the progressive impulse
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The Progressive ImpulseThe Progressive Impulse Progressivism was an optimistic vision, Progressivism was an optimistic vision,
an idea of progress, believed society an idea of progress, believed society was capable of improvement and that was capable of improvement and that continued growth and advancement continued growth and advancement were the nation's destiny, believed were the nation's destiny, believed that direct, purposeful human that direct, purposeful human intervention in social and economic intervention in social and economic affairs was essential to orderingaffairs was essential to orderingand bettering societyand bettering society
The Progressive ImpulseThe Progressive Impulse Antimonopoly was the fear of Antimonopoly was the fear of
concentrated power and the urge to concentrated power and the urge to limit and disperse authority and limit and disperse authority and wealth, this appealed to workers, wealth, this appealed to workers, farmers, and to some middle class farmers, and to some middle class AmericansAmericans
The Progressive ImpulseThe Progressive Impulse Social Cohesion was the belief that Social Cohesion was the belief that
individuals are not autonomous but individuals are not autonomous but part of a great web of social part of a great web of social relationships, the welfare of any relationships, the welfare of any single person is dependent on the single person is dependent on the welfare of society as a wholewelfare of society as a whole
The Progressive ImpulseThe Progressive Impulse Based on a deep faith in knowledge, Based on a deep faith in knowledge,
social order was a result of intelligent social order was a result of intelligent social organization and rational social organization and rational procedures for guiding social and procedures for guiding social and economic lifeeconomic life
The Progressive ImpulseThe Progressive Impulse Role of Government – modernized Role of Government – modernized
government must play an important government must play an important role in the process of improving and role in the process of improving and stabilizing societystabilizing society
The Progressive ImpulseThe Progressive Impulse Muckrakers – Muckrakers –
crusading crusading journalists, journalists, committed to committed to exposing scandal, exposing scandal, corruption and corruption and injustice to public injustice to public viewview
The Progressive ImpulseThe Progressive Impulse Charles Francis Adams Jr- began to Charles Francis Adams Jr- began to
uncover corruption among railroad uncover corruption among railroad baronsbarons
The Progressive ImpulseThe Progressive Impulse Ida Tarbell – most Ida Tarbell – most
notable of railroad notable of railroad trust exposes, trust exposes, wrote an wrote an enormous and enormous and influential study of influential study of the Standard Oil the Standard Oil trusttrust
The Progressive ImpulseThe Progressive Impulse Lincoln Steffens wrote a portrait of Lincoln Steffens wrote a portrait of
machine governments and boss rule, machine governments and boss rule, his tone studied moral outrage (The his tone studied moral outrage (The Shame of the Cities) - all helped Shame of the Cities) - all helped arouse sentiment for urban political arouse sentiment for urban political reformreform
The Progressive ImpulseThe Progressive Impulse Muckrakers investigated governments, Muckrakers investigated governments,
labor unions, corporations; explored labor unions, corporations; explored the problems of child labor, immigrant the problems of child labor, immigrant ghettoes, prostitution, and family ghettoes, prostitution, and family disorganization; denounced the waste disorganization; denounced the waste of natural resources, subjugation of of natural resources, subjugation of women, and occasionally the women, and occasionally the oppression of blacks oppression of blacks
The Progressive ImpulseThe Progressive Impulse Muckrakers argued that people Muckrakers argued that people
themselves must take greater themselves must take greater interest in public life by presenting interest in public life by presenting social problems to the public with social problems to the public with indignation and moral fervor they indignation and moral fervor they helped inspire other Americans to helped inspire other Americans to take actiontake action
The Progressive ImpulseThe Progressive Impulse Expressed basic progressive Expressed basic progressive
impulses: opposition to monopoly, impulses: opposition to monopoly, belief in the need for social unity in belief in the need for social unity in the face of corruption and injusticethe face of corruption and injustice
The Progressive ImpulseThe Progressive Impulse Social Gospel – reformers committed Social Gospel – reformers committed
to the pursuit of social justice, to the pursuit of social justice, powerful movement within American powerful movement within American Protestantism, chiefly concerned with Protestantism, chiefly concerned with redeeming nation's citiesredeeming nation's cities
The Progressive ImpulseThe Progressive Impulse Salvation Army- example of fusion of Salvation Army- example of fusion of
religion with reform, offered both religion with reform, offered both material aid and spiritual service to material aid and spiritual service to the urban poorthe urban poor
The Progressive ImpulseThe Progressive Impulse Charles Sheldon wrote In His Steps Charles Sheldon wrote In His Steps
about a young minister who about a young minister who abandoned comfortable life to work abandoned comfortable life to work among the needy, became the most among the needy, became the most successful novel of the erasuccessful novel of the era
The Progressive ImpulseThe Progressive Impulse Walter Rauschensbusch published a Walter Rauschensbusch published a
series of influential discourse on the series of influential discourse on the possibilities for human salvation possibilities for human salvation through Christian reformthrough Christian reform
“One could hear human virtue cracking and crashing all around.”
