THE PROFESSIONAL PROTECTION

OFFICERPRACTICAL SECURITY

STRATEGIES AND EMERGING TRENDS

INTERNATIONAL FOUNDATION FOR

PROTECTION OFFICERS

AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDONNEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO

SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYOButterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier

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iii

Contents

Foreword xiiiContributors List xvIntroduction xixCode of Ethics xxv

IFOUNDATIONS

1. Concepts and Theories of Asset Protection

JIM ELLIS AND CHRISTOPHER A. HERTIG

Introduction 3Asset Defi nition 3Asset Valuation 4Risks 4Mitigation 4Asset Protection 5Physical Security 6Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design 6Safety 7Risk Management and Insurance 7Summary 10References 10

2. The Evolution of Asset Protection and Security

CHRISTOPHER A. HERTIG AND JOHN CHRISTMAN

Introduction 13The Cycle of History 14Key Terms 15The Wartime Growth of Security 16History of Policing 17“Private Security” or “Public Police?” 18

Fire Protection 20Commerce 21Economic and Marketing Trends and

Asset Protection 22Demographics 23Class Struggles and Terrorism 24Labor Relations 27Law 29History of Security Services 31The Path to Professionalism 33Contemporary Careers in Asset Protection 34References 38Resources 38

3. Role of the Professional Protection Offi cerKEVIN PALACIOS AND

CHRISTOPHER A. HERTIG

Introduction 41Defi nition of a Protection Offi cer 41Levels of Protection Staff 42Major Roles of Protection Offi cers 43What It Means to be a Professional 45Preventative Functions 48Mitigation Functions 48Response Functions 48Basic Protection Offi cer 48Intermediate Protection Offi cer 48Advanced Protection Offi cer 49Summary 49References 51Resources 51

4. The Protection Offi cer as a Leader

FRANKLIN R. TIMMONS AND SCOTT A. WATSON

Introduction 55Do You Really Want to be a Leader? 56

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CONTENTSiv

Team Member Skills: The Foundation of Leadership 57Expectations of Leaders 57Three Critical Leadership Skills 57Ten Steps to Becoming an Effective Leader 60The Leader as an Agent of Change 61Pitfalls of Leadership 61Conclusion 62References 62Resources 62

5. Career Planning for Protection Professionals

CHRISTOPHER A. HERTIG AND CHRIS RICHARDSON

Importance of Career Planning 65Education 66Training 66Experience 67Licensing/Certifi cation 68Networking 68Job Search 69Career Advancement 69References 71Resources 71

IICOMMUNICATIONS

6. Effective CommunicationsCHARLES T. THIBODEAU

Effective Communications Defi ned 75Due Diligence Based on Effective

Communications 75Channels of Communications 76The Six Essentials of Effective

Communications 76Consider the Audience 76Verifying Communications with Feedback 77Myths and Misconceptions in

Communications 77Proper Use of Communications Devices 77Summary 80

7. Security AwarenessJAMES E. SELLERS

Introduction 83What is Security Awareness? 83Expanding the Team Through Partnerships 84Techniques for Reinforcing Policy and

Procedures to Increase Security Awareness 84

Double Loop Learning 85Tools 86Lessons Learned 87Resources 87References 88

8. Central Alarm Stations and Dispatch Operations

SEAN SMITH, JIM ELLIS, AND RICH ABRAMS

Introduction 89History of Central Alarm and Dispatch

Centers 90Types of Monitoring Systems 91Types of Sensors 95Transmission Media 98Visitor Management Systems 99Communications 100Conclusion 101References 102

IIIPROTECTION OFFICER

FUNCTIONS

9. Automation in Protection OperationsKEVIN E. PETERSON

Historical Perspective 107Contemporary Security Environment 108The Role of the Professional Protection Offi cer 112Summary 113References 114

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10. Patrol PrinciplesCHRISTOPHER A. VAIL

History of Patrol 117Purpose of Patrol 119Types of Patrol 121Preparation for Patrol 122Techniques of Patrol 124Factors that Infl uence Patrol Effectiveness 126Unethical/Unprofessional Practices 127Fixed Posts 127Conclusion 128References 129

11. Traffi c ControlARTHUR A. HOLM

Signs and Automatic Signals 131Roadway Positions 132Hand Signals 132The Whistle 133Traffi c Control 133Gate Duty 135Equipment 135General Rules for Traffi c Direction 135

12. Crowd Management and Special Event Planning

PATRICK C. BISHOP, TERENCE M. GIBBS, AND

JENNIFER LANTZ

Introduction 137Defi nitions 138Formation of Crowds 138Causes of Crowd Formations 138Psychological Factors 139Types of Crowds 140Crowd Actions and Suggested Countermeasures 140When Verbalization Doesn’t Work 142Security and Demonstrations 142Formation of a Mob 143Responsibility and Behavior of Protective Groups 143Planning Considerations 143Personal Behavior 144Riot Control Force Deployment Procedures 144Crowd Management Assessment 145

Alcohol Serving Considerations 146Reference 147Resources 147

IVCRIME PREVENTION AND

PHYSICAL SECURITY

13. Environmental Crime ControlGLEN KITTERINGHAM

Introduction 151Environmental Crime Prevention Versus Social

Crime Prevention 152Theories 152Routine Activity Theory 156Crime Pattern Theory 156Crime Prevention Through Environmental

Design (CPTED) 156Second-Generation CPTED 157Defensible Space: Crime Prevention Through

