the problem of reflex sensitivity to light studied in a case of hemianopsia (1933)

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8/7/2019 The Problem of Reflex Sensitivity to Light Studied in a Case of Hemianopsia (1933) http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-problem-of-reflex-sensitivity-to-light-studied-in-a-case-of-hemianopsia 1/14 THE PROBLEM OF REFLEX SENSITIVITY TO LIGHT STUDIED IN A CASE OF HEMIANOPSIA.* E. R. HILGARD AND G. R. WENDT The present report is concerned with the reflex sensitivity to visual stimulation oftheblind half of the retinal field in a case of hemianopsia after surgical resection of the left occipital lobe.t The * From the Department of Psychology, Yale University, and the Department of Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine. t The surgical, anatomical, physiological and psychological aspects of the case are fully discussed in theProc. Assoc. Res. Nerv. & Mental Dis., 1933. The patient was Case 4 in the series of lobectomies presented by German, Fox, et al.'2 They describe thesurgical, anatomical and clinical features. Couch and Fox present their findings on visual fields and a study of ocular responses made by the photographic method of Dodge. Sears and Snedden give the results of their extensive psychological testsand of experimental observations relating to thepatient's aphasia. An abstract of the present investigation also appears. The patient was a white housewife, 25 years old, right-handed. She cameto the New Haven Hospital on Oct. 14, 1931, with signs of increased intracranial pressure, impairment of memory, inability to write her name completely, and general slowing of mentalprocesses. Examination revealed a right homonymous hemianopsia extendingto within 4 degrees of the fixation point. Operation revealed a glio- blastoma in the left occipital lobe. The lobe was resected along a line beginning 9 cm. anterior to the occipital pole, in the superior parietal region, and passing through the ventricle at the junction of the descending horn with the body of the ventricle, exposing the choroid plexus.Branches of the posterior cerebral artery, supplying this area, were clipped, but the main vessel was not disturbed. The ablation included practically all of Brodmann's areas 17, 18, 19 and the posterior portion of 7, 37 and 39. The chief association tracts involved were the superior and inferior occipitofrontal fasciculi and the posterior portion of the superior longitudinal fasciculus. Examination of the portion of the brain removed, just posterior to theline of resection, revealed a narrowarea of thestria of Gennari along the inferior lip of the calcarine fissure. It is obvious, therefore, that all of the areastriatum, except a small portion along the stem of the calcarine fissure, wasremoved. Two weeksafter operation thepatient showed some mental dullness and tired easily. The visual fields taken by Couch, both on the perimeter and screen, showed a right homonymous hemianopsia to themid-line, but macular sparing to within 2 degrees of the fixation point. A 1 mm. object was usedunder daylight illumination from a window. The tangent screen was used at a distance of 1 meter. Psychological tests by Sears and Snedden showed a Stanford-Binet mental ageof 8 years, 10 months. There was extensive loss of visual memoriesand marked defects of visual apprehension. The chief psychomotor defect was in the visual components of speech, with particular difficulty in reading, writing, and appreciation of pictures. The patient was found to have subacute bacterial endocarditis and died five monthsafter operation. No autopsy was obtained.

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Page 1: The Problem of Reflex Sensitivity to Light Studied in a Case of  Hemianopsia (1933)

8/7/2019 The Problem of Reflex Sensitivity to Light Studied in a Case of Hemianopsia (1933)

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-problem-of-reflex-sensitivity-to-light-studied-in-a-case-of-hemianopsia 1/14

THE PROBLEM OF REFLEX SENSITIVITY TO LIGHTSTUDIED IN A CASE OF HEMIANOPSIA.*

E . R . HILGARD A ND G .R . WENDT

T h e p r e s e n t r e p o r ti s c o n c e r n e dw i t ht h e r e f l e xs e n s i t i v i t yt ov i s u a ls t i m u l a t i o no f t h eb l i n dh a l f o ft h er e t i n a lf i e l di n a c a s eo fh e m i a n o p s i aa f t e rs u r g i c a lr e s e c t i o no f t h el e f to c c i p i t a ll o b e . t T h e

* F r o m t h e D e p a r t m e n to f P s y c h o l o g y ,Ya l e Un i v e r s i t y ,a n d t h eD e p a r t m e n to f P h y s i o l o g y ,Ya l e U n i v e r s i t yS c h o o lo f Me d i c i n e .

t The s u r g i c a l ,a n a t o m i c a l ,p h y s i o l o g i c a la n d p s y c h o l o g i c a la s p e c t so f t h e c a s ea r e f u l l yd i s c u s s e di n t h e P r o c .A s s o c .R e s .Ne r v. & M e n t a lD i s . ,1 9 3 3 . Thep a t i e n tw a sC a s e4 i n t h es e r i e so f l o b e c t o m i e sp r e s e n t e db yGe rm a n ,F o x ,e t a l . ' 2T h e y d e s c r i b et h e s u r g i c a l ,a n a t o m i c a la n d c l i n ic a l f e a t u r e s .C o u c h a n d F o x

p r e s e n tt h e i rf i n d i n g so n v i s u a lf i e l d sa n d a s t u d yo f o c u l a rr e s p o n s e sm a d eb yt h ep h o t o g r a p h i cme t h o d o f Do d g e . S e a r sa n d S n ed d e ng i v et h e r e s u l t so f t h e i re x t e n s i v ep s y c h o l o g i c a lt e s t sa n d o fe x p e r i m e n t a lo b s e r v a t i o n sr e l a t i n gt o t h ep a t i e n t ' sa p h a s i a .An a b s t r a c to f t h ep r e s e n ti n v e s t i g a t i o na l s oa p p e a r s .

The p a t i e n tw a s a w h i t e h o u s e w i f e ,2 5 y e a r so l d ,r i g h t - h a n d e d .S h e c a m et ot h eNew H a v e nH o s p i t a lo n O c t .1 4 , 1 9 3 1 ,w i t h s i g n so f i n c r e a s e di n t r a c r a n i a lp r e s s u r e ,i m p a i r m e n to fmem o r y ,i n a b i l i t yt ow r i t ehe r name c o m p l e t e l y ,a n dg e n e r a ls l o w i n go fme n t a lp r o c e s s e s .E x a m i n a t i o nr e v e a l e da r i g h th om o n ym o u sh e m i a n o p s i ae x t e n d i n gt o w i t h i n4 d e g r e e so f t h e f i x a t i o np o i n t . O p e r a t i o nr e v e a l e da g l i o -b l a s t o m ai n t h e l e f to c c i p i t a ll o b e . The l o b ew a s r e s e c t e da l o n ga l i n eb e g i n n i n g9 c m . a n t e r i o rt o t h e o c c i p i t a lp o l e , i nt h e s u p e r i o rp a r i e t a lr e g i o n ,a n d p a s s i n gt h r o u g h t h ev e n t r i c l ea t t h e j u n c t i o no f t h ed e s c e n d i n gho r n w i t h t h eb o d yo f t h ev e n t r i c l e ,e x p o s i n gt h e c h o r o i dp l e x u s .B r a n c h e so f t h e p o s t e r i o rc e r e b r a la r t e r y ,s u p p l y i n gt h i s a r e a ,we r e c l i p p e d ,b u tt h em a i n v e s s e lw a s n o td i s t u r b e d .