Walter Rauschenbusch
The Progressive ImpulseThe Progressive Impulse Catholic liberal Father John A. Ryan Catholic liberal Father John A. Ryan
worked to expand the scope of worked to expand the scope of Catholic social welfare system Catholic social welfare system
The Progressive ImpulseThe Progressive Impulse Critics of Social Gospel saw it as Critics of Social Gospel saw it as
irrelevant moralization, William irrelevant moralization, William Graham Sumner argued that Graham Sumner argued that people's fortunes reflected their people's fortunes reflected their inherent "fitness" for survival, many inherent "fitness" for survival, many progressive theorists disagreed: progressive theorists disagreed: ignorance, poverty and criminality ignorance, poverty and criminality were not result of genetic failings- were not result of genetic failings- effects of unhealthy environmenteffects of unhealthy environment
The Progressive ImpulseThe Progressive Impulse Jacob Riis exposed Jacob Riis exposed
the crowded the crowded immigrant immigrant neighborhoods of neighborhoods of the American cities the American cities through through photographs and photographs and lurid descriptions lurid descriptions
The Progressive ImpulseThe Progressive Impulse Jane Adams established the Hull House Jane Adams established the Hull House
which became a model for more than 400 which became a model for more than 400 similar institutions, sought to help similar institutions, sought to help immigrant families adapt to the language immigrant families adapt to the language and customs of their new country, training and customs of their new country, training ground for future female leaders, spawned ground for future female leaders, spawned the profession of social work where the profession of social work where women played a vital role, produced women played a vital role, produced elaborate surveys, reports and collected elaborate surveys, reports and collected statisticsstatistics
The Progressive ImpulseThe Progressive Impulse Women played an important role in Women played an important role in
social work where they produced social work where they produced elaborate surveys and reports, elaborate surveys and reports, collected statistics, and published collected statistics, and published scholarly tracts on the need for scholarly tracts on the need for urban reformurban reform
The Progressive ImpulseThe Progressive Impulse Many reforms came to believe that Many reforms came to believe that
only enlightened experts and well-only enlightened experts and well-designed bureaucracies could create designed bureaucracies could create stability and orderstability and order
The Progressive ImpulseThe Progressive Impulse Thorstein Veblen was one of the Thorstein Veblen was one of the
most influential social scientists, most influential social scientists, critical of the "leisure class" critical of the "leisure class" (industrial tycoons), proposed new (industrial tycoons), proposed new economic system in which power economic system in which power would reside in the hands of highly would reside in the hands of highly trained engineerstrained engineers
The Progressive ImpulseThe Progressive Impulse Taylorism: impulse toward expertise Taylorism: impulse toward expertise
and organization, encouraged and organization, encouraged development of mass production development of mass production techniques, assembly line, new techniques, assembly line, new organization, resulted in a dramatic organization, resulted in a dramatic expansion in number of Americans expansion in number of Americans engaged in administrative and engaged in administrative and professional tasks, the new Middle professional tasks, the new Middle Class placed high value on educationClass placed high value on education
The Progressive ImpulseThe Progressive Impulse Doctors who considered themselves Doctors who considered themselves
trained professionals began forming trained professionals began forming local associations and societies- local associations and societies- American Medical Association American Medical Association reorganized into a national reorganized into a national professional societyprofessional society
The Progressive ImpulseThe Progressive Impulse Johns Hopkins compared favorably Johns Hopkins compared favorably
