The Post-Napoleonic Era

ConservatismNationalismLiberalism

Which shall prevail?

Post – NB European Borders

• Given these borders, what do you anticipate will occur next?

What did the Congress of Vienna desire for Europe?

• Restore ORDER & Security– French Revolution was

bloody, messy, OOC• Restore BALANCE OF POWER

– PEACE via • Cooperation, Consultation

& Consent• Restore LEGITIMATE rulers

– Return of Monarchy & Aristocracy… traditional society

WHY?

However, other ideas also emerged…

• Nationalism– The desire to have your own nation and

not be ruled by others– Subjugated peoples wanted their own

nations, no more empires– Freedom– Autonomy

• Liberalism– The desire to reform the existing political,

economic & social structures in order to create greater equity

What is a “NATION”?

• A composition of people who have common– Language– Culture– Customs– History– Roots to a location

• Nationalists opposed the principles of the Congress of Vienna, they desired popular sovereignty

What does it take to have a successful nation?

• Established national language– Print Culture

• Shared worldview based on common experience

• Workable economy• Military Strength to defend itself• Cultural Elite

– Perpetuation of the culture, language, customs & history

Who were the LIBERALS? What did they desire?

• Educated• Economically stable• Professional or Commercial oriented• Academics• Excluded or limited by previous regime• Believed in talent & achievement

• Legal Equality• Religious Toleration• Constitutional gov’t• Freedom of

Expression• Consent of the

governed• Equitable economic

opportunity

Where were the “hot spots”?• Ireland• Poland• Germany• Hungary• The

Balkans• Italy• Greece

What were the components of Conservatism?

• Legitimate monarchs– Vs. Constitutions

• Landed Aristocracies– Protection for property & privilege

• Established State Supported Churches– Anti-Enlightenment or “new” religion

• Leadership– K. von Metternich / Edmund Burke / Fr. Hegel

What actions did conservatives take to preserve the status quo?

• Austria– Dominates

German Confederation• Prussia

– No promised reforms– Diets ruled by Junkers

• German States– Limited self-government– Carlsbad Decrees end

Burschenschaften– Final Act limits free speech

in government

• Great Britain– Corn Laws = tariff– Combination Acts = no

unions– Coercion Acts = no habeas

corpus or seditious meetings

– Peterloo Massacre– Six Acts = ↑gov’t power

↓ rights for dissidents• France

– Charter = limited change– Ultra-royalist White Terror

How was conservative international order maintained?• Alliances

– Holy Alliance = R + Pr + A– Quadruple Alliance = R + Pr + A + GB

• Concert of Europe– No action w/o consent of other nations

• Congress System – Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (aka Aachen)

• Troop withdrawal & re-admittance of France– Congress of Troppau

• Protocol of Troppau = intervention OK to preserve regimes– Congress of Verona = intervention in Spain

• Monroe Doctrine = GB seeks economic gain in Latin America

The Revolutionary

Wave • The Balkans

– “Eastern Question”• Conflict of Interest

– R & A >> Land– F & GB >> Biz– Christianity v. Islam

– Greece 1821• No initial direct intervention• 1827 Treaty of London #1… naval support, demand

independence• Treaty of Adrianople 1829

– R intervention >> allows GB / F / R decision making power

• 1830 Treaty of London #2 = Greek independence >> Otto I

The Revolutionary Wave Serbia

• National Identity– Slavic & Orthodox– Guerilla War by Kara George

• Partial Autonomy– Negotiated by Milos Obrenovitch

• Independence granted 1830 by Ottomans– Territory, border & minority issues = tension

• Links to Russia – Culture, Religion, Trade & Alliance

Latin America’s Revolutionary Wave• Haiti

– Slave revolt• South America

– Creole revolts–Venezuela–New Granada– Rio de la Plata &

Chile• New Spain(Mexico)

– Creole/Native revolt• Brazil = non-violent

Russia: Failed Reforms • Alexander I: Rejects Change

– Suppression leads to secret reform societies– S. Society (democracy) & N. Society (Con.

Monarchy)• Crisis: No Heir = Constantine? Nicholas?• Decembrist Revolt 1825: Failed Coup d’Etat• Nicholas I: Autocracy!

– Censorship + Secret Police + Russification– “Orthodoxy, Autocracy and Nationalism”– Poland revolts crushed >> Organic Statute 1832

Revolution in France… again (1830)• Louis XVIII (Bourbon CM) dies 1824• Charles X: Ultra-royalist + Divine Right

– $ to nobles + primogeniture + power grab!– Four Ordinances: ↓ rights, ↓ power, ↓ gov’t

• Dissolved Chamber of Deputies • July Revolt 1830: “Les Miserables”

– Worker Revolt – Barricades in Parisian streets!– Charles X abdicates

• Louis Philippe the “King of the French”– CM, Tricolor, ↑rights, shared power, NO social Δ

British Government Monarch

Veto PowerHead of State

ParliamentLaws + Policy

Tory – Whig – Labor

House of Lords

Inherited / Appointed Nobles + Clergy

Veto Power

House of Commons

Elected Middle Class

Reforming Great Britain• Act of Union 1798

– Protestant Irish reps to House of Commons• Catholic Emancipation Act 1828

– RCs could be members of Parliament– Keeps peace in Ireland

• Great Reform Bill 1832– To solve “rotten borough” problem– ↑ electorate by

• Re-drawing voting districts • ↓ property qualifications

So what’s the point?• Post- NB Europe had to adjust

– Nations & government styles• Conservative vs. Liberal

– Social class issues• Rising Middle Class seeks greater participation

• New movements, new directions– Conservatism seeks to maintain control– Nationalist groups seek recognition & new

nation-states– Liberalism seeks to reform European politics

& society

All of the following were goals of 19th century liberals EXCEPT

A. Religious toleration

B. Legal equality

C. Free consent of the governed

D. Democracy

E. Limits to arbitrary power of government against the property of individuals

D. They not advocate democracy, did not want to give power to lower classes

Nationalist generally contended that

A. Legitimate monarchs should be the basis of political unity

B. Ethnic boundaries should be distinct from political boundaries

C. Ethnic boundaries should coincide with political boundaries

D. Official versions of language should come from the government rather than the people

E. Multinational states were more desirable than single ethnic kingdoms

C. Nations – ethnicity, common culture, etc. – should be the basis of political boundaries

Group Exercise• Create a poster that explains the

revolutionary process in your assigned country-– Bullet Point Key Info + Visual + Present it

• Country Choices: – Balkans / Spain / Haiti / New Spain / France /

Russia / Great Britain / So America• Think SPRITE… names, terms, events,

laws, treaties, years, causes, effects…• Flow Maps, Bubble Maps, etc.

The Concert of Europe refers to the

A. New informal arrangement for resolving mutual foreign policy issues

B. New Russian, Austrian, Prussian and British alliance

C. January 1820 outbreak of revolution in Spain

D. Restoration of monarchy in France

E. Combined effort to defeat Napoleon Bonaparte

A. The system focused on continental issues and was based on cooperation, communication & consent

FRQ Practice• Write an FRQ Quick (underline thesis) and

an outline of a quality response to one of the prompts below:

• “The independence movements in Latin America were a direct consequence of European events.” Defend or refute this statement & justify your position. OR

• In what ways did the great powers of Europe stem the tide of revolution between 1815-1830?