THE PUNJAB PUBLIC SCHOOL, NABHA

SUMMER HOLIDAYS HOMEWORK-2020

UPCOMING CLASS X (SESSION 2020-2021)

Do the following in your Notebook. Make sure your work is neat and clean and without any

sort of cutting.

Question 1

(a) Our grandparents are a blessing for us. Describe your grandparents and say in what way they

have been a blessing to you.

(b) In these modern times, all boys should learn to cook. Express your views for or against this

statement.

(c) Modern education should work towards making the examination system stress free for the

child. Give your views either for or against this statement.

(d) Do you think parents are always right? Describe one incident of your experience to prove

your point of view.

(e) Describe the worst nightmare you ever had.

(f) Write a story in which a farmer, a horse and a bag of gold coins play an important part.

Question 2

(a) Your school is organising a trip to Thailand. Write a letter to your father asking for his

permission to go and stating why you wish to go on this trip.

(b) Write a letter to the Principal of a school you wish to join in another city asking about the

sports scholarships available there. Give a brief account of your achievements in games and

sports.

Question 3

(a) Your school is hosting an Inter-School Debate Competition. Draft a notice for the school

notice board giving all relevant details of the event.

(b) Write a notice informing students about a charity fair that is going to be organised in the

school to collect donations for the needy group of people.

Question 4

(a) Write an email informing the office-bearers of the Science Society of your school about their

meeting with the Principal to chalk out details about the forthcoming Science Fair.

(b) Write an email telling the students and teaching faculty of a school about the audition of a

dramatics competition to be held after a month or so addressing FMs (form masters) of different

classes that will participate in the function.

Vocabulary Build-up

Consult dictionary to find out the meaning of the given words. Write the meaning along with

their usage in a sentence.

Artful, Arrogant, Battered, Bludgeon, Bootleg, Cascading, Clouting, Critiqued, Cluster,

Compassion, Devised, Dismayed, Embarrassed, Ethereal, Extricate, Exceeded, Emerged, Forfeit,

Gibberish, Gleefully, Glance, Glistened, Hostile, Intrigued, Jeering, Mumble, Mortified,

Muttered, Obsession, Presumed, Plight, Precise, Parochial, Pathetic, Prognosis, Peering, Parched,

Relented, Reconcile, Resent, Ridicule, Splendour, Sturdy, Slouching, Shaggy, Smear,

Tormenting, Wary, Watershed, Wafted.

You may refer to the following dictionaries:

1. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary

2. Chambers Universal Learners’ Dictionary

SUBJECT: PHYSICS

1) Go through the power point presentation thoroughly and solve the questions given in

presentation.

MomentofForcePresentation.pptx

2) Do written practice of Ray Diagrams for Refraction through Convex and Concave

Lenses

3) Go through the power point presentation thoroughly and solve the assignment followed:

PhysicalScience161SoundandLight.pptx

EnergyLightandSoundExam.docx

4) Research on the following topics and prepare a written draft on them:

Centre of Gravity

Equilibrium of forces and its types

Centripetal Force

Centrifugal Force

SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY

Topic Transport in India:

1. Development of Roads

a. Types of Roads

b. Advantages and Disadvantages of Roads

2. Development of Railways

a. Types of Railway Gauges

b. Advantages and Disadvantages of railways.

c. Why railway is the most important mean of transport in India.

d. Mention which part of India has more railway lines and which regions have the least.

Why?

3. Development of Airways

a. Write the names of the International airports of four major cities of India i.e Delhi,

Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai

b. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Airways

c. Mention factors which hamper development of air transport.

4. Development of waterways

a. Any four factors which affect water transport.

b. Advantages and disadvantages of water transport in India.

c. What is Port? Name major ports in India.

d. Name any tidal port in India

Instructions:

1. Project work has to submit in separate file.

2. First page should provide your personal information.

3. Second page should show the content(Index).

4. Draw margins on both the sides of the sheet.

5. Sheet no. should be written on the right corner of every page.

6. Use pencils/colours to draw the diagrams.

7. Use diagrams, tables, illustrations whenever required.

8. Do not use photocopied pictures.

9. Typed work will not be accepted.

10. Project work must have introduction and conclusion.

SUBJECT: ECONOMICS

Write and learn the following definitions. Notebook has to be submitted after holidays.

