The Rise of a Mass The Rise of a Mass DemocracyDemocracyThe Jacksonian EraThe Jacksonian Era

1824-18401824-1840

SSUSH7 Students will explain the process of economic growth, its regional and national impact in the first half of the 19th century, and the different responses to it.

a. Explain the impact of the Industrial Revolution as seen in Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin and his development of interchangeable parts for muskets.

b. Describe the westward growth of the United States; include the emerging concept of Manifest Destiny.

e. Explain Jacksonian Democracy, expanding suffrage, the rise of popular political culture, and the development of American nationalism.

SSUSH8 The student will explain the relationship between growing north-south divisions and westward expansion.

c. Describe the Nullification Crisis and the emergence of states’ rights ideology; include the role of John C. Calhoun and development of sectionalism.

End of the Era of Good End of the Era of Good FeelingsFeelings

1828 – Democratic Republicans adopt the new 1828 – Democratic Republicans adopt the new name of simply name of simply “Democrats”“Democrats”

By the 1830’s, By the 1830’s, opposition to the Democrats opposition to the Democrats led to the creation of the Whig partyled to the creation of the Whig party..

Drastic increase in voter turnout: 78% voted Drastic increase in voter turnout: 78% voted in 1840in 1840

Spread of universal white suffrageSpread of universal white suffrage (all white (all white men could vote)men could vote)

Political parties became essential in checks Political parties became essential in checks and balancesand balances; one party would ensure that the ; one party would ensure that the other party did not attain too much powerother party did not attain too much power

John Quincy AdamsJohn Quincy Adams 66thth President of the US President of the US Son of Pres John AdamsSon of Pres John Adams Democratic RepublicanDemocratic Republican Intellectual but lacking Intellectual but lacking

personalitypersonality First to be elected First to be elected

without winning without winning popular vote; term popular vote; term known as a “minority known as a “minority president”president”

Electoral Map of 1824Electoral Map of 1824 No No

candidate candidate receives receives majority majority (1 over ½) (1 over ½) electoral electoral votevote

Sent to Sent to the House the House of of RepresentRepresentativesatives

Corrupt Bargain of 1824Corrupt Bargain of 1824

Amendment XII – adopted in 1804; Amendment XII – adopted in 1804; if no if no candidate receives a majority of electoral candidate receives a majority of electoral votes, the election is sent to the House of votes, the election is sent to the House of Representatives where each state Representatives where each state receives 1 votereceives 1 vote

Andrew Jackson won the popular and Andrew Jackson won the popular and electoral vote but failed to get a majorityelectoral vote but failed to get a majority

Election therefore was sent to the House Election therefore was sent to the House where Henry Clay served as Speaker of where Henry Clay served as Speaker of the Housethe House

Election sent to HouseElection sent to House

Each Each state state gets gets one one vote.vote.

Adams Adams emergeemerges s victoriovictoriousus

Adams appoints ClayAdams appoints Clay

Using his influence as Speaker, Clay Using his influence as Speaker, Clay convinced many representatives to convinced many representatives to support Adamssupport Adams

In return a victorious In return a victorious Adams appointed Adams appointed Henry Clay the job as Secretary of StateHenry Clay the job as Secretary of State which many saw as a scheme to sway the which many saw as a scheme to sway the election.election.

Voters were outraged. Adams was Voters were outraged. Adams was accused of accused of promising benefits for promising benefits for political supportpolitical support..

Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson 77thth President of US President of US

(1829-1837)(1829-1837) Military hero from Military hero from

War of 1812War of 1812 Member of the “NEW” Member of the “NEW”

Democratic PartyDemocratic Party Wealthy slave owner Wealthy slave owner

from Tennesseefrom Tennessee Popular/Electoral Popular/Electoral

winner of 1824 winner of 1824 electionelection

Electoral Map 1828Electoral Map 1828

SuppoSupport for rt for JacksoJackson n comes comes from from South South and and WestWest

Jackson takes officeJackson takes office

After a long, hard race Jackson After a long, hard race Jackson defeats Adams by electoral landslide.defeats Adams by electoral landslide.