with the leading medical schools in with the leading medical schools in Europe, and doctors there such as Europe, and doctors there such as William H. Welch taught by moving William H. Welch taught by moving the students out of the classrooms the students out of the classrooms and into laboratories and clinicsand into laboratories and clinics
The Progressive ImpulseThe Progressive Impulse By 1916 lawyers in 48 states had By 1916 lawyers in 48 states had
established professional bar established professional bar associationsassociations
The Progressive ImpulseThe Progressive Impulse Business administration created the Business administration created the
National Association of Manufactures National Association of Manufactures and the United States Commerceand the United States Commerce
The Progressive ImpulseThe Progressive Impulse Admission requirements into newly Admission requirements into newly
formed professions effort to defend formed professions effort to defend the professions from the untrained the professions from the untrained and incompetent, women found and incompetent, women found themselves excluded from most of themselves excluded from most of the emerging professions, most the emerging professions, most important job for women was important job for women was teaching – 90% of all professional teaching – 90% of all professional women were teacherswomen were teachers
The Progressive ImpulseThe Progressive Impulse Women's Professions had much in Women's Professions had much in
common with other professions, common with other professions, value placed on training and value placed on training and expertise, creation of professional expertise, creation of professional organizations and professional organizations and professional identity – usually helping professions identity – usually helping professions like nursing and librarians like nursing and librarians
Women and ReformWomen and Reform New Woman – house work was less New Woman – house work was less
onerous, occupies only a small part onerous, occupies only a small part of the day, began looking for of the day, began looking for activities outside the home, declining activities outside the home, declining family size, lived longer, single family size, lived longer, single women were among the most women were among the most prominent female reformers, high prominent female reformers, high levels of education became available levels of education became available
Women and ReformWomen and Reform The divorce rate rose quickly in the The divorce rate rose quickly in the
late 19late 19thth century from one divorce in century from one divorce in 21 to one in 9 by 1916.21 to one in 9 by 1916.
Boston Marriages – women lived Boston Marriages – women lived together, sometimes romanticallytogether, sometimes romantically
Women and ReformWomen and Reform Women's Clubs were a large network Women's Clubs were a large network
of organizations to provide an outlet of organizations to provide an outlet for intellectual energies, General for intellectual energies, General Federation of Women's Clubs had Federation of Women's Clubs had over 1 million members by 1917, over 1 million members by 1917, became more concerned with social became more concerned with social betterment, most excluded blacks betterment, most excluded blacks who formed their own clubswho formed their own clubs
Women and ReformWomen and Reform National Association of Colored Women: National Association of Colored Women:
some crusaded against lynching, protested some crusaded against lynching, protested aspects of segregationaspects of segregation
Women and ReformWomen and Reform Charlotte Perkins Gilman in her book Charlotte Perkins Gilman in her book
Woman and Economics argued that Woman and Economics argued that the traditional definition of gender the traditional definition of gender roles was obsoleteroles was obsolete
Women and ReformWomen and Reform Accomplishments of Clubs – Accomplishments of Clubs –
supported schools, libraries, supported schools, libraries, settlement houses, built hospitals, settlement houses, built hospitals, important force in winning passage important force in winning passage of state laws that regulated of state laws that regulated conditions of women and child labor, conditions of women and child labor, outlawed the manufacture and sale outlawed the manufacture and sale of alcoholof alcohol
Women and ReformWomen and Reform Mother's Pensions – some state Mother's Pensions – some state
