

]bg iclk GW lkstruigkt lk tbg algom ea augo tcxctlek ls tbg Deukdlo mlrgdtlvg 0>>4/>4c).

]bg alkco sbcpg ea tbg Mlrgdtlvg wbldb gktgrgm lkte aerdg ek 3 Jckucry 0>>= ls dbcrcdtgrlsgm

`y Bcssgohklppg ckm Dbrlstlcksgk (0>>4) cs aeooews:

kgw ilkliui rctgs crg te `g sgt ct tbg octgst `y 3 Jckucry 0>30 aer c kgw pgrlem arei

0>34 (sgg ]c`ogs 3 ckm 0)8

tbg ilkliui rctgs crg sgt ct c rgoctlvgoy oew ogvgo (sgg ]c`ogs 3 ckm 0)8

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seig gkgrfy-lktgkslvg lkmustrlgs dck `gkgalt arei gxgiptleks8 tbg tcx rctgs aer

ùslkgss ckm lkmustry crg fgkgrcooy oewgr tbck tbesg aer etbgr gdekeild cdters8

c rgturk ea rgvgkug te deipcklgs/lkmustrlgs ls pesslòg la tbgy gktgr lkte gkgrfy

gaaldlgkdy cfrggigkts (3>>% rgturk te gkgrfy-lktgkslvg lkmustrlgs wltb cfrggigkt,

7>% rgturk te etbgr lkmustrlgs).

]còg 3. Ilkliui rctgs cppoldcòg te ieter augos cddermlkf te tbg GW gkgrfy

tcxctlek mlrgdtlvg.

- Ilkliui gxdlsg rctgs

`gaerg 0>>=

Ilkliui gxdlsg rctgs

arei 3.3.0>>=

Ilkliui gxdlsg

rctgs arei 3.3.0>3>

^gtreo (/3>>> o.) 446 =03 =03

Wkogcmgm pgtreo

(/3>>> o.)

026 47< 47>> o.) 0=7 4>0 44>

Hgresgkg (/3>>> o.) 0=7 4>0 44>

O^F (/3>>> o.) 3>> 307 307

Kcturco fcs 3>> (/3 >>> hf) 0.1 (/flfcjeuog) 0.1 (/flfcjeuog)

Teurdg: GD (0>>6m)

]còg 0. Ilkliui tcx rctgs cppoldcòg te bgctlkf augos ckm gogdtrldlty.

- Ilkliui gxdlsg rctgs`gaerg 0>>=

Ilkliui gxdlsg rctgsarei 3.3.0>>=(ùslkgss usg)

Ilkliui gxdlsgrctgs arei 3.3.0>>=(kek-ùslkgss usg)

Mlgsgo (/3>>> o.) 32 03 03

Bgcvy augo elo (/3>>>hf.)

34 37 37

Hgresgkg (/3>>> o.) > > >

O^F (/3>>> hf.) > > >

Kcturco fcs(/flfcjeuog)

- >.37 >.4

Deco ckm dehg(/flfcjeuog)

- >.37 >.4

Gogdtrldlty (/IVb) - >.7 3.>

Teurdg: GD (0>>6m)

]bus, lk c`sgkdg ea cky Gurepgck ilkliui tcxctlek ogvgo, Igi`gr Ttctgs bcvg tbg

arggmei te ept aer tbg tcx rctg wbldb tbgy mggi iest cppreprlctg ct kctlekco ogvgo.

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Cddermlkf te c stumy ogm `y @eddekl Wklvgrslty (Dbgrkycvshc gt co., 0>>6), bymrefgk ls

ket tcxgm lk c spgdlald wcy lk 34 Igi`gr Ttctgs (@goflui, Mgkicrh, Alkockm, Arckdg,

Frggdg, Bukfcry, Lrgockm, Ltcoy, Octvlc, Ouxgièurf, Icotc, Toevchlc, Tpclk).

Alvg Igi`gr Ttctgs tcx bymrefgk wbgk lt ls usgm cs ieter augo (Custrlc, Dzgdb Pgpuòld,

Fgricky, tbg Kgtbgrockms, Wkltgm Hlkfmei). Tgvgk Igi`gr Ttctgs crg ket lkdoumgm lk tbg

stumy aer tbgy mlm ket rgpoy te tbg rgsgcrdb gkqulry (Dyprus, Gsteklc, Alkockm, Oltbucklc,

êockm, Toevgklc, Twgmgk).

Ck eptlico tcx lk gkvlrekigktco tgris clis ct lktgrkcolslkf kgfctlvg gxtgrkcoltlgs. Lk tbls

rgspgdt, lt ls lipertckt te dcoduoctg ket ekoy tbg gkvlrekigktco dests ea c flvgk augo ct tbg

gkm usg stcfg ùt cose ct tbg premudtlek stcfg. Durrgktoy, bymrefgk premudtlek dcusgs lk

seig dcsgs blfbgr gxtgrkco dests tbck tbg premudtlek ea deipgtlkf augos. Bymrefgk usg, ek

tbg etbgr bckm, premudgs olttog er ke gxtgrkco dests (FBF gilssleks) ckm icy su`stltutg

etbgr gkvlrekigktcooy ierg bcriauo augos ckm gkgrfy dcrrlgrs. Arei c systgis pgrspgdtlvg,

tbgrg ls ke evgrcoo rctlekcog aer tcxlkf bymrefgk cs oekf cs lt dektrlùtgs te oewgrlkf evgrcoo

gkvlrekigktco prgssurg ea tbg gkgrfy systgi. Bewgvgr, tbls cssgssigkt mgpgkms upek tbg

cssuiptlek tbct bymrefgk ls premudgm lk c sustclkcòg wcy, aer lkstckdg tbreufb

gogdtreoysls `csgm ek rgkgwcòg gkgrfy er fcs rgaerilkf dei`lkgm wltb dcrèk dcpturg ckm

stercfg (Dbgrkycvshc gt co., 0>>6).

Gurepgck stctgs wbldb tcx bymrefgk lipesg ekoy oew rctgs. Flvgk tbct durrgktoy bymrefgk

ls premudgm lk c dekvgktlekco wcy uslkf aesslo augos, tbg tcx ogvgo aer bymrefgk ls gstlictgm

te olg `goew c ogvgo wbldb weuom `g kggmgm te lktgrkcolsg lts tetco gxtgrkco dests

(Dbgrkycvshc gt co., 0>>6). ]bg durrgkt Gurepgck tcx systgis tbus put bymrefgk lk c

acveurcòg pesltlek. Lk vlgw ea tbg preietlek ea bymrefgk lk Gurepg, tbls sltuctlek ls

mgalkltgoy pesltlvg ckm sbeuom `g iclktclkgm lk tbg deilkf ygcrs. Igi`gr Ttctgs durrgktoy

tcxlkf bymrefgk icy cose rgaogdt ckm wltbmrcw arei tbglr tcxctlek ea bymrefgk.

Oeehlkf cbgcm te tbg gkvlscfgm mgpoeyigkt, bewgvgr, tbg qugstlek ea bymrefgk tcxctlek

iust `g cmmrgssgm. Vbgk bymrefgk cppoldctleks pcss tbg tbrgsbeom arei gcroy icrhgts te

icss icrhgts, c deiprgbgkslvg arcigwerh wbldb preietgs sustclkcòg bymrefgk

premudtlek wloo `g kggmgm. Lt ls olhgoy tbct tbgrg wloo `g c trcmg eaa `gtwggk dest-gaagdtlvg

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premudtlek ea bymrefgk ct c ocrfg sdcog vlc fcs rgaerilkf predgssgs ek tbg ekg bckm ckm

FBF rgmudtlek ckm tbg cli te preietg dogck gkgrflgs ek tbg etbgr bckm.

Cssuilkf tbct tbls sltuctlek eddurs catgr 0>3>, tbg GW wloo `g acdgm wltb tbg mlogiic ea

bcvlkf te lipogigkt lts rcmldco FBF deiiltigkts (0> % `y tbg ygcr 0>0> `csgm upek

3>6). ]cxctlek tbus kggms te `g

put lkte tbg dektgxt ea oekf tgri FBF rgmudtlek catgr 0>0> cs wgoo cs etbgr gkgrfy-rgoctgm

fecos sudb cs deipgtltlvgkgss ckm gkgrfy sgdurlty.

4.0. ]bg ol`grcolsctlek ea tbg lktgrkco icrhgt aer fcs ckm gogdtrldlty

]bg ol`grcolsctlek ea tbg Gurepgck icrhgt aer gogdtrldlty ckm fcs ls suppesgm te strgkftbgk

tbg deipgtltlvgkgss ea Gurepgck alris ckm liprevg tbg gaaldlgkdy ea tbg gkgrfy icrhgt

(^gohicks, 0>>18 Mgofcme gt co., 0>>6). Deksuigrs sbeuom bcvg frgctgr dbeldg ea gkgrfy

suppolgrs ckm coo gkgrfy suppolgrs sbeuom bcvg cddgss te tbg icrhgt, lrrgspgdtlvg tbglr

icrhgt pewgr ckm tbg gkgrfy seurdg. ]bus, cose sicoo premudgrs ea sustclkc`og gkgrfy

tgdbkeoeflgs deuom `gttgr preietg tbglr premudts prevlmgm tbct tbg prldg igdbcklsis rgaogdt

tbg gxtgrkco dests tee8 sudb ol`grcolsctlek peoldy bcs g.f. `g prevgk te `g gaagdtlvg lk tbg

preietlek ea defgkgrctlek lk tbg WH (]ldby, 0>>2, p. 06).

