the quantum computer.doc

8/12/2019 the quantum computer.doc

1/18

THE QUANTUM COMPUTER(Electronics and computers)

A BOON FOR THE NET !ENERAT"ON###

Presented B$%

&) 'ati ' Prasad Fifth SEM, I.T.

S.I.T., Tumkur

Mail "d% [email protected]

P no% 988615266

*) 'and$a P Na$a+

Fifth SEM, I.T. S.I.T., Tumkur

Mail id% !an"#ana#[email protected]

P no% 9816$25


2/18

,at is a Quantum Computer#

%ehol" #our com&uter. 'our com&uter

re&re!ent! the culmination of #ear! of

technological a"(ancement! )eginning

*ith the earl# i"ea! of +harle! %a))age

1$91-18$1 an" e(entual creation of the

fir!t com&uter )# /erman engineer

0onra" u!e in 191. Sur&ri!ingl#

ho*e(er, the high !&ee" mo"ern

com&uter !itting in front of #ou i!

fun"amentall# no "ifferent from it!

gargantuan 3 ton ance!tor!, *hich *ere

e4ui&&e" *ith !ome 18333 (acuum

tu)e! an" 533 mile! of *iring

lthough com&uter! ha(e )ecome more

com&act an" con!i"era)l# fa!ter in

&erforming their ta!k, the ta!k remain!

the !ame7 to mani&ulate an" inter&ret an

enco"ing of )inar# )it! into a u!eful

com&utational re!ult. )it i! a

fun"amental unit of information,

cla!!icall# re&re!ente" a! a 3 or 1 in #our

"igital com&uter. Each cla!!ical )it i!

&h#!icall# realie" through a

macro!co&ic &h#!ical !#!tem, !uch a!

the magnetiation on a har" "i!k or the

charge on a ca&acitor. "ocument, for

eam&le, com&ri!e" of n-character!

!tore" on the har" "ri(e of a t#&ical

com&uter i! accor"ingl# "e!cri)e" )# a

!tring of 8n ero! an" one!. :erein lie!

a ke# "ifference )et*een #our cla!!ical

com&uter an" a 4uantum com&uter.

;here a cla!!ical com&uter o)e#! the

*ell un"er!too" la*! of cla!!ical

&h#!ic!, a 4uantum com&uter i! a "e(ice

that harne!!e! &h#!ical &henomenon

uni4ue to 4uantum mechanic!

e!&eciall# 4uantum interference to

realie a fun"amentall# ne* mo"e of

information &roce!!ing.

In a 4uantum com&uter, the fun"amental

unit of information calle" a 4uantum )it

or 4u)it, i! not )inar# )ut rather more

4uaternar# in nature. Thi! 4u)it

&ro&ert# ari!e! a! a "irect con!e4uence

of it! a"herence to the la*! of 4uantum
http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Babbage.htmlhttp://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/Zuse.htmlhttp://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/Zuse.htmlhttp://www.digitalcentury.com/encyclo/update/comp_hd.htmlhttp://www.cas.org/vocabulary/14745.htmlhttp://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Babbage.htmlhttp://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/Zuse.htmlhttp://www.digitalcentury.com/encyclo/update/comp_hd.htmlhttp://www.cas.org/vocabulary/14745.html


3/18

mechanic! *hich "iffer ra"icall# from

the la*! of cla!!ical &h#!ic!. 4u)it

can ei!t not onl# in a !tate

corre!&on"ing to the logical !tate 3 or 1

a! in a cla!!ical )it, )ut al!o in !tate!

corre!&on"ing to a )len" or

!u&er&o!ition of the!e cla!!ical !tate!. In

other *or"!, a 4u)it can ei!t a! a ero, a

one, or !imultaneou!l# a! )oth 3 an" 1,

*ith a numerical coefficient re&re!enting

the &ro)a)ilit# for each !tate. Thi! ma#

!eem counterintuiti(e )ecau!e e(er#"a#

&henomenon are go(erne" )# cla!!ical

&h#!ic!, not 4uantum mechanic! --

*hich take! o(er at the atomic le(el

Computin- in parallel uni.erses%

hi""en? uni(er!e!.

