The Power of NationalismThe Power of Nationalism

Unification of Italy & GermanyUnification of Italy & Germany

A Divided ItalyA Divided Italy

Italian Peninsula was divided into several independent states in the early 1800s.

France, Austria, and the Pope controlled large portions of the area.

Cultural & economic divisions

Italian Peninsula was divided into several independent states in the early 1800s.

France, Austria, and the Pope controlled large portions of the area.

Cultural & economic divisions

The Fight to Unify ItalyThe Fight to Unify Italy

Risorgimento - the movement to unify Italy Giuseppe Mazzini - the voice of unification The goal - oust Austria from

the Italian Peninsula

Risorgimento - the movement to unify Italy Giuseppe Mazzini - the voice of unification The goal - oust Austria from

the Italian Peninsula

A Decision for the PopeA Decision for the Pope

April 1848 - Austria was on the verge of defeat when Pope Pius IX withdrew his troops from the Italian forces, enabling Austria to regain control of Lombardy & Venetia

Italian nationalists attacked Rome and the pope who had to flee the city & for a while Mazzini led a new government until French forces occupied Rome and restored the Pope to power.

April 1848 - Austria was on the verge of defeat when Pope Pius IX withdrew his troops from the Italian forces, enabling Austria to regain control of Lombardy & Venetia

Italian nationalists attacked Rome and the pope who had to flee the city & for a while Mazzini led a new government until French forces occupied Rome and restored the Pope to power.

Italy’s New DirectionItaly’s New Direction

King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia, advised by Count Cavour, became the leader of the unity movement

Cavour’s Plan- industrial growth- reduction of the Catholic Church’s influence- focus on advancement of Sardinia’s interests in foreign

policy- Cavour’s stroke of genius - supported France & Great

Britain in the Crimean War to gain status as a European nation

King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia, advised by Count Cavour, became the leader of the unity movement

Cavour’s Plan- industrial growth- reduction of the Catholic Church’s influence- focus on advancement of Sardinia’s interests in foreign

policy- Cavour’s stroke of genius - supported France & Great

Britain in the Crimean War to gain status as a European nation

The Defeat of AustriaThe Defeat of Austria

France promised to support Sardinia against Austria in exchange for the provinces of Savoy and Nice

1859 - Sardinia was able to gain Lombardy from Austria

Then Italians in other regions overthrew their foreign rulers

France promised to support Sardinia against Austria in exchange for the provinces of Savoy and Nice

1859 - Sardinia was able to gain Lombardy from Austria

Then Italians in other regions overthrew their foreign rulers

Nationalism spreads to Southern Italy

Nationalism spreads to Southern Italy

Giuseppe Garibaldi led the “Red Shirts” in a revolt in the Kingdom of Two Sicilies and captured Naples

Garibaldi surrendered his conquests to Victor Emmanuel II making Victor Emmanuel II the constitutional monarch of Italy (except Rome & Venetia)

Giuseppe Garibaldi led the “Red Shirts” in a revolt in the Kingdom of Two Sicilies and captured Naples

Garibaldi surrendered his conquests to Victor Emmanuel II making Victor Emmanuel II the constitutional monarch of Italy (except Rome & Venetia)

“Italy is made. All is safe” ~ Count Cavour’s dying words“Italy is made. All is safe” ~ Count Cavour’s dying words

Problems for the unified Italy- poor & agricultural South- Industrialized & wealthy Noth- Domination of Sardinian culture- Civil wars

Problems for the unified Italy- poor & agricultural South- Industrialized & wealthy Noth- Domination of Sardinian culture- Civil wars

Successes for a New ItalySuccesses for a New Italy

Creation of a military force Beginning of a national education system Development of railroads 1866 Prussian victory over Austria led to Venetia

becoming part of Italy 1870 Italian troops entered Rome & conquered

the Pope’s territory 1871 - King Victor Emmanuel II moved the

capital to Rome

Creation of a military force Beginning of a national education system Development of railroads 1866 Prussian victory over Austria led to Venetia