Bewgvgr, lk lts dekdousleks ea < Icrdb 0>>6 tbg ^rgslmgkdy ea tbg Deukdlo ea tbg Gurepgck

Wklek stctgm tbct c truoy deipgtltlvg, lktgrdekkgdtgm ckm slkfog Gurepg-wlmg lktgrkco

gkgrfy icrhgt XY bcs ket ygt `ggk cdblgvgm (GD, 0>>6`). Lk vlgw ea rgcdblkf tbls feco,

tbg Deukdlo sggs tbg kggm te alrstoy auooy lipogigkt gxlstlkf mlrgdtlvgs. Tgdekmoy, aurtbgr

igcsurgs tbct fe `gyekm gxlstlkf ogflsoctlek crg te `g mlsdussgm ckm lipogigktgm.

]bg lipogigktctlek ea gxlstlkf ogflsoctlek rgagrs iclkoy te twe 0>>4 mlrgdtlvgs, ekg ek tbg

lktgrkco icrhgt aer kcturco fcs, tbg etbgr ek tbg lktgrkco icrhgt aer gogdtrldlty:

tbg mlrgdtlvgs stlpuoctg tbct aer kek-beusgbeom dusteigrs tbg icrhgts aer gogdtrldlty

ckm fcs iust `g ol`grcolsgm `y 3 Juoy 0>>=8

tbg rgspgdtlvg icrhgts aer tbg rgiclklkf dusteigrs, c`evg coo prlvctg beusgbeoms,

iust `g ol`grcolsgm `y 3 Juoy 0>>6 (GD, 0>>6g8 GD 0>>6a).

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Ketwltbstckmlkf tbgsg corgcmy gocpsgm mgcmolkgs, tbg lktgrkco icrhgts aer gogdtrldlty ckm fcs

bcvg ket ygt `ggk auooy ol`grcolsgm ckm cdters stloo deipoclk cèut tbg pgrslstgkdg ea gktry

`crrlgrs te tbg icrhgt. ]bus, tbg Deiilsslek stctgm lk c sgdter lkqulry ea gcroy 0>>6 tbct

sgvgrco preògis kggm te `g cmmrgssgm ckm rgspgdtlvg peoldy rgspeksgs te `g lipogigktgm latbg ol`grcolsctlek ls te cmvckdg (GD, 0>>6f).

Ciekf tbg prepesgm peoldy rgspeksgs, ukùkmolkf, l.g. tbg gaagdtlvg sgpcrctlek ea suppoy

ckm premudtlek cdtlvltlgs arei kgtwerh epgrctleks bcs dcusgm pcrtlduocroy bgctgm mg`ctg.

]bg Deiilsslek aurtbgrierg prepesgs te gstcòlsb c Gurepgck Cfgkdy aer tbg

Deepgrctlek ea Gkgrfy Pgfuocters wbldb weuom sgt tbg arcigwerh lk wbldb kctlekco

rgfuocters epgrctg, evgrsgg tbg deepgrctlek `gtwggk trcksilsslek epgrcters, tchg mgdlsleks

dekdgrklkf dress-èrmgr lssugs ckm cmvlsg tbg Deiilsslek (GD, 0>>6b). Durrgktoy (Juoy

0>>2) Gurepgck peoltldlcks crg mg`ctlkf tbgsg prepescos ea tbg Deiilsslek. Tgvgrco

cotgrkctlvgs te tbg prepesgm cfgkdy ckm ukùkmolkf crg ukmgr mlsdusslek.

Arei temcys pgrspgdtlvg, lt ls mlaalduot te sgg wbldb eptlek icy gvgktucooy `g rgtclkgm.

Bewgvgr, tbg rgaeri iemgos ukmgr mlsdusslek crg olhgoy te lkdrgcsg deipgtltlek ek

Gurepgck icrhgts aer gogdtrldlty ckm fcs suppoy ckm tbus ogcm ek tbg igmlui tgri te oewgr

prldgs - ket lk c`seoutg tgris ùt rgoctlvg te c sltuctlek wltbeut peoldy dbckfg. ]bg

ol`grcolsctlek ea tbg fcs ckm gogdtrldlty icrhgts icy tbus bcvg c dgrtclk gvgk tbeufb ket

slfklaldckt lkaougkdg ek tbg ogvgo ea tbg prldg durvg.

]bg evgrcoo prldg ogvgo wloo cose mgpgkm ek etbgr acdters sudb cs lipcdts arei dolictg

peoldy ckm lktgrkctlekco icrhgts aer gkgrfy augos. Lk cmmltlek, cky cdtlvg deipgtltlek peoldy

acveurlkf icrhgt gktry ls cose olhgoy te bcvg pesltlvg lipcdts ek bymrefgk ckm augo dgoo

deipcklgs (aer ùslkgss mgvgoepigkt ckm alkckdlkf ea bymrefgk ckm augo dgoo deipcklgs

sgg Iktgr ckm Merck, 0>>6).

Ct tbg durrgkt prldg ogvgo, bymrefgk ls ket deipgtltlvg wltb iest gkgrfy seurdgs ckm gkgrfy

dcrrlgrs. Ekg ilfbt tbgrgaerg `g tgiptgm te dekdoumg tbct rlslkf gkgrfy prldgs acveur

bymrefgk mgvgoepigkt cs oekf cs ekoy prldgs ea deipgtlkf gkgrfy vgdters ckm seurdgs

lkdrgcsg ckm ket tbct ea bymrefgk.

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Bewgvgr, gogdtrldlty ckm fcs crg twe icjer lkputs aer bymrefgk premudtlek. La fcs ckm

gogdtrldlty prldgs rlsg, tbg prldg aer bymrefgk rlsgs tee. ]bg prldg aer bymrefgk ls tbus

mgpgkmgkt upek tbg fcs ckm gogdtrldlty prldg.

Lk c`seoutg tgris, bymrefgk wloo cowcys `g ierg gxpgkslvg tbck fcs ckm gogdtrldlty cs oekf

cs lt ls iclkoy premudgm vlc gogdtreoysls ckm fcs rgaerilkf.

\gt, tbg prldg aer fcs ckm gogdtrldlty icy caagdt tbg bymrefgk premudtlek predgssgs. Blfb

prldgs aer fcs ckm gogdtrldlty dck `g ck lkdgktlvg aer aurtbgr rgsgcrdb ea cotgrkctlvg wcys ea

bymrefgk premudtlek, sudb cs `leoefldco premudtlek.

Ckcoysls ls dekarektgm wltb c mlaagrgkt pldturg la ekg òckhs eut bymrefgk aer stctlekcry usg

ckm oeehs ct bymrefgk aer trckspert cppoldctleks ekoy. Arei ck gkm usgr pgrspgdtlvg

bymrefgk aer trckspert cppoldctleks deipgtgs iclkoy wltb elo. ]bus, tbg prldg ea bymrefgk

iust `g deipcrgm wltb tbg drumg elo prldg. Lk c sdgkcrle wbgrg tbg igmlui tgri lkdrgcsg lk

drumg elo prldgs ls blfbgr tbck tbg lkdrgcsg lk prldgs aer gogdtrldlty ckm fcs, bymrefgk wloo

`gdeig ierg deipgtltlvg wltb rgfcrm te elo cs c trckspert augo (Icrtlket gt co., 0>>6). Cky

mgvgoepigkt wltb c dekmudlvg peoldy arcigwerh tbct rgkmgrs gogdtrldlty ckm fcs rgoctlvgoy

dbgcpgr wltb rgfcrm te drumg elo dck tbgrgaerg `g sggk cs ck lkdgktlvg `gkgalttlkf tbg usg ea

bymrefgk lk trckspert. Vertb te ketg: deipgtltlek aer tbg icrhgt aer dogck dcrs ckmsustclkcòg ie`lolty wloo kggm te `g colfkgm wltb tbesg peoldlgs.

=. GW spgkmlkf peoldlgs

C fockdg ct tbg GW ùmfgt icy suaaldg te blfbolfbt tbg rgoctlvg lipertckdg ea spgkmlkf

peoldlgs. Eut ea tbg 30< `loolek wbldb tbg GW pockkgm te spgkm lk 0>>2, creukm 3>>

`loolek wgrg aergsggk aer tbg twe `lffgst ltgis ek tbg ùmfgt sbggt coekg: Debgslek ckm

Kcturco Pgseurdgs (tbg octtgr rgagrrlkf iclkoy te tbg Deiiek Cfrlduoturco êoldy, sgg

]còg 4).

Lk tbg aeooewlkf GW spgkmlkf peoldlgs wloo `g sdrggkgm wltb rgfcrm te tbglr pesslòg

pesltlvg er kgfctlvg gaagdts ek bymrefgk ckm augo dgoos.

37


18/33


]còg 4. Gxpgkmlturg gstlictgs aer GW peoldlgs.