;hat i! nee"e" i! a re!ource that

e&lain! in un"er!tan"a)le, non-

mathematical term! e(er#thing from the

)ig )ang h#&othe!i! to mor&hogenetic

fiel"! to %ell! Theorem to the !&ect

e&eriment.

Such a re!ource no* ei!t!.


4/18

The %riti!h !cienti!t A.%.S. :al"ane once

!ai", the uni(er!e i! not onl# 4ueerer

than *e !u&&o!e, )ut 4ueerer than *e

+B !u&&o!e

recent Economi!t !ur(e# on the

uni(er!e offer! a glim&!e into a futuri!tic

com&uter-one that i! in"ee" 4ueerer than

mo!t imagination! can gra!&.

ccor"ing to The Economi!t, Ceut!ch

&o!it! a ne* com&uter, calle" 4uantum

com&uter. Dr"inar# com&uter! *ork )#

mani&ulating )it!-)inar# "igit! of "ata,

ero! an" one!. 4uantum com&uter

*ork! *ith 4u)it!, *ho!e (alue i!

in"eterminate, until an o)!er(er

eamine! them, in *hich ca!e! the#

)ecome or"inar# non-4uantum ero-one

)it!. Thi! mean! that an enormou!

num)er of calculation! can )e &erforme"

in &arallel, a! long a! their interme"iate

!te&! remain uneamine". The num)er

of &o!!i)le calculation! ri!e!

e&onentiall# *ith the num)er of

4u)it!. !mall 4uantum com&uter

coul" &erform more calculation! than

there are &article! in the uni(er!e.

arallel com&uting ha! alrea"# &ro(en

it! enormou! &o*er-for in!tance, a fe*

"oen +! hooke" u& in &arallel, *ith

!o&hi!ticate" !oft*are, a&&roach the

&erformance of a !u&ercom&uter.

uantum com&uter! are !u&er-"u&er

&arallel com&uter!, man# or"er! of

magnitu"e more &o*erful.

Histor$ o/ Quantum Computin-%

The i"ea of a com&utational "e(ice

)a!e" on 4uantum mechanic! *a! fir!t

e&lore" in the 19$3! an" earl# 1983!

)# &h#!ici!t! an" com&uter !cienti!t!

!uch a! +harle! :. %ennett of the I%M

Thoma! A. ;at!on


5/18

)a!e" on the &rinci&le! of 4uantum

&h#!ic!.

Fe#nman *a! among the fir!t to

attem&t to &ro(i"e an an!*er to thi!

4ue!tion )# &ro"ucing an a)!tract mo"el

in 1982 that !ho*e" ho* a 4uantum

!#!tem coul" )e u!e" to "o

com&utation!. :e al!o e&laine" ho*

!uch a machine *oul" )e a)le to act a! a

!imulator for 4uantum &h#!ic!. In other

*or"!, a &h#!ici!t *oul" ha(e the a)ilit#

to carr# out e&eriment! in 4uantum

&h#!ic! in!i"e a 4uantum mechanical

com&uter.

.

Hnfortunatel#, all that coul" )e foun"

*ere a fe* rather contri(e"

mathematical &ro)lem!, until Shor

circulate" in 199 a &re&rint of a &a&er

in *hich he !et out a metho" for u!ing

4uantum com&uter! to crack an

im&ortant &ro)lem in num)er theor#,

namel# factoriation. :e !ho*e" ho*

an en!em)le of mathematical o&eration!,

"e!igne" !&ecificall# for a 4uantum

com&uter, coul" )e organie" to ena)le a

!uch a machine to factor huge num)er!

etremel# ra&i"l#, much fa!ter than i!

&o!!i)le on con(entional com&uter!.