legislatures provided pensions to legislatures provided pensions to widowed or abandoned mothers with widowed or abandoned mothers with small children, became part of the small children, became part of the Social Security systemSocial Security system
Women and ReformWomen and Reform Children’s Bureau in the Labor Children’s Bureau in the Labor
Department directed to develop Department directed to develop policies to protect childrenpolicies to protect children
Women and ReformWomen and Reform Women’s Trade Union League Women’s Trade Union League
persuaded women to join unions, the persuaded women to join unions, the WTUL raised money to support WTUL raised money to support strikers on picket lines and bail strikers on picket lines and bail strikers out of jailstrikers out of jail
Women and ReformWomen and Reform Suffrage seemed a very radical Suffrage seemed a very radical
demand, women presented their demand, women presented their views in terms of "natural rights", views in terms of "natural rights", Elizabeth Cady Stanton believed that Elizabeth Cady Stanton believed that a woman is the arbiter of her own a woman is the arbiter of her own destinydestiny
Women and ReformWomen and Reform Powerful anti suffrage movement Powerful anti suffrage movement
emerged: defended existing social emerged: defended existing social norms, posed a threat to "natural norms, posed a threat to "natural order", suffrage associated with order", suffrage associated with divorce, promiscuity, looseness and divorce, promiscuity, looseness and neglect of childrenneglect of children
Women and ReformWomen and Reform Anna Howard Shaw and Carrie Anna Howard Shaw and Carrie
Chapman Catt were a Boston social Chapman Catt were a Boston social worker and journalist, thanks to them worker and journalist, thanks to them membership in the National membership in the National American Woman Suffrage American Woman Suffrage Association grew to over 2 million, Association grew to over 2 million, argued enfranchisement would help argued enfranchisement would help temperance movement.temperance movement.
Women and ReformWomen and Reform National American Woman Suffrage National American Woman Suffrage
Association believed war would Association believed war would become a thing of the past, promised become a thing of the past, promised to reshape the role of women and to reshape the role of women and reform social order, separation of the reform social order, separation of the suffrage movement from more radical suffrage movement from more radical feminist goals and its associations feminist goals and its associations with other reform causes of concern with other reform causes of concern helped it gain widespread supporthelped it gain widespread support
Women and ReformWomen and Reform Some suffrage advocates claimed Some suffrage advocates claimed
that once women could vote war that once women could vote war would stop, one reason why WW1 would stop, one reason why WW1 gave a decisive push for suffragegave a decisive push for suffrage
Women and ReformWomen and Reform Florence Kelley helped organize Florence Kelley helped organize
NAACP, was a prominent social NAACP, was a prominent social reformerreformer
Women and ReformWomen and Reform In 1910, Washington became the first In 1910, Washington became the first
state in 14 years to extend suffrage state in 14 years to extend suffrage to women, California followed a year to women, California followed a year later, strength of suffrage in western later, strength of suffrage in western states result of an absence of large states result of an absence of large Catholic communities, suffrage fight Catholic communities, suffrage fight rarely intersected with other, more rarely intersected with other, more divisive issuesdivisive issues
Women and ReformWomen and Reform By 1919, 39 states has given women the By 1919, 39 states has given women the
right to vote, in 1920 ratification of the right to vote, in 1920 ratification of the 19th amendment guaranteed political 19th amendment guaranteed political rights to women, Alice Paul was the head rights to women, Alice Paul was the head of the militant National Woman's Party of the militant National Woman's Party and argued women needed a and argued women needed a constitutional amendment that would constitutional amendment that would provide clear legal protection for their provide clear legal protection for their rights, prohibit discrimination on the rights, prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex- Equal Rights Amendmentbasis of sex- Equal Rights Amendment