Gxpgkmlturg gstlictgs aer GW peoldlgs (lk `loolek ) @umfgt 0>>2 Dbckfg arei 0>>6

Tustclkcòg frewtb 72 7,6%

Deipgtltlvgkgss, lkdoumlkf 33,3 32,=%

Gmudctlek ckm trclklkf 3,> %

Deipgtltlvgkgss ckm Lkkevctlek >,= 1,2%

Gkgrfy ckm trckspert kgtwerhs 3,< ,0 2,>%

Debgslek, lkdoumlkf =1,< 4,3%

Dekvgrfgkdg 46,> 7,0%

Pgflekco deipgtltlvgkgss ckm gipoeyigkt 2,1 -7,3%

]grrlterlco deepgrctlek 3,0 0,1%

Kcturco rgseurdgs, lkdoumlkf 77,> -3,7%

Gkvlrekigkt >,4 30,>%

Cfrlduoturco gxpgkmlturg ckm mlrgdt clm =>,< -4,=%

Purco mgvgoepigkt 30,< =,7%

Alsbgrlgs >,< 0,0%

Arggmei, sgdurlty ckm justldg >,6 31,6%

Dltlzgksblp >,1 3=,6%

GW cs c foe`co pocygr 6,4 6,4%

Cmilklstrctlek 6,4 =,=%

]etco 30>2`

=.3. Pgflekco peoldy

]bg trgcty stlpuoctgs tbct tbg Deiiuklty sbeuom cli aer gdekeild ckm sedlco debgslek. ]bg

iclk peoldy mgstlkgm te rgspekm te tbls dbcoogkfg ls tbg Deiiukltys rgflekco peoldy.

Gksbrlkgm lk tbg GD trgcty lk Iccstrldbt (crtldogs 372-310) lt iclkoy clis te ogssgk rgflekco

mlspcrltlgs. ]bg octtgr bcvg mrcstldcooy lkdrgcsgm lk rgdgkt ygcrs. ]bg predgss ea Gurepgck

lktgfrctlek ckm icrhgt ol`grcolsctlek, bewgvgr, dckket `g òcigm aer sedlco mlspcrlty cs

^gohicks pelkts eut (^gohicks, 0>>6). ]bg fcp lk wgcotb `gtwggk peergst ckm rldbgst

rgfleks bcs iclkoy lkdrgcsgm mug te tbg gkocrfgigkt ea tbg Wklek wbldb epgkgm lk 0>>= lts

meers te kgw Igi`gr Ttctgs wbesg rgfleks seigtligs rgprgsgkt ekoy 7>% ea tbg cvgrcfg

GW wgcotb (gxprgssgm lk FM^ pgr dcpltc lk ^^^). ]bg lipertckdg te ogssgk rgflekco

mlspcrltlgs ls rgaogdtgm `y tbg GW ùmfgt: tbg sbcrg ea rgflekco spgkmlkf wloo lkdrgcsg te

41% ea tetco GW spgkmlkf `y 0>34 ckm rgprgsgkt tbg cieukt ea 4>2 `loolek evgr tbg

pgrlem 0>>6-0>34.

31


19/33


]bg icjer pcrt ea tbls cieukt fegs te tbg peergst rgfleks slkdg ekoy tbesg rgfleks tbct bcvg

c FM^ pgr dcpltc `goew 67% ea tbg GW cvgrcfg crg golflòg aer coo ea tbg tbrgg iclk

e`jgdtlvgs ea rgflekco aukmlkf (GD, 0>>6l). ]bg gksulkf spgkmlkf peoldy wloo `g ea

lipertckdg aer lkarcstrudturg lkvgstigkts ea tbg bymrefgk ckm augo dgoo gdekeiy lk Gurepg(g.f. premudtlek ckm mlstrlùtlek).

Lk lts cli te rg-ocukdb tbg Olsèk strctgfy ckm te ie`lolsg coo cvclocòg rgseurdgs, tbg

Deiilsslek bcs ckkeukdgm te preietg frewtb ckm gipoeyigkt cose tbreufb rgflekco

peoldy lkstruigkts. ]bus, GW rgflekco aukmlkf sbeuom `g dekdgktrctgm ek lkkevctlek,

rgsgcrdb, hkewogmfg ckm gktrgprgkgursblp (GD 0>>6j) te `g surg tbls gkaerdgs c sblat arei c

igrgoy sedlcooy erlgktgm peoldy tewcrms c ierg aerwcrm-oeehlkf cpprecdb. ]bls sblat dck

petgktlcooy `gkgalt te bymrefgk ckm augo dgoo mgvgoepigkt lk pcrtlduocr lk rgfleks wltb

gxlstlkf bymrefgk `y-premudtlek ckm etbgr dcpcdltlgs (sgg Mckkgickm/ Kyfccrm Icmsgk lk

tbls lssug).

Lk tbg pgrlem 0>>>-0>>1, 33% ea tbg debgslek spgkmlkf wcs mgmldctgm te lkkevctlek. Aer

0>>6-0>34, 07% (27 `loolek ) ea tbg gkvgoepg ls pockkgm te `g dbckkgoogm tewcrms

lkkevctlek. Flvgk tbct kctlekco ckm prlvctg de-alkckdlkf ckm cmmltlekco lkvgstigkt crg ket

ygt lkdoumgm, tbg cdtuco sui wloo `g acr frgctgr (GD, 0>>6j). ]bg reog ea lkkevctlek lk tbg

debgslek spgkmlkf bcs tbus dogcroy lkdrgcsgm lk tbg 0>>6-0>34 alkckdlco arcigwerh

deipcrgm wltb tbg prgvleus ekg.

Vltb rgfcrm te tbg tbrgg e`jgdtlvgs ea rgflekco aukmlkf, tbg Dekvgrfgkdg e`jgdtlvg ls

cooedctgm `y acr tbg frgctgst alkckdlco rgseurdgs: 020,2 `loolek wloo `g cvclocòg ukmgr tbls

bgcmlkf aer tbg pgrlem 0>>6-0>34. Creukm 13 `loolek eut ea tbgsg 020,2 `loolek crg

pockkgm te `g spgkt aer lkkevctlek wbldb rgprgsgkts kgcroy 00% ea tbg tetco cooedctlek.

Bewgvgr, ekoy tbesg rgfleks wbldb bcvg c FM^ `goew 67% ea tbg GW cvgrcfg crg golflòg

aer Debgslek aukmlkf. ]bg iest prespgreus rgfleks wbldb crg lk icky dcsgs cose tbg iest

lkkevctlvg rgfleks crg deksgqugktoy ket golflòg. Durrgktoy 2= rgfleks rgprgsgktlkf 37=

iloolek lkbc`ltckts dck cppoy aer Debgslek aukmlkf.

36


20/33


Alfurg. 0. ôckkgm lkvgstigkt lk lkkevctlek 0>>6-0>34 `y deuktry (coo e`jgdtlvgs).

>

3>

0>

4>

=>

7>

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6>

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Custrlc

@gofl

ui

@uofc

rlc

DzgdbPg

puol

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Dyprus

Mgki

crh

Gste

klc

Alkoc

km

Arck

dg

Fgri

cky

Frgg

dg

Bukf

cry

Lrgock

mLtc

oy

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c

Oltbu

cklc

Ouxgie

urfIcotc

Kgtbgrock

ms

eock

m

ertu

fco

Toevch

Pgpuold

Toevgklc

Tpclk

Twgm

gk

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Wkltg

mHl

kfme

i

Buick Dcpltco

Lkkevctlvg LD]

Gktrgprgkgursblp

P]ML

Teurdg: GD, 0>>6j

]bg rgflekco ogvgo ea gdekeild ckm peoltldco fevgrkckdg pocys c drudlco reog lk lkkevctlekpredgssgs (Pemrlfugz-êsg/ Drgsdgkzl, 0>>6). Lt ls mlaalduot te cssgss tbg gaagdts tbct tbg

lkvgstigkts lk lkkevctlek wloo bcvg ek tbg mgvgoepigkt ea bymrefgk ckm augo dgoos.

Bewgvgr, lkkevctlvg rgfleks fgkgrcooy acdloltctg tbg cmeptlek ea c kgw, petgktlcooy

mlsruptlvg, tgdbkeoefy (Bu`gr, 0>>=). ]bg Deiilsslek mgalkgs spgkmlkf lk lkkevctlek cs

spgkmlkf tbct acoos lk ekg ea tbg aeooewlkf aeur dctgferlgs: rgsgcrdb ckm tgdbkeoefldco

mgvgoepigkt, gktrgprgkgursblp, lkkevctlvg LD] ckm buick dcpltco. ]bg spgkmlkf aer

rgsgcrdb ckm tgdbkeoefldco mgvgoepigkt (sudb cs tbg preietlek ea gkvlrekigktco-arlgkmoy

premudts ckm predgssgs) ls rgagrrgm te cs lkkevctlek lk tbg kcrrew sgksg (0>>6j). ]bg

lkvgstigkt lk gktrgprgkgursblp (g.f. suppert aer alris ckm stcrt-ups), lkkevctlvg LD] ckm

buick dcpltco sbeuom gstcòlsb ck gkvlrekigkt dekmudlvg aer frewtb ckm bgop te rgcp tbg

arults ea rgsgcrdb cdtlvltlgs.

