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TRANSCRIPT
May16-18, 2017
Warsaw, Poland
8TH CONFERENCE
ON SEVERE ACCIDENT
RESEARCH
ERMSAR 2017
The Progress of ALISA Project: Access to
Large Infrastructures for Severe Accidents
in Europe and in China
X. Gaus-Liu, A. Miassoedov, C. Journeau, Y. Liao,
N. Cassiaut-Louis
ERMSAR 2017, Warsaw, May 16-18, 2017
Overview of ALISA Project
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The project provides mutual access to large research infrastructures for European organizations and Chinese
partners: EU organizations have the access to Chinese facilities, and Vice Versa.
Project was started in July 2014 and the duration is 4 years.
There are two EU partners (KIT and CEA) and six Chinese partners (CNPRI, XJTU, SJTU, SNPSDC, CityU
HongKong, NPIC). NPIC is a new Chinese partner since Nov. 2016.
There are two financially independent projects: a Chinese project funds the experiments in China for EU
users, while EURATOM FP7 ALISA project funds the experiments in Europe for Chinese users. KIT is the
coordinator of EU project, while CNPRI is the coordinator of the Chinese project.
There are two work packages:
WP1: Experimental activities on Severe Accident Management (SAM)
WP2: Portal to Access to Large and Unique Infrastructures (PALI)
Two calls for proposal have been undertaken on Chinese and European facilities.
ERMSAR 2017, Warsaw, May 16-18, 2017
Selected Proposals on European Facilities
3
Facility Phenomena User Status
QUENCH (KIT) In-vessel early core
degradation and
hydrogen take-up
XJTU, SNPTC Planed in
June 2017
LIVE (KIT) In-vessel melt behavior CNPRI Planed in
June 2017
HYKA (KIT) Hydrogen behavior in
containment
SJTU Performed in July 2016
DISCO (KIT) Containment direct
heating, Ex-vessel FCI
SNPTC In preparation
KROTOS (CEA) Medium scale FCI HKCU Performed in Nov. 2016
VITI (CEA) Thermo-physical
properties or
thermochemistry tests
CNPRI 2017 and 2018
ERMSAR 2017, Warsaw, May 16-18, 2017
Proposals on Chinese Facilities
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Facility Phenomena User Status
IVR-2D
(CNPRI)
Prototypical scale in-vessel melt retention
with external cooling
KIT Planed in late 2017
IVR-3D
(CNPRI)
1:5 scale IVR with external cooling CEA Planed in 2018
COPRA
(XJTU)
Prototypical scale in-vessel melt behavior KIT +EDF &
Partners
2017
HYMIT
(SJTU)
Mid-scale hydrogen behavior in
containment
JSI and partners Performed in
Oct. 2016
WAFT (SJTU) Containment water film passive cooling GRS In preparation
MCTHBF
(NPIC)
Containment H2 behavior JSI and partners In preparation
ERMSAR 2017, Warsaw, May 16-18, 2017
QUENCH test- AP1000 bundle design with peroxidation and air ingress
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20 heated rods, M5 cladding, ZrO2 pellet
2 unheated rods, M5 cladding, ZrO2 pellet
2 absorber bars, steel cladding
A similar test as QUENCH-16
pressurised, unheated
absorber rod
Preparation Heat-up to peak cladding temperature Tpct = 873 K
Phase I Stabilization at 873 K; facility checks
Phase II Heat-up to 1300 K during 2300 s
Phase III Pre-oxidation with superheated steam and argon during 4000 s, temperatures
increase from 1300 K to 1430 K. Reached ZrO2 thickness: 135 µm.
Phase IV Intermediate cooling from 1430 K to 1000 K during 1000 s in the same flow of steam
and argon.
Phase V
Air ingress and transient heat-up from 1000 K to 1873 K with heating rate of 0.2 K/s in a flow of 0.2 g/s of air and of 1 g/s of
argon for 4040 s. Total oxygen consumption during 835 s before end of this phase. For ALISA should be Tmax ≤ 1773 K to avoid
escalation during next phase.
Phase VI Quenching of the bundle by a flow of 50 g/s of water. Temperature escalation to 2420 K with intensive melt formation and
hydrogen release (128 g). The melt formation should be avoid in the test.
