the proceedings of the forth (1994) international...

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The Proceedings of The Forth (1994) International OFFSHORE AND POLAR ENGINEERING CONFERENCE

VOLUME I, 1994

Offshore and Environments,

Environment Protection, TLP and Ringing, TLP and Guyed Towers, Floating Structures, Offshore Structures, Offshore Design and Operations,

Ocean Resources and Energy, Gas Hydrates, Deep-Ocean Mining, Ocean Energy, Geotechnical Engineering

How to Use This Table of Contents Click on a blue paper title you like to view. This CD-ROM was created upon scanning the papers in the conference proceedings..

Copyright © 1994 by International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers, Golden, Colorado, USA. All Rights Reserved. ISBN 978-1-880653-10-4 (set) LCCN 93-80555 Indexed by Engineering Index and Others www.isope.org: [email protected] Edited by: Jin S. Chung, Colorado School of Mines, Golden Birger J. Natvig, Aker Engineering A/S, Oslo Braja M. Das, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale Presented at:

The Fourth (1994) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference held in Osaka, Japan, April 10-15, 1994

Organized by:

International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers

http://www.isope.org/

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Sponsored by:

International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE) Offshore Mechanics and Polar Engineering Council (OMPEC) Kansai Society of Naval Architects, Japan (KSNAJ) with cooperating societies and associations

The publisher and the editors of its publications assume no responsibility for the statements or opinions expressed in papers or presentations by the contributors to this conference or proceedings.

International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE) P.O. Box 189, Cupertino, California 95015−0189 USA

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The Proceedings of The Fourth (1994) International

OFFSHORE AND POLAR ENGINEERING ONFERENCE

Osaka, Japan, April 10−15, 1994 Copyright © 1994 by International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers, Golden, Colorado, USA. All Rights Reserved. www.isope.org; [email protected] ISBN 978-880653-10-4 (Set) LCCN 93-80555 For set of 4 volumes; 2,589 pp. VOLUME I Offshore and Environments Environment Protection TLP and Ringing TLP and Guyed Towers Floating Structures Offshore Structures Offshore Design and Operations Gas Hydrates Deep-Ocean Mining Ocean Energy Geotechnical Engineering

VOLUME III Biopropulsion Breakwaters Superconducting MHD Propulsion Numerical Wave Tank Waves Hydrodynamic Forces Dynamic Responses Higher-Order Effects Vortex and Flow-Induced Vibrations

VOLUME II Pipelines Clad Pipes Marine Risers Mechanics of Cables and Mooring AUV, ROV and Robotics Ice Mechanics Atmospheric Icing Ice-Structure Interactions Ice Breakers and Transportation

VOLUME IV Double-Hull Tankers LNG Carriers and Fast Ships Ship and Deep-Sea Systems Tubular Structures Underwater Welding Welding and Coating Fatigue and Composite Materials Materials and Fracture Corrosion Concrete in the Ocean Damage Strength and NDT Reliability and Safety Structural Analysis and Methods


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Osaka, Japan, April 10−15, 1994 Copyright © 1994 by International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers, Golden, Colorado, USA. All Rights Reserved. ISBN 978-1-880653-10-4 (set) LCCN 93-80555

CONTENTS

VOLUME I, 1994 PLENARY SESSION PAPERS The Hibernia Platform G.C. Hoff and R.C. Johnson, D.C. Luther, H.R. Woodhead and W. Abel .......................................................... 1 Major Onshore and Offshore Projects in Osaka Bay Area T. Matsui ............................................................................................................................................................... 8 Advance in Deep-Ocean Mining Systems Research Jin S. Chung and Katsuya Tsurusaki ................................................................................................................. 18 TLP, RINGING AND GUYED TOWERS Snorre TLP - Analysis of Measured Response T. Marthinsen and J. Muren .............................................................................................................................. 32 A Proposed Ringing Analysis Model for Higher Order Tether Response Birger J. Natvig .................................................................................................................................................. 40 Cross-Bi-Spectral Analysis of High-Frequency Tether Force Signals From TLP Model Tests: A Case Study Carl Trygve Stansberg and Karl Erik Kaasen .................................................................................................. 52 Evaluation of the Three-Dimensional Linear Hydrodynamics of the ISSC TLP Using a Semianalytical Method T.P. Mullarkey and J.F. McNamara .................................................................................................................. 61 Time Domain Simulation of Nonlinear Response of a Coupled TLP System in Random Seas C.H. Kim, M.H. Kim, Y.H. Liu and C.T. Zhao .................................................................................................. 68

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TLP Hull Fatigue Analysis Due to Sum-Frequency Wave Effects B.J. Natvig, M. Nygard and S. Vedeld ............................................................................................................... 78 On-Site Experiment for Towing Procedure of Pre-Fabricated Tendon of TLP Masao Morikawa and Kuniteru Ishikawa, Hideyuki Suzuki and Koichiro Yoshida ........................................ 84 Fatigue of Threaded Tension Leg Platform Tethers F.P. Brennan and W.D. Dover ........................................................................................................................... 91 Active Control of Coupled Dynamic Response of TLP Hull and Tendon Koichiro Yoshida, Hideyuki Suzuki, Dongho Nam, Motohiro Hineno and Shigeki Ishida .............................. 98 Effects of Different Wave Free Surface Approximations on the Response of a TLP in Deep Water B.B. Mekha, C.P. Johnson and J.M. Roesset ................................................................................................... 105 Nonstationary Response Analysis of Offshore Guyed Tower for Strong Earthquake Under Moderate Random Waves Chung-Son Ryu and Chung-Bang Yun ............................................................................................................ 116 Low Frequency Drift Oscillation of Offshore Guyed Towers R.S. Bisht and A.K. Jain ................................................................................................................................... 122 FLOATING STRUCTURES Motion Measurements and Human Comfort in the Case of Sea Bus Terminal in Yokohama Bay Ryuji Endo, Kenichi Noguchi, Akio Kobayashi, Takehiko Kato and Masahiro Ando ................................... 130 Semi-Submerged Modular Offshore Platform Yen T. Huang .................................................................................................................................................... 137 On Re-Setting the Fatigue Clock on Older Semisubmersible Vessels Bruce G. Wade ................................................................................................................................................. 142 Development of Surface Completion Floater ("SCF") and Cost Comparison with Two Alternative Deepwater Floating Production Systems Louis H. Smulders, Derek Bradstreet and George M. Pomonik ..................................................................... 148 OFFSHORE STRUCTURES, DESIGN AND OPERATIONS Structural Damage Due to High-Frequency Loads O.E. Litonov ..................................................................................................................................................... 156 Suppression of Resonance of Offshore Platform in Irregular Waves H. Ishida and T. Komura ................................................................................................................................. 160 A Note on Jacket Installation

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P. Teigen ........................................................................................................................................................... 167 Hydrocarbon Potential and Exploratory-Developmental Engineering Method's Selection in the Seabeach-Shallow Water Area of Zhaojiapu in Bohai Bay, China Changming Zheng and Fushan Zhang ............................................................................................................ 174 Processing and Distribution of Graphical Information in Offshore Engineering Martius V.R. Rodriguez, Norberto Cotta Simao, Celi Lorenzoni and A.J. Ferrante ..................................... 177 Integrity Analysis of Offshore Platforms on Distributed Memory Parallel Computers Manoel Rodrigues Justino Filho and Nelson Francisco Favilla Ebecken ..................................................... 181 Application of a Dynamic Positioning System to a Moored Floating Platform Masahiko Nakamura and Wataru Koterayama, Hiroyuki Kajiwara and Tomohiro Mitamura .................... 190 A Comparative Study on Theoretical and Experimental Strengths of Padeyes Under In-Plane Loads Y.S. Choo, K.C. Choi and K.H. Lee ................................................................................................................. 198 Subsea Developments in Water Depths Beyond 1000m - Technical Requirements and Challenges Andrew Morrison ............................................................................................................................................. 209 ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION The Determination of the Effects of Coal Mining on the Coastal Morphology at Black Sea Coasts of Istanbul Using Landsat Data Derya Maktav and Sedat Kapdasli .................................................................................................................. 217 Technical Survey and Study Plan for CO2 Sequestration into the Ocean Katsuya Tsurusaki, Takayuki Saito, Takeo Kajishima and Hiroyuki Hatano ................................................ 221 Spreading of Crude Petroleum in Brash Ice; Effects of Oil's Physical Properties and Water Current Mohamed Sayed, Luba S. Kotlyar and Bryan D. Sparks ................................................................................ 225 The Development of Marine Waste Oil Treatment Unit Yosihisa Shimamoto and Hiromasa Sugimura ................................................................................................ 233 Treated Soil Plant and Placing Barge Nobuo Nagatomi .............................................................................................................................................. 240 A Numerical Investigation of the Interaction of Spilt Oil with Two-Dimensional Subsurface Flow Museok Song and Beom Soo Hyun .................................................................................................................. 244 Mean Behavior of Sediment-Laden Plume in Cross Flow Kazuhiro Fujisaki, Naoki Kawano and Yoichi Awaya .................................................................................... 249