Urban Design 158Practical Applications 158Summary 158References 159Resources 159

14. Physical Security Concepts and Applications

KEVIN T. DOSS AND DENIS A. O’SULLIVAN

Physical Security Planning 161Security Lighting 166Application Considerations 167Glazing 167Intrusion Detection 168System Monitoring 170Card Access 170Locking Hardware 171Closed Circuit Television 173Safes and Vaults 175Underwriters Laboratories 177Fencing 177

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Convergence 179Continuing Education 180Physical Security Certifi cation 180References 181Resources 181

15. Alarm System FundamentalsDOUG DURANT AND KEVIN POUND

Alarm Monitoring 184Operator Interface 185Alarm Sensors 186Duress Alarms 187Nuisance Alarms 187Alarm Response 188

16. Access ControlCOLIN BEST

Introduction 191Emergency Access Control 192Examples of Access Control 192Audit and Record Keeping 193Access Authorization 193Applying Physical Security in Access Control 194Locks and Key Control 194Electronic Access Control Systems 195Access System Database Management 196Biometric Technologies 196Access Control in the Information Age 197

17. Detection TechnologyKEVIN T. DOSS‚

CHRISTOPHER A. HERTIG, AND BETHANY J. REDMOND

Which Detection Equipment is the Best? 199Metal Detection 200X-Ray 200Explosive Detection 201Canine Detection 202Electronic Article Surveillance 202Responding to Alarms 203Summary 204References 204

VSAFETY AND FIRE

PROTECTION

18. Fire Prevention, Detection, and Response

MICHAEL STROBERGER

Fire Basics 209Detection Methods 211Fire Types 211Extinguishers 212Permanent Extinguishing Hardware 213Containment 213Fire Plans 214Arson 214Conclusion 215

19. Occupational Safety and Health and the Protection

Offi cerKEVIN PALACIOS

Introduction 217Work and Health 218Basic Elements of an Occupational Safety and

Health (OSH) Program 218Occupational Risks 221The role of the Protection Offi cer in

OSH Programs 222Key Facts in Accidents 223

20. An All Hazards Approach to Hazardous Materials

ROBERT D. JAFFIN

Role of the Protection Offi cer 230Hazardous Material Incidents 231Tools and Resources 232Response Models and Templates 233The Initial Response 234Resources 237

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CONTENTS vii

VIINFORMATION PROTECTION

21. Information Security and Counterintelligence

KEVIN E. PETERSON

Key Terminology 241Threats to Information and Intangible Assets 243How Technology is Changing the Threat 245A Suite of Protective Measures 246The Role of the Professional Protection Offi cer 249Summary 250References 251

VIIDEVIANCE CRIME AND

VIOLENCE

22. Workplace Crime and DevianceNORMAN R. BOTTOM AND

WHITNEY D. GUNTER

Theories of Workplace Crime 255Theft Prevention 258Response to Theft 262Summary 264References 266Resources 266

23. Substance AbuseFRANCIS J. ELLIOTT,

GLEN KITTERINGHAM, AND TERENCE M. GIBBS

Impact on Business and Industry 270Substance Abuse: What is the Motivation? 271How Problematic Behavior and Dependence

Develop? 272How is Substance Abuse Perpetuated? 273Conditions Adversely Affecting the

Workplace 274How Must Industry Respond? 274

Drugs of Abuse, Paraphernalia, and Defi nitions 277Indicators and Common Signs of Abuse 278Signs and Symptoms: Controlled Substances 278Inhalants: Glue, Gasoline, Erasing Fluid 282Protecting People and Assets 282References 285

24. Workplace Violence TIMOTHY A. PRITCHARD AND

ROGER MASLEN

References 292

25. Crisis InterventionMICHAEL A. HANNIGAN AND

CHRISTOPHER A. HERTIG

Introduction 295Causes of Disruptive Behavior 296Stages of Management of Disruptive

Behavior 296Crisis Development Behavior Modules 297Protection Offi cer Guidelines 298Verbal and Physical Disruptive Behavior 298Empathic Listening 299Nonverbal Communications 299Controlling Disruptive or Violent Behavior 299Team Intervention 300Positive Factors Resulting from Team

Approach 300Leadership in the Team Approach 301Safety Considerations in Crisis

Intervention 301Conclusion 301Resources 302

26. Strikes, Lockouts, and Labor Relations

DAVID J. DELONG

Strikes 305Searches 308Employee Misconduct and Dishonesty 309Employee Discipline 309Types of Discipline 309Arbitration 310Summary 310

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CONTENTSviii

VIIIRISK AND THREAT

MANAGEMENT

27. Security Risk ManagementKEVIN E. PETERSON

The Historical Basis for Risk Management 315What is Security Risk Management? 316Two Key Elements: Assessment and Mitigation 316Taking a Strategic Risk Management Approach 317The Risk Management Process 317Likelihood Versus Consequence Scatter Charting 321The Foundation of a Mitigation Strategy 322The Five Avenues to Address Risk 323“The Four D’s” 325Layered Security (Defense in Depth) 325Mitigation Measures 326Tailoring the Program to the Setting and

Environment 326The Role of the Professional Protection Offi cer 326Summary 328References 329

28. Emergency PlanningERNEST G. VENDRELL AND SCOTT A. WATSON

Introduction 331Types of Potential Emergencies 332Scope of the Problem 335Emergency Planning Considerations 336Vulnerability Analysis 338Developing the Emergency Response Plan 342Reviewing and Integrating The Emergency

Response Plan 343Conclusion 346References 346Resource 347

29. TerrorismROBERT METSCHER

What is Terrorism: A Defi nition Dilemma 349Why Violence? Why They Do What They Do 352The Reason for the Action 353

What They Look Like: From Individuals to Organizations 354

Target Selection and Attacks 356Security Preparations and Defensive Measures 357References 359