The a b l a t i o ni n c l u d e dp r a c t i c a l l ya l lo f B r o d m a n n ' sa r e a s1 7 , 1 8 , 1 9 a n d t h ep o s t e r i o rp o r t i o no f 7 , 3 7 a n d 3 9 . The c h i e fa s s o c i a t i o nt r a c t si n v o l v e dw e r e t h es u p e r i o ra n d i n f e r i o ro c c i p i t o f r o n t a lf a s c i c u l ia n d t h e p o s t e r i o rp o r t i o no f t h es u p e r i o rl o n g i t u d i n a lf a s c i c u l u s .E x am i n a t i o no f t h ep o r t i o no f t h eb r a i nr emo v e d ,j u s t p o s t e r i o rt o t h el i n eo f r e s e c t i o n ,r e v e a l e da n a r r o wa r e ao f t h es t r i ao f G e n n a r ia l o n gt h e i n f e r i o rl i p o f t h e c a l c a r i n ef i s s u r e .I t i s o b v i o u s ,t h e r e f o r e ,t h a ta l lo ft h e a r e as t r i a t u m ,e x c e p ta s m a l lp o r t i o n a l o n g t h es t e m o f t h e c a l c a r i n ef i s s u r e ,w a s r emo v e d .

Two we e k sa f t e ro p e r a t i o nt h ep a t i e n ts h ow e ds o m eme n t a l d u l l n e s sa n d t i r e de a s i l y .The v i s u a lf i e l d st a k e nb y C ou c h ,b o t h o n t h ep e r im e t e r a n d s c r e e n ,s h o w e d

a r i g h th om o n ym o u sh e m i a n o p s i at o t h e m i d - l i n e ,b u tm a c u l a rs p a r i n gt o w i t h i n2 d e g r e e so f t h e f i x a t i o np o i n t . A 1 mm . o b j e c tw a s u s e du n d e r d a y l i g h ti l l u m i n a t i o nf r om a w i n d o w . The t a n g e n ts c r e e nw a su s e da t a d i s t a n c eo f 1 m e t e r .P s y c h o l o g i c a lt e s t sb y S e a r sa n d S n e d d e ns h o w e da S t a n f o r d - B i n e tm e n t a l a g eo f8 y e a r s ,1 0 mon t h s . T h e r e w a s e x t e n s i v el o s so f v i s u a lmemo r i e sa n d m a r k e dd e f e c t so f v i s u a la p p r e h e n s i o n .The c h i e fp s y c h omo t o rd e f e c tw a s i n t h e v i s u a lc om p o n e n t so f s p e e c h ,w i t h p a r t i c u l a rd i f f i c u l t yi n r e a d i n g ,w r i t i n g ,a n d a p p r e c i a t i o no f p i c t u r e s .

The p a t i e n tw a s f o u n d t o h a v e s u b a c u t eb a c t e r i a le n d o c a r d i t i sa n d d i e df i v emo n t h sa f t e ro p e r a t i o n .No a u t o p s yw a so b t a i n e d .

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YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE

p u p i l l a r yr e f l e xt o l i g h tr e m a i n sa f t e rd e s t r u c t i o no f t h e c o r t i c a l

v i s u a lp r o j e c t i o na r e a si n m a n ,b u tt h ev i s u a lr e f l e xs t a t u si s o t h e r -w i s eu n k n o w n . T h e i n d e xo f r e f l e xa c t i v i t yw h i c hw eu s e dw a st h ee y e l i dr e f l e xt o a s u d d e nl i g h t .

I f t h e e y e l i dr e f l e xt o l i g h td e p e n d sp r i m a r i l yo n s u b c o r t i c a lc o n n e c t i o n s ,i t s h o u l db ep r e s e r v e dw h e nt h ec o r t i c a lp r o j e c t i o na r e a sa r er emov e d .

M e t h o dT h e me t h o du s e dw i l ld e t e c tt h ep r e s e n c eo f a n e y e l i dr e f l e x

e v e n t h o u g hi t b e s u b l i m i n a lf o r a c t u a ll i dmo v em e n t . I t m a yb e

c a l l e dt h er e i n f o r c e m e n t - i n h i b i t i o nme t h o d . Th i s t e c h n i ch a sb e e na p p l i e df o r t h ed e t e c t i o no fw e a kr e f l e x e sb yWe n d t "i n a s t u d yo ft h ek n e e - j e r k ,a n d b yH i l g a r d ' 6i n a s t u d yo ft h ee y e l i dr e f l e x .T h el a t t e rh a ss h o w nt h a tt h ep r e s e n c eo f a m i n i m a lo r s u b l i m i n a ll i dr e f l e xt o l i g h tm a yb e d e t e c t e db y t h ea l t e r a t i o no f t h el i d r e f l e xt os o u n dw h e nt h el i g h tp r e c e d e st h es o u n db y c e r t a i ni n t e r v a l s .Whent h el i g h tp r e c e d e st h es o u n db y i n t e r v a l sb e t w e e n .0 a n d 5 0 a - ,t h er e f l e xt o s o u n di si n c r e a s e di na m p l i t u d et h r o u g hs u mm a t i o nw i t ht h er e s p o n s et o l i g h t ;w h e nt h el i g h tp r e c e d e sb y l o n g e ri n t e r v a l s ,t h er e f l e x t os o u n d i s r e d u c e di n a m p l i t u d e .W i t h t h e i n f o r m a t i o na v a i l a b l ef r om t h e s ee a r l i e rs t u d i e s ,i t w a sp o s s i b l et o d e t e r m i n ei na d v a n c ei n t e r v a l sf a v o r i n gr e i n f o r c e m e n ta n d i n h i b i t i o n ,a n d t o p r o -c e e da c c o r d i n g l yt o s t u d yt h ep r e s e n c eo fa n ys l i g h tt e n d e n c yt ow i n kt o t h ep r e s e n t a t i o no fa l i g h ti n t h eb l i n df i e l da n di n t h es e e i n gf i e l do f t h i sp a t i e n t .T h e s e e i n gf i e l ds e r v e da s a c o n t r o lf o rt h eb l i n df i e l d ,a n da l lr e s u l t sa r eg i v e na sc o m p a r i s o n sb e t w e e nt h et w o .

A p p a r a t u sa n d P r o c e d u r eT h e

a p p a r a t u si sd i a g r a m m a t i c a l l y

p r e s e n t e di nF i g u r e1 . E y e -l i dmo t i o nw a sr e c o r d e dp h o t o g r a p h i c a l l yb y t h es h a d o wm e t h o do fDo d g e ,u t i l i z i n gh i s p e n d u l u m - p h o t o c h r o n o g r a p h .An a r t i f i c i a le y e l a s ho fp a p e ra t t a c h e dt o t h el e f te y e l i dp r o d u c e da s h a d o wa c r o s st h e l e n st h r o u g hw h i c ht h ep h o t o g r a p h sw e r e t a k e n . T h e s o u n ds t i m u l u sw a sp r o d u c e db y a w i r eh amm e r ,m a g n e t i c a l l yc o n t r o l l e d ,s t r i k i n ga w o o d e nr e s o n a t o rw h e n r e l e a s e d .T h e v i s u a ls t i m u l u sc o n s i s t e do f t h es u d d e ni l l u m i n a t i o n ,j u s tp r i o rt o t h es o u n d ,o f a

3 7 4

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REFLEX SENS I T IV I TY TO LIGHT

wh i t eb l o t t i n g - p a p e rd i f f u s i n gs u r f a c e .T h e p e n d u l um - p h o t o c h r o n -

o g r a p ha t t h es a m et i m ec o n t r o l l e dt h ei n t e r v a lb e t w e e nt h es t i m u l ia n d c a r r i e dt h es e n s i t i v ep a p e r o n w h i c ht h e r e c o r d i n gl i n e sf e l l .