ERMSAR 2017, Warsaw, May 16-18, 2017
LIVE test- melt behaviour in lower head under different top boundary conditions
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Eutectic nitrate salt as simulant material
Two power levels for each upper boundary conditions
Pool height 410 mm
External cooling during whole test period
top cooling lid
Phase I top insulation with melt free surface
Phase II air-cooled lid
Phase III water cooled lid with crust formation
Answer the question of the influence of top boundary condition on
general Nuup and Nudn
heat flux distribution along vessel wall
convection pattern in the pool and melt temperature
provide data for the IVR external cooling strategy
Water/air
ERMSAR 2017, Warsaw, May 16-18, 2017
DISCO test- DCH and Ex-vessel FCI of AP1000 reactor type
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1:18 linear scaled containment
Reactor cooling system: 0.08 m³
Breach diameter: 60 mm
Simulant melt: iron oxide-alumina thermite
Initial H2 concentration up to 6%
New vessel including mounting parts
Simulating AP1000 reactor melt ejection in the water-filled
containment pit
Pressurization of the pit and containment during the mixing
Debris bed characteristics
Melt and water dispersion out of the pit
Impact of water on DCH: Oxidation of the iron compared with cases
without water
Hydrogen production and potential impact of water for combustion
Data for CosMetric code validation
ERMSAR 2017, Warsaw, May 16-18, 2017
HYKA-A2 test: Impact of H2 mixture nonuniformity and ignition position
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Main goals:
The effect of mixture nonuniformity and ignition position on flame propagation
regimes and maximum combustion pressure in comparison with uniform mixture of
the same amount of hydrogen;
Ignition/extinction phenomena in presence of steam and/or water mixture
HYKA-A2 (V=220 m3)
Measurements: temperature, pressure, acoustic and optical observation using Method (BOS)
Performed test series
“Cold” (without combustion) testing of spray structure;
Flame propagation experiments for center ignition point with uniform hydrogen
concentration of 6%, 6.5%, and then 7%;
Flame propagation experiments with center ignition for three different vertical hydrogen
concentration gradients of 14%0%, 12%2% and 10%4%, that the hydrogen amounts
are equal to 7% of average concentration;
One test with upper ignition point and vertical hydrogen concentration gradient of
14%0%;
Two tests studying the effect of water stray on flame propagation with center ignition point
and vertical hydrogen concentration gradient of 14%0%.
ERMSAR 2017, Warsaw, May 16-18, 2017
KROTOS test- the effect of water pool depth on FCI
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Melting of 3.5 kg sample in 2700°C;
2nd experiment attempt was
successfully performed in Nov. 2016.
Load
composition
80 w% UO2, 20 w%
ZrO2
Load mass 3.5 kg
Load
temperature 2690 °C
Free fall in gas 492 mm
Pressure 2.1 Bar
Water level 645 mm
Water
temperature 60°C
water subcooling 67°C
Selection of smallest water depth:
0.645 m, comparing other tests with
the highest depth of 1.2 m
Pool depth ~ X-ray visualization field
ERMSAR 2017, Warsaw, May 16-18, 2017
VITI tests- 3 samples for in-vessel and ex-vessel corium scenarios
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Levitated droplet measurement
Droplet volume Density
Droplet shape Surface Tension
Droplet deformation Viscosity
composition, wt. % test phases
1 80% UO2, 20% ZrO2 (corresponding to in-vessel retention
scenarios and KROTOS ALISA condition)
• VITI-Levitation
2 46.1%UO2, 15.2%ZrO2, 19.1% SiO2, 5.1% CaO, 0.1%
MgO,1.8% Al2O3, 3.3% Fe2O3, 7.1% FeO, 2.2% Cr2O3
(corresponding to LBLOCA ex-vessel retention scenarios)
• Fabrication
• VITI-Levitation
3 33.9% UO2, 11.3% ZrO2, 29.6% SiO2, 6.7% CaO, 0.2% MgO,
2.4% Al2O3, 0.7% Fe2O3, 8.7% FeO, 6.5% Cr2O3
(corresponding to LOOP ex-vessel retention scenarios)
• Fabrication
• VITI-Levitation
ERMSAR 2017, Warsaw, May 16-18, 2017
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A full scale in-vessel melt external cooling facility
CHF and thermal-hydraulic tests for CPR1000, HPR1000 reactors
IVR 2D components: test section, riser channel, upper coolant tank,
downcomer channel, bottom feed water tank
Max heat flux: 2.4 MW/m2
Height of circulation loop: 8 m
Number of heater rods: 600 pcs
Independent heating zones:24
The proposed test investigates the influence of the penetrations
through the RPV lower plenum on the natural convection and
CHF.