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DEEP-OCEAN MINING Evaluation of Co-Rich Manganese Deposits by Image Analysis and Photogrammetric Techniques Tetsuo Yamazaki, Rahul Sharma and Katsuya Tsurusaki ............................................................................... 255 Acceleration Measurement of Gravity Corer on Cobalt-Rich Manganese Deposits Tetsuo Yamazaki, Katsuya Tsurusaki, Keiji Handa and Yasuo Tomishima ................................................... 263 Underwater Application of Flame Jet Cutting Method Sohei Shimada and Taiitsu Nakajima .............................................................................................................. 269 3-D Coupled Responses of Deep-Ocean Crust Mining Pipe Systems to Axial Bottom Vibration and Ship Motion J.S. Chung, H.-P. Huttelmaier and Bao-rong Cheng ...................................................................................... 275 Progress in the Development of the Continuous Line Bucket (CLB) Mining System and a Plan for Crust Mining on the 5th Takayou Sea Mount Yoshio Masuda and Michael J. Cruickshank .................................................................................................. 286 Development of a Floating-Type System for Uranium Extraction from Seawater Using Sea Current and Wave Power Hisashi Nobukawa, Mitsuru Kitamura, Swilem A.M. Swilem and Kozo Ishibashi ........................................ 294 A Method for Semi-Active Control of the Longitudinal Vibration of a Pipe String for Mining Manganese Nodules Kazuo Aso, Katsushige Kan, Hitoshi Doki and Tetsuya Natori ...................................................................... 301 GAS HYDRATES The Current Distribution and Thermal Stability of Natural Gas Hydrates in the Canadian Polar Regions Alan Judge, Sharon L. Smith and Jacek Majorowicz ...................................................................................... 307 Detection of Gas Hydrates in Ocean Sediments: Suggestions Based on Experimental Research and Numerical Modelling Antiopy Tzirita .................................................................................................................................................. 315 Laser Light Scattering Studies of Gas Hydrate Formation Kinetics Ann Rigmor Nerheim, Thor Martin Svartaas and Emil J. Samuelsen ............................................................ 323 Mass- and Heat Transfer Effects on Gas Hydrate Growth H. Norvik and K. Lekvam ................................................................................................................................. 329 Low-Cost Drilling System for Characterizing Marine Gas Hydrate Accumulations Jack J. Kolle ..................................................................................................................................................... 333 Gas Storage Through Impermeation of Porous Media by Hydrate Formation Savvas G. Hatzikiriakos and Peter Englezos ................................................................................................... 337

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OCEAN ENERGY Design Study of Wave Power Generator for Power Supply to Islands in Far East Yoshio Masuda ................................................................................................................................................. 345 Remodelling of Muroran Wave Test Plant T. Watabe, H. Kondo, H. Shirai and K. Seino ................................................................................................. 353 A Study for Design Method of Platform for Floating-Type Wave Energy Conversion and Wave Dissipation Seoung-gun Kim and Ro-sik Park .................................................................................................................... 359 Performance Analysis of Stationary Double-Acting Wave-Energy Pump H. Ueki, K. Kawaguty and T. Inoue ................................................................................................................. 364 Performance Analysis of Floating Double-Acting Wave-Energy Pump H. Ueki, K. Kawaguty and T. Kira .................................................................................................................. 371 The Effect of Turbine Geometry on the Performance of Impulse Turbine with Self-Pitch-Controlled Guide Vanes for Wave Power Conversion H. Maeda, T. Setoguchi, K. Kaneko, T.W. Kim and M. Inoue ........................................................................ 378 Optimum Design Point for a Closed-Cycle OTEC System Yasuyuki Ikegami and Haruo Uehara ............................................................................................................. 383 GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING Study on Geotechnical Properties of Soft Marine Clays in Osaka Bay Research Committee on Geotechnical Information of Osaka Bay Seabed Deposits (Chairman: T. Matsui) ......................................................................................................................................................... 390 Settlement of Man-Made Islands Along Osaka Bay in Relation to the Geotechnical Conditions of the Seabed Deposits Research Committee on Geotechnical Information of Osaka Bay Seabed Deposits (Chairman: T. Matsui) ......................................................................................................................................................... 398 On Dynamic Soil Properties for Marine Environment Shamsher Prakash and Sanjeev Kumar .......................................................................................................... 404 Permeability Studies in Marine Clays Stabilized with Lime Column S. Narasimha Rao and Paul K. Mathew .......................................................................................................... 413 Abyssal Soil Investigation Equipment F.P. Smits, W. Maggioni and U. Mainardi ...................................................................................................... 421 Changes of Yield Locus of Sand Due to Undrained Shearing and AE Measurement

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Yasuo Tanaka and Kazuyasu Shirakawa ......................................................................................................... 428 Uplift Capacity of Plate Anchors in Clay Braja M. Das and Gurdev Singh ..................................................................................................................... 436 Propellant Embedded Rock Anchor Sheng Lin .......................................................................................................................................................... 443 Dynamic Response of a Mooring Anchor in Poroelastic Seabed Due to Mooring Force Tomiya Takatani, Yoshi-hiko Maeno, Tetsuya Hiraishi and Tomotsuka Takayama ...................................... 448 Elimination of Suction Beneath Plate Anchors in Model Tests - A Comparison of Two Methods Manoj Datta and C.V. Suryanarayana ............................................................................................................ 456 Mud Suction Force in the Uplift of Plate Anchors in Clay E.C. Shin, R.N. Dass, M.T. Omar, B.M. Das and E.E. Cook .......................................................................... 462 Uplift Capacity of Strip Plate Anchors in Clay with Sloping Surface K.H. Khing, B.M. Das and S.C. Yen ................................................................................................................ 467 Pile Foundations for Offshore Structures Shamsher Prakash, K. Sreerama, Vijay K. Puri .............................................................................................. 472 Cyclic Shear Testing for Piles in Cemented Calcareous Sands J.P. Seidel, C.M. Haberfield and I.W. Johnston .............................................................................................. 480 Geotechnical Approach in Offshore Dynamic Pile Instrumentation Joao Alcino de Andrade Martins ..................................................................................................................... 487 Risk Assessment in Pile Design G. Singh, B.M. Das and W.T. Lai .................................................................................................................... 492 Influence of Pile Inclination on the Lateral Capacity of Batter Piles in Clays S. Narasimha Rao and C. Veeresh ................................................................................................................... 498 Bearing Mechanisms of Multi-Node Piles S. Yabuuchi ....................................................................................................................................................... 504 Estimation of Skin Friction of Pile Shaft in Remolded Clay Huei-wen Chang, Hsin-hsing Liao and Yu-huang Lu ..................................................................................... 508 Geotechnical Properties of Marine Clay Deposits in Osaka Bay Masashi Kamon ................................................................................................................................................ 513 Undrained Strength Anisotropy of Osaka Alluvial Clay and Effect on Slope Stability Takaharu Shogaki, Hayato Moro, Keiji Kogure and Takashi Sudho ............................................................. 518 Liquefaction of Marine Soils