30. Antiterrorism and VIP ProtectionCHRISTOPHER A. HERTIG AND

TED WADE

Terrorist Actions and Activities 363Antiterrorist Strategy 365Terrorism Defensive Strategies 366Antiterrorist Techniques by Organizations/

Facilities 366Specifi c Techniques for Antiterrorist Security 367Professional Development for Personal Protection

Specialists 370Personal Protection Specialists (PPS) 371Protecting the Principal 372Hostage Situations 373Hostage Threat Receipt 373If Taken Hostage 374Managing the Hostage Incident 374Negotiation 375The Stockholm Syndrome 375Suicide Attacks 375References 377Resources 377

IXINVESTIGATIONS

31. Investigation: Concepts and Practices for Security Professionals

CHRISTOPHER A. HERTIG

Investigative Logic 383History of Investigation 384Preliminary Investigation 385Follow-up Investigation 385Intelligence 386Liaison 387Notes and Reports 388Auditing 389

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CONTENTS ix

Interviews 390Investigative or Focused Interviews 391Informants 393Undercover Investigations 394Shopping Services 395Surveillance 395Behavior/Condition Analysis 396Testifying in Legal and Quasi-Legal Proceedings 397Managing Investigations 398Conclusion 399References 401Resources 401

32. Crime and Incident Scene ProceduresDENNIS SHEPP

What is an Incident? 403The Scene 404Hazards to an Incident Scene 404Determining Boundaries 405Protect and Preserve the Scene 405Evidence 406Making Detailed and Accurate Notes 408Working with Law Enforcement and

Investigators 409Conclusion 410References 410

33. Interviewing and StatementsDENNIS SHEPP

Introduction 413What is Interviewing? 413The Power of Communication 414The Interview Process 416Deception 417Concluding the Interview 418Conclusion 418References 419Resources 419

34. Foundations for SurveillanceMICHAEL STROBERGER

General Types 421Covert Personal Surveillance 422

Overt Personal Surveillance 422Covert Electronic Surveillance 422Overt Electronic Surveillance 423Equipment Requirements 423Privacy Issues 423Recording and Retention 424

35. Report Writing and Field NotesRAV-ZURIDAN YISRAEL

Introduction 427Importance of Report Writing 427Field Notes 428Reports Should be Written 428What Should be Reported 429Qualities of Good Reports 429References 431

XLEGAL ASPECTS OF

SECURITY

36. Legal Aspects of SecurityDAVID L. RAY

Introduction 435The Development of Our Laws 436Types of Laws—Criminal and Civil 437Conclusion 446

XIOFFICER SAFETY AND

USE OF FORCE

37. Use of ForceCHARLES T. THIBODEAU AND

CHRISTOPHER A. HERTIG

Use of Force 449Use of Force in General 450Justifying the Use of Force 451

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Retreat 452Force Alternatives Defi ned 452Excessive Force Liability 453Injuries to Offi cers are Avoidable 453Arrest and Detention Search and Seizure 453A Formula for Self-Control 454Confl ict Resolution Formats 455Response to Aggressive Behavior 455Offi cer Safety Issues 460Optimal Distance 460Defanging the Snake 461Elements of Aggression 462Dealing with Aggression 462Verbal Deescalation 463Applying Verbal De-escalation to Aggressive

Situations 463Lethal and Less-than-Lethal Weapons

Management 464Report Writing in Use-of-Force Cases 466References 468Resources 468

38. Defensive Tactics and Offi cer SafetyINGE SEBYAN BLACK

The Professional Security Offi cer’s Role 471Avoiding Potential Situations 472Know Your Limitations 472Focus on Prevention 473Threat Assessments 473Defensive Tactics and Weapons 474Post Orders 475Special Circumstances 475Use of Force 475All Force Beyond this Point Requires Training Beyond

the Introductory Offi cer Level 478Training for Success 479Focus on Prevention 480Conclusion 480

39. Industrial Hazards, Safety, and the Security Patrol Offi cer

BRIAN D. BAKER

Defi nition of Industrial Hazards 484Industrial Hazards, Accidents, Injury, and Illness 485Risk Assessment 488Self-Assessment 488

Self-Protection 491References 494

40. Apprehension and Detention Procedures

RICHARD P. FIEMS

Developing a Working Model 498What Constitutes an Arrest? 499The Importance of Reasonableness 499What Gets Security Offi cers in

Trouble? 500Detention and Apprehension Methodology 501The Use of Force 503Dealing with the Aftermath 503Conclusion 504

XIIRELATIONS WITH OTHERS

41. Human Relations in a Global Environment

CHRISTOPHER A. HERTIG AND DARRIEN DAVENPORT

Human Relations 509Advice from the Master 510Diversity 510Globalization 513Women in Protection 514Sexual Harassment 514Effective Communication 515Ethical Behavior 515Customer Service Leadership 516Summary 517References 518Resources 518

42. Public RelationsCHARLES T. THIBODEAU,

CHRISTOPHER A. HERTIG, AND GEORGE A. BARNETT

Public Relations Defi ned 521Public Relations Planning 522

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Promoting Effective Customer Relations Within the Security Force 524

Handling Customer Complaints 526Service That Can Make the Difference 527Training 527The Media: Good Dream/Bad Dream 528Access Control at the Scene of a Critical Incident 529Disruption of Business 529Plant Emergency Organization Control 529Contract Security Contingent Access Control 529Conclusion 530References 531

43. Community Relations: Making the Strategy Come AliveMARK E. PUETZ AND K. C. POULIN

Introduction 535Security and the Experience Economy 536Cost of Quality 541From Strategy to Brand to Offi cer 544Building a Community of Substance 547The Transformation 554References 555