1. Meaning and functions of money.

2. Types of deposits accepted by the banks

3. Types of loans given by the banks

4. Functions of the Central Bank.

5. Meaning and examples of the types of market: Perfect Competition, Monopoly,

Monopolistic Competition, Oligopoly Market and Monopsony Market.

6. Meaning of Law of Demand and Law of Supply.

7. Meaning of monetary policy and fiscal policy.

8. Meaning of progressive tax, regressive tax, and proportional tax.

9. Meaning of direct and indirect taxes with examples

10. Meaning of land, labour, capital and entrepreneur.

SUBJECT: BIOLOGY

Make an investigatory project report on “Diabetes mellitus” emphasizing the following points : (i) Diabetes mellitus and its cause, (ii) Symptoms of the disorder, (iii) Precautionary measures, (iv) Treatment of the disorder, (v) A case study Instructions : (i) Write the project report on A4 size plain paper in your own hand writing, (ii) Paste concerned colourful pictures, cuttings from magazines and newspapers, data etc., (iii) The project should contain certificate, acknowledgement, index concerned information and Bibliography.

SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY

Dear Students please go through the following and try to solve the questions given at the end of this chapter in a note book. A class test will be taken from this topic. Thanks

HYDROGEN CHLORIDE

Formula: HCl Molecular mass: 1+ 35.5 = 36.5 Density: 18.25 ( density = half of molecular mass) ( Hydrogen chloride is lighter than air because density of air is 14.4) Common name of hydrochloric acid: Muriatic acid Nature of Chemical bond: Covalent

Diagram: H * Cl ( H- Cl)

It is a polar covalent compound due to the difference in the electronegativity of hydrogen and chlorine. The shared pair of electron between H and Cl shifted towards chlorine. Posititive charge develops on hydrogen and negative charge on chlorine.

Preparation of hydrogen chloride gas:

1. Moist hydrogen gas reacts with chlorine in presence of diffused sunlight to form HCl gas. Diffused H2 + Cl2 ---------→ 2HCl Sunlight NOTE: * Moisture acts as catalyst in this reaction

The reaction is explosive in direct sunlight.

The reaction is very slow in dark. 2. By the reaction of a metallic chloride and concentrated sulphuric acid. ∆ NaCl + H2SO4 -----→ NaHSO4 + HCl ∆ MgCl2 + H2SO4 -----→ MgSO4 + 2HCl 3. Laboratory preparation: Reactants: Sodium chloride and concentrated sulphuric acid Condition: Reactants are heated below 2000C Below 2000C Reaction: NaCl + H2SO4 --------------→ NaHSO4 + HCl Drying of HCl gas: Hydrogen chloride gas s dried by passing the gas mixture through Drying agent concentrated sulhuric acid. Collection: HCl gas is collected by upward displacement of air because HCl is heavier than air. RELATED QUESTIONS: (a) Why is Sodium chloride used as a chloride salt? Ans: It is cheap is easily available. (b) Why is Concentrated sulphuric acid used? Ans: It is a nonvolatile acid and has high boiling point. (c) Why is concentrated nitric acid not used in place of conc. Sulphuric acid? Ans: Conc. Nitric acid is a volatile acid and gives a mixture of HCl and HNO3 vapour. (d) Why is temperature maintained below 2000C? Ans: (i) Above 2000C sodium sulphate is formed that sticks to the glass apparatus and is difficult to remove. Above 2000C 2NaCl + H2SO4 --------------→ Na2SO4 + 2HCl (ii) Glass apparatus may break. (ii) Fuel is wasted. (e) Why is HCl gas not dried using Quick lime ( CaO) as drying agent? Ans: Quick lime is a basic substance and reacts with acidic hydrogen chloride to form salt and water. ( CaO + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O ) (f) Why is HCl gas not dried using phosphorous pentoxide ( P2O5) as drying agent?