;ith thi! )reakthrough, 4uantum

com&uting tran!forme" from a mere

aca"emic curio!it# "irectl# into a

national an" *orl" intere!t.

Ho Tis Quantum Computer ,or+s#

The ma!!i(e amount of &roce!!ing

&o*er generate" )# com&uter

manufacturer! ha! not #et )een a)le to

4uench our thir!t for !&ee" an"

com&uting ca&acit#. In 19$, merican

com&uter engineer :o*ar" iken !ai"

that =u!t !i electronic "igital com&uter!

*oul" !ati!f# the com&uting nee"! of the

Hnite" State!. Dther! ha(e ma"e !imilar

errant &re"iction! a)out the amount of

com&uting &o*er that *oul" !u&&ort our

gro*ing technological nee"!. Df cour!e,

iken "i"nt count on the large amount!

of "ata generate" )# !cientific re!earch,

the &roliferation of &er!onal com&uter!

or the emergence of the Internet,*hich

ha(e onl# fuele" our nee" for more,

more an" more com&uting &o*er.
http://computer.howstuffworks.com/http://computer.howstuffworks.com/pc.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/internet-channel.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/http://computer.howstuffworks.com/pc.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/internet-channel.htm


6/18

;ill *e e(er ha(e the amount of

com&uting &o*er *e nee" or *ant If,

a! Moore! Ga* !tate!, the num)er of

tran!i!tor! on a micro&roce!!or

continue! to "ou)le e(er# 18 month!, the

#ear 2323 or 233 *ill fin" the circuit!

on a micro&roce!!or mea!ure" on an

atomic !cale. n" the logical net !te&

*ill )e to create 4uantum com&uter!,

*hich *ill harne!! the &o*er of atom!

an" molecule! to &erform memor# an"

&roce!!ing ta!k!.

uantum com&uter! ha(e the &otential

to &erform certain calculation!

!ignificantl# fa!ter than an# !ilicon-

)a!e" com&uter.

Scienti!t! ha(e alrea"# )uilt )a!ic

4uantum com&uter! that can &erform

certain calculation!J )ut a &ractical

4uantum com&uter i! !till #ear! a*a#. In

thi! article, #oull learn *hat a 4uantum

com&uter i! an" =u!t *hat itll )e u!e"

for in the net era of com&uting.

Te !eometr$ o/ Qu0its

In the contet of 4uantum information

theor#, the follo*ing !tructure !eem! to)e of intere!t--

K... the full t*o-)#-t*o matri ring *ith

entrie! in GF2, M2GF2-- the uni4ue

!im&le non-commutati(e ring of or"er

16 featuring !i unit! in(erti)le

element! an" ten ero-"i(i!or!.K

Thi! ring i! another *a# of looking

at the 16 element! of the affine -!&ace

AGF2 o(er the 2-element fiel".

rrange the four coor"inate! of each
http://computer.howstuffworks.com/microprocessor.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/computer-memory.htmhttp://finitegeometry.org/quant.htmlhttp://finitegeometry.org/quant.htmlhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/microprocessor.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/computer-memory.htmhttp://finitegeometry.org/quant.htmlhttp://finitegeometry.org/quant.html


7/18

element-- 1! an" 3!-- into a !4uare

in!tea" of a !traight line, an" regar" the

re!ulting !4uare! a! matrice!. For

more on AGF2, !ee Finite


8/18

Quantum in/ormation%

In 4uantum mechanic!, 4uantum

information i! &h#!ical information that

i! hel" in the K!tateK of a 4uantum

!#!tem. The mo!t &o&ular unit of

4uantum information i! the 4u)it, a t*o-!tate 4uantum !#!tem. :o*e(er, unlike

cla!!ical "igital !tate! *hich are

"i!crete, a t*o-!tate 4uantum !#!tem

can actuall# )e in a !u&er&o!itionof the

t*o !tate! at an# gi(en time.