44. Networking and the Liaison Function

BRION P. GILBRIDE

First Scenario: Fire 558Second Scenario: Vehicle Break-in 559

Third Scenario: Special Event 560Fourth Scenario: Seaport Operations 561Fifth Scenario: Installing a Central

Station 563Professional Organizations and

Training 563Industry Regulation by Government 564Conclusion 566References 566

45. Ethics and ProfessionalismCHRISTOPHER A. HERTIG

Key Terms and Concepts 570Ethical Decision Making 572Ethical Issues in Protection 572Why Unethical Behavior Occurs 573Conclusion 574Resources 575

Index 577

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xiii

The security world is constantly changing, both in the context in which it has to operate, and in terms of what it can offer as a response to a wide range of threats. This is true across the world. Indeed, globalization and the impact of technology are just two trends that have seen to that. As a consequence, security has become more complicated; or, at least, the breadth of knowledge that a good security operative, at any level, needs to draw upon has been stretched.

One of the positive signs of the march of security professionalism is that there is now more research being gathered on security-related issues. Scholars in universities, research institutes, companies, and professional bod-ies have helped to develop a global knowledge base. The good thing about security is that knowledge from around the world has rele-vance to a broad range of circumstances. After all, threats are often the same. Terrorist attacks take place globally, and the sorts of responses needed are often similar, if not the same. The principles of security apply across the board, though the contexts differ, and how the prin-ciples are applied needs to be adapted to meet local needs. This is where skill comes in. Skills are needed from those who assess risks and those who manage them, from senior executives to street-level protection offi cers.

It is a sad fact that offenders often move faster than response agencies. We know that many of those who commit crime adapt quickly; they share knowledge and experiences; doing so often gives them an edge. Just as people move themselves and their assets around the world with ease, offenders have tried to do so as well. Stopping them requires

constant attention; as one famous terrorist agency once remarked, “ We only have to succeed once. ”

Being on our guard, benefi ting from research fi ndings, and following good practice are cru-cial. Books like this one are designed to help. The coverage of this book is broad, covering domains such as communication, protection offi cer functions, crime prevention, safety, infor-mation security, workplace violence, risk man-agement, investigations, private security law, and the use of force. The book provides proven knowledge to protection offi cers to enable them to take on the arduous tasks of asset protection and loss prevention.

This book strives to provide a foundation for improving the skill level and effi ciency of pro-tection offi cers. As a basic text for achieving the Certifi ed Protection Offi cer certifi cation, this book will be studied over and over by opera-tives across continents. It will also serve as a research resource for those looking to develop insight into an array of security topics. The edi-tors are to be commended for ensuring that this edition builds positively on previous ones.

Professor Martin Gill Director Perpetuity Research & Consultancy International (PRCI) Ltd 148 Upper New Walk Leicester LE1 7QA, UK

Dr . Ona Ekhomu, CFE, CPP Chairman School of Management and Security 10 Turton St. Lafi aji, Lagos, Nigeria

Foreword

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xv

Contributors List

Sandi J. Davies began her career in contract security in 1980 with a primary focus on person-nel administration. She became deeply involved in training and was instrumental in developing security offi cer training programs for a major national security guard company. Her interest in security training grew, and in 1988 she joined the newly formed International Foundation for Protection Offi cers (IFPO) as a program admin-istrative assistant. In 1991, she was elected exec-utive director of IFPO and has been a driving force in the Foundation’s program development and administration. Sandi became a member of ASIS International in 1985 and served in execu-tive positions at the chapter level.

In addition, Sandi was also a member of the Advisory Board for the Northwest Territories Security Offi cer Certifi cation Committee. In 1994, Sandi was the chairperson for the Asset Protection Advisory Board for Mount Royal College in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. In 1999, Sandi agreed to serve on the Advisory Board of the International Foundation for Cultural Property Protection. Ms. Davies is also a member of the Technical Advisory Board for the Canadian General Standards Board on Security Offi cer Training Standards. Most recently, Sandi was chairperson for the Private Security Services Council of ASIS International.

Ms . Davies has had numerous articles pub-lished in security publications, such as Security Management and SECURITY magazine, relating to certifi cation and training of security personnel. In the early 1990s, Ms. Davies, in a cooperative effort with the IFPO Founding Director Ronald R. Minion, coedited the Protection Offi cer Training Manual (Butterworth-Heinemann). That text is now in its eighth edition. In 1994, she contributed

a chapter relating to crime prevention in Canada in the Handbook of Loss Prevention and Crime Prevention (Butterworth-Heinemann). In 1995, again in a cooperative effort, Ms. Davies and Mr. Minion had published a book entitled The Security Supervisor Training Manual with Butterworth-Heinemann. In 2008, the third edition of this text, coedited by Chris Hertig, was released entitled Security Supervision and Management: Theory and Practices of Asset Protection , again published by the leader in Security Trade Publications, Butterworth-Heinemann. Sandi was the editor of Protection Offi cer News published by IFPO for 13 years until it went into an electronic format.

Chris Hertig, CCP, CPOI , is a member of the Behavioral Sciences Department at York College of Pennsylvania where he teaches courses in secu-rity planning and supervision, crime prevention and physical security, legal standards of security and asset protection, ethical issues in criminal justice and criminal investigation. In addition to his regular teaching assignment, he has taught self-defense and martial arts for the education department. Prof. Hertig has also given noncredit courses in report writing, crowd management, offi cer survival, and public relations.

Prior to York College, Mr. Hertig spent three years as a nuclear security training administrator, developing and teaching a wide range of instruc-tional topics for security personnel in accordance with U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission requirements. A Certifi ed Protection Offi cer Instructor (CPOI) through the International Foundation for Protection Offi cers (IFPO), Prof. Hertig has given presentations to numerous professional and civic organizations. He has also consulted with instructional program providers.