The Assault on the PartiesThe Assault on the Parties Only government could effectively Only government could effectively
counter the many powerful private counter the many powerful private interests that threatened the nationinterests that threatened the nation
The Assault on the PartiesThe Assault on the Parties Before they could reform society Before they could reform society
effectively they would have to reform effectively they would have to reform government- considered parties government- considered parties corrupt, undemocratic and corrupt, undemocratic and reactionaryreactionary
The Assault on the PartiesThe Assault on the Parties Former Mugwumps (Independent Former Mugwumps (Independent
Republicans) became important Republicans) became important supporters of progressive political supporters of progressive political reform reform
The Assault on the PartiesThe Assault on the Parties States adopted secret ballot- helped chip States adopted secret ballot- helped chip
away at the power of the parties over the away at the power of the parties over the votersvoters
The Assault on the PartiesThe Assault on the Parties Party Rule could be broken: by Party Rule could be broken: by
increasing the power of the people increasing the power of the people and by permitting them to and by permitting them to circumvent partisan institutions and circumvent partisan institutions and express their will directly at the polls express their will directly at the polls or by placing more power in the or by placing more power in the hands of nonpartisan officialshands of nonpartisan officials
The Assault on the PartiesThe Assault on the Parties By the end of the century a new By the end of the century a new
generation of activists were taking a generation of activists were taking a growing interest in government no growing interest in government no longer "vulgar" activitylonger "vulgar" activity
The Assault on the PartiesThe Assault on the Parties Opponents: city bosses, large group Opponents: city bosses, large group
of special interests, saloon owners, of special interests, saloon owners, businessmen who established businessmen who established lucrative relationships with the urban lucrative relationships with the urban machines, influential newspapers machines, influential newspapers ridiculed reforms as naive do goodersridiculed reforms as naive do gooders
The Assault on the PartiesThe Assault on the Parties Galveston, Texas: after a devastating Galveston, Texas: after a devastating
tidal wave the reformers won tidal wave the reformers won approval of a new city charter mayor approval of a new city charter mayor and council replaces by an elected and council replaces by an elected nonpartisan commissionnonpartisan commission
The Assault on the PartiesThe Assault on the Parties City-manager-Plan: another approach City-manager-Plan: another approach
to municipal reform, elected officials to municipal reform, elected officials hired an outside expert to take hired an outside expert to take charge of the governmentcharge of the government
The Assault on the PartiesThe Assault on the Parties Tom Johnson: celebrated reform Tom Johnson: celebrated reform
mayor of Cleveland- waged a long mayor of Cleveland- waged a long and difficult war against powerful and difficult war against powerful streetcar interests.streetcar interests.
Cleveland came to be known as the Cleveland came to be known as the best-governed city in Americabest-governed city in America
The Assault on the PartiesThe Assault on the Parties State-level progressives: considered State-level progressives: considered
existing state government unfit to existing state government unfit to answer society's needsanswer society's needs
The Assault on the PartiesThe Assault on the Parties Initiative: allowed reformers to Initiative: allowed reformers to
circumvent state legislatures circumvent state legislatures altogether by submitting new altogether by submitting new legislation directly to voters in legislation directly to voters in general electionsgeneral elections
The Assault on the PartiesThe Assault on the Parties Referendum: provided a method by Referendum: provided a method by
which actions of legislature could be which actions of legislature could be returned to the electorate for returned to the electorate for approval. approval.