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Vijay K. Puri ..................................................................................................................................................... 524 Analysis of Pore Pressure Build-up by Overlay Models E.X. Song .......................................................................................................................................................... 532 Residual Deformation of a Silty Clay Under Repeated Stresses Q.J. Yang .......................................................................................................................................................... 537 The Slope Hazard and the Mitigation Technique for Son-San Area, Kaoshiung, Taiwan Kung-Jung Tsai, Der-Her Lee and Shin-Tsu Chen ......................................................................................... 542 Deformation Behavior of Bored Steel Pipe Piles with Concrete Bulb on a Thin Bearing Layer Tamotsu Matsui, Kazuhiro Oda and Masashi Nakabayashi .......................................................................... 548 Some Problems of Sensitivity Analysis of Axially Loaded Piles B.B. Budkowska and C. Szymczak ................................................................................................................... 554 Effect of Arbitrary Changes of Temperature on the Thawing Depth Around Piles in Polar Climate I. Assali and B.B. Budkowska .......................................................................................................................... 559 Injection with Ultra-Fine Cement into Fine Sand Layer Masahito Tamura, Toshiyoshi Goto, Takuya Ogino and Kazunari Shimizu .................................................. 567 The Study on the Permeability and Diffusion of the Weathered Mudstone Robert Yun Pin Chin and Darn Horng Shiau.................................................................................................. 572 Computer-Based System for Monitoring Settlement of Man-Made Islands in Kobe and Processing Measurement Data Seiji Takeyama and Tsuneo Nobukawa ........................................................................................................... 578 Consolidation Characteristics of Aged Clays in Relation to Geological History Tamotsu Matsui and Toshihiko Sakagami ....................................................................................................... 583 Instability and Movements of Oceanfloor Sediments: A Review M.S. Rahman .................................................................................................................................................... 589 A Simplified One-Dimensional Theory for the Wave-Induced Liquefaction of Sandy Seabeds Masayoshi Shimizu ........................................................................................................................................... 600 Simulation Model for Unsaturated Submarine Soil Ryosuke Kitamura, Yosimasa Fujiyasu and Teruhiko Nagura ....................................................................... 607 Two-Dimensional Finite Strain Consolidation Theory Robert Yun Pin Chin and Guang Yih Sheu ...................................................................................................... 613 Centrifugal Model Test for Reducing the Earth Pressure on the Culvert by Using the Flexible Material

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K. Okabayashi, W. Ohtani, K. Akiyama and M. Kawamura ........................................................................... 620

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The Proceedings of The Fourth (1994) International OFFSHORE AND POLAR ENGINEERING CONFERENCE

VOLUME II, 1994

Pipelines, Clad Pipes, Marine Risers, Mechanics of Cables and Mooring, Underwater Vehicles and Robotics, AUV, ROV and Robotics, Ice Mechanics, Atmospheric Icing, Ice-Structure Interactions,

Ice Breakers and Transportation


Copyright © 1994 by International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers, Golden, Colorado, USA. All Rights Reserved. ISBN 978-1-880653-10-4 (set) LCCN 92-80555 Indexed by Engineering Index and Others www.isope.org: [email protected] Edited by: Jin S. Chung, Colorado School of Mines, Golden Karel Karal, Norwegian Contractors, Stabekk Wataru Koteryama, Kyushu University, Kasuga Presented at:


Organized by:



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Sponsored by:

International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE) Offshore Mechanics and Polar Engineering Council (OMPEC) Kansai Society of naval Architects, Japan (KSNAJ) with cooperating societies and associations



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CONTENTS

VOLUME II, 1994 PLENARY SESSION PAPER Recent Advances in Offshore Pipeline Technology Roberto Bruschi and Luigino Vitali ..................................................................................................................... 1 PIPELINES Europipe Pipeline Shore Approach: Environmental Design Basis Hermann Moshagen and Romke Bijker ............................................................................................................. 13 Earthquake Response Analysis of Submerged Floating Tunnels Considering Water Compressibility Satoshi Morita, Toshihiko Yamashita, Yuzo Mizuno, Minoru Mineta and Kazuyasu Kurosaki ...................... 20 Study on Submerged Floating Tunnel Characteristics Under the Wave Condition Hiroshi Kunisu, Susumu Mizuno, Yuzo Mizuno and Hiroshi Saeki .................................................................. 27 Optimum Design of Submarine Pipeline Unit Gokkus and Adnan Akyarli ........................................................................................................................ 33 The Static Response of Submarine Pipelines Under Laying Conditions D. Kouvaros, C.B. Sharma and R. Narayanan.................................................................................................. 41 An Experimental Study for Orbital Control of Pipelaying Platform Hui-ryong Yoo, Seoung-gun Kim and Sang-bong Kim ..................................................................................... 48 Selection of Fluid Velocity in Estimation of Pipeline Capacity: A Comparison of Various Approaches A. Bhattacharya and R. Rai ............................................................................................................................... 55

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A Review on Vibrations of Marine Pipelines B.M. Sumer and J. Fredsoe ................................................................................................................................ 62 Hydrodynamic Forces on Pipes: Special Considerations A.K. Otta ............................................................................................................................................................. 72 The Hydrodynamic Characteristic of Submarine Piggyback Pipeline in Wave-Current Coexisting Field Yu-cheng Li and Ning-chuan Zhang .................................................................................................................. 77 Wave Forces on Horizontal Cylinder Resting on Sloping Bottom Y. Yuksel and R. Narayanan .............................................................................................................................. 85 Probabilistic Assessment of Dented and Corroded Pipeline Yong Bai, Einar Tore Moe and Kim Mork ........................................................................................................ 93 The Effect of Residual Tension and Free Span-Induced Moments on Vortex Shedding of Deep Water Pipelines H.S. Choi and R.D. Haun ................................................................................................................................. 102 Experimental Study of Strains Caused by Pressurisation of Pipes with Dents E.R. Lancaster and S.C. Palmer ...................................................................................................................... 110 Vertical Bucking of Heated Offshore Pipelines Mohammed Raoof and Emil Maschner ........................................................................................................... 118 Pipeline on a Flat Seabed Subjected to Trawling or Other Limited Duration Point Loads R. Verley ........................................................................................................................................................... 128 Strength Criteria for Hot Pipelines Susceptible to Euler-Bar Buckling R. Bruschi, G. Curti, A. Dumitrescu, L. Vitali and B.J. Leira ......................................................................... 135 The Influence of Diameter Ratio on the Stress Distribution Around 90° Branch Pipe Connection Due to Internal Pressure Darmawan Harsokoesoemo and Gatot Santoso ............................................................................................. 149 Stress Analysis of Submarine Pipeline During Installation by Means of the Floating-String Method A.I. Ermolenko, L.V. Melnyk and V.J. Orlov and M.A. Kamyshev ................................................................. 156 The State of the Art of Induction Bent Pipe Joe Kondo, Moriyasu Nagae, Osamu Hirano and Masaaki Takagishi .......................................................... 164 High-Niobium Bearing Steel for Base Material of CRA Clad UOE Pipe Y. Terada and H. Tamehiro, R. Uemori and N. Maruyama, A. Takahashi and H. Ogawa ........................... 172 Centrifugally Cast Bimetallic Pipe for Offshore Corrosion Resistant Pipelines A. Yoshitake and T. Torigoe ............................................................................................................................. 180

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Design of Pipelines in High Strength Steel A.M. Gresnigt, O.D. Dijkstra and H.J.M. van Rongen ................................................................................... 186 Abrasion of Heavy-Duty Coated Steel Piles by Sediment Transport Yoshihisa Kariyazono, Yoshihiro Miyajima, Koichi Sato, Toshihiko Yamashita and Hiroshi Saeki ............ 195 Improvement of Charpy Toughness of Weld Metal in Circumferential SMAW of Pipe T. Abe, N. Hara, T. Sugino, S. Naruse and N. Kasai....................................................................................... 200 MARINE RISERS Deep Water Drilling Risers in Calm and Harsh Environments Arnt Olufsen and Nils Terje Nordsve ............................................................................................................... 208 Active Control of Riser Deformation and Vessel Motion for Automatic Entry/Reentry System Hideyuki Suzuki, Koichiro Yoshida, Shigeki Ishida and Dongho Nam .......................................................... 216 Dynamic Analysis of a Marine Riser V.J. Modi, S.M. Calisal, A.S. Atadan and Y. Guo ........................................................................................... 224 The Response Characteristics of Long Cylindrical Marine Structures Under Different Excitations Han-Il Park ...................................................................................................................................................... 231 Assessment of a Probabilistic Approach for Design of Dynamic Flexible Risers Tor D. Hanson and A. Ulrik Nilsen ................................................................................................................. 238 Influence of Transported Mass on the Equilibrium Configuration of Risers Somchai Chucheepsakul and Tseng Huang .................................................................................................... 246 Three-Dimensional Static Analysis of Flexible Risers by a Lumped-Mass Method Sub Hong .......................................................................................................................................................... 251 Behaviour of Risers with Internal Flow Under Various Boundary Conditions Geir Moe, Karl Chr. Stromsem and Ivar Fylling ............................................................................................ 258 Stochastic Fatigue of Marine Risers Under Non-Gaussian Wave Loading Jin Wang and Loren D. Lutes .......................................................................................................................... 263 MECHANICS OF CABLES AND MOORING Characteristics of Locked Coil Strands Under Free Bending Mohammed Raoof ............................................................................................................................................ 271 The Effect of Wire Indentation on Cable Rotation R.H. Knapp, W.H. Chan and Yoshikazu Murata ............................................................................................. 281