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CONTRIBUTORS LISTxvi

Rich Abrams , CEM Brian D. Baker , MA, CPP, CPO, CPOI George A. Barnett , CPO Colin Best , CSSM Patrick C. Bishop , CPP, CFE, CPO Inge Sebyan Black , CPP, CFE, CPO Norman R. Bottom , PhD, CPP, CFE, CPO, CST John Christman , CPP Darrien Davenport, MS Sandi J. Davies David J. DeLong , CPP Kevin T. Doss , M.Sc., CPP, PSP Doug Durant , BA, CPP, CPO Dr. Ona Ekhomu, CPP, CFE Francis J. Elliott , CPP Jim Ellis , MA, CPP, PSP, CSSM, CPO Richard P. Fiems , MA, CPO, CSSM, CPOI Terence M. Gibbs , MS, CPP, WSO-CSSD Brion P. Gilbride , MSI, CSSM, CPO Professor Martin Gill

Prof . Hertig has published several hundred arti-cles, reviews, and chapters on various topics. He has been a featured columnist in several security industry publications and assisted in establishing IFPO’s Article Archives, an online collection of research papers for students and practitioners. Chris served as coeditor of Security Supervision and Management: Theory and Practice of Asset Protection (Butterworth-Heinemann) with Sandi J. Davies, the Foundation’s executive director.

Chris has been a longtime member of ASIS International, serving on the Academic Programs Council as well as the Academic – Practitioner Symposium Group. He is a charter member and past president of the Pennsylvania Association of Criminal Justice Educators and an active member of the International Association of Law Enforcement Educators and Trainers. He was also a member of the International Association of Campus Law Enforcement Administrators for many years.

Prof . Hertig began his career while in col-lege as a student aide to the Campus Security Department. He was a member of the U.S. Army ROTC and served an internship with the Columbia County Juvenile Probation Department. After graduation, he worked for several security services fi rms as a security offi -cer, investigator, and supervisor. He also spent a summer as a member of the Park Police in Mechanicsburg, PA.

Prof . Hertig holds a master ’ s in arts (Criminology) from Indiana University of Pennsylvania, a bachelor ’ s (Sociology) from Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, and an associate (Commercial Security) from Harrisburg Area Community College. He has also com-pleted graduate courses in adult education from Penn State University, has been board certifi ed in security management by ASIS International, and holds the designation of Certifi ed Protection Professional (CPP).

Whitney D. Gunter , PhD., CPO Michael A. Hannigan , CPO Chris Hertig , CPP, CPOI Arthur A. Holm , CPO Robert D. Jaffi n , MBS, MTS Glen Kitteringham , M.Sc., CPP, F.Syl,

CSSM, CPOI, CPO Jenifer Lantz Roger Maslen , CPP, CFE Robert Metscher , CPP, CISSP, CFE, CPO,

CSSM, BS, MBA Denis A. O’Sullivan , CPP, CPO Kevin Palacios , M.Sc., CPP, PSP, CPOI Kevin E. Peterson , CPP, CPO, CPOI K.C. Poulin , CPOI, CPS, CHS-III Kevin Pound Timothy A. Pritchard , CPP, CPOI Mark E. Puetz , MBA David L. Ray , BA, JD, CFE Bethany J. Redmond

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CONTRIBUTORS LIST xvii

Chris Richardson , CPP James E. Sellers , CPP, MSA Dennis Shepp , MBA, CPP, CFE, PCI, CPOI Sean Smith , CPO Michael Stroberger , CPO, CLSO, CSSM,

CPOI, CLSD, CPP Charles T. Thibodeau , M.Ed, CPP, CSSM,

CPO, CPOI

Franklin R. Timmons, CPP, CPOI Christopher A. Vail, MS Ernest G. Vendrell , PhD., CPP, CEM, CPO Ted Wade Scott A. Watson , MCJ, M.Ed., CFE Rav-Zuridan Yisrael , MA, CPP, CPO,

CPOI, CHS-III

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xix

A. PURPOSE

The purpose of The Professional Protection Offi cer: Practical Security Strategies and Emerging Trends is to provide “ need-to-know ” information for protection offi cers and students through-out the security industry. This resource serves as the course text for the Certifi ed Protection Offi cer (CPO) program. Many security profes-sionals also fi nd the contents of this textbook helpful as a reference in their day-to-day secu-rity management responsibilities.

B. HISTORY OF THE TEXTBOOK

The fi rst edition of the Protection Offi cer Training Manual (POTM) originated with the birth of the International Foundation for Protection Offi cers (IFPO) in 1988. Twelve dedi-cated security professionals from the United States and Canada had a vision: to create an organization that would provide meaningful career opportunities for line security offi cers throughout North America.

The newly formed IFPO Board of Directors realized that a certifi cation program was needed, along with a professional training textbook, to make that vision a reality. Hence, the fi rst edition of POTM was created to serve as the course text for the Certifi ed Protection Offi cer (CPO) program. IFPO, the CPO pro-gram, and POTM all proved to be vital compo-nents in achieving the foundation’s objectives.

Today , IFPO is the recognized catalyst in the development of professionalism throughout the private security industry. Thousands of security offi cers who have earned the CPO accreditation have gained knowledge and professional career enhancement; they have unselfi shly provided encouragement and information to their col-leagues and employers. Hence, a new dimen-sion of opportunities has spread throughout the security industry.