:o*e(er, "e!&ite thi!, the amount of

information that can )e retrie(e" in a

!ingle 4u)it i! e4ual to one )it. It i! in

the &roce!!ing of information 4uantum

com&utation that a "ifference occur!.

The a)ilit# to mani&ulate 4uantum

information ena)le! u! to &erform ta!k!

that *oul" )e unachie(a)le in a cla!!ical

contet, !uch a! uncon"itionall# !ecure
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_superpositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_superposition


9/18

tran!mi!!ion of information. uantum

information &roce!!ing i! the mo!t

general fiel" that i! concerne" *ith

4uantum information. There are certain

ta!k! *hich cla!!ical com&uter! cannot

&erform Kefficientl#K that i!, in

&ol#nomial time. :o*e(er, a 4uantum

com&uter can com&ute the an!*er to

!ome of the!e &ro)lem! in &ol#nomial

timeJ one *ell-kno*n eam&le of thi! i!

Shor! factoring algorithm. Dther

algorithm! can !&ee" u& a ta!k le!!

"ramaticall# - for eam&le, /ro(er!

!earch algorithm*hich gi(e! a 4ua"ratic

!&ee"-u& o(er the )e!t &o!!i)le cla!!ical

algorithm.

12,a.e '$stems

C-;a(e S#!tem! i! the *orl"! fir!t an"onl# !ource of 4uantum com&uting for

commercial a&&lication!. ;e )elie(e

4uantum technolog# in concert *ith

cla!!ical, "igital &roce!!or!, can an" *ill

re&re!ent )roa" an" !ignificant

a"(ancement! in the a&&lication ofcom&uter !cience.

In Fe)ruar# 233$, C-;a(e un(eile" an"

"emon!trate" thi! technolog# &u)licl#

for the fir!t time. The com&an# &lan! to

"eli(er fiel"-"e&lo#a)le !#!tem! in 233$
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_information_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_information_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial_timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shor's_algorithmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover's_algorithmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover's_algorithmhttp://www.dwavesys.com/index.php?page=homehttp://dwave.files.wordpress.com/2007/02/lef-plate-tunnel.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_information_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_information_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial_timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shor's_algorithmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover's_algorithmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover's_algorithmhttp://www.dwavesys.com/index.php?page=home


10/18

C-;a(e S#!tem! "emon!trate" a 16-

4u)it, !&ecific-&ur&o!e 4uantum

com&uter to a room &acke" *ith

o)!er(er! an" thick *ith "ou)t an" a*e.


11/18

;a(e! &eer-re(ie*e" technical

&u)lication! come from thi! &erio".

Some &u)lication! ha(e C-;a(e

em&lo#ee! a! author!, *hile other!

inclu"e em&lo#ee! of their &artner! a!

*ell or onl#. ! of 2335, the!e

&artner!hi&! an" re!ulting technical

&a&er! *ere no longer li!te" on C-

;a(eO! *e)!ite. ! of 233$, a full tet

!earch for KC-;a(e S#!tem! Inc.K in the

&h#!ic! !u)=ect area of the arPi(.org

&re&rint !er(er return! $2 hit!.

C-;a(e o&erate" from (ariou! location!

in Lancou(er an" la)orator# !&ace! at

H%+ )efore mo(ing to it! current

location in the neigh)oring !u)ur) of

%urna)#.

Quantum caos in 3uantum computer core

Time e&lo!ion of 4uantum chao! in the

4uantum regi!ter7 color re&re!ent! the

(alue of the &ro=ection &ro)a)ilit# of an

initial !tate on the 4uantum regi!ter

!tate! or"ere" in energ#, from re"

maimal (alue to )lue minimal (alue.