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A Test Facility for Determining the Frictional Forces Between Components Used in Large Synthetic Fibre Ropes H. Kawaguchi and C.M. Leech ........................................................................................................................ 289 On the Dynamic Towline Tension During Towing Shoichi Hara and Kenji Yamakawa ................................................................................................................. 295 Snap Loading of Marine Cables S. Huang and D. Vassalos................................................................................................................................ 304 Effects of Quadratic Nonlinearities on the Modal Response of Towed Cable Systems James W. Kamman ........................................................................................................................................... 311 Dynamics of the Interaction of Mooring Line with the Sea Bed Y. Inoue and S. Surendran ............................................................................................................................... 317 AUV, ROV & ROBOTICS Systematical Development of an Autonomous HPF Driven and Controlled Inspection Robot J. Niewels and W. Jorden ................................................................................................................................. 324 Remote Repair Grinding of Cracks Underwater Trygve Thomessen, Terje K. Lien and Kaj Johnsen ........................................................................................ 330 A Numerical Study for Design of Depth, Pitch and Roll Control System of a Towed Vehicle W. Koterayama, S. Yamaguchi, M. Nakamura, A. Moriyama and T. Akamatsu ............................................ 337 Technical Feasibility of an ROV with On-Board Power P. Sayer and L. Bo ............................................................................................................................................ 345 Development of an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle R1 with a Closed Cycle Diesel Engine Takashi Obara, Kitao Yamamoto, Tamaki Ura, Hisaaki Maeda and Hiroyuki Yamato ............................... 351 H∞ Synthesis of Depth Control Law for a Towed ROV with a Weight Shift Mechanism H. Kajiwara, W. Koterayama, M. Nakamura and I. Sato ............................................................................... 358 Self-Generation of Controller of an Underwater Robot with Neural Network T. Suto and T. Ura ............................................................................................................................................ 362 H∞ Control of a Remotely Operated Underwater Vehicle G. Conte and A. Serrani ................................................................................................................................... 366 Dynamic Control of ROVs Making Use of the Neural Network Concept Tadashi Ooi, Yuki Yoshida, Yoshiaki Takahashi and Hideki Kidoushi .......................................................... 374 Automatic Stabilization of Underwater Robots in the Time Manipulation Operations Vladimir F. Filaretov and Elena V. Koval ...................................................................................................... 382

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A Control System Design of a Tethered Underwater Vehicle Ikuo Yamamoto and Tetuo Nagamatu ............................................................................................................. 389 Sensitivity of ROV Model to Some Factors on the Ground Movement Computer Simulations T. Graczyk ........................................................................................................................................................ 395 An Enhanced Obstacle Avoiding System for AUVs G. Conte and S.M. Zanoli ................................................................................................................................ 400 Application of a Panel Method to Hydrodynamics of Underwater Vehicles Iskender Sahin, Jan W. Crane and Kennard P. Watson ................................................................................. 406 PLENARY SESSION PAPER A Review of Cold Regions Developments in Canada Robert Frederking ............................................................................................................................................ 414 ICE MECHANICS A Flexible Vertical Sheet in Waves Michael Meylan ................................................................................................................................................ 422 Moving Loads on Sea Ice: A Juxtaposition of Theory and Experiment Glen D. Rayner, Raymond L. Enlow, Vernon A. Squire and William H. Robinson ....................................... 428 Modelling of Creep Deformations in Ice Arne Ulrik Nilsen and Geir Horrigmoe ........................................................................................................... 438 Numerical Simulations of Ice Failure Problems T. Shibue, K. Kato, Y. Kumakura and Y. Toi ................................................................................................... 442 Constitutive Modelling of the Visco-Plastic Behaviour of Ice F. Azizi and W.B. Whalley................................................................................................................................ 449 The Strength Anisotropia of Sea Ice Gennady N. Evdokimov and Stanislav I. Rogachko ........................................................................................ 455 A Distributed Mass / Discrete Floe Model for Rheology Computation of Pack Ice Consisting of Disk Floes C.K. Rheem, H. Yamaguchi and H. Kato ........................................................................................................ 458 Complete Ice Cover Formation in Closed Water K. Hirayama, S. Sakai, M. Sasamoto, M. Kobayashi and A. Miya ................................................................. 466 Operational Ice Model at the Atmospheric Environment Service, Canada Venkata R. Neralla ........................................................................................................................................... 473

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ATMOSPHERIC ICING Laboratory Evaluation of Aircraft Ground De/Antiicing Products P.R. Louchez, J.L. Laforte, G. Bouchard and M. Farzaneh ........................................................................... 479 New Ideas Concerning Aircraft Icing Forecast Werner Fuchs and Klaus-Peter Schickel ......................................................................................................... 484 A New Method of Modelling Ice Accretion on Objects of Complex Geometry Krzysztof Szilder and Edward P. Lozowski ..................................................................................................... 488 Icing Rate Meter Estimation of In-Cloud Cable Icing Pierre McComber, Jacques Druez and Jean Laflamme ................................................................................. 495 ICE-STRUCTURE INTERACTIONS Industrial Research and Development of Ice Technology Tetsuro Kawasaki, Shigeru Tozawa, Yoshio Kayo and Shuho Yano .............................................................. 503 Effect of Imperfect Contact on Total Ice Force T. Takeuchi, H. Saeki, S. Okamoto and T. Yamashita ..................................................................................... 509 About Initial Conditions of Ice-Structure Interaction Problem Alexander T. Bekker and Victor A. Rudetski ................................................................................................... 514 Load Combination for Offshore Structures Alexander T. Bekker, Tatyana E. Uvarova and Leonid F. Shtanko ................................................................ 517 Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Ice-Structure Interaction at Varying Strain Rates G. Horrigmoe and R. Andersen ....................................................................................................................... 521 Model Experiments for Ice Forces on Multi Conical Legged Structures K. Kato, M. Adachi, H. Kishimoto and S. Hayashiguchi ................................................................................ 526 Mitigation of Steady-State Vibrations Induced by Ice Tuomo Karna ................................................................................................................................................... 534 Ice-Material Surface Interaction in Ice Friction and Ice Adfreeze Bonding Naoki Nakazawa, Takashi Terashima and Hiroshi Saeki ............................................................................... 540 Estimation Method for Abrasion of Concrete Structures Due to Sea Ice Movement Yoshishige Itoh, Yoshihiro Tanaka and Hiroshi Saeki .................................................................................... 545 Influence of a Rubble Field in Front of a Conical Structure K. Izumiyama, M.B. Irani and G.W. Timco ..................................................................................................... 553 The Friction Coefficient Between Model Ice and Roughened Model Surface

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S. Kishi, Y. Yamauchi, M. Inoue and S. Narita ................................................................................................ 559 Model Tests of Multi-Legged Structures in Continuous and Broken Ice Fields Y. Toyama and N. Yashima .............................................................................................................................. 565 Development of the Sink-and-Float-Type Ice Boom (SFIB) in Ice Floe Control Akira Imaizumi, Fumihiro Hara, Hiroshi Saeki and Kunio Enoki ................................................................. 572 ICE BREAKERS & TRANSPORTATION On the Speed Dependence of the Ice Submerging Resistance in Level Ice Jorma Kamarainen .......................................................................................................................................... 578 A Study on Icebreaking Performance of Polar Ships - Ridge Transit Performance Kazuo Nozawa .................................................................................................................................................. 584 Hydrodynamic Effect of Ship Advance on Ice Flexural Failure H. Yamaguchi and H. Kato .............................................................................................................................. 592 Experimental Determination of Hydrodynamic Non-Contact Loads During Propeller/Ice Interaction Scott Newbury, Robin P. Browne and Stephen J. Jones ................................................................................. 596 ADDITIONAL PAPERS VORTEX: Versatile and Open subsea Robot for Technical Experiment: Prototyping Software Architecture for the Next AUV and ROV Generation V. Rigaud, E. Le Rest, L. Marce, E. Coste Maniere, D. Simon, A. Peuch and M. Perrier ............................ 602 Feasibility Study of Laminar Flow Bodies in Fully Turbulent Flow T. Sarkar, P.G. Sayer and S.M. Fraser ............................................................................................................ 607