The fi rst edition was simple, short, and lim-ited in scope, but included enough information to help the security offi cer better understand his or her roles, duties, and responsibilities. However, since that simple beginning, each subsequent edi-tion has brought new and enlightening informa-tion to the security professional. The Professional Protection Offi cer is the leading text for protection offi cers and students. It is also widely used by those teaching in Protective Services, Criminal Justice, Homeland Security or Emergency Management courses of study.

Feedback has been the most signifi cant fac-tor. It has led to a standard of excellence for this new text. We have received countless let-ters of appreciation for the depth and quality of the seventh edition, but these same enthusiasts have been liberal with their recommendations for changes and improvements, and we have listened. Ongoing dialogue with security man-agers, supervisors, consultants, educators, and, of course, protection offi cers, has enabled us to develop and maintain a training text that will serve future learning.

Introduction

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INTRODUCTIONxx

C. THE EIGHTH EDITION DEDICATIONS

Norman Bottom

I fi rst met Dr. Norman R. Bottom when I was a graduate student at Indiana University of Pennsylvania. He taught a course on executive protection on Saturday mornings that was held on the campus of Allegheny County Community College in Monroeville, Pennsylvania. Two other classes were held there on Saturdays so that peo-ple pursuing a Master’s degree could take nine credits by going to class one day a week.

The class was a unique arrangement; in those days we didn’t have online learning. Creative scheduling like Dr. Bottom had engineered was not the norm. The class offerings and schedule concept were a fantastic way of meeting the needs of the learner, the security industry, and the university.

It was way out in front. The Journal of Security Administration was

started by Norman Bottom. It was the fi rst scholarly refereed academic journal in the secu-rity fi eld. The journal was a major contribution to the fl edgling discipline of asset protection. Norman edited it for many years, assisted by his wife, Mari, who took care of book, seminar, and video reviews. Dr. Bottom was also instru-mental in founding the Academy of Security Educators and Trainers (ASET). This associa-tion included many leading trainers, practitio-ners, and academicians in the security industry. Some of the networking initiated through the academy is manifested in the pages of this text. Some of us met each other through ASET.

In 1982, I applied to become a Certifi ed Protection Professional (CPP). As Dr. Bottom was a CPP, he endorsed my application.

In 1983, Norman and Professor John Kostanoski wrote a book entitled Security and Loss Prevention . This was an excellent text that presented the WAECUP model of loss control. This model stated that loss was attributable to

more than crime. Loss to an organization came from waste, accident, error, crime, and unethi-cal/unprofessional practices. This was a new and important concept. Security was not just about the bad things that people do; it was much more than that. The WAECUP model is part of this text. It is part of what I teach. It is part of what we do as protectors.

In 1988, the International Foundation for Protection Offi cers was formed. Leading advo-cates of professional development helped with this organization under the direction of Ron Minion. Norman Bottom was on the Board of Directors, at one point serving as Chairman.

He was way out in front. He was always way out in front.

Now it’s up to us.

Christopher A. Hertig, CPP, CPOI Assistant Professor York College of Pennsylvania October 15, 2009

Fallen Offi cers

This edition of the textbook is dedicated to the brave offi cers who lost their lives on 9/11, as well as all of the other offi cers who have died in the line of duty. We remember and honor your sacrifi ce, and we salute your dedication. Our hearts and sympathies go out to your fami-lies, friends, and coworkers.

Ron Minion, CPP and IFPO Founder

Ron Minion (1938 – 2008) lost his battle with Lou Gehrig’s Disease in 2008. He was the man behind this book, one of the founders of the IFPO, a dedicated champion of the security industry, and a tireless advocate for protection offi cers. His determination, and vision of pro-fessionalism through training for the industry, has resulted in a brighter future for scores of security professionals, and will continue to do so in the future.

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INTRODUCTION xxi

Ron was the fi rst examined Certifi ed Protec-tion Professional in Canada. He was a found-ing member of the Calgary Chapter of the ASIS International, where he was a chapter chair and regional vice president. As regional vice president, he earned the president’s “ award of merit ” for establishing ASIS chapters through-out Canada. In 2006, Security Magazine named Ron one of the 25 Most Infl uential Executives.

Ron ’s legacy includes the thousands of line security offi cers he employed and mentored over the years. He knew the industry from the ground fl oor up, and never lost his vision of providing affordable training for security offi -cers to help them turn their mere jobs into via-ble careers with brighter futures.

Ron , our friend, mentor, industry advocate, and trusted colleague, will be greatly missed.

Lee Minion, CPO

Lee Minion, son of Sandi Davies and Ron Minion, served his country in Iraq and is now embarking on a career in law enforcement. He is indeed a chip off the old block. At the Foundation, we are so very proud of him.

IFPO Team

The International Foundation for Protection Offi cers is supported by a team of security professionals throughout the world who, year after year, work diligently on behalf of the Foundation and what it stands for. Because of these men and women who are committed to excellence and remain steadfast in their obliga-tion to high standards of service, IFPO contin-ues to be successful. We thank you.

Louise Gringas

A victim of a tragic accident, our coworker, team member, and friend, Louise Gingras, brought sunshine to the IFPO Corporate Headquarters for seven years. She was taken from us far too soon, in June 2009. Louise started

her tenure with the IFPO as a part-time employee in 2002, and quickly worked her way into a very valuable full-time Program Coordinator position.

Her friendly, caring nature assisted literally thousands of candidates through their desired certifi cations. She took pride and joy in attend-ing to the IFPO students ’ and clients ’ needs. Her strengths were many, and her radiant smile and personality will be forever missed within our offi ces. She leaves behind her precious daughter, Haylee.