S t i m n u l sl i g h t( 5 w a t e t )

0 0 0 ,s t l a c a V t e r o r

W i n d o w s \;G.

p e n d u l v r P 1._ i u

FIG.es P t ; n t I i r | ,dev i c eF I G . S C H EMAT I CD I A G R AMOF A P PA R AT U S

F i g u r e2 s h o w ss a m p l er e c o r d s .Two i n t e r v a l sw e r e u s e d :l i g h tp r e c e d i n gs o u n db y 4 5 o ( f a v o r i n gr e i n f o r c e m e n to f t h e r e f l e xt os o u n d ) ,a n d l i g h tp r e c e d i n gs o u n db y 1 2 0 o - ( f a v o r i n gi n h i b i t i o no f

t h er e f l e xt o s o u n d ) .T h e l i g h tw a ss e n te i t h e rt o t h el e f t o rr i g h tv i s u a lf i e l db y r o t a t i n ga m i r r o ra s s h o w ni n F i g u r e1 . A t p o s i t i o nA t h el i g h tw a sd e f l e c t e dt o t h el e f t( s e e i n g )f i e l d ;a t p o s i t i o nB , t ot h er i g h t( b l i n d )f i e l d .W i t h t h ep a t i e n ti n p o s i t i o n ,t h el e f ta n dr i g h tw i n d o w sb e g a na t 1 7d e g r e e so f r e t i n a la r cf r om t h ef i x a t i o np o i n t ,a n d c o n t i n u e dt o 2 7 d e g r e e s ,s u b t e n d i n ga r e g i o no f 1 0d e g r e e s .T h e i l l u m i n a t e ds u r f a c e ss u b t e n d e d4 d e g r e e si n t h ev e r t i c a ld i m e n s i o n .Th e s e p o s i t i o n sw e r e c h o s e ns o t h a tt h es t i m -

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YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MED IC INE

u l u sw o u l df a l lw e l la w a yf r omt h em i d - l i n e ,b e y o n dt h eb l i n d - s p o t ,

a n dy e tw e l lw i t h i nt h ev i s u a lf i e l d .T h e s o u n ds t i m u l u sw a sh e l dc o n s t a n t ,a t a n u nm e a s u r e di n t e n -s i t yl o u d e n o u g ht o c a u s ea r e f l e xw i n k .

T h e i n t e n s i t yo ft h el i g h ta sr e f l e c t e dt o t h eeye w a s me a s u r e db ym e a n so fa M a c b e t hi l l u m i n o m e t e r .On t h et h r e ed a y su p o nw h i c he x p e r i m e n t sw e r e c o n d u c t e dt h ef o l l o w i n gv a l u e sw e r e o b t a i n e d :

TA B L E1BRI GHTNES S O F LIGHT USED A S ST IMULUS

( B r i g h t n e s si n A p p a r e n tF o o t - c a n d l e s )

L e f tf i e l d( s e e i n g )R i g h tf i e l d( b l i n d )F e b r u a r y1 5 ,1 9 3 2. . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . 5 4 . 8F e b r u a r y2 3 ,1 9 3 2. . . . . . . . . . . . ( 1 0 0 0 + ) * ( 1 0 0 0 + ) *F e b r u a r y2 7 ,1 9 3 2. . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 6 1 . 0

I t w i l lb e n o t e dt h a ton t h es e c o n dd a y ( t h ev a l u e sm a r k e db y a na s t e r i s k )i l l u m i n a t i o nv a l u e swe r em u c hh i g h e rt h a n o n t h ef i r s ta n dl a s td a y s .Wh e r e a so n t h ef i r s ta n d l a s td a y st h es t i m u l a t i n gs u r -f a c ew a s a u n i f o r m l yi l l u m i n a t e dd i f f u s i n gs u r f a c e ,on t h es e c o n dd a ym i r r o r sw e r e s u b s t i t u t e ds o t h a tt h ed i r e c tl i g h tf r om t h eb u l b

r e a c h e dt h e p a t i e n t ' s p o s i t i o n .Th i s w a s t h e n s t o p p e dd o w nb yi n t e r p o s i n gs e v e r a lt h i c k n e s s e so f l e n sp a p e r j u s tb e f o r et h el i g h t .T h e e f f e c to f t h i sw a s t o g i v ea l i g h t e da r e ao f 1 0b y 4 d e g r e e sa sb e f o r e ,b u th a v i n ga v e r y b r i g h tc o r eo f s o m e w h a tm o r e t h a n 1 0 0 0a p p a r e n tf o o t - c a n d l e s .

T h e e x p e r i m e n t a lp r o c e d u r ec o n s i s t e df i r s ti n p l a c i n gt h ep a t i e n t ' sh e a d i n p o s i t i o n .W i t h t h e r i g h te y ec o v e r e ds o a s t oe x c l u d ea l l l i g h t ,a n d t h ep a p e r l a s ha t t a c h e dt o t h el e f tu p p e rl i d ,t h ep a t i e n ts a tw i t ht h ef o r e h e a di na r e s t ,a n da b i t i n g - b o a r db e t w e e nt h et e e t h ,s ot h a ta c o n s t a n tp o s i t i o nc o u l db em a i n t a i n e d .F r e q u e n t

r e s t sw e r eg i v e n ,a n dt h ep a t i e n tr e p o r t e dn o d i s c o m f o r t .B r e a t h i n gp r i o rt o e a c hs t i m u l u sw a sc o n t r o l l e db y c o m m a n d ,a n d t h ep a t i e n th e l dhe r b r e a t ha n dl o o k e ds t e a d i l ya t t h ef i x a t i o nc r o s sa st h es t i m u l iw e r e p r e s e n t e d .A f t e rp r e l i m i n a r yr e c o r d st o a c q u a i n tt h ep a t i e n tw i t h t h es t i m u l ia n d t o o v e r c om ee x c i t e m e n ti n t h es i t u a t i o n ,f o u rt y p e so f r e c o r dwe r es e c u r e d :( 1) l i g h ta l o n e ;( 2 )s o u n da l o n e ;( 3 )l i g h tp r e c e d i n gs o u n db y 4 5 a , a n i n t e r v a lf a v o r i n gr e i n f o r c e m e n t ;a n d ( 4 )l i g h tp r e c e d i n gs o u n db y 1 2 0a - ,a n i n t e r v a lf a v o r i n gi n h i b i -t i o n . A r a n d o mo r d e ro fp r e s e n t a t i o no f t h e s ef o u rw a su s e d .

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No r e f l e x t o l i gh t a lone

Re f l ex t o sound a l one

Ref l ex i n h i b i t e d when l i g h t p r e c e d e d s o u n d b y 1 2 0 c

Ref l ex a u gmn t e d when l i g h t p r e c e d e d sound b y 4 5 0 r

F I G .2 . REPRODUCEDR E C O R D SOF NORMAL, I N H I B I T E D ,AN DAUGMENTEDR E F L E X E S

A r i s e i n t h e e y e l i ds h a d o wi n d i c a t e sl i d c l o s u r e .The o c c u r r e n c eo f t h e l i g h ts h ow sa s a d a r k e n i n ga t t h e t o po f t h e r e c o r d .The s o u n d s h ow sa s a b r e a ki n t h ew h i t e l i n ej u s tb e l owt h el i d s h a d o w .R a d i a lt i m e l i n e sr e a di n u n i t so f 5 ( T . E x e r yt e n t hl i n ei s em p h a s i z e d ,s o t h a tt h e l a r g e ru n i t sa r c 5 0 o - . E a c h r e c o r dr e p r e s e n t sa b o u t0 . 8s e c o n d .C u r v e da b s c i s s a c ,d u e t o t h ep a t h o f t h ep c n d u l u m ,f u r n i s hb a s e -l i n e sf o r

r e a d i n ga m p l i t u d e ,t h e i r

s p a c i n gb e i n go n e m i l l i m e t e ro n r e c o r d s .