21


VOLUME III, 1994

Biopropulsion, Breakwaters, MHD Propulsion, Numerical Wave Tank, Waves, Hydrodynamic Forces, Dynamic Responses, Higher-Order Effects,

Vortex and Flow-Induced Vibrations


Copyright © 1994 by International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers, Golden, Colorado, USA. All Rights Reserved. ISBN 978-1-880653-10-4 (set) LCCN 92-80555 Indexed by Engineering Index and Others www.isope.org: [email protected] Edited by: Jin S. Chung, Colorado School of Mines, Golden Hisaaki Maeda, University of Tokyo, Tokyo Shigeru Naito, Osaka University, Osaka Yoshiho Ikeda, University of Osaka Prefecture, Osaka Presented at:


Organized by:

International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers Sponsored by:

International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE)


22

Offshore Mechanics and Polar Engineering Council (OMPEC) Kansai Society of naval Architects, Japan (KSNAJ) with cooperating societies and associations



23



Osaka, Japan, April 10−15, 1994

Copyright © 1994 by International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers, Golden, Colorado, USA. All Rights Reserved. ISBN 978-1-880653-10-4 (set) LCCN 93-80555

CONTENTS

VOLUME III, 1994 SUPERCONDUCTING MHD PROPULSION Analytical and Experimental Studies of the Helical Magnetohydrodynamic Thruster Design J.B. Gilbert II and T.F. Lin .................................................................................................................................. 1 NUMERICAL WAVE TANK Research on Element Wavemakers and Wave Field Generated by Their Combination Shigeru Naito and Munehiko Minoura ................................................................................................................ 8 Simulation of Fully Nonlinear Irregular Waves in a 3-D Numerical Wave Tank S.Y. Boo and C.H. Kim ....................................................................................................................................... 17 Calculation of Nonlinear Free-Surface Flows Using Two-Dimensional Numerical Wave Tank Yong J. Kim, Dong J. Kim and Jong H. Hwang ................................................................................................ 25 A Study on Periodic Wave Breaking by Absorbed Numerical Wave Channel Yongxue Wang .................................................................................................................................................... 32 OCEAN WAVES Comparative Study of Several Methods Used in Coastal Engineering for the Prediction of Extreme Wave Conditions P. Regnault, P. Charriez, M. Olagnon, E. Peltier, A. de Graauw and O. Piet ................................................. 37 Freak Wave Kinematics in Unidirectional Deep Water Waves T. Yasuda, N. Mori and S. Nakayama ............................................................................................................... 43

24

Contribution of Satellite Data to Meteo-Oceanic Site Characterization: A Case Study H. de Sury, M. Olagnon, P. Charriez and P. Lasnier ....................................................................................... 51 Accuracy of the Global Wave Statistics Data Elzbieta M. Bitner-Gregersen and Espen H. Cramer ....................................................................................... 58 Oceanographic Measurements for the Tube-Tunnel Crossing of the Bosphorus Adnan Akyarli and Yalcin Arisoy....................................................................................................................... 68 A Fine Grid Two-Dimensional M2 Tidal Model of the East China Sea K.M. Han and B.H. Choi .................................................................................................................................... 76 Barotrophic and Baroclinic Tidal Flows Between the CESME Peninsula (Turkey) and Samos Island (Greece) Nihat Taspinar ................................................................................................................................................... 85 Wave Kinematics of Nonlinear Crossing Waves Yoon-Koo Kang, Takashi Tomita, Katsuhiko Kurata and Koichiro Iwata ...................................................... 91 BEM Analysis of Nonlinear Free-Surface Waves Propagated by a Submerged Oscillating Shell Jerson N. Orejudos, Hideo Ohkawa and Kazuhisa Abe ................................................................................... 99 Directional Irregular Waves Generated in a Seakeeping Basin with Side-Wall Reflections Naoya Umeda and Yasuyuki Yamakoshi ......................................................................................................... 105 Third-Order Analysis of Nonlinearities Bounded to Narrow Banded Spectra M. Petti ............................................................................................................................................................. 110 Solitary Wave Scattering by a Vertical Cylinder: Experimental Study G.T. Yates and K.H. Wang ............................................................................................................................... 118 Effects of Nonuniform Current on the Wave Field Li Jiachun and Allen T. Chwang ..................................................................................................................... 125 Recent Development of Wave Theory in Shallow Water Yulin Lu and Baoyuan Li ................................................................................................................................. 133 Changes to Ocean Wave Spectra in a Marginal Ice Zone 1 Michael Meylan and Vernon A. Squire ........................................................................................................... 136 Changes to Ocean Wave Spectra in a Marginal Ice Zone 2 Vernon A. Squire and Michael Meylan ........................................................................................................... 142 Application of a Higher Order BEM in the Calculation of Wave Run-Up in a Weak Current Bin Teng and Rodney Eatock Taylor ............................................................................................................... 147 Scattered Waves Around a Submerged Porous Disk Jianhua Wu and Allen T. Chwang ................................................................................................................... 154

25

Strong Interaction Between Buoyancy Bubble and Free Surface Q.X. Wang, K.S. Yeo, B.C. Khoo and K.Y. Lam .............................................................................................. 160 Experimental Study of the Screening Effectiveness of Surface Wave by In-Filled Trenches Sheng-Huoo Ni, Chun-Hsiung Hsu and Pay-Shiun Tsai ................................................................................ 167 HYDRODYNAMIC FORCES Experimental Study on Hydrodynamic Forces Acting on an Oscillating Column with Circular Footing Kunihiro Hoshino and Hiroshi Sato ................................................................................................................ 173 Added Mass and Damping on an Oscillating Surface-Piercing Circular Column with a Circular Footing Jin S. Chung ..................................................................................................................................................... 182 Wave Forces Acting on Triangular Roughness of Washboard-Like Sea Bottom Takashi Tomita, June-Q Kim, Koichiro Iwata, Ryuzo Matsudaira and Yoshihito Miyaike ........................... 190 Hydrodynamic Loads Due to Earthquakes on Subsea Storage Tanks C. Ganapathy and O. Mahrenholtz ................................................................................................................. 198 Vertical Hydrodynamic Forces on Truncated Cylinders David C. Weggel and Jose M. Roesset ............................................................................................................ 210 Wave Forces on a Vertical Smooth Cylinder in Directional Waves M. Hogedal, J. Skourup and H.F. Burcharth .................................................................................................. 218 Breaking Wave Impact on a Slender Horizontal Cylinder Sundar Prasad, Eng-Soon Chan and Michael Isaacson ................................................................................. 225 Hydrodynamic Forces on the Semi-Circle Oscillating Across the Free Surface Xiechong Gu and Xianglu Huang .................................................................................................................... 233 Numerical Evaluation of Hydrodynamic Forces and Stationary Response of Floating Bodies Using the Boundary Element Method E.R. Carvalho and E. Mesquita ....................................................................................................................... 237 Wave Forces Acting on Multiple Cylindrical Structures with Large Diameter Norimi Mizutani, Changje Kim, Koichiro Iwata, Ryozo Matsudaira, Yoshihito Miyaike and Hongsun Yu ...................................................................................................................................................... 244 Wave Forces on Large Offshore Structures: An Effective Calculation of Green's Function Eiichi Watanabe, Chong Wu and Tomoaki Utsunomiya ................................................................................. 252 Application Regime of Wave Force Calculations Jaw-Fang Lee ................................................................................................................................................... 256