The Assault on the PartiesThe Assault on the Parties Direct primary: attempt to take Direct primary: attempt to take
selection of candidates away from selection of candidates away from the bosses and give it to the people- the bosses and give it to the people- effort to limit black votingeffort to limit black voting
The Assault on the PartiesThe Assault on the Parties Recall: gave voters the right to Recall: gave voters the right to
remove a public official from office at remove a public official from office at a special electiona special election
The Assault on the PartiesThe Assault on the Parties Robert M La Follette: helped turn the Robert M La Follette: helped turn the
state of Wisconsin into a "laboratory state of Wisconsin into a "laboratory of progressivism" regulated railroads of progressivism" regulated railroads and utilities, referendums, primaries, and utilities, referendums, primaries, initiatives, compensation for laborers initiatives, compensation for laborers injured on the jobinjured on the job
The Assault on the PartiesThe Assault on the Parties Decline in voter Decline in voter
turnout and turnout and political parties, political parties, 1900 73% of the 1900 73% of the electoral voted electoral voted while by 1920 it while by 1920 it declined to 49% declined to 49%
The Assault on the PartiesThe Assault on the Parties Interest groups: new organizations Interest groups: new organizations
outside the party system, designed outside the party system, designed to pressure government to do their to pressure government to do their member's biddingmember's bidding
The Assault on the PartiesThe Assault on the Parties New pattern of politics: many New pattern of politics: many
individual interests organized to individual interests organized to influence government directly rather influence government directly rather than through party structurethan through party structure
Sources of Progressive ReformSources of Progressive Reform Middle class reformers mainly from Middle class reformers mainly from
the east dominated the public image the east dominated the public image of progressivism, but working class of progressivism, but working class Americans, African Americans, Americans, African Americans, westerners, and even party bosses westerners, and even party bosses played important roles in reforms of played important roles in reforms of the erathe era
Sources of Progressive ReformSources of Progressive Reform California passed a child labor law, California passed a child labor law,
women’s compensation law and a women’s compensation law and a limitation on working hours for limitation on working hours for womenwomen
Sources of Progressive ReformSources of Progressive Reform Tammany Hall: leader Charles Tammany Hall: leader Charles
Francis Murphy, used political power Francis Murphy, used political power on behalf of legislation to improve on behalf of legislation to improve working conditions, protect child working conditions, protect child laborers and eliminate the worst laborers and eliminate the worst abuses of industrial economyabuses of industrial economy
Sources of Progressive ReformSources of Progressive Reform Triangle Shirtwaist Triangle Shirtwaist
Company Fire killed Company Fire killed 146 workers mostly 146 workers mostly women, many of women, many of them died because them died because the management had the management had locked the locked the emergency exits to emergency exits to keep malingering: keep malingering: resulted in reports resulted in reports calling for major calling for major reforms in the reforms in the conditions of modern conditions of modern laborlabor
Sources of Progressive ReformSources of Progressive Reform Most effective supporter were two Most effective supporter were two
Tammany Democrats- Wagner and Tammany Democrats- Wagner and Smith- steered through a series of Smith- steered through a series of pioneering labor laws that imposed pioneering labor laws that imposed strict regulations on factory owners strict regulations on factory owners and established effective and established effective mechanisms of enforcementmechanisms of enforcement
Sources of Progressive ReformSources of Progressive Reform Western state reformers: important Western state reformers: important
target was the federal government- target was the federal government- authority over the land rested in authority over the land rested in federal bureaucracies- could move federal bureaucracies- could move quickly and decisively to embrace quickly and decisively to embrace reforms. Question of who had the reforms. Question of who had the rights to the waters of the Colorado rights to the waters of the Colorado RiverRiver
Sources of Progressive ReformSources of Progressive Reform Most of the growth of the west was a Most of the growth of the west was a
result of federally funded dams and result of federally funded dams and water projectswater projects
Sources of Progressive ReformSources of Progressive Reform Booker T. Booker T.
Washington: to work Washington: to work for immediate self-for immediate self-improvement rather improvement rather than long- range than long- range social changesocial change
Sources of Progressive ReformSources of Progressive Reform W.E.B Du Bois: The Souls of Black Folk W.E.B Du Bois: The Souls of Black Folk
rather than content themselves with rather than content themselves with education at trade and agricultural schools education at trade and agricultural schools advocated talented blacks should accept advocated talented blacks should accept nothing less than a full university education, nothing less than a full university education, fight for immediate restoration of their civil fight for immediate restoration of their civil rights- not simply wait for them to be rights- not simply wait for them to be grantedgranted“Is it possible and probable that nine millions of
men can make effective progress in economic lines if they are deprived of political rights, made a servile caste, and allowed only the most meager chance for developing their exceptional men?”