Ans: Phosphorous pentoxide reacts with hydrogen chloride. 2P2O5 + 3HCl → POCl3 + 3HPO3 (phosphorous ( meta phosphoric acid) Oxychloride) (g) Why is HCl gas not collected over water? Ans: HCl gas is highly soluble in water ( 1 volume of water dissolves 452 volume of HCl gas at ordinary temperature.) Physical properties of Hydrogen chloride gas: 1. It is a colourless gas having pungent and choking smell. 2. It is 1.28 times heavier than air. ( Vapour density of HCl = 18.25, V.D of air = 14.4) 3. It is highly soluble in water( 1 vol of water dissolves 452 vol of HCl gas at ordinary

temperature.) 4. It is non poisonous but causes burning sensation if inhaled because of acidic nature. Prove that HCl gas is highly soluble in water and its aqueous solution is acidic in nature: These can be proved by FOUNTAIN EXPERIMENT using blue litmus solution.

Experimental set up: A dry round bottom flask is filled with dry HCl gas. Mouth of the flask has a rubber stopper with two holes.

One for jet tube for dropper containing water

Blue litmus solution is taken in a glass trough. Other end of the jet tube is placed in the litmus solution.

Procedure: The dropper is squeezed and water enters the flask. Observation: Blue litmus solution the enters the flask through jet tube in the form of red fountain.

Explanation: As the dropper is squeezed, water enters the flask and all HCl gas dissolves as it is highly

soluble in water. A vaccum is created in the flask. The outside pressure being higher pushes the blue litmus solution through the jet tube and a red fountain is formed.

Conclusion: (a) Formation of fountain proves that HCl gas is highly soluble in water. (b) Formation of red fountain proves that aqueous solution of HCl is acidic in nature. Chemical properties of Hydrogen chloride gas: 1. Aqueous solution of HCl gas is acidic in nature and changes the colour of indicators as

follows:

Indicator Colour

Litmus Blue t Red

Methyl orange Orange to Pink

Phenolphthalein Remains colourless

2. Reaction with ammonia: Hydrogen chloride gas reacts with ammonia gas to form a dense white fume of

ammonium chloride. NH3(g) + HCl(g) → NH4Cl (s) NOTE: This reaction can be used as (i) identification of ammonia gas. (ii) an example of reaction in which two gases react to form a solid. 3. Reaction with active metals: Hydrogen chloride gas reacts with many active metals to form metallic chloride and

hydrogen gas. (i) Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2 (ii) Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2 (iii) Fe + 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2

Preparation of hydrochloric acid:

Hydrochloric acid is prepared by dissolving hydrogen chloride gas in water using a special arrangement called FUNNEL ARRANGEMENT.

Advantage of funnel arrangement: (i) It prevents or minimizes back suction of water. (ii) It provides a large surface area for absorption of hydrogen chloride gas in water.

Hydrochloric acid is not prepared by passing hydrogen chloride gas directly through water. Why? Ans: Hydrogen chloride gas is highly soluble in water. If HCl gas is passed through a delivery tube directly Back Suction of water take place and damages the apparatus. Precaution to be taken for funnel arrangement.

The rim of the funnel is placed so that it just touches the surface of water in the trough.

There should not be any air gap.

The funnel should not be dipped inside water. Physical properties of hydrochloric acid: 1. Pure hydrochloric acid is a colourless liquid having pungent odour and sharp sour taste. 2. It is corrosive in nature and causes blister on skin. 3. 22.2% HCl(w/w) forms constant boiling mixture with water( Constant boiling mixture is a

solution that boils at a constant temperature without changing the proportions of the components of the solution). The boiling point of 22.2% HCl is 109.80C.

Hence dilute hydrochloric acid cannot be concentrated beyond a certain concentration by boiling or distillation.

