THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEMUNIT-J

• Objectives:1. Describe the structure of the

Respiratory System2. Analyze the function of the Respiratory

System3. Identify characteristics and treatment

of common Respiratory disorders

Pathway of Air into Lungs NOSE or MOUTH PHARYNX LARYNX TRACHEA

RT. or LT. BRONCHUS ALVEOLI BLOOD

TERMINOLOGY• Alveoli• Apex• Bronchi• Bronchioles• Cilia• Coughing• Epiglottis• Expiration/exhalation • Hiccups• Inhalation/inspiration• Larynx• Lobes• Lungs

• Medulla oblongata• Nose (nasal cavity)• Phrenic nerve• Pleura• Pleural cavity• Respiration• Sinuses• Sneezing• Surfactant• Trachea• Ventilation • Yawning

DISORDERS AND RELATED TERMINOLOGY

• EPISTAXIS• HYPOXIA• INFLUENZA• INTERCOSTAL• LARYNGITIS• NARE• PHARYNGITIS• PHARYNGOSPAS

M

• APNEA• ASTHMA• BRONCHITIS• BRONCHIECTASIS• COMMON COLD• DYSPNEA• E.E.N.T• EMPHYSEMA

DISORDERS AND RELATED TERMINOLOGY

• PLEUROCENTESIS• RHINIRRHEA• SUBLINGUAL• TACHYPNEA• THORACOTOMY• THRACHEOSTOMY• TUBERCULOSIS• URI

• PNEUMONIA• PNEUMONOLYSIS• PNEUMOTHORACIS• PULMANARY EDEMA• RALES• RHINOPLASTY

NASAL CAVITYNasal SeptumDivides nasal cavitiesinto R and L cavities.

Turbinate are three scroll-shaped bones that protrude into the nasal cavity-theyincrease surface area for filtering dust and dirt particles by the mucousmembrane.

CiliaThey are hairslocated in the nose (nasal epithelium), they filters out air and trap larger dirt particles.

Pharynx

• The Throat• Common passageway for air and food• 5” long• When food is swallows, the EPIGLOTTIS closes over

the opening to the larynx, preventing food from entering the lungs.

Larynx Voice Box

Voice production

• Triangular chamber below pharynx (inside the neck)

• Within the larynx are vocal cords (GLOTTIS)

• Adam’s Apple

• Speech is made possible by the fibrous plates contained within the cartilage of the larynx.

Sinuses

Cavities in the skull, that produce mucous for the respiratory tract, lined with mucous membrane to warm and moisten the air.

• Frontal• Maxillary• Ethmoid• SphenoidSinuses give resonance to the voice

Alveoli • Is composed of a single layer

of epithelial tissue with millions of tiny, thin walled sacs.

• SURFACTANT is a fatty substance in the lungs that prevents the alveoli from collapsing.

• Each alveolus surrounded by capillaries.

• O2 and CO2 exchange takes place between the alveoli and capillaries

Trachea

• Windpipe• 4 ½ inches long• The walls of trachea are made more rigid by the C-

shaped rings of hyaline cartilage-to keep trachea open.

• Lined with ciliated mucous membrane.• Coughing and expectoration gets rid of dust-laden

mucous.

Bronchi and BronchiolesLower end of trachea divides

into Rt. and Lt. bronchi• As they enter the lungs,

subdivide into bronchial tubes and bronchioles

• Bronchi-similar to trachea with ciliated mucous membrane and hyaline cartilage

• Bronchial tubes-thinner walls of smooth muscle, lined with ciliated epithelium

• At the end, alveolar duct and cluster of alveoli

Pleura• A thin, moist

slippery membrane that lines the outer surface of the lungs and the inner surface of the rib cage.

• Double-walled sac• Space is pleural

cavity-filled with pleural fluid to prevent friction.

Lungs• Each lung is divided into two or three lobes.

• Fill thoracic cavity• Upper part=apex • Lower part=base

• Base fits snugly over diaphragm• Lung tissue porous and spongy-

it floats

• Rt. lung= larger and shorter (displaced by the liver) and has 3 lobes

• Lt. lung smaller (displaced by the heart) and has 2 lobes

PULMONARY VENTILATION

Breathing

INSPIRATION The part of respiration that involves air being taking into the lungs. The intercostal muscle lifts ribs outward, sternum rises and the diaphragm contracts and moves downward-this increases the volume of the lungs and air rushes in.

EXPIRATION

Opposite action takes Place.Exhalation is a

passive Process.

YAWNING

A deep prolonged Breath that fills thelungs, increasesoxygen within the blood.

COUGHING

A deep breathfollowed byforceful expulsion of air – to clear lower respiratorytract.

RESPIRATORY MOVEMENTS• 1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1

respiration.

• Normal # of breaths an adult takes each minute-14-20.

• Increases with exercise, body temperature, certain diseases.

• Age – newborn = 40-60/min

• Sleep = respirations ↓

• Emotion can ↑ or ↓

HICCUPSThey are a spasm of the diaphragm and spasmodic

closure of the glottis- irritation to diaphragm or phrenic nerve

SNEEZING• Air is forced through the nose to clear

respiratory tract.

CONTROL OF BREATHING: breathing controlled by neural and chemical

factors.NEURAL FACTORS• Respiratory center located in MEDULLA OBLONGATA.

• ↑ on CO2 or ↓ O2 in the blood will trigger respiratory center.

• PHRENIC NERVE – stimulates the diaphragm.