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T h e r e p r o d u c e dr e c o r d s( F i g u r e2 ) s h o wt h er e s p o n s e so b t a i n e du n d e r t h e s ec o n d i t i o n sw h e n t h e l i g h tw a s p r e s e n t e di n t h e l e f t( s e e i n g )f i e l d . W h i l et h e r ew a s n e v e r a r e f l e x l idm o v e m e n tt ol i g h ta l o n e ,e v e n w h e nt h el i g h tw a sp r e s e n t e dt o t h en o r m a lp a r to f t h ef i e l d ,e v i d e n c eo fa t e n d e n c yt ow i n kt o t h el i g h ti s s h o w nb yt h er e i n f o r c e m e n to f t he r e f l e xt o s o u n dw h e nt h el i g h tp r e c e d e db y 4 5 c r ,a n d b y i t s p a r t i a li n h i b i t i o nw h e nt h e l i g h tp r e c e d e db y1 2 0 o - . B e c a u s et h ep a t i e n t ' sr e f l e xt o s o u n d w a s o f s u c hs m a l la m p l i t u d e ,t h er e i n f o r c e m e n ti n t e r v a lp r o v e dm o r es a t i s f a c t o r yt h a nt h e i n h i b i t o r y ,a n d a f t e rt h e f i r s ts e s s i o n ,o n l yt h e i n t e r v a l o fr e i n f o r c e m e n tw a su s e d .

R e s u l t sT h e p r o b l emw a s s p e c i f i c a l l yt o f i n dwh e t h e rr e i n f o r c e m e n to r

i n h i b i t i o no f t he r e f l e xt o s o u n dw o u l do c c u rw h e nt h e l i g h tw a sp r e s e n t e di n t h eb l i n df i e l d .S e s s i o n1 . F e b r u a r y1 5 ,1 9 3 2 ,1 3 d a y sa f t e ro p e r a t i o n .B r i g h t n e s so f4 . 8a p p a r e n tf o o t - c a n d l e si n t h eb l i n df i e l d .

Ta b l e2 p r e s e n t st h er e s u l t sf o rt h ei n h i b i t o r yi n t e r v a l .I t c a nb e s e e nt h a tt h el i g h te f f e c t i v e l yr e d u c e d t h er e f l e xt o s o u n dw h e nt h e l i g h tw a s p r e s e n t e di n t h e l e f t ( s e e i n g )f i e l d .When i t w a sp r e s e n t e di n t h er i g h t( b l i n d )f i e l d ,t h e r e f l e xt o s o u n dw a su n a l t e r e d .

TABLE 2

AMPLITUDE OF EYEL ID REFLEXES AT INTERVAL FAVORING INHIBITION

( S e s s i o n1 , F e b .1 5 , 1 9 3 2 )

E y e l i d c l o s u r e i nm i l l i m e t e r s

C a s e s Mean S .D .

N o r m a lr e f l e x e st o s o u n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. 5 1 . 4I n t e r v a lL - S 1 2 0 o ,f a v o r i n gi n h i b i t i o n :

L e f tf i e l d( s e e i n g ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. 8 0 . 5R i g h tf i e l d( b l i n d ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. 5 1 . 6

Am o u n to f i n h i b i t i o n :L e f tf i e l d( s e e i n g ) 0 . 7( 4 7% S o )R i g h tf i e l d( b l i n d ) 0 . 0( 0 % )

3 7 7

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Ta b l e3 p r e s e n t st h er e s u l t sf o rt h er e i n f o r c i n gi n t e r v a l .W i t ht h el i g h ti n t h es e e i n gf i e l d ,t h er e f l e xt o s o u n di s a u gm e n t e dt o 1 4 7

p e rc e n to f n o r m a l .W i t h t h el i g h ti n t h eb l i n df i e l dt h ea v e r a g er e s u l t ss h o wa s l i g h tr e d u c t i o ni n t h er e f l e xt o s o u n dw h i c hi s ,h o w -e v e r ,w i t h i nt h el i m i t so f c h a n c ev a r i a t i o nf o rs os m a l la n u m b e ro fi n s t a n c e s .T h e s er e s u l t sc o n f i r mt h o s eo f t a b l e2 , s h ow i n gn o r e f l e xr e s p o n s ef r o ms t i m u l a t i o no f t h e b l i n df i e l d .

TA B L E3AMPLITUDE OF EYELID REFLEXES AT INTERVAL FAVOR ING REINFORCEMENT

( S e s s i o n1 , F e b .1 5 , 1 9 3 2 )

E y e l i d c l o s u r ei n m i l l i m e t e r s

C a s e s Mean S .D .

N o r m a lr e f l e x e st o s o u n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. 5 1 . 4

I n t e r v a lL - S4 5 a ,f a v o r i n gr e i n f o r c e m e n t :Le f t f i e l d( s e e i n g ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. 7 5 . 6R i g h t f i e l d( b l i n d ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. 2 1 . 2

A m o u n to f r e i n f o r c e m e n t :L e f tf i e l d( s e e i n g ) 2 . 2( 1 4 7 % S o )R i g h tf i e l d( b l i n d ) -0 .3 ( - 2 0 % )

A n o rm a l c o n t r o ls u b j e c tw a s u s e dt o d e t e r m i n ewh e t h e r t h er e s u l t so b t a i n e dm i g h td e p e n don t h el a c ko f s e n s i t i v i t yt o s t i m u l ia p p e a r i n gi n t h en a s a la s o p p o s e dt o t h et e m p o r a lf i e l d .Th i s c o n -t r o l s u b j e c ts h ow e da p p r o x i m a t e l ye q u a li n h i b i t i o na n d r e i n f o r c e -m e n to f t h er e f l e xt o s o u n dw h e t h e rt h el i g h tw a sp r e s e n t e di n t h en a s a lo r t emp o r a lf i e l d .S e s s i o n2 . F e b r u a r y2 3 ,1 9 3 2 ,2 1 d a y sa f t e ro p e r a t i o n .B r i g h t n e s so f 1 0 0 0 +a p p a r e n tf o o t - c a n d l e si n t h eb l i n df i e l d .

S i n c et h er e s u l t so ft h ef i r s ts e s s i o ns h ow e dl i t t l er e f l e xs e n s i t i v i t yt o l i g h t ,i t w a s d e c i d e dt o u s em u c hb r i g h t e rl i g h t s . When p r e -s e n t e dw i t ht h el i g h to fo v e r 10 0 0a p p a r e n tf o o t - c a n d l e si n t h eb l i n df i e l dt h ep a t i e n tr e p o r t e di t sp r e s e n c e .A s k e dt o p o i n to u ti t sl o c a -t i o n ,s h ei n d i c a t e da r e g i o ne s t i m a t e dt o b e 3 t o 5 d e g r e e st o t h er i g h to f t h ef i x a t i o np o i n t . T h e e x p e r i m e n tw a s c o n t i n u e du n d e rt h e s ec o n d i t i o n s ,w i t h t h er e s u l ts h o w ni n t a b l e4 . I t c a nb e s e e nf r om t h et a b l et h a tu n d e rt h e s ec o n d i t i o n s ,w h e nt h el i g h tw a ss e e ni n b o t h f i e l d s ,i tw a sr e a c t e dt o e q u a l l y ,o ra p p r o x i m a t e l ys o . ( T h el i g h ti n t h eb l i n df i e l dw a sa c t u a l l ys o m ew h a tb r i g h t e rt h a nt h a ti nt h es e e i n gf i e l d . )

3 7 8

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TA B L E4AMPLITUDE OF EYELID REFLEXES AT INTERVAL FAVORING REINFORCEMENT

( S e s s i o n2 , F e b .2 3 , 1 9 3 2 * )

E y e l i d c l o s u r ei n m i l l i m e t e r s

C a s e s Mean S .D .

N o r m a lr e f l e x e st o s o u n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 3 . 4 2 . 2

I n t e r v a lL - S4 5 r ,f a v o r i n gr e i n f o r c e m e n t :L e f tf i e l d( s e e i n g ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. 9 2 . 5R i g h t f i e l d( b l i n d ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. 0 3 . 9

A m o u n to f r e i n f o r c e m e n t :L e f tf i e l d( s e e i n g ) 2 . 5( 7 4 g o )R i g h tf i e l d( b l i n d ) 2 . 6( 7 6% )

S e s s i o n3 . F e b r u a r y2 7 ,1 9 3 2 ,2 5 d a y sa f t e ro p e r a t i o n .B r i g h t n e s so f 1 . 0a p p a r e n tf o o t - c a n d l ei n t h eb l i n df i e l d .