D. EIGHTH EDITION CONTENTS

The eighth edition has 12 units and 45 chapters . The contributors to the eighth edition are among the best writers, academics, and practitioners in the security community. This talented group of professionals has generously provided readers of this superior textbook with unique opportunities to acquire current asset protection and life safety information. These writers are outstanding indi-viduals who deserve recognition and appreciation for their service to the security community.

The contents of this textbook are sometimes quite basic . However, every security supervi-sor and manager should fully understand all of the information contained herein to provide better leadership and interpretation of offi cer responsibilities.

The material contained in each unit is arranged to provide the reader with a smooth fl ow of related security information.

At the conclusion of each chapter, there are 10 multiple choice and true/false questions. It is important to be able to answer each question correctly before proceeding to the next chapter.

E. GLOBAL CHALLENGES, NEW ROLES, AND RESPONSIBILITIES

In the late sixth century, when the Greek phi-losopher Heraclitus fi rst commented that the

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INTRODUCTIONxxii

universe is in constant fl ux, and the only con-stant is change; little could he have imagined the pace of that change in the 21st century.

Advances in medicine, science, and tech-nology are happening at a dizzying pace, and news travels the globe in the blink of an eye. Information of all sorts is available with just a few keystrokes, and people can stay in constant touch via electronic media. Journeys that once took weeks, months, or even years now take mere hours. It is a small world these days, and economic problems and social unrest in one nation can be felt in many others.

Where once the term “ security ” might have referred to the lone night watchman whose great-est adversary was a burglar hoping to pick a lock, those days are long gone. The night watchman’s role was viewed as merely a job that did not gar-ner much respect in the community.

Today ’s private security professionals are fi nding their roles greatly expanded in numer-ous arenas worldwide, due, in part, to a much greater global threat and a reduction in public law enforcement protection. The current eco-nomic situation has caused an increase in some types of crimes. At the same time, those eco-nomic realties have also forced local municipal-ities to reduce public law enforcement efforts through layoffs or hiring freezes, even though the need for more protection is growing.

The threat of terrorism was spotlighted for the United States and the world on 9/11, and it is still an ever-present threat worldwide. It has and will continue to impact the industry, partic-ularly in the areas of research and risk manage-ment methodologies.

In recent years, cyberterrorism, which threatens infrastructure and services by attack-ing computer networks via the Internet, has become a very serious threat. It can and has resulted in the loss of billions of dollars of pro-prietary information, and compromised data at a broad range of institutions, from government agencies to banks, credit card companies, and business fi rms. Company executives are acutely

aware of the danger of data loss, and numerous laws govern what must be done if data is com-promised. Cyberterrorism not only puts data at risk, it can put essential services and infra-structure at risk. Guarding against this type of threat requires continuing education about the ever-evolving risks, deterrents, prevention, and laws. Unlike the night watchman, who only worried about physical security with its fences, gates, and access points, today’s protection offi cer must also guard against an enemy that moves at the speed of light. The protection offi -cer must not only protect the physical premises and equipment, but must also guard against an enemy that moves silently to disrupt services, incapacitate infrastructure, and steal data.

The National Fire Protection Association’s (NFPA) “ Guide for Premises Security ” and “ Standard for the Installation of Electronic Premises Security Systems ” have both caused changes that may not make news headlines, but will certainly impact the industry. The former will not affect the general public, but fi re protec-tion, security consultants, facility managers, and insurance companies will be forced to deal with it. ASIS has already begun setting standards that have impacted the industry. The latter more or less cements the impact of the former.

While the quest for mutual respect and seam-less cooperation between public and private security has improved over the years, it must remain an ongoing goal for both the private and public sectors. Mutual respect and cooperation between public law enforcement and private security is essential to ensuring that security needs are met effectively.

Increasingly , security functions have been contracted out to private security fi rms to fi ll the gap between what government can do and what is needed. Private security fi rms are even stepping in to fi ll the roles that military person-nel once fi lled on military installations and even war zones. A new type of protection offi cer is increasingly stepping forward to fi ll the need, ready to deal with new situations and challenges

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INTRODUCTION xxiii

as they come along, thanks to ongoing educa-tion and training.

Currently , corporations that once relied on that night watchman to patrol a fence as suffi -cient protection are increasingly instituting their own in-house security departments. An inte-gral part of this overall protection process is the professional security manager and supervisor, complemented with a security staff capable of attending to ongoing protection needs. Generally, corporations require their security managers and supervisors to be well educated, trained, and experienced. Private security fi rms are also demanding educated, trained professionals.

The night watchman might have been able to do his job with limited education, but in today’s ever-changing, challenging security climate, professionals must be educated and well trained to fulfi ll their new, evolving, and demanding roles. This new breed of security professional is winning respect by proving it is skilled and very capable of carrying out the most sophisticated, demanding roles. They are dedicated professionals with the credentials needed to keep themselves, their employers, and their employers’ assets from harm.

F. CERTIFIED PROTECTION OFFICER (CPO) PROGRAM

Professional Protection Offi cer: Practical Security Strategies and Emerging Trends is the course text for the Certifi ed Protection Offi cer (CPO) program, an internationally recognized certifi cation for pro-tection offi cers.

The CPO designation is a professional accre-ditation that can be earned by completing a self-paced course based on this textbook.

In addition to having security experience or the equivalent, a candidate must complete the following stages of progression to earn the CPO designation:

● Submit application for enrollment.

● Successfully complete a midterm examination.

● Successfully complete a supervised fi nal examination. (A proctor may be located within the candidate’s organization or community.)

(Both examinations are based on the contents of this textbook.)