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21/33


]bg lkdrgcsgm spgkmlkf aer lkkevctlvg igcsurgs dck `g sggk cs vgry pesltlvg wltb rgfcrm te

bymrefgk mgvgoepigkt. Bewgvgr, lt ls qugstlekcòg wbgtbgr tbg iekgy ls spgkt lk tbg iest

gaagdtlvg wcy. Lk acdt, bymrefgk ckm augo dgoos bcvg se acr `ggk mgpoeygm lk rgoctlvgoy

lkkevctlvg rgfleks tbct mlspesg ea tbg kgdgsscry dcpltco, tbg peoltldco wloo ckm tgdbkldcohkew-bew (sgg tbg crtldog ea Mckkgickm ckm Kyfccrm Icmsgk lk tbls lssug). \gt, tbg

Deiilsslek stctgs ltsgoa tbct Debgslek peoldy dekdgktrctgs lts alkckdlco suppert ek tbg

peergr rgfleks tbct crg usucooy lkdoumgm lk tbg freup ea rgfleks wltb oewgr ogvgos ea

lkkevctlek (0>>6j). Pgfleks tbct bcvg corgcmy fclkgm seig gxpgrlgkdg wltb bymrefgk ckm

augo dgoos ckm crg wgoo pocdgm te pursug tbglr mgvgoepigkt crg eatgk ket golflòg aer tbg

icjer pcrt ea tbg spgkmlkf wltb c agw ketcòg gxdgptleks (g.f. lk Tpclk, Teutbgrk Ltcoy er

Vcogs). Pgflekco peoldy cs lt bcs `ggk pursugm lk tbg pcst ilfbt `g ck gaagdtlvg teeo te

`rlmfg tbg sedlco fcp lk Gurepg. Lk auturg, ierg gaaerts kggm te `g ukmgrtchgk te colfk

rgflekco peoldy wltb tbg mgpoeyigkt ea bymrefgk ckm augo dgoos. ]bg sdeplkf gxgrdldg ea

prejgdts sudb cs Pecms0ByDei prevlmg tgktctlvg gvlmgkdg ek rgfleks cs wgoo cs teeos tbct

dck `g usgm aer ierg lk-mgptb rgsgcrdb.

=.0. @leaugos peoldy

@leaugos crg cose pcrt ea GW gkgrfy peoldlgs. ]bg rgcsek wby tbgy crg mgcot wltb lk tbg

dektgxt ea spgkmlkf peoldlgs ls tbg acdt tbct tbg GW ket ekoy sgts deiiek tcrfgts ùt cose

sgts alkckdlco lkdgktlvgs aer `leaugos premudtlek vlc tbg Deiiek Cfrlduoturco êoldy (DC^)

ckm lts rgflekco peoldy.

Lk 0>>4, tbg GW sgt tbg lkmldctlvg tcrfgt te lkdrgcsg tbg sbcrg ea `leaugos lk trckspert te ct

ogcst 7,67% `y 0>3>. ]bg rctlekcog ukmgroylkf tbls tcrfgt ls tbg cssuiptlek tbct DE0

gilssleks lk tbg trckspert sgdter ilfbt mgdrgcsg la `leaugos pcrtoy su`stltutg pgtreo ckm

mlgsgo (GD, 0>>4`). Cddermlkf te tbg Frggk ^cpgr ]ewcrms c Gurepgck strctgfy aer tbg

sgdurlty ea gkgrfy suppoy, tbg Deiilsslek clis ek tbg oekfgr ruk te lkdrgcsg tbg sbcrg ea

cotgrkctlvg augos lk trckspert te 0>% `y 0>0> (GD, 0>>>). ]bg tgri cotgrkctlvg augos cose

lkdoumgs fcs ckm bymrefgk ùt `leaugos wloo bcvg tbg iclk reog te pocy la tbg Deiiuklty ls

te rgcdb tbls feco. Ct tbg GW suiilt ea Icrdb 0>>6, tbg Deukdlo sgt tbg tcrfgt gvgk blfbgr

ckm predocligm tbct lt clis te rgcdb c 3>% sbcrg ea `leaugos lk trckspert `y 0>0>.

3


22/33


Lk octg 0>>6, tbg Deiiuklty wcs stloo acr cwcy arei rgcdblkf tbls e`jgdtlvg ckm lt sggigm

ukolhgoy tbct tbg feco ea lkdrgcslkf tbg sbcrg ea `leaugos te 7,67% `y 0>3> deuom `g rgcdbgm.

C prefrgss rgpert ea 0>>6 sbews tbct aer 0>3> c sbcrg ea =,0% sggis ierg olhgoy. Lk acdt,

tbg GW 07 rgcdbgm c `leaugos sbcrg ea ekoy 3% lk 0>>7. \gt, etbgr stumlgs, ketcòy tbgGurE`grsgrvGP @creigtgr 0>>6, gstlictg tbct tbg GW Igi`gr Ttctgs icy deig doesg te

tbglr tcrfgts (GD, 0>>6h8 GurE`grsgrvGP, 0>>6).

]bg 0>>4 Mlrgdtlvg ek gkgrfy tcxctlek cooews Igi`gr Ttctgs te cppoy rgmudgm gxdlsg muty

rctgs te `leaugos wbgk tbesg crg usgm lk trckspert er aer bgctlkf. Icky Igi`gr Ttctgs

rgsert te tbls eptlek te preietg `leaugos (@rlkfgzu gt co., 0>>6). Lk cmmltlek te tbg

preietlek ea `leaugos `y tbg igcks ea deiiek tcrfgts ckm tcx gxgiptleks tbg GW cose

supperts lts premudtlek tbreufb tbg DC^. ]bg 37, >,27 iloolek bgdtcrgs ea sgt-cslmg ockm sgrvgm

aer frewlkf elosggms aer `leaugo premudtlek. Tlkdg 0>>7, cose sufcr `ggt aer `leaugo dck `g

pocktgm ek sgt-cslmg ockm (GD, 0>>1`).

Tlkdg 0>>= acrigrs dck aurtbgrierg `gkgalt arei c spgdlald GW prgilui aer gkgrfy dreps

ea up te =7 Gures pgr bgdtcrg. ]bls lkdgktlvg bcs werhgm se wgoo tbct tbg crgc wbgrg gkgrfy

dreps golflòg aer tbls aukmlkf wgrg frewk lkdrgcsgm arei >,43 iloolek bgdtcrgs lk 0>>= te

0,2= iloolek bgdtcrgs lk 0>>6. ]bg aukmlkf pgr bgdtcrg bcs slkdg tbgk `ggk mgdrgcsgm

`gdcusg tbg ùmfgt dglolkf aer tbls lkstruigkt ( iloolek Gures pgr ygcr) wcs rgcdbgm (GD,

0>>6o).]bg GW aurtbgrierg supperts lkvgstigkt ckm trclklkf lk `leaugos vlc lts Pgflekco

Mgvgoepigkt Aukm ckm lts Purco Mgvgoepigkt peoldy (GD, 0>>1`).

Vltb rgfcrm te lts gaagdt ek bymrefgk ckm augo dgoos tbg preietlek ea `leaugos icy acdloltctg

tbg sblat cwcy arei elo. @leaugos crg c rgoctlvgoy rcplm ckswgr te tbg frewlkf dekdgrk cèut

sgdurlty ea suppoy, dck `g ògkmgm up te c dgrtclk mgfrgg wltb trcmltlekco aesslo augos, crg

gcsloy te lktremudg (ke spgdlco lkarcstrudturg kggmgm) ckm ilfbt deipgksctg aer rgoctlvg

sbertcfgs ea elo.

0>


23/33


Gxcdtoy `gdcusg ea tbgsg cmvcktcfgs, `leaugos dck `gdeig c rlvco aer bymrefgk, ct ogcst lk

tbg ilm tgri uktlo 0>0>. Bewgvgr, lt ls qugstlekcòg wbgtbgr `leaugos dck `g c sustclkcòg

rgspeksg te tbg foe`co gkgrfy dbcoogkfgs. Alrst, tbgy wloo ket `g còg te auooy su`stltutg aer

aesslo augos slkdg tbg foe`co premudtlek dcpcdltlgs crg oliltgm `y tbg ockm cvclocòg ckm `ysbertcfgs lk etbgr premudtlek acdters. Tgdekm, lt ls qugstlekcòg wbgtbgr `leaugos bcvg sudb

c feem gkvlrekigktco aeetprlkt cs lts suppertgrs docli tbgrg ls lkdrgcslkf gvlmgkdg ea

kgfctlvg gkvlrekigktco lipcdts (@rlkfgzu gt co. 0>>68 ^ctzgh, 0>>68 Beusg ea Deiieks,

0>>2). Lk tbls rgspgdt bymrefgk pgraeris dogcroy `gttgr, ct ogcst bymrefgk premudgm arei

rgkgwcòg gkgrfy seurdgs. Colfklkf `leaugos peoldy wltb dekdgrks cèut sustclkcòg gkgrfy,

tbg mgpoeyigkt ea bymrefgk ckm augo dgoos ckm cttgipts te preietg rurco mgvgoepigkt tbus

wloo `gdeig c icjer dbcoogkfg aer tbg kgxt ygcrs.

7. Dekdousleks ckm prepescos aer aurtbgr peoldy rgsgcrdb

]bg ckcoysls ea GW peoldy lipcdts ek tbg mgvgoepigkt ea bymrefgk ckm augo dgoos bcs

ylgomgm mlaagrgkt rgsuots.