:oriontal ai! corre!&on"! to 153

!tate!, the (ertical ai! to 153 time !te&!.

cho!en initial !tate i! the !u&er&o!ition

of t*o 4uantum regi!ter !tate!. :ere

nQ16 4u)it! are u!e" *ith inter4u)it

cou&ling a)o(e Fig. left an" )elo*

Fig. right the 4uantum chao! )or"er.

uantum com&uter melting in"uce" )#

the cou&ling )et*een 4u)it!. +olor

re&re!ent! the le(el of 4uantum

eigen!tate entro S4 )lue - minimal

S4Q3, re" - maimal S4Q11 for 12

4u)it!. Lertical ai! gi(e! the cou&ling

!trengthJ horiontal one gi(e! the energ#

of com&uter eigen!tate.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnabyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnaby


12/18

Applications%

Optimization

There are (ariou! ta!k! *e *ant

com&uter! to "o for u!. Some of the!e

erran"! are (er# ea!#. For eam&le, if

*e *ant a com&uter to multi&l# t*o

num)er!, *e can recei(e the correct

an!*er in the )link of an e#e R e(en for

(er# large num)er!.

Some im&ortant thing! *e *oul" like a

com&uter to accom&li!h for u!, ho*e(er,

are etremel# "ifficult.

For !e(eral "eca"e!, com&uter !cienti!t!

ha(e )een tr#ing to cla!!if# all of the

&ro)lem! that *e currentl# hol"

kno*le"ge of to"a#. ;hene(er a ne*

&ro)lem ari!e!, it i! &lace" in one of the

ei!ting categorie! of &ro)lem!. The!e

categorie! "e!cri)e ho* intricate the

&ro)lem! are, !u)!e4uentl# e&laining

*h#.

Dne of the mo!t intere!ting categorie!

contain! &ro)lem! that are calle" B-

com&lete. Thi! categor# !hare! a

common feature7 in or"er to !ol(e the

&ro)lem, all &o!!i)le !olution! mu!t )e

trie", an" the num)er of &o!!i)le

!olution! gro*! e&onentiall# *ith the

&ro)lem !ie. goo" eam&le i! the

Tra(eling Sale!man ro)lem, althoughthere are literall# thou!an"! of them.

Thi! categor# i! a &articularl# intere!ting

target from a commercial &er!&ecti(e

)ecau!e mo!t real-life )u!ine!! &ro)lem!


13/18

are &arallele" )# it. B-com&lete

o&timiation &ro)lem! un"erlie nearl#

all circum!tance! *here limite"

re!ource! are )eing allocate" in or"er to

minimie or maimie !omething. The#

are u)i4uitou! in engineering, finance,

!cience, an" logi!tic!.

%ecau!e the!e &ro)lem! cannot )e

!ol(e" )# com&uter!, the a&&roach

commonl# taken i! to "e(i!e metho"! for

gaining an!*er! *hich are goo"

enoughO for the gi(en a&&lication. The!e

a&&roache! are calle" heuri!tic!, an"

inclu"e genetic algorithm! an" !imulate"

annealing.

:o*e(er, 4uantum com&uter! can )e

u!e" to calculate a&&roimate !olution!

to large B-com&lete o&timiation

&ro)lem! more 4uickl# than the )e!t-

kno*n metho"! running on an#

!u&ercom&uter.

Bioin/ormatics

The !cientific !tu"# of life an" of li(ing

organi!m! "ri(e! "ramatic

)reakthrough! in me"icine an"

healthcare. It inclu"e! )iolog# an"

relate" !cience! !uch a! )iochemi!tr#,

)iome"icine, )iotechnolog#, cell

)iolog#, genetic!, micro)iolog#, an"

molecular )iolog#.

Cigital technolog# ha! ena)le" a

multitu"e of !cientific an" me"ical

a"(ance! that ha(e im&ro(e" the 4ualit#

of life an" eten"e" human life

e&ectanc#. Thi! technolog#, ho*e(er,

ha! limit!. It cannot, for eam&le,

calculate the "imen!ional !tructure of

molecule! or com&oun"!. ! a re!ult, the

interaction of "ifferent molecule! cannot

)e mo"ele". Thi! mean! that tra"itional

>*et la)oratorie!,? for eam&le, animal

te!ting an" human "rug trial! mu!t !till

)e u!e" to "etermine ho* molecule!

react un"er "ifferent circum!tance!.

art of the &romi!e of 4uantum

com&uter! i! their a)ilit# to mo"el ho*

molecule! react in contact *ith other!,

un"er (ariou! circum!tance!