W. E. B. Du Bois
Sources of Progressive ReformSources of Progressive Reform Niagara Movement: formed the Niagara Movement: formed the
NAACP, led the drive for equal rights NAACP, led the drive for equal rights NAACP one of the nation’s leading NAACP one of the nation’s leading
black organizations, stressed the black organizations, stressed the opportunity for exceptional blacks to opportunity for exceptional blacks to gain positions of full equality gain positions of full equality
The Crusade for Social ReformThe Crusade for Social Reform Women saw alcohol as a source of Women saw alcohol as a source of
some of the greatest problems of some of the greatest problems of working-class wives and mothers, working-class wives and mothers, hoped through temperance to reform hoped through temperance to reform male behavior and thus improve male behavior and thus improve women's liveswomen's lives
The Crusade for Social ReformThe Crusade for Social Reform Political reformers saw an attack on Political reformers saw an attack on
drinking as an attack on the city drinking as an attack on the city bossesbosses
The Crusade for Social ReformThe Crusade for Social Reform 1873 temperance advocates formed 1873 temperance advocates formed
the Women's Christian Temperance the Women's Christian Temperance Union: led by Frances Willard, Union: led by Frances Willard, publicized the evils of alcohol and publicized the evils of alcohol and the connection between drunkenness the connection between drunkenness and family violence, unemployment, and family violence, unemployment, poverty and diseasepoverty and disease
The Crusade for Social ReformThe Crusade for Social Reform Anti-Saloon League joined with the Anti-Saloon League joined with the
WCTU and began to press for legal WCTU and began to press for legal abolition of saloonsabolition of saloons
The Crusade for Social ReformThe Crusade for Social Reform America’s entry into World War 1 and America’s entry into World War 1 and
the moral fervor it unleashes the moral fervor it unleashes provided last push to advocates of provided last push to advocates of prohibitionprohibition
The Crusade for Social ReformThe Crusade for Social Reform 1920: 18th amendment became a 1920: 18th amendment became a
law- Rhode Island and Connecticut law- Rhode Island and Connecticut last to ratifylast to ratify
The Crusade for Social ReformThe Crusade for Social Reform Some progressives argued that the Some progressives argued that the
introduction of immigrants was introduction of immigrants was polluting the nations' racial stock.polluting the nations' racial stock.
The Crusade for Social ReformThe Crusade for Social Reform Eugenics: the science of altering the Eugenics: the science of altering the
reproductive processes of plants and reproductive processes of plants and animals to produce new hybrids and animals to produce new hybrids and breedsbreeds
The Crusade for Social ReformThe Crusade for Social Reform When applied to people: an effort to When applied to people: an effort to
grade races and ethnic groups grade races and ethnic groups according to their genetic qualities, according to their genetic qualities, advocated forced sterilization of the advocated forced sterilization of the mentally retarded, criminals and mentally retarded, criminals and othersothers
The Crusade for Social ReformThe Crusade for Social Reform Madison Grant: The Passing of the Madison Grant: The Passing of the
Great Race- nations most effective Great Race- nations most effective nativist, warned of the dangers of nativist, warned of the dangers of racial mongrelization and importance racial mongrelization and importance of keeping Anglo-Saxon pureof keeping Anglo-Saxon pure
The Crusade for Social ReformThe Crusade for Social Reform The Dillingham The Dillingham
Report: argued that Report: argued that the new immigrant the new immigrant groups had proven groups had proven themselves less themselves less assimilatableassimilatable than than earlier immigrants- earlier immigrants- immigration should be immigration should be restricted by restricted by nationalitynationality
Challenging the Capitalist OrderChallenging the Capitalist Order Issue that overshadowed and helped Issue that overshadowed and helped