3) GW gkgrfy peoldlgs bcvg mgvgoepgm strekf pusb acdters tewcrms ierg sustclkcòg

tgdbkeoeflgs. ]bg G]T, gkgrfy gaaldlgkdy er rgkgwcògs preietlek coo tbgsg

peoldy lkstruigkts cose bcvg seig pesltlvg lipcdt ek bymrefgk ckm augo dgoos slkdg

tbgy dekstltutg c arcigwerh aer sustclkcòg gkgrfy premudtlek ckm usg. Bewgvgr,

tbgsg pusb acdters crg tee wgch te ogcm te tbg mgpoeyigkt ea bymrefgk ckm augo dgoos

`gdcusg ea, alrstoy, ocdhlkf lkdgktlvgs tewcrms oekf tgri lkvgstigkts lk sustclkcòg

tgdbkeoeflgs ckm, sgdekmoy, lkdekslstgkdlgs ckm kgfctlvg slmg-gaagdts wltblk

gxlstlkf lkstruigkts tbct ogcm te mlstertleks lk bymrefgk ckm augo dgoo icrhgts cdress

Gurepg.

0) Durrgkt rgfuoctery peoldlgs tgkm te bcvg c wgch ùt pesltlvg lipcdt ek bymrefgk. Lk

iest GW Igi`gr Ttctgs bymrefgk ls gxgiptgm arei cky tcxctlek er tcxgm ct

rgoctlvgoy oew rctgs. ]bus tcxctlek durrgktoy acveurs bymrefgk evgr deipgtlkf

tgdbkeoeflgs.

03


24/33


\gt, tbg GW dckket `g drgmltgm wltb tbls sltuctlek slkdg bymrefgk ls ket gxpoldltoy

igktlekgm lk tbg mlrgdtlvg ek ilkliui tcxctlek ker bcs tbg GW strekf deipgtgkdg

lk tbg algom ea tcxctlek. ]bg gaagdts ea tbg ol`grcolsctlek ea tbg icrhgt aer fcs ckm

gogdtrldlty sggi te `g rgoctlvgoy wgch. Kekgtbgogss, tbgy crg pesltlvg ckm icy lkfgkgrco acveur tbg icrhgt gktry ea bymrefgk ckm augo dgoos ckm lk pcrtlduocr tbg usg

ea bymrefgk lk trckspert.

4) GW spgkmlkf peoldlgs crg c petgktlcooy pewgrauo peoldy lkstruigkt aer tbg rgflekco

preietlek ea sustclkcòg tgdbkeoeflgs ckm lkarcstrudturg slkdg tbgy dck dbckkgo

aukms tewcrms tbgi. Bewgvgr, tbls petgktlco ls durrgktoy ket auooy gxpoeltgm. ]bg

ckcoysls ea rgflekco peoldy ylgoms c ilxgm rgsuot. Ek tbg ekg bckm ierg rgflekco

aukmlkf bcs rgdgktoy `ggk mlrgdtgm tewcrms lkkevctlek, c algom doesgoy rgoctgm te

bymrefgk ckm augo dgoos. Ek tbg etbgr bckm, debgslek aukmlkf kericooy megs ket

cppoy te tbesg rgfleks wbldb crg tbg iest lkkevctlvg ckm tbg iest cmvckdgm lk tbg

algom ea bymrefgk ckm augo dgoos. ]bg DC^ cs tbg sgdekm `lf GW spgkmlkf peoldy

megs ket acveur bymrefgk er augo dgoos. Ek tbg dektrcry lt preietgs `leaugos wbldb

icy ek tbg oekf tgri deipgtg wltb bymrefgk ckm tbus lkmlrgdtoy blkmgr lts

mgvgoepigkt.

Oeehlkf cbgcm tbg durrgkt peoldy arcigwerh ct GW ogvgo megs ket sgt dogcr oekf tgri

slfkcos ckm ocdhs lkdgktlvgs tbct crg strekf gkeufb te acdloltctg blfb lkvgstigkt lk ckm

mgpoeyigkt ea sustclkcòg gkgrfy tgdbkeoeflgs. ]bg olhgoy evgrcoo gaagdt tbus sggis te `g

tee wgch te gkcòg tbg GW bymrefgk ckm augo dgoo mgpoeyigkt strctgfy. Cddermlkf te eur

ckcoysls ck gkbckdgm GW peoldy arcigwerh pusblkf aer sustclkc`lolty lk fgkgrco ckm tbg

mgvgoepigkt ea bymrefgk ckm augo dgoos lk pcrtlduocr sbeuom iggt tbg aeooewlkf hgy

rgqulrgigkts:

3) C strekf GW gkgrfy peoldy wltb drgmlòg oekf tgri tcrfgts: ]bg Gurepgck

fevgrkigkts bcvg flvgk tbglr deiiltigkts aer c strekf rgmudtlek lk FBF. Bewgvgr,

tbg lipogigktctlek iust `g liprevgm ckm rgqulrgs cmmltlekco cdtlek. ]bls lipolgs

aer gxcipog blfbgr dcrèk prldgs tbct sgt dogcr lkvgstigkt slfkcos, blfbgr gkgrfy

gaaldlgkdy rgqulrgigkts ckm c ierg ci`ltleus lipogigktctlek ea rgkgwcòg gkgrfy

tcrfgts ct kctlekco ogvgo.

00


25/33


Lk cmmltek, tcrfgts aer tbg ygcrs 0>4>-0>=>-0>7> kggm te `g aeriuoctgm ckm colfkgm

wltb tbg bymrefgk ckm augo dgoo mgpoeyigkt strctgfy (sgg cose Jcde`ssgk/@grfgh,

0>>=, p. 2=> ek tbg lipertckdg ea oekf tlig sdcogs te trcksaeri tbg gkgrfy sgdter).

0) @gttgr deermlkctlek ea GW peoldlgs: Gurepg kggms c deiiek ukmgrstckmlkf ea hgy

tcxctlek dekdgpts (frggk tcxctlek, lktgrkcolsctlek ea gxtgrkcoltlgs) ckm c deiiek

cpprecdb aer tbg icrhgt lktremudtlek ea kgw gkgrfy tgdbkeoeflgs. ]bls rgqulrgs ierg

bcrieklsctlek ea tcx systgis, demgs ckm stckmcrms. Bymrefgk deuom aer c dgrtclk

pgrlem `g gxgiptgm arei cky tcxctlek te preietg lts mgvgoepigkt. Lk tbg ilm te oekf

ruk wbgk icss icrhgts aer bymrefgk crg aerilkf, lt wloo bewgvgr `gdeig rctlekco te

lkdoumg bymrefgk lk cky ilkliui tcxctlek Mlrgdtlvg er te rgaeri tbls systgi tchlkf

lkte cddeukt tbg tetco gxtgrkco dests ea tbg olag dydog ea rgspgdtlvg gkgrfy premudts.

Bewgvgr, peoldy dekslstgkdy ls ea frgct lipertckdg lk tbls rgspgdt. La bymrefgk

utlolsctlek ls gxgiptgm arei cky tcxctlek tbgk lts premudtlek sbeuom `g pcrt ea tbg

G]T. Ol`grcolsctlek ea tbg fcs ckm gogdtrldlty icrhgts sbeuom `g pursugm lk ermgr te

rgoctlvgoy mgdrgcsg prldgs ckm fucrcktgg icrhgt cddgss cose te sicoo premudgrs ea

rgkgwcòg gkgrfy seurdgs. Gktrgprgkgurs ckm TIGs lk bymrefgk ckm augo dgoo sgdter

sbeuom fgt `gttgr cddgss te alkckdlkf, aer gxcipog tbreufb c Gurepgck trust aukm. ]bg

sustclkc`lolty lipcdt ea spgkmlkf peoldlgs aurtbgrierg kggms te `g lkdrgcsgm: Tgttlkf

up c mlstrlùtlek lkarcstrudturg aer bymrefgk ckm augo dgoos wloo `g acdloltctgm la cdtlvg

rgfleks lk tbg algom ea bymrefgk ckm augo dgoos `gdeig golflòg aer tbg iclk rgflekco

aukms.

4) Pgfleks tbct mlspesg ea strekf doustgrs lk bymrefgk ckm augo dgoo rgoctgm crgcs dck

aurtbgr cmvckdg tbg icrhgt lktremudtlek ckm gstcòlsb c alrst bymrefgk lkarcstrudturg.

Octgr ek tbg alrst gigrflkf bymrefgk deiiukltlgs deuom `g lktgrdekkgdtgm te drgctg

c wlmgr bymrefgk lkarcstrudturg lk Gurepg. ]bg GW dck suppert tbgsg gaaerts ckm pocyc deermlkctlkf reog (aer tbg rgflekco pgrspgdtlvg sgg Mckkgickm ckm Kyfccrm

Icmsgk lk tbls lssug).