A f t e rt h es e c o n ds e s s i o ni t w a sp o s s i b l et o r e t e s tt h ep a t i e n ta t al ow i l l u m i n a t i o nv a l u et o d e t e r m i n ewh e t h e ra n y" r e c o v e r y "o f t hel i g h tr e f l e xh a d o c c u r r e d .Ta b l e S p r e s e n t st h ef i n d i n g sf o rr e i n -f o r c e m e n t .I t i s c l e a rt h a tt h er e f l e xt o s o u n dw a sa u gm e n t e db y a

l i g h ti n t h es e e i n gf i e l d ,b u ta l i g h ti n t h eb l i n df i e l dp r o d u c e dn oe f f e c t .T h e s m a l lv a r i a t i o ni n t h ea v e r a g ev a l u e so f t h e r e f l e x e sw h e na l i g h tp r e c e d e di n t h eb l i n df i e l d ,i sw i t h i nt h el i m i to fc h a n c ev a r i a t i o n .

TABLE 5AMPLITUDE OF EYELID REFLEXES AT INTERVAL FAVORING REINFORCEMENT

( S e s s i o n3 , F e b .2 7 , 1 9 3 2 )

E y e l i d c l o s u r ei n m i l l i m e t e r s

C a s e s Mean S .D .

N o r m a lr e f l e x e st o s o u n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1. 3 0 . 8

I n t e r v a lL - S4 5 c r ,f a v o r i n gr e i n f o r c e m e n t :L e f tf i e l d( s e e i n g ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 . 3 8 . 5R i g h tf i e l d( b l i n d ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . 4 1 . 4

A m o u n to f r e i n f o r c e m e n t :L e f tf i e l d( s e e i n g ) 5 . 0( 2 1 7% o )R i g h tf i e l d( b l i n d ) 0 . 1( 4 % )

* On t h i sd a y t h el i g h tw a sp e r c e i v e di n b o t hf i e l d s .

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D i s c u s s i o nWe h a v e p r e s e n t e dt h e s er e s u l t sp r i m a r i l yf o r t h e i rme t h o d o -

l o g i c a li n t e r e s t .T h e r e i n f o r c e m e n t - i n h i b i t i o nm e t h o da p p e a r st ou st ob ea f a rmo r es e n s i t i v ei n d i c a t o ro f r e f l e xc o n n e c t i o n st h a na r et h eme t h o d si n c o m m o nu s e .

B o t hb e c a u s eo ft h el a c ko fa s u i t a b l ed i s t r i b u t i o no fl i g h ti n t e n s i -t i e s ,a n db e c a u s eo fh a v i n gr e s u l t son b u ton ep a t i e n t ,ou r d a t ad o n o ta p p e a rt ou st o j u s t i f yf i n a lc o n c l u s i o n sa b o u tt h en e u r o l o g i c a ln a t u r eo ft h el i d r e f l e x t ol i g h t . H ow e v e r ,t h er e s u l t sf a v o rt h ev i e wt h a ti t i so f c o r t i c a lo r i g i n .Th i s c o n c l u s i o nd e p e n d su p o n t h ep r e v i o u sw o r k o f We n d t 2 4a n d o f H i l g a r d 1 6w h i c h i n d i c a t e st h e e s s e n t i a li d e n t i t yo f s u c hr e i n f o r c e m e n t - i n h i b i t i o ne f f e c t sw i t ht h e r e f l e xp r o c e s s .T h e r e s u l t sf a l li n t ot w o g r o u p s :t h o s es e c u r e dw i t hl owb r i g h t n e s s( 4 . 8a n d 1 . 0a p p a r e n tf o o t - c a n d l e s ) ,s h ow i n gn o r e f l e xr e s p o n s ea n d n o p e r c e p t i o no f l i g h t sa p p e a r i n gi n t h eb l i n df i e l d ;a n d t h o s es e c u r e dw i t hh i g hb r i g h t n e s s( 1 0 0 0 a p p a r e n tf o o t -c a n d l e s ) ,s h o w i n gr e f l e xr e s p o n s e ,b u tc o m p l i c a t e db y p e r c e p t i o no ft h es t i m u l u si n t h eb l i n df i e l d .B e f o r ew ec a na t t r i b u t et h ep r e s e n c eo f a r e f l e xi n t h el a t t e rc a s e t os t i m u l a t i o nt h r o u g hr e t i n a le l e m e n t so ft h eb l i n df i e l d ,w eh a v et ome e t t h eq u e s t i o no fa c t u a ld i f f u s i o no fl i g h tt os e e i n gp o r t i o n so ft h er e t i n a . U n t i lt h i sc r i t i c i s mi sm e t ,w ec a nc o n c l u d eo n l yt h a tl i g h t so f l ow i n t e n s i t y ,w h i l ea d e q u a t ef o rr e f l e xr e s p o n s ew h e n p r e s e n t e di n t h e s e e i n gf i e l d ,e l i c i t e dn or e s p o n s ew h e np r e s e n t e di n t h eb l i n df i e l d .We m a yh a v e b e e nw o r k i n gw i t h l i g h t sw h i c hw e r e b e l o wt h e r e f l e xt h r e s h o l df o rt h ep a r t i a lv i s u a ls y s t emo f t h eb l i n df i e l d ,b u ti n t h ea b s e n c eo f t e s t sw i t hi n t e r m e d i a t el i g h ti n t e n s i t i e s ,t h i s mu s t r e s t a s s p e c u l a t i o n .Th e r e i s a f u r t h e rp o s s i b i l i t yt h a tt h ep a t i e n tw o u l dh a v e r e c o v e r e da r e f l e xl a t e r .U n f o r t u n a t e l y ,s h ew a s a v a i l a b l et o u s f o ro n l yas h o r tt i m e .

S h o u l dt h ei n d i c a t e dt r e n do f t h er e s u l t sp r o v e t o b e t h e t r u eo n e ,i t w o u l dp o i n tt o a p o v e r t yo fs u b c o r t i c a lv i s u a lr e f l e xm e c h a n -i s m si n ma n . Th i sw o u l ds t a n di n c o n t r a s tt o t h es t a t eo fa f f a i r si nl o w e rm a m m a l ss u c h a s t h e r a t , r a b b i t ,c a t a n d d o g wh e r e r a t h e re l a b o r a t es y s t e m so f v i s u a l l ym o t i v a t e db e h a v i o rp e r s i s ta f t e rr em o v a lo ft h ec o r t i c a lv i s u a lp r o j e c t i o na r e a s . *

* Ma r q u i s " 8f i n d st h a td o g sr e l e a r nb r i g h t n e s sd i s c r i m i n a t i o nh a b i t sa f t e rc o m -p l e t er emo v a l o f t h e a r e as t r i a t u m .Un p u b l i s h e do b s e r v a t i o n so f H i l g a r da n dM a r q u i ss h o w t h a ts u c hd o g sh a v e e y e l i dr e s p o n s e st o l i g h t .P r e l i m i n a r yr e s u l t so b t a i n e db y Ma r q u i sa n d F o x i n c o l l a b o r a t i o nw i t h We n d ti n d i c a t et h a t v i s u a l l ys t i m u l a t e de y em o v e m e n t sm a yb e p r e s e n ta f t e rt h e r emo v a lo f t h e a r e as t r i a t u mf r om d o g s .

3 8 0

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T h e e y e l i dr e a c t i o n st o l i g h ta n d t h r e a t .