to shape all others in the minds of to shape all others in the minds of reformers was the characterreformers was the character of the of the dramatically growing modern dramatically growing modern industrial economy- corruption and industrial economy- corruption and growing influence of corporate growing influence of corporate AmericaAmerica
Challenging the Capitalist OrderChallenging the Capitalist Order Socialist Party of America: grew Socialist Party of America: grew
during the progressive eraduring the progressive era Socialist Presidential Candidate Socialist Presidential Candidate
1912: Eugene Debs1912: Eugene Debs Strongest following: in urban Strongest following: in urban
immigrant communities, Germans immigrant communities, Germans and Jews, Protestant farmers in the and Jews, Protestant farmers in the South and MidwestSouth and Midwest
Challenging the Capitalist OrderChallenging the Capitalist Order Supporters: Lincoln Steffens, crusader Supporters: Lincoln Steffens, crusader
against municipal corruption, Walter against municipal corruption, Walter Lipman brilliant social critic, Florence Lipman brilliant social critic, Florence Kelley, Frances WillardKelley, Frances Willard
Beliefs: need for basic structural changes Beliefs: need for basic structural changes in the economy, some endorsed radical in the economy, some endorsed radical goals of European Marxists, other goals of European Marxists, other envisioned a more moderate reform that envisioned a more moderate reform that would allow small-scale private enterprise would allow small-scale private enterprise to surviveto survive
Challenging the Capitalist OrderChallenging the Capitalist Order Industrial Workers of the World: Industrial Workers of the World:
(Wobblies) radical labor union, under (Wobblies) radical labor union, under leadership of William (big Bill) leadership of William (big Bill) Haywood- advocated single union for Haywood- advocated single union for all workers and abolition of the all workers and abolition of the "wage slave" system, rejected "wage slave" system, rejected political action in favor of strikes, political action in favor of strikes, dynamiting of railroads lines and dynamiting of railroads lines and power stationspower stations
Challenging the Capitalist OrderChallenging the Capitalist Order 1917 strike by IWW timber workers in 1917 strike by IWW timber workers in
Washington and Idaho virtually shut Washington and Idaho virtually shut down production in the industry- down production in the industry- federal authorities imprisoned the federal authorities imprisoned the leaders of the unionleaders of the union
Challenging the Capitalist OrderChallenging the Capitalist Order Reformers argued that the federal Reformers argued that the federal
government should work to break up government should work to break up the largest combinations and enforce the largest combinations and enforce a balance between the need for big a balance between the need for big business and the need for business and the need for competitioncompetition
Challenging the Capitalist OrderChallenging the Capitalist Order Louis D Brandeis: brilliant lawyer and Louis D Brandeis: brilliant lawyer and
later justice of the Supreme court- later justice of the Supreme court- spoke about the "curse of bigness", spoke about the "curse of bigness", threat not just to efficiency but to threat not just to efficiency but to freedomfreedom
Challenging the Capitalist OrderChallenging the Capitalist Order Government should distinguish Government should distinguish
between good and bad trusts- between good and bad trusts- continued oversight by strong continued oversight by strong centralized government was centralized government was essentialessential
Challenging the Capitalist OrderChallenging the Capitalist Order Herbert Croly: The Promise of Herbert Croly: The Promise of
American Life became one of the American Life became one of the most influential progressive most influential progressive documents, "nationalist" position, documents, "nationalist" position, focused on some form of focused on some form of coordination of the industrial coordination of the industrial economyeconomy
Challenging the Capitalist OrderChallenging the Capitalist Order Theodore Roosevelt was one who Theodore Roosevelt was one who
endorsed the notion of the endorsed the notion of the government playing a more active government playing a more active role in regulating and planning role in regulating and planning economic life economic life