04


26/33


0=

Oekf tgri peoldlgs kggm te `g cmcptlvg ckm epgk te tgdbkeoefldco dbckfg. Cotgrkctlvg

mgvgoepigkts g.f. `cttgry tgdbkeoefy crg drudlco aer tbg pcttgrks ea c bymrefgk lkdouslvg

gdekeiy (Ocrsgk ckm Bjgr, 0>>68 Icdcrle, 0>>6). Lk tbg sbert ckm igmlui tgri etbgr

tgdbkeoeflgs icy wgoo `g ierg preilslkf tbck bymrefgk ckm augo dgoos. ôuf-lk by`rlm dcrscrg aer lkstckdg corgcmy deiigrdlcolsgm lk Gurepg ckm Kertb Cigrldc ckm crg gxpgdtgm te

blfboy lkdrgcsg tbglr icrhgt sbcrg lk tbg deilkf mgdcmg (Vyick, 0>>2) lt ls acr arei

`glkf dogcr bew bymrefgk ckm augo dgoos wloo pgraeri lk deipcrlsek te tbgsg tgdbkeoeflgs.

Lk tbg gkm, tbls dogcroy pelkts eut tbg kggm aer c ierg lk mgptb-rgsgcrdb ek c deiprgbgkslvg

oekf tgri peoldy arcigwerh tbct lkmudgs ckm gkcògs sustclkcòg gkgrfy systgis ckm etbgr

gde-lkkevctleks.


27/33


Pgagrgkdgs

Crtbur, V. @., 3>=. ]bg gx pest lipcdt ea ck gkgrfy tcx ekbeusgbeom gkgrfy mgickm. Gkgrfy Gdekeilds, 01, 0>6. ]bg Tustclkc`lolty Lipcdt ea tbg GW Gilssleks

]rcmlkf Tdbgig ek tbg Gurepgck Lkmustry, @rufgs Gurepgck Gdekeild eoldy @rlgalkfs 36.

@oglsdbwltz, P., 0>>6. Derperctg Fevgrkckdg ea Tustclkc`lolty: C De-Gveoutlekcry Qlgw ek Pgseurdg

Ickcfgigkt. Gmwcrm Gofcr uòlsbgr, Dbgotgkbci.

@rlkfgzu, T., Pcigsebo, T., Crkeom, H., 0>>6. Vbct wg hkew ckm wbct wg sbeuom hkew. ]ewcrms csustclkcòg leicss strctgfy. C Mlsdusslek ^cpgr ea tbg Vuppgrtco Lkstltutg, 314, Vuppgrtco.

@uslkgss Gurepg, 0>>6. Gkgrfy Gaaldlgkdy Pgdekdlolkf Gdekeild Frewtb ckm Dolictg ^retgdtlek,

@russgos.

Dbgrkycvshc, O, Fuoo, A., Ockarckdekl, D, 0>>1. Gkgrfy tcxctlek peoldy lk tbg Gurepgck Wklek: tbg

bymrefgk dcsg. Gdekeilc mgoog aektl ml gkgrflc g mgooCi`lgktg, 0, 7-02.

Mcvlm, ^., 3>6. Gkgrfy: Dbeldgs aer Gurepg, @rugfgo @ougprlkt Tgrlgs,

@russgos.

GD, 0>>>. Frggk ^cpgr ]ewcrms c Gurepgck strctgfy aer tbg sgdurlty ea gkgrfy suppoy, DEI(0>>>)

61>4c. Deukdlo mlrgdtlvg Pgstrudturlkf tbg Deiiuklty arcigwerh aer tbg tcxctlek ea gkgrfy

premudts ckm gogdtrldlty, 0>>4/.

GD, 0>>4`. Mlrgdtlvg ea tbg ^crolcigkt ckm tbg Deukdlo ek tbg preietlek ea tbg usg ea `leaugos er etbgr

rgkgwcòg augos aer trckspert, 0>>4/4>/GD, Eaaldlco Jeurkco, O 304/=0-O304-=1.

GD, 0>>=. Mlrgdtlvg ea tbg Deukdlo ckm tbg Gurepgck ^crolcigkt ek tbg preietlek ea defgkgrctlek `csgm

ek c usgauo bgct mgickm lk tbg lktgrkco gkgrfy icrhgt, 0>>=/2/GD, Eaaldlco Jeurkco O 70/7>-O70/1>.

GD, 0>>7c. Mlrgdtlvg ea tbg Gurepgck ^crolcigkt ckm ea tbg Deukdlo gstcòlsblkf c arcigwerh aer tbg

sgttlkf ea gdemgslfk rgqulrgigkts aer gkgrfy-uslkf premudts, 0>>7/40/GD, Eaaldlco Jeurkco, O 3>7) 017 alkco, @russgos.

GD, 0>>1c. Mlrgdtlvg ea tbg Gurepgck ^crolcigkt ckm tbg Deukdlo ea 7 Cprlo 0>>1 ek gkgrfy gkm-usg

gaaldlgkdy ckm gkgrfy sgrvldgs ckm rgpgcolkf Deukdlo Mlrgdtlvg


28/33


GD, 0>>1`. Acdt Tbggt @leaugos lk tbg Gurepgck Wklek: Ck Cfrlduoturco ^grspgdtlvg, Eaaldg aer Eaaldlco

ûòldctleks ea tbg Gurepgck Wklek, Ouxgièurf.

GD 0>>6c. Deiiukldctlek arei tbg Deiilsslek: C Gurepgck strctgfld gkgrfy tgdbkeoefy pock (TG]-

ôck) ']ewcrms c oew dcrèk auturg', @russgos, 00 Kevgi`gr 0>>6, DEI(0>>6) 604 alkco

GD, 0>>6`. ^rgslmgkdy Dekdousleks, @russgos Gurepgck Deukdlo ea 2/< Icrdb 0>>6, 0 Icy 0>>6,

600=/3/>6 PGQ 3.

GD, 0>>6d. ^repesco aer c rgfuoctlek ea tbg Gurepgck ^crolcigkt ckm ea tbg Gurepgck Deukdlo sgttlkf

gilsslek pgraerickdg stckmcrms aer kgw pcssgkfgr dcrs cs pcrt ea tbg Deiiukltys lktgfrctgm cpprecdb

te rgmudg DE0gilssleks arei olfbt muty vgbldogs, DEI(0>>6) 271 alkco.

GD, 0>>6m. Deiiuklty arcigwerh aer tbg tcxctlek ea gkgrfy premudts ckm gogdtrldlty, cvclocòg ct

bttp://gurepc.gu/sdcmpous/ogf/gk/ov`/o06>3 Ag`rucry 0>>6.

GD, 0>>6g. Mlrgdtlvg ea tbg Gurepgck ^crolcigkt ckm tbg Deukdlo dekdgrklkf deiiek ruogs aer tbg

lktgrkco icrhgt lk gogdtrldlty, 0>>4/7=/GD, Eaaldlco Jeurkco, O361/46-O361/77.

GD, 0>>6a. Mlrgdtlvg ea tbg Gurepgck ^crolcigkt ckm tbg Deukdlo dekdgrklkf deiiek ruogs aer tbg

lktgrkco icrhgt lk kcturco fcs, 0>>4/77/GD, Eaaldlco Jeurkco, O31/6=.

GD, 0>>6f. Deiiukldctlek arei tbg Deiilsslek: Lkqulry pursuckt te crtldog 36 ea rgfuoctlek (GD) Ke

3/0>>4 lkte tbg Gurepgck fcs ckm gogdtrldlty sgdters (Alkco Pgpert), DEI 0>>1(273) alkco.

GD, 0>>6b. Gxpockctery Igierckmui ea tbg 4rmGkgrfy cdhcfg, DEI(0>>6)MPCA].

GD, 0>>6l. Evgrvlgws ea tbg Gurepgck Wklek Cdtlvltlgs: Pgflekco êoldy, ocst upmctgm lk Tgptgi`gr

0>>6, cvclocòg ct bttp://gurepc.gu/peo/rgf/evgrvlgwUgk.bticddgssgm ek 03 Jckucry 0>>2.

GD, 0>>6j. Deiilsslek stcaa werhlkf meduigkt: Pgfleks mgolvgrlkf lkkevctlek tbreufb debgslek peoldy,

TGD(0>>6) 37=6.

GD, 0>>6h. Pgpert arei tbg Deiilsslek @leaugos ^refrgss Pgpert. Pgpert ek tbg ^refrgss icmg lk tbg

usg ea `leaugos ckm etbgr rgkgwcòg augos lk tbg Igi`gr Ttctgs ea tbg Gurepgck Wklek, DEI(0>>1) 2=7

alkco.

GD, 0>>6o. @leaugos: clm pgr bgdtcrg ea gkgrfy dreps rgmudgm cs tbg crgc gxdggms 0 iloolek bgdtcrgs, GW

^rgss rgogcsg, 36 Edte`gr 0>>6, L^/>6/3702, @russgos.

GD, 0>>2c. Deiiukldctlek arei tbg Deiilsslek te tbg Gurepgck ^crolcigkt ckm tbg Deukdlo, tbg

Gurepgck Gdekeild ckm Tedlco Deiilttgg ckm tbg Deiilttgg ea tbg Pgfleks, 0> 0> `y 0>0>, Gurepgsdolictg dbckfg eppertuklty, DEI 0>>2 (4>) alkco.

GD, 0>>2`. GW ùmfgt 0>>2, Eaaldg aer eaaldlco ûòldctleks ea tbg Gurepgck Deiiukltlgs,

Ouxgièurf..