I t s e ems i m p o r t a n tt o p o i n to u tt h a tt h e l i d r e f l e xt o l i g h ta ss t u d i e di n t h i si n v e s t i g a t i o nm a yn o t b e n e u r o l o g i c a l l yi d e n t i c a lw i t ht h eb l i n kw h i c hi sm a d et o a t h r e a t e n i n gg e s t u r eo r o b j e c t .I f t h el a t t e ri s a l e a r n e do r c o n d i t i o n e dr e a c t i o n ,i t m a yd i f f e rf u n c t i o n a l l ya n dn e u r o l o g i c a l l yf r o m t h ep o s s i b l ymo r ep r i m i t i v er e f l e xt o l i g h t .H i l g a r d1 5p r e s e n t sd a t as h ow i n gl a t e n c yd i f f e r e n c e sa v e r a g i n g8 5 ob e t w e e nr e f l e xa n d c o n d i t i o n e de y e l i dr e a c t i o n st o t h es a m ev i s u a ls t i m u l u s .T h e ya r ef u n c t i o n a l l yd i f f e r e n tr e s p o n s e s .

B o t ht h er e f l e xt ol i g h ta n dt h eb l i n kt o t h r e a th a v eb e e nr e p o r t e da sl o s ti n l e s i o n so f t h ev i s u a lp r o j e c t i o na r e a s . P o p p e l r e u t e r 2 0a n dB a r d 4m e n t i o nt h el o s so f t h eb l i n kt o t h r e a ti n t h eb l i n df i e l di nh e m i a n o p s i a ,a n dC h a u f f a r d 7i n c a s e so fc o m p l e t ec o r t i c a lb l i n d n e s s .B a r d 4d e s c r i b e di t sa b s e n c ei n c a s e so fh e m i p l e g i ao f c e r e b r a lo r i g i n ,w h i l et h e w e l l - k n o w np a p e ro f Ho lm e s ' 7r e p o r t si t s a b s e n c ei nb i l a t e r a ll e s i o n si n t h er e g i o no f t h ea n g u l a rg y r u s .No r e p o r t so fc a r e f u lt e s t so f t h eb l i n kt o l i g h th a v ec o m et o o u r a t t e n t i o n ,t h o u g ht h ep a p e r so fB e r g e r 'a n d o f A n t o n 2r e p o r ti t s a b s e n c ei n c a s e so fc o m p l e t ec o r t i c a lb l i n d n e s sw h e n a c a n d l ew a s h e l db e f o r et h ep a t i e n t s .I t s e emsr e a s o n a b l et oa s s u m et h a tt h i sl a c ko fs u c hr e p o r t si n d i c a t e sf a i l u r et o o b s e r v et h er e s p o n s ei n q u e s t i o n .

L i g h t v i s i o ni n h em i a n o p i ca r e a s .O u r p a t i e n tc o u l ds e ea l i g h to f 1 0 0 0 +a p p a r e n tf o o t - c a n d l e s

w h e nt h i sa p p e a r e di n h e r " b l i n d "f i e l d .Th i s r a i s e st h eq u e s t i o nwh e t h e rt h i sw a sa n e x p e r i m e n t a le r r o ro rw a sd u e t o r e s i d u a lv i s i o ni n t h eh e m i a n o p i ca r e a .

P o p p e l r e u t e r 2 0 '2 1 ,a f t e rd e t a i l e de x a m i n a t i o n so f 5 0 c a s e so fw a ri n j u r i e so f t h eo c c i p i t a lr e g i o n ,m a d et h es t a t e m e n tt h a tn o s c o t o -m a t o u sr e g i o nw h i c hhe h a d e v e re x am i n e dh a d b e e n f o u n d t o b e

a b s o l u t e l yb l i n d . I n v i e wo f t h ee x t e n to fh i so b s e r v a t i o n sa n d t h ev a r i e t yo f me t h o d su s e d ,t h i s s t a t e m e n tmu s t b e c o n s i d e r e dw i t hr e s p e c t .B a r d ' ,w i t hi n g e n i o u sme t h o d s ,b u tp o o rc a s em a t e r i a l ,a l s oc a m et o t h ec o n c l u s i o nt h a tt h e r ew a s r e s i d u a lv i s i o ni n h em i a n o p i ca r e a s . I f , i n t h ed i s c u s s i o no f t h i sq u e s t i o nw e a s s u m et h a tt h ea n a t o m i c a lp i c t u r ei s c l e a r ,t h e f i r s tp r o b l emw h i c hp r e s e n t si t s e l fi s t h a to fd i f f u s i o na n d r e f l e c t i o no fl i g h tt o s e e i n ga r e a so f t h er e t i n af r om s t i m u l ii n t e n d e dt o b e l i m i t e dt o b l i n da r e a s . O u r p a t i e n tc o u l dr e p o r tt h ep r e s e n c eo f al i g h to fa p p r o x i m a t e l y1 0 0 0a p p a r e n tf o o t - c a n d l e sw h e nt h i sa p p e a r e dw i t hi t sc e n t e r2 2 d e g r e e sf r o mt h e

f i x a t i o np o i n t . B u ts h er e p o r t e di t a sa p p e a r i n g3 t o 5 d e g r e e sf r om

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YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE

t h e f i x a t i o n p o i n t ,w h i c hl e a d si mm e d i a t e l yt o t h e s u s p i c i o nt h a t

s e e i n ga r e a swe r e b e i n gs t i m u l a t e di n t h e r e g i o no f t h em a c u l a .Th i s r e p o r to fd i s p l a c e m e n to f l i g h t st ow a r dt h ef o v e ac o u l dn o tb ee l i c i t e dr e g u l a r l y ,h o w e v e r ,f o rd u r i n ga n e x a m i n a t i o nf o rp u p i l l a r yr e s p o n s e sb y s o m ew h a tb r i g h t e rl i g h t sc o n t r o l l e db y a l e n sa n dd i a -p h r a gm ,s h ei n s i s t e dt h a tt h e r ew a s n o d i f f e r e n c ei n t h e i rl a t e r a lr e m o t e n e s sf r o mt h ef i x a t i o np o i n t . *

E x p e r i m e n t so n s t i m u l a t i o no f t h eb l i n d - s p o t .I n t h ec o u r s eo f a r e c e n tc o n t r o v e r s yo v e rt h eq u e s t i o no f t h e

p o s s i b l ep r e s e n c e o fl i g h ts e n s i t i v i t yi n t h eo p t i cd i s c ,t w o p a p e r sh a v er e p o r t e dme a s u r em e n t sw h i c hm a yb eo fp e c u l i a ru s e f u l n e s st ot h e p r o b l emo f d i f f u s i o ni n w o r kw i t hs c o t o m a s .S c o f i e l d 2 3a n dD e S i l v aa n dWeb e r 8h a v eme a s u r e dt h ei n t e n s i t yo fl i g h twh i c hmu s tf a l li n t h ec e n t e ro ft h eb l i n d - s p o ti n o r d e rt o g e ta v i s u a ls e n s a t i o n .U s i n gl i g h ts o u r c e ss u b t e n d i n ga f r a c t i o no f o n e d e g r e eo f r e t i n a la r c ,t h e yd e t e r m i n e ds u c hi n t e n s i t yl i m e n sf o ra n u m b e ro f s u b j e c t s .We h a v ec o n v e r t e dt h e i rme a s u r em e n t so v e rt o t h eme a s u r eu s e di nt h i si n v e s t i g a t i o n ,a n df i n dt h a tS c o f i e l d ' sm e d i a ns u b j e c th a d a l i m e no f3 5 a p p a r e n tf o o t - c a n d l e s ,w h i l eD e S i l v aa n dWeb e r ' sm e d i a ns u b -j e c th a d a l i m e no f 3 8a p p a r e n tf o o t - c a n d l e s .T h e r a n g eo f t h e i re l e v e ns u b j e c t sw a s f r o m 2 6 t o 9 5 a p p a r e n tf o o t - c a n d l e s . I fw ek n o wt h a ta l i g h tb e l o ws u c hi n t e n s i t i e sw i l ln o t d i f f u s ee n o u g ht oe l i c i tv i s u a ls e n s a t i o nf o rmo r e t h a n t h e d i s t a n c ef r om t h ec e n t e rt ot h ee d g e o f t h eb l i n d - s p o t ,w e c a nw o r kw i t h b e t t e rk n ow l e d g eo fou r s o u r c e so f e r r o r . O u r o w ni l l u m i n a t i o nv a l u e sf a l lf a rb e l o wt h i sl i m e n i n t w o c a s e s ,a n d s o f a ra b o v ei t i n t h e o t h e rc a s ea s t om a k ei t p r o b a b l et h a td i f f u s i o n a f f e c t e dt h er e s u l t sw i t ht h es t i m u l u so f 10 0 0a p p a r e n tf o o t - c a n d l e s .