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Wave Force Equation by Using Singularity-Distribution Method Hajime Ishida, Takehisa Saitoh and Chikayoshi Yatomi ................................................................................ 263 DYNAMIC RESPONSES Comparison of Simulated and Measured Motions of a Turret Moored Vessel Knut Mo and Ivar J. Fylling ............................................................................................................................ 269 The Motion Behavior of a Shuttle Tanker Connected to a Submerged Turret Loading System Yoon R. Choi, Yoon S. Won and Hang S. Choi ............................................................................................... 275 An Experimental Study of the Coupling Between Roll Motion and Sloshing in a Compartment Alberto Francescutto and Giorgio Contento ................................................................................................... 283 On Equivalent Nonlinearization for Nonlinear Ship Rolling Motion S.H. Kwon, D.W. Kim and D.D. Ha ................................................................................................................ 292 Viscous Damping of a Submerged Pontoon Undergoing Forced Combined Motions M.J. Downie, J.M.R. Graham, Y.-D. Zhao and C.-Y. Zhou ............................................................................ 297 An Advanced Adaptive Control System for Activated Anti-Rolling Tank Satoru Yamaguchi and Akiji Shinkai ............................................................................................................... 307 3-D Time Domain Numerical Model for the Prediction of Ship Motions in Random Seas D.X. Zhu and M. Katory ................................................................................................................................... 313 Large Floating Offshore Structures Gokhan Kor and Adnan Akyarli ...................................................................................................................... 320 Linear and Nonlinear Response Analyses of Offshore Structures Under Random Wave and Current Loading H. Karadeniz .................................................................................................................................................... 328 Experimental Study on Behaviour of an Open Bottom Floating Platform in Wave, Wind and Current Qi Xin-Yuan ...................................................................................................................................................... 334 Chaotic Motion of a Nonlinearly Moored Structure Michael Isaacson and Amal Phadke ............................................................................................................... 338 Experimental Procedures on Floating Offshore Plate Subjected to Ground Motion Ryuji Endo, Takuji Hamamoto, Masahiro Ando, Takehiko Kato and Nobuyoshi Tosaka ............................. 346 The Occurrence of Relative Heave Motion of Floating Bodies Y.F. Wu, C.Y. Liaw and E.S. Chan .................................................................................................................. 354 Dynamic Response of Offshore Structure with Active Force

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Kenji Kawano and Hidefumi Ishizawa ............................................................................................................ 358 Galloping of Prismatic Bodies with Different Afterbody Shapes T.S. Lee, S.C. Luo, Y.T. Chew and M.G. Yazdani ........................................................................................... 364 HIGHER-ORDER EFFECTS Slowly-Varying Wave Loads on Slender Structures in Multi-Directional Irregular Seas M.H. Kim and W. Chen .................................................................................................................................... 370 Wave Drifting Force on Very Large Floating Structures Mikio Takaki and Yoshihiko Tango ................................................................................................................. 377 Low Frequency Wave Forces on Cylinder Chin-pu Zhou ................................................................................................................................................... 385 Prediction of First and Second Order Wave Forces on a Steel Caisson Sy Yeuan Liou ................................................................................................................................................... 393 Second-Order Long Period Wave Forces on an Offshore Structures in Shallow Water by the Method of Green's Theorem Hisafumi Yoshida and Kimio Saito .................................................................................................................. 399 VORTEX & FLOW-INDUCED VIBRATIONS Flow Mapping of the Reversing Vortex Wake of a Cylinder in Planar Harmonic Flow I.A. Sibetheros, R.W. Miksad, A.-V. Ventre and K.F. Lambrakos................................................................... 406 Visualization of Flow Around Cylinders in Irregular Waves B.M. Sumer and A. Kozakiewicz ...................................................................................................................... 413 An Attempt of Controlling Large Scale Vortex Motions in Osaka Bay Current K. Inohara, K. Kawanaka and Y. Himeno ....................................................................................................... 421 A Numerical Simulation of Vortex Motion Behind a Circular Cylinder Above a Horizontal Plane Boundary Young-Gill Lee, Sung-Wan Hong and Kuk-Jin Kang ..................................................................................... 427 The Vortex Street Wakes of a Rotating Circular Cylinder M. Cheng, Y.T. Chew and S.C. Luo ................................................................................................................. 434 Computation of Separated Vortical Flow with Free Surface M. Inoue and N. Baba ...................................................................................................................................... 441 Flow-Induced Torsional Moment and Vortex Suppression for a Circular Cylinder with Cables Jin S. Chung, Arthur K. Whitney, Dieter Lezius and R.J. Conti ..................................................................... 447

28

Viscous Flow Around Oscillating Roughened Cylinders Koji Otsuka, Futoshi Niwa and Yoshiho Ikeda ............................................................................................... 460 Motion of Spring Supported Cylinders in Subcritical and Critical Water Flows Geir Moe, Kjell Holden and P.O. Yttervoll ..................................................................................................... 468 Flow Around Circular Cylinder Oscillating at Low Keulegan-Carpenter Number Shunji Sunahara and Takeshi Kinoshita ......................................................................................................... 476 Numerical Study on a Two-Dimensional Circular Cylinder with a Rigid and an Elastic Splitter Plate in Uniform Flow Changhong Hu and Wataru Koterayama ........................................................................................................ 484 Prediction of Hydrodynamic Forces on Oscillating Bodies by Unsteady Turbulent Wake Theory Koichiro Matsumoto ........................................................................................................................................ 491 A New Approach to Vortex Shedding Method for Analysing Flow Around Bluff Body Mitsunori Murakami and Yoji Himeno ............................................................................................................ 501 BIOPROPULSION Wave Energy Utilization into Ship Propulsion by Fins Attached to a Ship H. Isshiki ........................................................................................................................................................... 508 Human Powered Boat: High-Speed Hydrofoil and Moderate-Speed Fin Ship Y. Terao ............................................................................................................................................................ 522 Laminar Flow Computation of Fish-Like Motion Wing T. Nakaoka and Y. Toda ................................................................................................................................... 530 Oscillating Foils for Marine Propulsion H. Yamaguchi and N. Bose .............................................................................................................................. 539 BREAKWATERS Wave Control by Pile-Supported Floating Breakwaters Heon-tae Kim, Toru Sawaragi and Shin-ichi Aoki ......................................................................................... 545 Control of Incident Waves into a Harbor by L-Shaped Structures Yusaku Kyozuka and Kazunori Kitano ............................................................................................................ 550 Wave Forces Acting on Armor Unit of a Submerged Wide-Crown Breakwater Teofilo Monge Rufin, Jr., Norimi Mizutani, Natsuko Totsuka, Katsuhiko Kurata and Koichiro Iwata ........ 556 ADDITIONAL PAPERS

29

Sensitivity of Directional Spreading for Low-Frequency Motions in Short-Crested Waves Jorgen R. Krokstad ........................................................................................................................................... 564 Evaluation of Wave Quality in a Multidirectional Wave Basin M.B. Irani and G.R. Mogridge ......................................................................................................................... 575

30


VOLUME IV, 1994

Double-Hull Tankers, LNG Carriers and Fast Ships, Ship and Deep-Sea Systems, Tubular Structures, Underwater Welding,

Welding and Coating, Fatigue and Composite Materials, Materials and fracture, Corrosion, Concrete in the Ocean, Damage Strength and NDT,

Reliability and Safety, Structural Analysis and Methods


Copyright © 1994 by International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers, Golden, Colorado, USA. All Rights Reserved. ISBN 978-1-880653-10-4 (set) LCCN 92-80555 Indexed by Engineering Index and Others www.isope.org: [email protected] Edited by: Yukio Ueda, Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, Osaka J.F. Dos Santos, GKSS Forschungszentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht Ivar Langen, Statoil, Stavanger Yasumitsu Tomita, Osaka University, Osaka Knut Waagaard, Veritec, Hovik Presented at:


Organized by:



31

Sponsored by:

International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE) Offshore Mechanics and Polar Engineering Council (OMPEC) Kansai Society of naval Architects, Japan (KSNAJ) with cooperating societies and associations



32




CONTENTS

VOLUME IV, 1994 TUBULAR STRUCTURES Reliability of Fatigue Life Predictions for Tubular Joints with Load Pattern Recognition Hari B. Kanegaonkar ........................................................................................................................................... 1 The Static Strength of Multiplanar Joints: A Design Formulation S.R. Wilmshurst and M.M.K. Lee ......................................................................................................................... 8 Interaction Diagrams for CHS T-DT Multiplanar Joints Under Axial Loads G. Davies and P. Crockett ................................................................................................................................. 15 Strength Evaluation of X-Joints Internally Stiffened with Longitudinal Diaphragms Y.S. Choo ............................................................................................................................................................ 21 Multiaxial Fatigue Behaviour of Tubular Joints Under Variable Amplitude Loading Conditions A. Abel, S. Wu and X. Yu .................................................................................................................................... 30 Parametric Study on Uniplanar K-Joints Made of RHS Regarding Axial Force, In-Plane Bending and Out-of-Plane Bending Moments F. Mang, S. Herion and O. Bucak ..................................................................................................................... 37 Parametric Study on Multiplanar K-Joints Made of RHS Regarding Axial Force, In-Plane Bending and Out-of-Plane Bending Moments S. Herion and F. Mang ...................................................................................................................................... 44 The Static Behaviour of Uniplanar Tubular Steel T-Joints Excluding the Effects of Chord Bending G.J. van der Vegte and J. Wardenier ................................................................................................................. 51 Effect of Local Buckling on Hysteretic Behavior of Beam-Column with Circular Cross-Section