Gkmrgs, C., Ebo, D., 0>>7. Hyete, Gurepg5 - Ck gdekeild gvcouctlek ea tbg Gurepgck Gilsslek ]rcmlkf

Mlrgdtlvg. Gurepgck Jeurkco ea Ocw ckm Gdekeilds, 36. 6tbrgpert stctg ea rgkgwcòg gkgrflgs lk Gurepg.

Gurepgck Bymrefgk ckm Augo Dgoo ]gdbkeoefy ôctaeri, 0>>6. Lipogigktctlek ôck Ttctus 0>>1.

01
http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l27019.htmhttp://europa.eu/pol/reg/overview_en.htmhttp://europa.eu/pol/reg/overview_en.htmhttp://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l27019.htm


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Arl, P.V. 0>>4. ]bg Peog ea Hkewogmfg: ]gdbkeoefldco Lkkevctlek lk tbg Gkgrfy Tystgi. Gkgrfy

Jeurkco 0= (=), 73-6=.

Foeii, F., Hcwcfudbl, M., Tgpuovgmc, A., 0>>2. Frggk tcxgs ckm meuòg mlvlmgkm lk c mykcild

gdekeiy. Jeurkco ea êoldy Iemgolkf, 4>, 3>2. ]bg trcfld pcrcmex: Fgrickys vgry suddgssauo ùt ket vgry pepuocr frggk

ùmfgt rgaeri: ogsseks arei sgvgk ygcrs ea deurcfgeus turkcreukm (33-600.

Fru``, I., Wopb, M., 0>>0. Gkgrfy, tbg gkvlrekigkt, ckm lkkevctlek. Exaerm Pgvlgw ea Gdekeildêoldy 32 (3), 1.

Bcssgohklppg, B., Dbrlstlcksgk, C., 0>>4. Gkgrfy ]cxctlek lk Gurepg, Durrgkt Ttctus- Mrlvgrs ckm

@crrlgrs- Auturg respgdts, Arlmtjea Kcksgks Lkstltutg, Oyschgr.

Bglick, I., Teoeiek, @., 0>>6. Augolkf W.T. trckspert. ]bg Bymrefgk gdekeiy ckm lts cotgrkctlvgs,

Gkvlrekigkt, =>2. Crg `leaugos sustclkcòg5 Alrst Pgpert ea

Tgsslek 0>>6->2, Qeouig L, Oekmek.

Bu`gr, J., 0>>=. Kgw ]gdbkeoeflgs ckm Gkvlrekigktco Lkkevctlek, Gmwcrm Gofcr, Dbgotgkbci.

Lktgrkctlekco Gkgrfy Cfgkdy, 3>3. ]gdbkldco dbckfg mykcilds: Gvlmgkdg arei tbg gigrflkf rgkgwcòg gkgrfy

tgdbkeoeflgs. Gkgrfy Gdekeilds 04 (1), 13>7. Ogcm icrhgts aer gkvlrekigktco lkkevctleks, Zgktrui ar

Gureplsdbg Vlrtsdbcatsaersdbukf Ickkbgli, bysldc-Qgrocf, Ickkbgli.

Jcde`ssek, T., @grfgh, C., 0>>=. ]rcksaerilkf tbg gkgrfy sgdter: ]bg gveoutlek ea tgdbkeoefldco systgis

lk rgkgwcòg gkgrfy tgdbkeoefy. Lkmustrlco ckm Derperctg Dbckfg 34 (7), 237-2=>7. Icrhgt Ttliuoctlek ea Pgkgwcòg Gogdtrldlty lk tbg GW

Vbct mgfrgg ea Bcrieklzctlek ea Tuppert Igdbcklsis ls rgqulrgm5 DG^T ]csh Aerdg Pgpert Ke. 71,

@russgos.

Ocrsgk, H., Bjgr, I., 0>>6. ]gdbkeoefldco lkkevctlek ckm trcksaerictlek pgrspgdtlvgs lk gkvlrekigktco

auturgs stumlgs aer trckspert ckm ie`lolty. Lktgrkctlekco Jeurkco ea Aergslfbt ckm Lkkevctlek êoldy 4, >7. ]crfgt 0>0> êoldlgs ckm

Igcsurgs te rgmudg Frggkbeusg Fcs Gilssleks lk tbg GW, Vuppgrtco Lkstltutg Pgpert.

Icdcrle, P., 0>>6. Gkgrfy trcksltleks lk trckspertctlek: ls lt c tgdbkeoefy er c peoldy-mrlvgk predgss, lk:

Tbgaalgom, J.V., Tbgaalgom, D. (Gms.), Cssgssigkt ea bymrefgk gkgrfy aer sustclkcòg mgvgoepigkt,

Tprlkfgr, Mermrgdbt, pp. 24 -


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02

Id Hlksgy, Gdeays, 0>>7. Pgvlgw ea GW Gilssleks ]rcmlkf Tdbgig, Turvgy Blfbolfbts, 0>>7.

Igtdcoag, J. T., 0>>4. Gqulol`rlui ckm Gveoutlekcry Aeukmctleks ea Deipgtltlek ckm ]gdbkeoefy eoldy:

Kgw ^grspgdtlvg ek tbg Mlvlslek ea Ocèur ckm tbg Lkkevctlek ^redgss, lk: ^golhck, ^., Vgfkgr, F.

(Gms.), ]bg Gveoutlekcry Ckcoysls ea Gdekeild êoldy, Gmwcrm Gofcr, Dbgotgkbci / Kertbciptek, pp.

310 3.

Iktgr, I., Merck, ^., 0>>6. Alkckdlkf ckm ùslkgss mgvgoepigkt aer bymrefgk deiiukltlgs,

Mgolvgrcòg M6.0 ea Pecms0ByDei.

Ker`grf-@ebi, Q., 0>>>. Drgctlkf Lkdgktlvgs aer Gkvlrekigktcooy Gkbckdlkf ]gdbkeoefldco Dbckfg:

Ogsseks arei 4> \gcrs ea W.T. Gkgrfy ]gdbkeoefy êoldy, ]gdbkeoefldco Aergdcstlkf ckm Tedlco

Dbckfg, 17 (0), 307-3=2.

EGDM, 0>>1. ]bg êoltldco Gdekeiy ea Gkvlrekigktcooy Pgoctgm ]cxgs, EGDM, ^crls.

^ctzgh, ]. V., 0>>6. C Alrst ]bgriemykcild Ckcoysls ea tbg Derk Gtbckeo Dydog, Kcturco PgseurdgsPgsgcrdb, =, 077-06>.

^gohicks, J., 0>>1. Gurepgck Lktgfrctlek: Igtbems ckm Gdekeild Ckcoysls, tblrm gm., ^gcrsek Gmudctlek,

Bcroew.

^gohicks, J., 0>>6. Bew sedlco ls Gurepgck lktgfrctlek5 @rufgs Gurepgck Gdekeild ^peoldy @rlgalkfs,

32.

Pemrfugz-êsg, C., Drgsdgkzl, P., 0>>6. P&M, Tplooevgrs, Lkkevctlek Tystgis ckm tbg Fgkgsls ea

Pgflekco Frewtb lk Gurepg, @rufgs Gurepgck Gdekeild Pgsgcrdb cpgrs, 7.

Pecms0ByDei, 0>>2. Ttctg ea tbg Crt Ckcoysls ea Bymrefgk ckm Augo Dgoo ]gdbkeoefy, Lkarcstrudturg

ckm Deiiukltlgs, Pecms0ByDei Bymrefgk ckm Augo Dgoo VLHL, cvclocòg ct bttp://www.lhc.rwtb-

ccdbgk.mg/r0b/lkmgx.pbp/IclkU^cfgocst cddgssgm ek 31 Juoy 0>>2.

Pes, I. G., Vggmc I., Jggklkfc B., 0>>6. Tkcpsbets ea bymrefgk uptchg lk tbg auturg C deipcrlsek

stumy, Pecms0ByDei.

Ttglk`grfgr-Vlodhgks, P., ]rugipgr, T., 0>>6. Bymrefgk lkarcstrudturg ctocs ckm lkmustrlco gxdgss

bymrefgk ckcoysls, Mgolvgrcòg 0.3 ckm 0.3c ea Pecms0ByDei.

]ldby, F., 0>>2. êoltlh, Erfcklsctlek ukm Mlaauslek stctt Loouslekgk. ]gdbkeoeflgsprkfg cos Osukf mgs

Gkgrflgpreògis5 Vlssgksdbcat & Wiwgot Lktgrmlszlpolkr, 33, 00 4>.

Vcohgr, V., 0>>>. Gktrcpigkt lk Ocrfg ]gdbkeoefldco Tystgis. Lkstltutlekco deiiltigkt ckm êwgr

Pgoctleks. Pgsgcrdb eoldy, 0>2. 0>37 dcr lkkevctlek. Lkkevctleksickcfgigkt lk mgr Cuteie`lolkmustrlg, IID.
http://www.ika.rwth-aachen.de/r2h/index.php/Main_Pagehttp://www.ika.rwth-aachen.de/r2h/index.php/Main_Pagehttp://www.ika.rwth-aachen.de/r2h/index.php/Main_Pagehttp://www.ika.rwth-aachen.de/r2h/index.php/Main_Page


31/33

Olst ea @rufgs Gurepgck Gdekeild êoldy `rlgalkfs (@GG^)

@GG^ `rlgalkf k 3>6)

]bg Tustclkc`lolty Lipcdt ea tbg GW Gilssleks ]rcmlkf Tystgi ek tbg Gurepgck Lkmustry, `y

Pcliukm @oglsdbwltz, Hctrlk Aubrickk ckm Golcs Budbogr.