T h e s o u r c e sf r omw h i c hs t r a yl i g h tm i g h ta f f e c ts e e i n ga r e a sa r em a n y . E x t e r n a ld i f f u s i o no f l i g h tt o o b j e c t si n t h e f i e l do f v i e ww a s f a i r l yw e l le l i m i n a t e db y o u r t e c h n i c .R e f l e c t i o n sf r om t h es i d eo ft h en o s ea n d t h ech e ekw e r en o t p r e s e n tf o r s t i m u l ia p p e a r i n g

* No r , i f we p r e s st h em a t t e r f u r t h e r ,d o e st h e n e a r - f o v e a ll o c a l i z a t i o no f t h es e n s a t i o na s s u re u st h a td i f f u s e dl i g h tw a s s t i m u l a t i n gr e t i n a le l e m e n t sa t t h i sp o i n t .The p o s s i b l ef a l s el o c a l i z a t i o no r e v e n t r a n s p o s i t i o no f s t i m u l if a l l i n gi n t h e b l i n da r e amu s t b e c o n s i d e r e d( s e eH e r r m a n n& P& t z l 1 4 ) .We a l s os u g g e s t t h a tt h e r o l eo f i mm e d i a t ev i s u a li n d u c t i o n ,o r w h a tA l l e n 'h a sc a l l e d" r e f l e xv i s u a ls e n s a t i o n " ,f r om b l i n dt o s e e i n ga r e a sb e e x p l o r e d .R e l a t e dw o r k o n t h i s i s c o n t a i n e di nP a r s o n s ' 9 ,G e l d a r d " ,G r a n i t l 8 ,a n d F e i g e n b a u m 9 .

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i n t h eb l i n df i e l db e c a u s eo ft h ec h o i c eo fa r r a n g em e n to f t h es t i m u l i

( s e ed i a g r a m ) .R e f l e c t i o nf r o mt h ee y e b r o w s ,e y e l a s h e sa n d e d g e so ft h ee y e l i d smay h a v eb e e np r e s e n t .S t r a yl i g h to r i g i n a t i n gi n t e r -n a l l yo f t h eeye c o u l db e d u e t o a s t i g m a t i cd i f f u s i o ni m a g e sf r o mv a r i a t i o n so f t h er e f r a c t i n gm e d i a ,t o i n t r a - o c u l a rs c a t t e ra n d d i f f u -s i o nf r o mt h ei l l u m i n a t i o no fs e m i - o p a q u ep a r t i c l e si n t h ee y e ,r e f l e c -t i o n sf r om t h e l a m i n a t e ds t r u c t u r eo f t h e c r y s t a l l i n el e n s ,i n t r a -o c u l a rr e f l e c t i o n sf r o mt h es u r f a c e so f t he c o r n e aa n d t h el e n s( f r omw h i c h7 i m a g e sh a v e b eeni d e n t i f i e d ) ,a n d d i f f u s i o na n d i r r a d i a t i o no fl i g h tw i t h i nt h es u b s t a n c eo ft h er e t i n a . 2 "I t i s s ig n i f i c a n t t h a tt h eb l i n d - s p o te x p e r i m e n t sq u o t e da b o v es e e mt o i n d i c a t et h a ti t i sd i f f u -

s i o na b o u tt h eb o r d e r so f a r e t i n a li m a g ew h i c hi s mo s t i m p o r t a n t ,a n d t h a tv i s i b l ed i s t a n tr e f l e c t i o n sd o n o ta p p e a ra t t h e i n t e n s i t i e sw i t hw h i c ht h e ywo r k e d .

T h eu s eo ft h eb l i n d - s p o ta sa c o n t r o l .T h i sb l i n d - s p o te x p e r i m e n tm i g h t b e c a r r i e dd i r e c t l yo v e rt o

w o r kw i t h s c o t o m a s .I n a h e m i a n o p i cp a t i e n t ,w h oh a sn o d i f f i c u l t yw i t hf i x a t i o n ,i t s h o u l db ep o s s i b l et o d e t e r m i n et h eb r i g h t e s tl i g h tw h i c hw i l ln o tb e p e r c e i v e di n t h a tb l i n d - s p o tw h i c hi s i n h i ss e e i n gf i e l d .Th i s l i g h tc a nt h e n b eu s e df o re x p l o r a t i o no fh i sb l i n df i e l dw i t ht h ea s s u r a n c e t h a td i f f u s i o nw i l lb el i m i t e dt o a n a r e as m a l l e rt h a n h i sb l i n d - s p o t .

Th ep r o b l emo ff i x a t i o n .A f i n a ld i f f i c u l t yw i t ht h ed a t am i g h ta r i s ei f t h ep a t i e n td i dn o t

m a i n t a i nf i x a t i o no n t h ea n a t o m i c a lf o v e a .We h a d n o i n d i c a t i o nd u r i n gt h e s ee x p e r i m e n t st h a ts u c hd i f f i c u l t ye x i s t e d .T h ew o r ko fC o u c ha n d F o x o n t h es a m ep a t i e n ts h o w e dhe r t o h a v eg o o d f i x a -t i o n a lc o n t r o l .N o r s h o u l dt h ew o r ko f F u c h s ( i nG e l b a n dG o l d -s t e i n 1 0 )d e a l i n gw i t ht h ed e v e l o p m e n ti n h e m i a n o p s i ao f w h a t h ec a l l sa " p s e u d o f o v e a "b e c o n s t r u e dt o m e a n t h a tt h e s p o n t a n e o u sp e r c e p t u a lr e o r g a n i z a t i o no f t h ev i s u a lf i e l dw h i c hg i v e sr i s et o i t ,p r e c l u d e st h em a i n t e n a n c eo fa f i x a t i o no n t h ea n a t o m i c a lf o v e a .

S u m m a r yT h e l i d r e f l e xt o l i g h tw a s s t u d i e di n a p a t i e n tw i t h r i g h t

h o m o n y m o u sh e m i a n o p s i aa f t e rs u r g i c a lr e s e c t i o no f t h el e f to c c i p i t a ll o b e . L i g h t so f4 . 8a n d 1 . 0a p p a r e n tf o o t - c a n d l e sp r e s e n t e di n t h e

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384 YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE

b l i n df i e l dr e s u l t e di n n o r e f l e xr e s p o n s ea sme a s u r e db y t h e i rr e i n -

f o r c i n go ri n h i b i t i n ge f f e c ton a f o l l o w i n gl i dr e f l e xt os o u n d .L i g h t so f 10 0 0a p p a r e n tf o o t - c a n d l e se l i c i t e dr e f l e x e sw h e np r e s e n t e di n t h eb l i n df i e l da sme a s u r e db y t h i sme t h o d ,b u ta l s or e s u l t e di n p e r c e p -t i o n . T h e s o u r c e so f e r r o ra r ed i s c u s s e d ,a n d a m e t h o ds u g g e s t e df o rc o n t r o l l i n gt h em .