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Yukio Ueda, Hidekazu Murakawa and Raafat E. Shaker ................................................................................. 58 The Static Strength of Uniplanar and Multiplanar I-beam to Tubular Column Connections Loaded with In-Plane Bending Moments G.D. de Winkel, H.D. Rink and J. Wardenier .................................................................................................... 65 Ultimate Deformation Criteria for Uniplanar Connections Between I-Beams and RHS Columns Under In-Plane Bending L.H. Lu and J. Wardenier .................................................................................................................................. 73 UNDERWATER WELDING AND COATING Processing of Titanium and Titanium Alloys by Thermal Spraying E. Lugscheider and P. Jokiel ............................................................................................................................. 81 Detection of Weld Line and Automatic Seam Tracking by Ultrasonic Sensing Robot for Underwater Wet Welding Yasuo Suga and Akira Machida ........................................................................................................................ 86 The Effect of Metal Vapors on Electron Density of Hyperbaric Arc Plasma Y. Ogawa ............................................................................................................................................................ 92 Advanced Tests of Wet Welded Joints I. Pachniuk, H. Petershagen, R. Pohl, P. Szelagowski and O. Drews .............................................................. 99 Effect of Process Parameters on Metal Transfer of Hyperbaric GMAW of Duplex Stainless Steels J.M. Olsen and J.F. Dos Santos and I.M. Richardson .................................................................................... 107 On the Influence of the Surface Heat Transfer Coefficient on Wet Underwater Welds R. Hamann and O. Mahrenholtz ...................................................................................................................... 112 Investigations on Local Shielding Systems for Underwater Applications U. Draugelates, B. Bouaifi and J. Bartzsch ..................................................................................................... 120 Development of Mobile Robot for Pipe Welding with Visual Sensor Yasuo Suga, Hideaki Ishii and Keishin Saito .................................................................................................. 130 Gas Metal Arc Welding of Duplex Stainless Steel Using Flux Cored Wire T. Maruyama, T. Ogawa, S. Nishiyama, A. Ushijima and K. Yamashita ....................................................... 135 FATIGUE & COMPOSITE MATERIALS Frequency Effects on the Fatigue Crack Initiation and Propagation in an Offshore Steel X.J. Wu and R. Akid ......................................................................................................................................... 142 Improvement of Fatigue Strength of Structural Steel M. Iwata, Y. Huang and Samudro ................................................................................................................... 148

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Study on Stress-Strain Response and Fatigue Strength of Steel Under Cyclic-Loading Conditions Yasumitsu Tomita, Tae-Hoan An, Kiyoshi Hashimoto, Naoki Osawa and Yoichi Inada .............................. 154 Study on Time History of Wave-Induced Load and Simulation Method of Wave Loading Pattern for Fatigue Design Yasumitsu Tomita, Hiroshi Kawabe, Tsukasa Sasaki and Tetsuji Fukuoka ................................................... 162 A Study of Crack Monitoring of Ship Structures Yukio Fujimoto and Zhi Zong .......................................................................................................................... 168 Numerical and Experimental Assessments of Nonlinear Bearing Strength Properties of CFRP Laminates L.T. Kisielewicz, K. Ando and K. Kenmochi.................................................................................................... 176 An Intrinsic and Objective Engineering Equation of State for Composite Materials Accounting for Damage and Rupture L.T. Kisielewicz and E. Haug ........................................................................................................................... 182 MATERIALS & FRACTURE Assessment of Special Stainless Steels and Nickel-Base Alloys for Use Under Offshore Conditions M.R. Jasner and W.R. Herda ........................................................................................................................... 192 Evaluation of LBZ Susceptibility of Offshore Structural Steels by CTOD and Instrumented Pre-Crack Charpy Impact Test Shuji Aihara and Kentaro Okamoto ................................................................................................................ 198 Effect of Temperature on the Fracture Toughness in the Nuclear Reactor Pressure Vessel Steel (SA508-3) Sae-Wook Oh, Man-Bae Lim and Han-Kee Yoon ........................................................................................... 206 Metallurgical Factors on Toughness in Intercritically Reheated HAZ of Low-C Low-Alloy Steel Toyoaki Shiwaku, Yoichiro Kobayashi, Masato Shimizu, Masao Toyoda and Fumiyoshi Minami .............. 215 Non-Uniformity of Local Strain and Strain Concentration in Static Deformation of Plain Specimens of Rolled Round Carbon Steel Bars Hironobu Nisitani, Takayuki Fukuda and Kensei Fujimura and Hideaki Horio ........................................... 222 CORROSION The Mechanical Properties and SCC Life of Extruded Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-La System Alloys Improved by Cr, Mn and Mg Addition Yoichi Kishi, Ichizoh Tsukuda, Kenji Higashi and Yukio Hirose ................................................................... 228 Development of Steel Plate and Welding Material with Superior Preferential Corrosion Resistance in Welded Joint

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Mitsuo Kimura, Yukio Miyata, Yoshiyuki Saito and Yoshifumi Nakano ........................................................ 234 Corrosion Resistance and Mechanical Properties of Ti-Ni-(Pd,Ru)-Cr Alloy Y. Sugizaki, K. Ueda, T. Yashiki, K. Mori, H. Yano and H. Satoh .................................................................. 238 Corrosion Fatigue of Stiffened Steel Tubular T and Y Joints D.S. Ramachandra Murthy, A.G. Madhava Rao, R. Raghava, P. Gandhi, P.K. Pant, P.F. Anto and A.K. Samant ............................................................................................................................................... 242 Corrosion Fatigue Behavior of Structural Materials in Various Environments Containing H2S Gas Eiichi Watanabe, Ryuichiro Ebara, Hiroshi Yajima, Kunifumi Hashimoto and Akira Fushimi ................... 250 Effect of Experimental Temperatures in Stress Corrosion Crack Growth Behavior Masashi Kurose, Masaaki Tsuda and Yukio Hirose ....................................................................................... 256 Initiation and Growth Behavior of SCC in Notch Root on High Strength Steel Masayuki Shozu, Yukio Hirose and Zenjiro Yajima ........................................................................................ 261 Corrosion Consultant Expert System Y.L. Mo ............................................................................................................................................................. 266 CONCRETE IN THE OCEAN Technical Challenges in the Design and Construction of the Troll Gravity Base Structure Helge Skjaeveland, Arnt Knudsen and Astor Nyborg ..................................................................................... 274 The Troll Oil Floater: The First Concrete Floater Platform K. Helland, B. Jensen, J. Martin and P. Meaas .............................................................................................. 285 Some Challenges in Design and Construction of the Draugen Gravity Base Structures K. Sandvik and K. Karal .................................................................................................................................. 303 The Modelling, Finite Element Analysis, and Code Checking of a Large Offshore Concrete Structure R. Langberg, K. Haverty, K. Waagaard and S. Egeland ................................................................................ 311 Design of Offshore Concrete Structure Based on Postprocessing of Results from Finite Element Analysis (FEA): Methods, Limitations and Accuracy Dan-Evert Brekke, Erik Aldstedt and Henrik Grosch ..................................................................................... 318 Application of Truss Analogy and Stress Field Methods in the Design of Offshore Concrete Structures Kolbjorn Hoyland, Stein Atle Haugerud and Michael P. Collins ................................................................... 329 The Application of Nonlinear FE Analysis for Capacity Prediction of Offshore Concrete Structures K. Waagaard, S. Egeland, D. Askheim and H. Johansen ............................................................................... 341