@GG^ `rlgalkf k 31 (Icrdb 0>>6)

Tgrvldgs lk Gurepgck êoldlgs, `y Ouls Pu`codc`c.

@GG^ `rlgalkf k 37 (Juoy 0>>1)Gurepgck Lkmustrlco êoldy,`y Jcdqugs ^gohicks.

@GG^ `rlgalkf k 3= (Icrdb 0>>1)

Bcs tbg Gurepgck LD] Tgdter C Dbckdg te `g Deipgtltlvg5`y Femgarey Mckf Kfuygk &

Dbrlstck Fgktbek.

@GG^ `rlgalkf k 34 (Ag`rucry 0>>1)

]gstlkf aer Tu`slmlcrlty, `y Jcdqugs ^gohicks

@GG^ `rlgalkf k 30 (Kevgi`gr 0>>7)Oc fgstlek mg oc trcksltlek vgrs oc iekkclg uklqug gt otcòlssgigkt mg oc drml`lolt mg ogure,

`y Jgck-Documg ]rldbgt.

@GG^ `rlgalkf k 33 (Tgptgi`gr 0>>7)

Megs tbg Gurepgck Wklek Drgctg tbg Aeukmctleks ea ck Lkaerictlek Tedlgty aer coo5,`y

Femgarey Mckf Kfuygk & Icrlg Jeoos.

@GG^ `rlgalkf k 3> (Jckucry 0>>7)

C ]rlpog-L Ttrctgfy aer tbg Auturg ea Gurepg, `y Pcliukm @oglsdbwltz.

@GG^ `rlgalkf k < (Mgdgi`gr 0>>=)

]bg ]urhlsb @ckhlkf Tgdter, Dbcoogkfgs ckm Eutoeeh lk ]rcksltlek te GW Igi`grsblp, `y

Coargm Ttglkbgrr, Col ]uhgo & Iurct Wdgr.

@GG^ `rlgalkf k 2 (Edte`gr 0>>=)

]bg Gdekeilds ea GW Pclowcy Pgaeri, `y Jcdqugs ^gohicks & Oerls ml ^lgtrcktekle.

@GG^ `rlgalkf k 6 (Jukg 0>>=)

Tustclkcòg Mgvgoepigkt ckm Deoogdtlvg Ogcrklkf: ]bgery ckm c Gurepgck Dcsg Ttumy, `yPcliukm @oglsdbwltz, Ildbcgo Octsdb & Hrlstlck Tkerrg Ckmgrsgk

./..
http://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP19.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP19.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP18.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP17.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP16.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP15.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP14.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP13.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP12.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP11.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP10.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP9.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP8.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP7.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP7.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP8.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP9.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP10.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP11.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP12.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP13.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP14.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP15.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP16.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP17.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP18.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP19.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP19.pdf


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Olst ea @rufgs Gurepgck Gdekeild ^eoldy `rlgalkfs (@GG^)./..

@GG^ `rlgalkf k 1 (Jckucry 0>>=)

Dck Gurepg Mgolvgr Frewtb5 ]bg Tcplr Pgpert Ckm @gyekm, `y Jcdqugs ^gohicks & Jgck-

^lgrrg Dcsgy.

@GG^ `rlgalkf k 7 (Cprlo 0>>4)

Gaaldlgkt ]cxctlek ea Iuotl-Kctlekco Gktgrprlsgs lk tbg Gurepgck Wklek, `y Ttgacke Ildessl,

^ceoc ^crcsdckmeoc & @cr`crc ]rl`grtl.

@GG^ `rlgalkf k = (Cprlo 0>>4)

GW Gkocrfgigkt: Gxtgrkco Gdekeild Lipoldctleks, `y Jcdqugs ^gohicks & Jgck-^lgrrg

Dcsgy.

@GG^ `rlgalkf k 4 (Icrdb 0>>4)Iutuco Pgdefkltlek, Wkgipoeyigkt ckm ]bg Vgoacrg Ttctg, `y Alergooc Hesterls ^cmec

Tdbleppc.

@GG^ `rlgalkf k 0 (Mgdgi`gr 0>>0)

Iutuco Pgdefkltlek lk Feems ckm Tgrvldgs: ck Gdekeild ^grspgdtlvg, `y Jcdqugs ^gohicks.

@GG^ `rlgalkf k 3 (Edte`gr 0>>0)

Gdekeild Lipoldctleks ea Gkocrfgigkt, `y Jcdqugs ^gohicks.
http://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP6.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP5.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP4.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP3.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP2.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP1.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP1.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP2.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP3.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP4.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP5.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP6.pdf


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Olst ea @rufgs Gurepgck Gdekeild Pgsgcrdb ^cpgrs (@GGP)

@GGP pcpgr k 34 (Cprlo 0>>2)

Gdekeild Cpprecdbgs ea tbg Lktgrkco Icrhgt, `y Jcdqugs ^gohicks.

@GGP pcpgr k 30 (Icrdb 0>>2)

Dcrtgos: tbg ^re`c`lolty ea Fgttlkf Dcufbt lk tbg Gurepgck Wklek, `y Giickugo Dei`g,

Dekstckdg Iekklgr ckm Pgkcum Ogfco.

@GGP pcpgr k 33 (Jukg 0>>6)

Pgflekco @uslkgss Dydog Tykdbreklzctlek lk Gurepg5, `y Oeurmgs Cdgme Iekteyc ckm Jche`

mg Bcck.

@GGP pcpgr k 3> (Icrdb 0>>6)

Aciloy ]ypgs ckm tbg ^grslstgkdg ea Pgflekco Mlspcrltlgs lk Gurepg, `y Floogs Murcktek,

Ckmrs Pemrfugz-êsg ckm Pldbcrm Tckmcoo.

@GGP pcpgr k < (Ag`rucry 0>>6)

Ckcoyslkf tbg Dektrlùtlek ea @uslkgss Tgrvldgs te Gurepgck Gdekeild Frewtb, `y Bgkh

Hex ckm Ouls Pu`codc`c.

@GGP pcpgr k 2 (Kevgi`gr 0>>1)

]bg Mgtgrilkckts ea Deuktry Plsh lk Gcstgrk Gurepgck Deuktrlgs. Gvlmgkdg arei Tevgrglfk

@ekm Tprgcms, `y Hlrlo Ttrcbloev.


Pgflekco ùslkgss dydogs ckm tbg gigrfgkdg ea sbgotgrgm gdekeilgs lk tbg seutbgrk pgrlpbgry

ea Gurepg`yCkmrs Pemrfugz-êsg ckm Wfe Arctgsl.


]bg 0>>7 Pgaeri ea tbg Ttc`lolty ckm Frewtb ^cdt: ]ee Olttog, ]ee Octg5, `y Alergooc

Hesterls ^cmec Tdbleppc.

@GGP pcpgr k 7 (Edte`gr 0>>1)

P&M, Tplooevgrs, Lkkevctlek Tystgis ckm tbg Fgkgsls ea Pgflekco Frewtb lk Gurepg, `y

Ckmrs Pemrfugz-êsg ckm Plddcrme Drgsdgkzl.

@GGP pcpgr k = (Juoy 0>>1)

Ilxgm ûòld-^rlvctg Gktgrprlsgs lk Gurepg: Gdekeild ]bgery ckm ck Giplrldco Ckcoysls ea

Ltcolck Vctgr Wtloltlgs, `y Cogssckmre Icrrc.


Pgflekco Vcfg Ckm Gipoeyigkt Pgspeksgs ]e Icrhgt êtgktlco Lk ]bg GW, `y Hgltb Bgcm

& ]blgrry Icygr.

@GGP pcpgr k 0 (Icy 0>>7)

]gdbkeoefy mlaauslek, sgrvldgs ckm gkmefgkeus frewtb lk Gurepg. Ls tbg Olsèk Ttrctgfy stloo

colvg5, `y ^ceoe Fugrrlgrl , @grkcrme Icffl , Qcogktlkc Igoldlckl & ^lgr Dcroe ^cmeck.

@GGP pcpgr k 3 (Kevgi`gr 0>>=)

Gmudctlek, Ilfrctlek, Ckm Je` Tctlsacdtlek: ]bg Pgflekco Pgturks Ea Buick Dcpltco Lk ]bgGW `y Ckmrs Pemrfugz êsg & Iektsgrrct Qlocotc @ua
http://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER13.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER12.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER11.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER10.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER9.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER8.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER8.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER7.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER7.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER6.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER5B.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER4.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER4.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER3.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER2.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER2.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER1.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER1.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER1.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER1.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER2.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER2.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER3.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER4.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER4.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER5B.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER6.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER7.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER7.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER8.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER8.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER9.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER10.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER11.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER12.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER13.pdf

the policy framework for the promotion of hydrogen and fuel cells in europe (eng) / el marco de...

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