A t t h e t i m e o f m a k i n gt h e s eo b s e r v a t i o n sWe n d th e l da N a t i o n a lR e s e a r c hC o u n c i lF e l l o w s h i pi n P s y c h o l o g yu n d e r t h es p o n s o r s h i po f P r o f .R . Do d g e . Thei n v e s t i g a t i o nw a s c a r r i e do u t i n t h e p s y c h o l o g i c a ll a b o r a t o r yo f t h e I n s t i t u t eo fHuman R e l a t i o n s ,Ya l eU n i v e r s i t y .

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1 A l l e n ,F . : On r e f l e xv i s u a ls e n s a t i o n sa n d c o l o rc o n t r a s t s .Am . J . P h y s i o l .O p t i c s ,1 9 2 5 , 6 , 3 3 9 - 7 4 .

2 A n t o n , G . : B l i n d h e i tn a c h b e i d e r s e i t i g e rG e h i r n k r a n k u n gm i t Ve r l u s td e rO r i e n t i e r u n gi m R a um e . M i t t .d . Ve r .d . A r z t e i n S t e i e r m a r k ,1 8 9 6 ,3 3 , 4 1 - 6 .

3 B a r d ,L . : De l a p e r s i s t e n c ed e ss e n s a t i o n sl u m i n e u s e sd a n s l e c h am pa v e u g l ed e sh e m i a n o p s i q u e s .S em a i n em e d . ,1 9 0 5 ,2 5 ,2 5 3 - 5 5 .

4 B a r d ,L . : De l a p e r t eh e m i o p i q u ed u r e f l e x ep a l p e b r a ld a n sd e sh e m i p l e g i e s .S em a i n em e d . , 1 9 1 4 ,3 4 , 1 3 - 1 5 .

5 B a r d ,L . : De q u e l q u e sp o i n t sp a r t i c u l i e r sd e l a p h y s i o l o g i ed e l a v i s i o n .A r c h .d ' o p h t a l . ,1 9 2 2 ,3 9 ,4 4 9 - 7 1 .

6 B e r g e r ,O . : Z u r L o ca l i z a t i o n d e rc o r t i c a l e nS e h s p h a r eb e i m M e n s c h e n .B r e s l a u e ra r t z l .Z t s c h r . ,1 8 8 5 ,7 , 1 - 2 ; 2 8 - 3 0 ,3 7 - 3 9 ; 5 1 - 5 4 .

7 C h a u f f a r d ,A . : De l a c e c i t es u b i t ep a r l e s i o n sc omb i n e e sd e s d e u x l o b e so c c i p i t a u x .( A n o p s i ec o r t i c a l e ) .R e v .d e M e d , 1 8 8 8 , 8 , 1 3 1 - 4 9 .

8 D e S i l v a ,H . R . , a n d Web e r , A . : The r e s p o n s i v e n e s so f t h e b l i n d - s p o t .J . E x p e r .P s y c h o l . ,1 9 3 2 , 1 5 ,3 9 9 - 4 1 5 .

9 F e i g e n b a um ,A . :R e f l e xt r a n s m i s s i o no f s t i m u l if r om on e e y et o t h e o t h e r .Ar c h . O p h t h . , 1 9 3 1 ,5 , 2 6 1 - 6 8 .

1 0 G e l b ,A . , a n d G o l d s t e i n ,K . : P s y c h o l o g i s c h eAn a l y s e nh i r n p a t h o l o g i s c h e rF a l l e . B a r t h ,L e i p z i g ,1 9 2 0 , p p . 5 6 1 .

1 1 G e l d a r d ,F . A . : B r i g h t n e s sc o n t r a s ta n d H e ym a n s 'l a w . J . G e n . P s y c h o l . ,1 9 3 1 ,5 , 1 9 1 - 2 0 6 .

1 2 G e r m a n ,W. J . , a n d Fox , J . C . ( w i t ht h e c o l l a b o r a t i o no f Co u c h , F . H . ,H i l g a r d ,E . R . ,M i l e s ,W. R . ,S e a r s ,R . R . ,S n e d d e n ,P . K . ,a n dWe n d t ,G . R . : O b s e r v a t i o n sf o l l o w i n gu n i l a t e r a ll o b e c t o m i e s .P r o c .A s s o c .R e s .Ne r v. & M e n t .D i s . ,1 9 3 3 ( I np r e s s ) .

1 3 G r a n i t ,R . : Comp a r a t i v es t u d i e so f t h ep e r i p h e r a la n d c e n t r a lr e t i n a .A m . J .P h y s i o l . ,1 9 3 0 ,9 4 ,4 1 - 5 0 .

1 4 H e r r m a n n ,G . , a n d P o t z l ,O . : D i e o p t i s c h eA l l a e s t h e s i e .S . K a r g e r ,B e r l i n ,1 9 2 8 ,p p .3 0 2 .

1 5 H i l g a r d ,E . R . : Co n d i t i o n e de y e l i dr e a c t i o n st o a l i g h ts t i m u l u sb a s e do n t h er e f l e xw i n kt o s o u n d .P s y c h o l .M o n o g . ,1 9 3 1 ,4 1 ,N o . 1 8 4 ,p p . 5 0 .

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1 6 H i l g a r d ,E . R . : R ei n f o r c em en t a n di n h i b i t i o no f e y e l i dr e f l e x e s .J . G e n .P s y c h o l . ,1 9 3 3 , 8 , 8 5 - 1 1 3 .

1 7Ho lm e s ,

G . :D i s t u r b a n c e so f v i s u a lo r i e n t a t i o n .B r i t .J . O p h t h . ,1 9 1 8 ,2 ,4 4 9 - 6 8 ; 5 0 6 - 1 6 .

1 8 Ma r q u i s ,D . G . : The e f f e c t so f r emov a lo f t h ev i s u a lc o r t e xi n m amm a l s ,w i t ho b s e r v a t i o n so n t h e r e t e n t i o no f l i g h ts e n s i t i v i t yi n d o g s . P r o c .A s s o c .R e s .Ne r v. & M e n t .D i s . ,1 9 3 3 ( I np r e s s ) .

1 9 P a r s o n s ,J . H . : An i n t r o d u c t i o nt o t h e t h e o r yo f p e r c e p t i o n .Ma cm i l l a n ,New Y o rk , 1 9 2 7 ,p p . 2 5 4 .

2 0 P o p p e l r e u t e r ,W . : D i e p s y c h i s c h e nS c h a d i g u n g e nd u r c hK o p f s c h u s si m K r i e g e1 9 1 4 / 1 6 . B a n dI . D i e S t o r u n g e nd e rn i e d e r e nu n d hoh e r e n S e h l e i s -t u n g e n d u r c h Ve r l e t z u n g e nd e sO k z i p i t a l h i r n s .L . Vo s s ,L e i p z i g ,1 9 1 7 ,p p .4 7 3 .

2 1 P o p p e l r e u t e r ,W . : Z u r P s y c h o l o g i eu n d P a t h o l o g i ed e ro p t i s c h e nWa h r n e h -

m u n g . Z t s c h r .f . d . g e s .N e u r o l .u . P s y c h i a t . ,1 9 2 3 ,8 3 ,2 6 - 1 5 2 .2 2 P r o c e e d i n g s :A s s o c .R e s .Ne r v. & M e n t . D i s . :C e r e b r a ll o c a l i z a t i o n .1 9 3 3( I np r e s s ) .

2 3 S c o f i e l d ,C . F . : P e r c e p t i o ni n t h er e g i o no f t h eo p t i cd i s k . A m . J . P s y c h o l . ,1 9 3 0 ,4 2 ,2 1 3 - 3 4 .

2 4 We n d t , G . R . : An a n a l y t i c a ls t u d yo f t h e c o n d i t i o n e dk n e e - j e r k .A r c h .P s y c h o l . ,1 9 3 0 ,N o . 1 2 3 ,p p .9 7 .