G. CERTIFIED PROTECTION OFFICER (CPO) FINAL

CHALLENGE PROGRAM

This textbook, The Professional Protection Offi cer: Practical Security Strategies and Emerging Trends , is also the text for the CPO Final Challenge Program, which is the fast-track method of obtaining the CPO certifi cation. The Final Challenge option eliminates the course of study and goes directly to the fi nal exam, which is the same one that is part of the CPO program. Questions on the fi nal exam come from the material in the textbook.

Contact the International Foundation for Protection Offi cers (IFPO) for more information regarding the Certifi ed Protection Offi cer and/or other programs.

H. CONCLUSION

The term protection offi cer frequently appears in this textbook. What is a protection offi cer?

Protection offi cers have many titles: secu-rity guard, security offi cer, campus police, loss prevention offi cer, crime prevention offi cer, retail loss prevention agent, military police, and several others. They can work part time or full time. They can be assigned to protect a person, a group of people, an offi ce building, a network, a store or factory, and many other assets in many locations. Some are armed; some are unarmed.

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INTRODUCTIONxxiv

They can be employed as independent con-sultants, by a security services agency, by the military, by a state government, by the federal government, and by other organizations. The term “ protection offi cer ” is not easy to defi ne. Titles vary, specifi c tasks vary, locations vary, employers vary, but the one thing that all pro-tection offi cers have in common is that they are willing to take risks and put into place preven-tive measures to protect tangible assets, such as buildings, intangible assets, such as data, and of course, the public. They assume the risks so that others can go about their business and not have to worry about potential harm.

This textbook is written as a useful reference for security supervisors, managers, and those

that teach; but the primary benefi ciary is the student or working protection offi cer.

The editors of the Professional Protection Offi cer: Practical Security Strategies and Emerging Trends are honored to work with so many academicians, researchers, and outstanding security professionals since the planning of the fi rst edition. These talented and dedicated security profession-als have worked tirelessly in supporting, promoting, and contributing to the International Foundation for Protection Offi cers and all of its worthwhile pro-grams. “ We could not have done it without you! ”

A special thanks goes to Alice Grime, Charles Thibodeau, and Jamie Ingram for their techni-cal support and assistance in the production and development of this textbook.

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xxv

The Protection Offi cer Shall I Respond to employer’s professional needs II Exhibit exemplary conduct III Protect confi dential information IV Maintain a safe & secure workplace V Dress to create professionalism VI Enforce all lawful rules & regulations VII Encourage liaison with public offi cers VIII Develop good rapport within the profession IX Strive to attain professional competence X Encourage high standards of offi cer ethics

Loyalty

To the employer, the client, and the public. The offi cer must have a complete and thorough understanding of all of the regulations and pro-cedures that are necessary to protect people and assets on or in relation to the facility assigned to protect.

Exemplary Conduct

The offi cer is under constant scrutiny by everyone in work and public places. Hence, it is essential that he or she exhibit exemplary con-duct at all times. Maturity and professionalism are the key words to guide all offi cers.

Protection Offi cer Code of Ethics

PROTECTION OFFICER CODE OF ETHICS

Today business and the public expect a great deal from the uniformed security offi cer. In the past there has been far too little attention paid to the ethical aspects of the profession. There have to be solid guidelines that each offi cer knows and understands. More importantly, it is essential that each manager and supervisor performs his or her duties in a manner that will refl ect honesty, integrity, and professionalism.

Every training program should address the need for professional conduct on and off duty. Line offi cers must exhibit a willingness to gain professional competency and adhere to a strict code of ethics that must include the following.

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PROTECTION OFFICER CODE OF ETHICSxxvi

Confi dentiality

Each offi cer is charged with the responsibility of working in the interests of his or her employer. Providing protection means that the offi cer will encounter confi dential information that must be carefully guarded and never compromised.

Safety and Security

The foremost responsibility of all offi cers is to ensure that the facility that must be protected is safe and secure for all persons with lawful access. The offi cer must fully understand all nec-essary procedures to eliminate or control secu-rity and safety risks.

Deportment

Each offi cer must dress in an immaculate manner. Crisp, sharp, clean, and polished are the indicators that point to a professional offi cer who will execute his or her protection obliga-tions in a profi cient manner and will be a credit to the profession.

Law Enforcement Liaison

It is the responsibility of each offi cer to make every effort to encourage and enhance positive relations with members of public law enforce- m ent. Seek assistance when a genuine need exists and offer assistance whenever possible.

Strive to Learn

To become professionally competent, each offi -cer must constantly strive to be knowledgeable about all aspects of his or her chosen career. How to protect people, assets, and information must always be a learning priority for every offi cer.

Develop Rapport

It is necessary to be constantly aware of the image that our profession projects. All offi cers

can enhance the image of the industry, their employer, and themselves. Recognize and respect peers and security leaders throughout the industry.

Honesty

By virtue of the duties and responsibilities of all offi cers, honest behavior is absolutely essential at all times. Each offi cer occupies a position of trust that must not be violated. Dishonesty can never be tolerated by the secu-rity profession.

Prejudice

The job of protecting means that the offi -cer must impose restrictions upon people that frequent the security workplace. All human beings must be treated equally, with dignity and respect, regardless of color, race, religion, or political beliefs.

Self-Discipline

With the position of trust comes the respon-sibility to diligently protect life and property. These duties can only be discharged effectively when the offi cer understands the gravity of his or her position. Self-discipline means trying harder and caring more.

Conclusion

The job of protecting life and property focuses much attention on the individual secu-rity offi cer. Hence, it is essential to be aware of the need for professional conduct at all times. By strictly adhering to each section in this code of ethics, it may be expected that we as indivi-duals and the industry as a whole will enjoy a good reputation and gain even more accep-tance from the public as well as private and government corporations. You as the individual offi cer must be a principal in this process.

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