Chemical properties of hydrochloric acid: 1. Hydrochloric acid is a monobasic acid. It produces one hydronium ion from its one

molecule in aqueous solution HCl + H2O ═ H3O+

+ Cl-

( HCl gas is a polar covalent compound which behaves like an ionic compound in aq.

Solution.)

2. Acidic properties of hydrochloric acid:

(a) Acid + active metal → salt + hydrogen gas

(i) Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2 Effervescence of hydrogen gas is (ii) Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2 observed in all these reactions. (iii) Fe + 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2

NOTE: These reactions can be used to prove that hydrochloric acid contains hydrogen. (b) Acid + base → salt + water (i) NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O NOTE: metallic oxides and hydroxides (ii) CuO + 2HCl → CuCl2 + H2O are considered as base. (iii) NH4OH + HCl → NH4Cl + H2O (iv) Ca(OH)2 + HCl → CaCl2 + H2O

(c) Acid + metallic carbonates/ bicarbonates → salt + water + carbon dioxide gas. (i) Na2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 (ii) CuCO3 + 2HCl → CuCl2 + H2O + CO2 (iii) NaHCO3 + 2HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO2 (iv) Ca(HCO3)2 + 2HCl →CaCl2 + 2H2O + 2CO2

(d) Acid + Sulphites/ bisulphites → salt + water + sulphur dioxide gas (i) Na2SO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O + SO2 (ii) MgSO3 + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2O + SO2 (iii) NaHSO3 + 2HCl → NaCl + H2O + SO2 (iv) Ca(HSO3)2 + 2HCl →CaCl2 + 2H2O + 2SO2

(e) Acid + sulphide → salt + hydrogen sulphide (i) Na2S + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2S NOTE: In all these reactions a gas is (ii) FeS + 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2S formed having rotten egg smell.

( observation of all of these reactions) 3. Reaction with sodium thiosulphate solution:

Hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium thiosulphate solution to form sulphur dioxide gas and a yellow precipitate of sulphur. Na2S2O3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + SO2 + S + H2O

( yellow ppt)→This is the observation of this reaction 4. Reaction with oxidizing agent: When concentrated hydrochloric acid is heated with powerful oxidizing agent like Manganese dioxide (MnO2), lead dioxide(PbO2), red lead(Pb3O4), potassium Permanganate(KMnO4), potassium dichromate(K2Cr2O7) the products are Salt(s) + water and greenish yellow chlorine gas. ∆ Oxidising agent + Conc. HCl --→ Salt(s) + water + Cl2

∆

(i) MnO2 + 4HCl --→ MnCl2 + Cl2 +2 H2O NOTE: * All metals in the oxidizing (Black) ∆ agent gives their chlorides (ii) PbO2 + 4HCl --→ PbCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O * No. of HCl is double of the ( White) ∆ no. of oxygen in oxidizing agent (iii) Pb3O4 + 8HCl ---→ 3PbCl2 + Cl2 + 4H2O * Common observation of all the (Red) ∆ reactions is a greenish yellow gas

(iv) 2KMnO4 + 16HCl ---→ 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 5Cl2 + 8H2O is formed. ( purple) ∆ (v) K2Cr2O7 + 14HCl ---→ 2KCl + 2CrCl3 + 3Cl2 + 7H2O (Orange) These reactions can be used to prove that (a) Hydrochloric acid is a reducing agent. (b) Hydrochloric acid contains chlorine. 5. Aqua Regia:

Aqua Regia is a mixture of 3 vol of conc. hydrochloric acid and 1 vol of conc. Nitric acid. When these two acids react, nitrosyl chloride and nascent chlorine is formed. HNO3 + 3HCl → NOCl + 2[C]l + 4H2O This nascent chlorine reacts with noble metals like gold and platinum to form soluble chloride. Au + 3[Cl] → AuCl3 [soluble gold(III) chloride] Pt + 4[Cl] → PtCl4 [ soluble platinum(IV) chloride ] Use: Aqua Regia is used to dissolve noble metals like gold and platinum. Q. What is the active component of aqua regia? Ans: Nascent chlorine. Q. How do aqua regia dissolves gold and platinum? Ans: By the formation of soluble Chlorides of these metals.