becoming part of Italy 1870 Italian troops entered Rome & conquered

the Pope’s territory 1871 - King Victor Emmanuel II moved the

capital to Rome

Germany in the Early 1800sGermany in the Early 1800s

39 German states made up the German Confederation

Austria dominated the German Confederation

Conflict - Austria v. Prussia Prussia = largest, most stable German

state with a strong economy led by the Junkers

39 German states made up the German Confederation

Austria dominated the German Confederation

Conflict - Austria v. Prussia Prussia = largest, most stable German

state with a strong economy led by the Junkers

The ZollvereinThe Zollverein

A German economic union called for by the Prussian Junkers

Reduced tariffs & created closer ties between the German states

Prussia became the leader of the Zollverein - a strategic victory over Austria

A German economic union called for by the Prussian Junkers

Reduced tariffs & created closer ties between the German states

Prussia became the leader of the Zollverein - a strategic victory over Austria

Nationalist Leaders - William I and Otto von Bismarck

Nationalist Leaders - William I and Otto von Bismarck

1861 - William I became King of Prussia William I felt that military strength was the key to

power - beginning of Germany’s militaristic tradition

William I’s prime minister Otto von Bismarck developed the policy of REALPOLITIK - a system of politics based on practical not moral considerations

1861 - William I became King of Prussia William I felt that military strength was the key to

power - beginning of Germany’s militaristic tradition

William I’s prime minister Otto von Bismarck developed the policy of REALPOLITIK - a system of politics based on practical not moral considerations

Bismarck’s “Blood & Iron” PolicyBismarck’s “Blood & Iron” Policy

Bismarck forces through new taxes to pay for the militarization of Prussia

Bismarck guided a military & economic expansion that outdistanced Austria

Bismarck’s favorite unification tool = WAR

Bismarck forces through new taxes to pay for the militarization of Prussia

Bismarck guided a military & economic expansion that outdistanced Austria

Bismarck’s favorite unification tool = WAR

Prussia’s Wars of UnificationPrussia’s Wars of Unification

Danish War Seven Weeks’ War Franco-Prussian War

Danish War Seven Weeks’ War Franco-Prussian War

The German EmpireThe German Empire

January 1871 - William I became KAISER of Germany and Bismarck became CHANCELLOR

William I and Bismarck moved forward with their plans to expand German power and influence with “blood and iron”

January 1871 - William I became KAISER of Germany and Bismarck became CHANCELLOR

William I and Bismarck moved forward with their plans to expand German power and influence with “blood and iron”

Bismarck & Nation BuildingBismarck & Nation Building Church v. State Bismarck struggled to make Catholic Germans put the

State (Germany) before the Catholic Church

Church v. State Bismarck struggled to make Catholic Germans put the

State (Germany) before the Catholic Church

Catching Up with Great BritainCatching Up with Great Britain

Germany quickly modernized & industrialized in the mid-1800s

Coal mining and cities expanded rapidly Germany’s middle & upper classes had the

highest standard of living in Europe German workers suffered in increasingly worse

working conditions Socialism became increasingly popular in

Germany

Germany quickly modernized & industrialized in the mid-1800s

Coal mining and cities expanded rapidly Germany’s middle & upper classes had the

highest standard of living in Europe German workers suffered in increasingly worse

working conditions Socialism became increasingly popular in

Germany

Controlling the LeftControlling the Left

Bismarck viewed socialism as a weakness and a threat to realpolitik

Bismarck tried to ban socialist activities in Germany

Bismarck also called for bills aimed at improving the standard of living for workers

But, despite his efforts, the Socialists continued to gain power in Germany

Bismarck viewed socialism as a weakness and a threat to realpolitik

Bismarck tried to ban socialist activities in Germany

Bismarck also called for bills aimed at improving the standard of living for workers

But, despite his efforts, the Socialists continued to gain power in Germany

Bismarck’s Last YearsBismarck’s Last Years

After the death of William I, it looked like Germany would become more liberal under the leadership of Kaiser Frederick III (but he died after reigning for 100 days)

Kaiser William II also favored a strong military but he clashed with Bismarck the concept of divine right for the Hohezollern family and the kaiser’s involvement in political affairs

After the death of William I, it looked like Germany would become more liberal under the leadership of Kaiser Frederick III (but he died after reigning for 100 days)

Kaiser William II also favored a strong military but he clashed with Bismarck the concept of divine right for the Hohezollern family and the kaiser’s involvement in political affairs

The Rise of GermanyThe Rise of Germany

Bismarck resigned in 1890 Kaiser William II continued to expand

Germany’s power The Industry and Military continued to

grow Germany achieved super power status in

the years before World War I

Bismarck resigned in 1890 Kaiser William II continued to expand

Germany’s power The Industry and Military continued to

grow Germany achieved super power status in

the years before World War I