Two heat flux distribution profiles are defined to simulate the
homogenous and stratified melt scenarios.
IVR2D test proposed by KIT
ERMSAR 2017, Warsaw, May 16-18, 2017
IVR3D test proposed by CEA/EDF/IRSN
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3D 1:5 scaled vessel external cooling facility
Studying 3D natural recirculation thermal-hydraulics, 3D CHF
distribution, CHF at bottom-most of reactor vessel
IVR3D components: lower head test section, insulation reflector,
cavity, recirculation loop
Test vessel inner diameter: 0.92 m, height: 1.68 m, height of whole
facility: 2.8 m
Max. heat flux: 1.8 MW/m², steel outer surface
Heater rods: ~1800 pcs
Thermal couples: ~250 pcs
Recirculation: natural or forced
The test investigates the influence of non-symmetrical
top conditions due to venting and non-symmetrical gap
around the RPV on the CHF
The experiment is planned in middle 2018.
ERMSAR 2017, Warsaw, May 16-18, 2017
COPRA test proposed jointly by EDF/CEA/IRSN and by KIT
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Top cooling
First melt pouring Second melt pouring Final power
plateau
(Tmax) Pool height Power input
(Tmax) Pool height
Power input
(Tmax)
Test 1 No 1.33 m 11 kW
(351.4 °C) 1.90 m
15 kW
(347.7 °C)
11 kW
(334.3 °C)
Test 2 Yes - - 1.90 m 28 kW
(334.2 °C)
21 kW
(324.3 °C)
Transient melt behavior after the initiation of external cooling
Scaling effect and influence of geometry on melt heat transfer in comparison
with LIVE3D and LIVE2D
Full scale 2D facility for melt behavior in PWR lower head
¼ circular pool, radius 2.2m, width:0.2m
ACP1000, Ra´=1016
Simulant: water, non-eutectic and eutectic nitrate salt
Heating: 20 heating rods (10 heating zones)
Upper boundary: insulated or cooling
External boundary: insulated or water cooling
ERMSAR 2017, Warsaw, May 16-18, 2017
HYMIT test proposed by JSI/PSF/NRG/KIT
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An experiment on hydrogen deflagration with upward flame propagation
in a homogeneous air-steam-hydrogen atmosphere
Answer the influence of scaling from small to large volumes on the
characteristics of hydrogen deflagration by comparing similar tests in
THAI (60m³) and in HYKA A2(220m³)
Proposed Executed 2016/10/17
Test type H2-Steam-Air Ignition H2-Steam-Air Ignition
H2 volume ratio 10%-12% 13.70%
Steam volume ratio 20%-25% 23.50%
A medium-scale facility designated for investigations of
hydrogen recombination and combustion behavior
Cylinder vessel with diameter of 2 m; height of 4 m and
volume of 12 m³
ERMSAR 2017, Warsaw, May 16-18, 2017
WAFT test proposed by GRS
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Studying Passive Containment Cooling System (PCCS)
of GEN-III plants.
Stainless plate with length of 5 m and width of 1.2 m
Uniform film distribution from box above the plate with
flow rate of 0.01-0.83 kg/(m·s)
Oil-heated plate with heat flux of 50-100 kW/m²
Uprising air velocity 0-12 m/s
Air temperature till 80 °C
Analyze the formation of rivulets at different angles and
water flow rates;
Validate the rivulet model describing the dry/wet surface
fraction in COCOSYS code;
Two tests are foreseen with the variation of
water flow
air flow
heating rate of steel plate
Measurements:
visualization of rivulets,
film temperature and film thickness
ERMSAR 2017, Warsaw, May 16-18, 2017
MCTHBF test proposed by JSI
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Midsize Hydrogen Mitigation Test Facility
Cylinder diameter 2.8 m, height 5 m, volume: 21 m³
H2 concentration: 0-35 vol%; steam concentration:
0-40 vol.%
Measurements: gas content, temperature and
pressure, and speed of flame
water
tank
water tank
hydrogen
supply system
heater
pump
air supply system
vaccum system
steam generator
MCTHBF test investigates the dilution of high hydrogen
concentration in the upper part of the vessel with a low-
momentum vertical steam jet located at the lower part (15
g/s, ambient temperature).
Helium simulates H2, and air simulates the steam jet.
Scaling from small to large volume for the validation of
lumped-parameter and Computational Fluid Dynamics
codes.
ERMSAR 2017, Warsaw, May 16-18, 2017
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Thank you for your attention