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Independent Verification of the Draugen Deepwater Concrete Platform K. Waagaard and R. Langberg ........................................................................................................................ 348 Toughness of Composite Steel-Concrete Structure of Sandwich System Setsuo Iwata and Yoichi Hattori ...................................................................................................................... 355 Study on the Characteristics of High-Strength Lightweight Concrete for Icy Waters Y. Asai, Y. Itoh, S. Kanie, M. Sakai and H. Saeki ............................................................................................ 363 Analysis of Thermal Transfer of Reinforced Concrete Submarine Oil Tanks Yu-pu Song and Guo-fan Zhao ....................................................................................................................... 369 Special Challenges in Design and Construction of Concrete Structures in Shallow Water and Soft Soil O. Loset and K. Schroder ................................................................................................................................. 372 Requirements for Construction of Offshore Concrete Platforms Ove T. Gudmestad and Nigel Pollard ............................................................................................................. 381 The Design of Offshore Concrete Structures in the Future Jan Kr. Johnsrud and Tor Ole Olsen ............................................................................................................... 389 Design Verification of Offshore Concrete Structures K. Waagaard .................................................................................................................................................... 394 DAMAGE STRENGTH & NDT Local Damage Detection of Flexible Offshore Platforms Using Ambient Vibration Measurement Ippei Kondo and Takuji Hamamoto ................................................................................................................ 400 Artificial Islands as Protection Against Ship Impact N.-E. Ottesen Hansen, Jens Rordam Thomsen, Leif Sjogren and M.J. Sterndorff ......................................... 408 Study on Structural Damage of Ships Due to Collision and Grounding T. Kuroiwa, T. Nakamura, Y. Kawamoto, M. Kondo and S. Kusuba ............................................................. 416 Advances in Surface Magnetic Field Measurement Technique for Detection and Sizing of Surface-Breaking Cracks in Offshore Structures D. Mirshekar-Syahkal and S.H.H. Sadeghi ..................................................................................................... 421 Development of Small Diameter In-Line MFL Inspection Tools: A Technical Challenge Poul Laursen and David L. Atherton ............................................................................................................... 425 Detection of Weld Defects by Computer Aided X-ray Radiography Image Processing Yasuo Suga, Kouichiro Kojima and Tetsuro Tominaga ................................................................................. 431 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS & METHOD

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Optimizing Mode Localization in Periodic Structures M.A. Grosenbaugh, M.S. Triantafyllou and G. Rajagopal ............................................................................. 437 Finite Element Stress Analysis of the Midship Transverse Frame in an Offshore Production Ship Xiaozhi Wang, Torgeir Moan and Jorgen Amdahl ......................................................................................... 443 RELIABILITY & SAFETY Critical Path Incremental Loading Procedure for System Reliability Analysis of Offshore Structures Daniel Mohammad Rosyid ............................................................................................................................... 452 Predicting Pipeline Reliability Using Discriminant Analysis: A Comparison Between North Sea and Gulf of Mexico Performance R.F. de la Mare and Y.L. Bakouros ................................................................................................................. 460 Safety Evaluation for Distributed Tension-Legs of Flexible Floating Structures H. Kamura, T. Hamamoto, T. Misumi and Y. Tanaka .................................................................................... 467 Application of Probabilistic Methods in Offshore Field Development Carl Andreas Holm .......................................................................................................................................... 474 Probabilistic Design of the Steel Structure of the "Nieuwe Waterweg" Storm Surge Barrier R.J. van Foeken, J.G.M. Kerstens, S.E. van Manen and A.C.W.M. Vrouwenvelder ...................................... 483 Probabilistic Fracture Assessment of Offshore Pipelines K. Horiuchi and M. Hauge .............................................................................................................................. 491 Rational Planning of Offshore On-site Measurements I.B. Kroon, J.D. Sorensen and M.H. Faber ..................................................................................................... 500 Fracture Mechanics Limit States for Reassessment and Maintenance of Fixed Offshore Structures R.J. van Foeken, S. Dharmavasan, O.D. Dijkstra and M.H. Faber ............................................................... 505 Use of Knowledge Based Systems for Rational Reliability Analysis Based Inspection and Maintenance Planning for Offshore Structures M.X. Tang, S. Dharmavasan and S.M.C. Peers .............................................................................................. 514 Review of Monitoring, Inspection and Maintenance of Structural Components in 900 Metres of Water R.M. Webb, D.B.J. Thomas and C. Geronimi ................................................................................................. 522 Structural Integrity Monitoring of an Offshore Platform Sandro Chiostrini and Andrea Vignoli ............................................................................................................ 528

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DOUBLE-HULL TANKERS Structural Design of Double Hull Tankers O. Niho, S. Yanagibayashi and T. Akashi ........................................................................................................ 534 The Development of New Evaluation Criteria for Double Hull Tankers Teruaki Kaibara and Ryoji Uemori ................................................................................................................. 542 Structural Strength Evaluation of a 280,000 DWT Double-Hull VLCC Tomokazu Taniguchi, Makoto Unno, Kazuo Kada, Akira Kohsaka and Akio Murakami ............................. 550 Fatigue Analysis for Double Hull VLCC S. Kawachi, T. Kushima, H. Negayama and K. Shigematsu ........................................................................... 557 A Comparative Study of Simplified Methods to Analyse the Strength of Double-Hulled Tankers in Collision Hisashi Ito, Kazuo Hayashi and Kimio Kitano ............................................................................................... 563 Progressive Collapse Behaviour of Double Hull Tanker Under Longitudinal Bending Tetsuya Yao, Masahiko Fujikubo, Kimio Kondo and Shin-ichi Nagahama ................................................... 570 LNG CARRIERS AND FAST SHIPS New Energy Saving System for Future LNG Carriers Susumu Kahara, Yoshihiro Suetake, Junshiro Ishimaru and Kazuyoshi Hiraoka ......................................... 578 World's First SPB LNG Carrier "POLAR EAGLE" Eiji Aoki, Yoshiyuki Nakajima and Koichiro Yamada .................................................................................... 586 Low Temperature Type New TMCP Steel Plate for LPG Carriers Shuichi Suzuki, Kiyoshi Bessyo, Kazushige Arimochi, Hiroshi Yajima, Masuo Tada and Daisuke Sakai ...591 Dynamic Load Measurement on an LPG Carrier During Voyage Noriyuki Kamoi, Tomokazu Taniguchi, Takashi Kiso, Kazuo Kada, Tatsuya Motoi and Shinichi Nakamura ......................................................................................................................................................... 596 Seakeeping Analysis of a 80-m Class High-Speed Catamaran D.S. Gong, S.Y. Hong, S.W. Hong, B.S. Kim, S.Y. Yoo and D.H. Han ........................................................... 603 Mitsubishi Super Shuttle 400, Fully Submerged Hydrofoil Catamaran: "RAINBOW" Kazuyuki Kihara, Chikafusa Hamada, Hajime Komatsu, Susumu Matsuishi and Masao Miyoshi .............. 608 SHIP AND DEEP-SEA SYSTEMS Underwater Laser Viewing System Hidetoshi Takahashi, Hisao Kato, Masato Nakamichi, Masaki Tamuro, Yoichi Kemmochi, Toshitaka Saito, Mikio Mori, Yoshiaki Takahashi, Harukazu Asatsuma and Shiro Ishida ........................... 614

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Development of an Optical Beam System for Deep Sea Data Acquisition Yozo Shibata ..................................................................................................................................................... 622 A Study of the Two-Dimensional Underwater Sound Field Radiated from Vibrating Bodies in Shallow Water Y. Higo, K. Tokuda, K. Watanabe and T. Yasada ........................................................................................... 628 Super Advanced Ship Operation Support System Mikio Koga, Takeo Matsumura and Ryuichi Kawabe .................................................................................... 636 Marine Organism Prevention System by Electrolysis Technology Masahiro Usami, Kiyomi Tomoshige and Hidetoshi Morita .......................................................................... 644 Ship Motion Acquisition and Recording Terminal (SMART) on "Kaiyo" K. Wada, H. Yagi and J. Takashina ................................................................................................................. 647 Automatized Complex for Hydrophysical Researches B. Bruslinovsky, A. Karassev and S. Stepanov ................................................................................................ 652 ADDITIONAL PAPERS Dynamic Response of Plates Subjected to Impulse Loads Weimin Chen .................................................................................................................................................... 657 Crack Curvature Under the Weld Toe in a Tubular Joint: A Three-Dimensional Numerical Investigation D. Bowness and M.M.K. Lee ........................................................................................................................... 664 PROC-94-CONTENT

the proceedings of the forth (1994) international...

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