Quantum 'imulation


14/18

Simulation ha! al*a#! )een an im&ortant

&art of con(entional com&uter

a&&lication. For engineer! an" !cienti!t!,

!imulation! !er(e a! te!t mo"el!,

allo*ing o)!er(er! to o(er!ee (ariou!

cau!e! an" effect! *hile a(oi"ing the

limitation! of &h#!icall# e&erimenting

in the real *orl". To"a#! engineering

mar(el! *oul" not )e &o!!i)le *ere it

not for com&uter mo"eling. E(er#thing

from the car #ou "ri(e, the &lane #ou la!t

fle* in, the )uil"ing in *hich #ou !it, to

the com&uter chi& in #our +, are ma"e

&o!!i)le )# !imulation.

There i! an im&licit a!!um&tion that the

tactic! u!e" in engineering to"a# *ill

a&&l# to engineering at the nano!cale.

The &romi!e of nanotechnolog# i! )a!e"

on the &remi!e that !ince e(er#thing i!

)uilt of atom!, if *e can mani&ulate

matter on the le(el of atom!, *e can

)uil" an#thing that i! &h#!icall#

&o!!i)le.

%uil"ing, ho*e(er, i! onl# a &art of

engineering. Merel# ha(ing the

ca&a)ilit# to )uil" an# gi(en a!!em)l# of

atom! "oe! not mean that *e can &re"ict

ho* it )eha(e! &rior to con!truction.

Hnfortunatel#, con(entional non-

4uantum com&uter! R no matter ho*

&o*erful R are not (er# !ucce!!ful at

&re"icting the )eha(iour of nature on the

nano!cale. The 4uantum &ro&ertie! of

matter an" energ# that makenanotechnolog# !o intere!ting *reak

ha(oc *ith con(entional !imulation

metho"!.

uantum com&uter! are the onl# kno*n

!olution to thi! &ro)lem. The# are a)le to

"irectl# !ol(e the fun"amental e4uation!

of 4uantum mechanic! for an# &h#!ical

!#!tem. Sufficientl# ro)u!t 4uantum

com&uter! *ill )e a)le to create the

ultimate (irtual realit# en(ironment,

*here &ro"uct! an" &roce!!e! at the

le(el of atom! an" molecule! can )e

eactl# an" effortle!!l# &ro)e".


15/18

1ra0ac+s%

Te "nitiali4ation Pro0lem in Quantum Computin-


16/18

The &ro)lem of initialiing &ha!e in a

4uantum com&uting !#!tem i!

con!i"ere". The initialiation of &ha!e!

i! a &ro)lem *hen the !#!tem i! initiall#

&re!ent in a !u&er&o!ition !tate a! *ell a!

in the a&&lication of the 4uantum gate

tran!formation!, !ince each gate *ill

intro"uce &ha!e uncertaint#. The

accumulation of the!e ran"om &ha!e!

*ill re"uce the effecti(ene!! of the

recentl# &ro&o!e" 4uantum com&uting

!cheme!. The &a&er al!o &re!ent! general

o)!er(ation! on the nonlocal nature of

4uantum error! an" the e&ecte"

&erformance of the recentl# &ro&o!e"

4uantum error-correction co"e! that are

)a!e" on the a!!um&tion that the error!

are either )it-fli& or &ha!e-fli& or )oth. It

i! argue" that the!e co"e! cannot "irectl#

!ol(e the initialiation &ro)lem of

4uantum com&uting.

Effect! of "ecoherence in the

im&lementation of 4uantum com&utation

ha(e )een *i"el# "i!cu!!e" in the

literature a! one of it! main "ra*)ack!.


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the quantum computer.doc

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