LUNG CAPACITY AND VOLUME

Spirometer – device that measures lung capacity

• Tidal Volume – amount of air that moves in and out of lungs with each breath.

• Normal = 500 ml

CHEMICAL FACTORS• CO2 and O2 levels in the blood is

sensed by the brain (respiratory center in brain).

• Chemoreceptor in aorta and carotid arteries sensitive to the amount of blood O2.

RESPIRATORY DISORDERS SINUSITIS• Infection of mucous

membrane that lines sinus cavities

• Caused by bacteria or virus

• Symptoms – headache or pressure, thick nasal discharge, loss of voice resonance

• Rx – symptomatic, surgery for chronic sinusitis

COMMON COLD• Contagious viral

respiratory infection• Indirect causes –

chilling, fatigue, lack of proper food, and not enough sleep

• Rx – Rest, drink warm liquids and fruit juice, good nutrition

• Also called an Upper Respiratory Infection (URI)

• Hand washing – best preventative measure

TUBERCULOSIS• Illegal immigration, homelessness and AIDS has

caused an in US.• Tubercles (lesions) form in the lungs• Symptoms: cough, low grade fever in the afternoon,

weight loss, night sweats• Diagnosis – TB skin test• If skin test positive – follow up with chest x-ray and

sputum sample• Rx – antibiotic

LARYNGITIS

• Inflammation of larynx or voice box.

• Often secondary to other respiratory infections.

• Symptoms – sore throat, hoarseness or loss of voice, dysphasia (difficulty swallowing).

REPIRATORY DISORDERS CONTINUED…

PHARYNGITIS –Red inflamed

throat.

PLEURISY

• Inflammation of the lining of the lungs.

• Usually occurs in conjunction with pneumonia and other lung infections.

• Symptoms – sharp, stabbing pain when breathing, dyspnea and fever

INFLUENZA (Flu)• Viral infection (VIRUS)

causing inflammation of the mucous membrane.

• Fever, mucopurulent discharge, muscular pain, extreme exhaustion.

• Complications – pneumonia, neuritis, otitis media & pleurisy.

• Rx – treat the symptoms

PNEUMONIA

• Infection of the lung• Caused by bacteria

or virus.• Alveoli fill with

exudates (thick fluid)

• Symptoms – chest pain, fever, chills dyspnea.

• Rx – O2 and antibiotics

BRONCHITIS• Inflammation of the

mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchial tubes, producing excessive mucous

• May be acute or chronic

• Acute bronchitis characterized by cough, fever, substernal pain and RALES (raspy sound).

Chronic bronchitis – middle or old age, cigarette smoking most common cause

ASTHMA• Inflammatory airway

obstruction• Caused by allergen

or psychological stress

• 5% of Americans have asthma

• Symptoms: difficulty exhaling, dyspnea, wheezing, tightness in chest

• Rx: anti-inflammatory drugs, inhaled bronchodilator

NASAL POLYPS• Growths in sinus cavity, cause

obstruction in air pathway• Rx: surgical removal

SILICOSIS

• Cause: breathing dust containing silicon dioxide over long period of time.

• Lungs become fibroses, reduced ability to expand.

PNEMOTHORAXCollapsed lung due to air in the pleural cavity.

THORACENTESISInsertion of a needlethrough the thoraciccavity and into the pleural cavity to drain fluid.

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE

(COPD) – Describes chronic lung conditions, especially emphysema and chronic bronchitis

Rx – alleviate the symptoms, decrease exposure to respiratory irritants, prevent infections, restructure activities to prevent need for O2

ATELECTASISLungs fail to expand normally due to bronchial occlusion, (something that obstructs).

EMPHYSEMA• Alveoli becomes over

dilated, lose their elasticity.

• May eventually rupture• Air becomes trapped, can’t

exhale – forced exhalation required.

• Reduced exchange of O2 and CO2.

• Dyspnea increases as disease progresses

REPIRATORY DISORDERS

PERTUSSIS-Called the(Whooping cough)

• Symptoms: severe coughing attacks that end in a “whooping” sound, dyspnea.

• Prevented by a childhood Vaccine.

DIPTHERIA

An upper respiratory tract illness characterized by sore throat, low fever, & a pseudomembrane on the tonsils, pharynx,&/or nasal cavity. Rare infectious disease.

• Caused by Corynebacterium diphtheria.

• Prevented by childhood vaccine

BRONCHIECTASIS

• Dilation of a bronchus caused by inflammation

• Heavy pus secretion

RHINITIS

• Inflammation of nasal mucosa with increased secretion

• Caused by virus allergens

CANCER OF THE LUNGS Caused by small cell (oat cell)

• Spreads rapidly to other organs.

• Found mainly in smokers

• Other types – squamous cell and adenocarcinoma – don’t spread as rapidly.

• Symptoms: cough and weight loss• Diagnosis: x-ray &

BRONCHOSCOPY (flexible tube passed through mouth or nose into bronchi and lungs).

• Rx: surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation.

CANCER OF THE LARYNX

• Curable if detected early.

• Most common in men over fifty.

PULMONARY EMBOLISM

• Blood clot breaks off and travels to the lung, occurs after surgery or when a person has to be on bed rest.

• Symptoms: sudden severe pain in chest, dyspnea

• Diagnosis: lung scan• Rx: anticoagulant

therapy

Sleep Apnea

• Characterized by pauses in breathing during

• sleep.

• C-PAP Machine