TESTS FOR HYDROCHLORIC ACID

1. When a glass rod dipped in ammonia solution(NH4OH) is brought near hydrochloric acid a dense white fume of ammonium chloride is formed.

NH3(g) + HCl(g) → NH4Cl (s) 2. When hydrochloric acid is added silver nitrate solution, a white precipitate of

Silver chloride is formed. The precipitate is soluble in excess ammonium hydroxide but insoluble in dilute nitric acid.

AgNO3 + HCl → AgCl + HNO3 (White ppt) NOTE: Silver nitrate is used to identify chloride radical(Cl-) in a salt.

When silver nitrate solution is added to a chloride salt solution, a white ppt of silver chloride is formed. Eg. AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO3

3. When conc. Hydrochloric acid is heated with manganese dioxide, a greenish yellow chlorine gas is formed. ∆ MnO2 +4HCl --→ MnCl2 + Cl2 +2 H2O

SUBJECT: MATHS

1. Factorize the quadratic trinomials:

(i) x2 + 5x + 6 (ii) x2 + 10x + 24 (iii) x2 + 12x + 27 (iv) x2 + 15x + 56 (v) x2 + 19x + 60 (vi) x2 + 13x + 40 (vii) x2 - 10x + 24 (viii) 3x2 -10x+8

ix) x2 - 11x - 42 (x) x2 - 12x - 45 (xi) x2 - 7x - 30 (xii) x2 - 5x - 24 (xiii) 3x2 + 10x + 8 (xiv) 3x2 + 14x + 8 (xv) 2x2 + x - 45 (xvi) 6x2 + 11x - 10

2. Draw a table of Trigonometric ratios of standard angles and learn it. (0o, 30o, 45o, 60o , 90o) 3. Draw an angle of 45o and bisect it. 4. Draw a line AB of length 8.5 and draw its Right bisector or Perpendicular bisector. 5. Draw any scalene triangle and draw all the three medians. 6. Draw any scalene triangle and draw all the angle bisectors of all the three angles. 7. Draw any scalene triangle and draw the right bisectors of all the three sides. 8. Using compasses and a ruler, draw the angles of 30o, 45o, 60o , 90o, 120o, 75o, 105o, 135o, 180o. Also draw the angle bisector of each angle separately. 9. Write all the conditions of congruency of triangles (S.S.S., S.A.S., A.S.A., A.A.S. and R.H.S. and explain with the help of diagrams.

SUBJECT: COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS

PROJECT ASSIGNMENTS

1. Prepare a list Various types of companies from a newspaper. Classify them on

the basis of their nature .

2. Explain the procedure to open a saving account in a commercial bank.

3. Draw up partnership deed (contents) for a hypothetical partnership firm.

4. Show the communication process and briefly explain its elements.

5. Show a write up on the consumer rights provided in the Consumer Protection

Act (COPRA).

6. Show and explain the accounting cycle.

Desirables:-

1. Project Assignment Name, Subject, Student’s Name, Class and House No.

2. Acknowledgement

3. Introduction

4. Index (Sl. No., Content, Page no., Date, Remarks)

5. Project Assignment with complete work

6. Diagrammatic presentation/Relevant images

7. Learning outcomes

Source Material: Relevant sites on internet.

Note: The Assignment should be neatly handwritten and presentable with page

numbers. The important points should be highlighted. Conclusions drawn or

learning outcome should be placed in boxes at the end of each assignment.

SUBJECT:COMPUTER

Download Computer Application paper of last 3 years and do the following questions:

1. Output questions related to for loop and while loop

2. Programs of for loop and while loop

Try to learn arrays using the video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TmM9XAIKa-Y and also do it

using ExtraMarks – The Learning App

Try to learn Strings using the video : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N63JCXwdd14 and also do it

using ExtraMarks – The Learning App