Race involved “mud-slinging”; using Race involved “mud-slinging”; using ‘below the belt tactics’ in ‘below the belt tactics’ in campaigning (i.e. spreading rumors, campaigning (i.e. spreading rumors, making false allegations, etc.)making false allegations, etc.)

Jackson appealed to many poor, rural Jackson appealed to many poor, rural men who now had the right to vote men who now had the right to vote regardless of land ownershipregardless of land ownership

The Spoils SystemThe Spoils System Spoils system involves rewarding political Spoils system involves rewarding political

supporters with political jobs and/or supporters with political jobs and/or benefits regardless of qualifications or benefits regardless of qualifications or competencycompetency

Jacksonian Democrats introduced concept Jacksonian Democrats introduced concept into the changing governmentinto the changing government

These “new” democrats distrusted the These “new” democrats distrusted the federal government (i.e. states’ rights federal government (i.e. states’ rights supporters)supporters)

““Every man is only as good as his Every man is only as good as his neighbor”- President Andrew Jacksonneighbor”- President Andrew Jackson

The Tricky “Tariff of The Tricky “Tariff of Abomination”Abomination”

Tariffs are taxes put on imported goods in Tariffs are taxes put on imported goods in order to protect sales of domestic goodsorder to protect sales of domestic goods

In response, our trading partners In response, our trading partners increased tariffs on their importsincreased tariffs on their imports

Industrial North supported the tariffIndustrial North supported the tariff Rural South opposed the tariff; caused Rural South opposed the tariff; caused

profits from crop sales to plummetprofits from crop sales to plummet If the federal government can use its If the federal government can use its

power to issue taxes, who was to say power to issue taxes, who was to say that the same power would not be that the same power would not be used to suppress slavery?used to suppress slavery?

John C. CalhounJohn C. Calhoun

Jackson’s Vice Jackson’s Vice PresidentPresident

From South CarolinaFrom South Carolina Supporter of slavery Supporter of slavery

and states’ rightsand states’ rights Anonymously authored Anonymously authored

“The South Carolina “The South Carolina Exposition” that Exposition” that denounced the Tariff denounced the Tariff as unjust and as unjust and unconstitutionalunconstitutional

““Avatar” (2009)Avatar” (2009) ““Synopsis – A US Marine is asked to infiltrate Synopsis – A US Marine is asked to infiltrate

a native tribe (the Na’vi) on a distant planet a native tribe (the Na’vi) on a distant planet (Pandora) in order to gain knowledge of their (Pandora) in order to gain knowledge of their culture as well as their trust. His mission is culture as well as their trust. His mission is to persuade these beings to abandon their to persuade these beings to abandon their land as the US wishes to harvest the vast land as the US wishes to harvest the vast riches that can be found on this land.riches that can be found on this land.

When the Na’vi refuse to leave, a fight When the Na’vi refuse to leave, a fight ensues between the natives and the ensues between the natives and the colonizers.colonizers.

This sounds strangely similar to….This sounds strangely similar to….

The Trail of TearsThe Trail of Tears Jackson’s Indian Jackson’s Indian

Removal PlanRemoval Plan Helped in part Helped in part

by Harrison’s by Harrison’s victory over victory over Indian Indian ConfederacyConfederacy

Settlers wanted Settlers wanted Indian landsIndian lands

Tribes from Tribes from South and South and Midwest Midwest relocated on relocated on foot to Great foot to Great Plains (modern Plains (modern day KS, NE, and day KS, NE, and OK)OK)

Trail of TearsTrail of Tears

““Avatar” T.O.D.Avatar” T.O.D.

Explain the parallels between “Avatar” Explain the parallels between “Avatar” and Jackson’s Indian Removal Plan.and Jackson’s Indian Removal Plan.

Responses should be at least 2 Responses should be at least 2 paragraphs (8 sentences)paragraphs (8 sentences)

Compare and contrast how the two Compare and contrast how the two stories are similar and how they are stories are similar and how they are different.different. What did both sides want?What did both sides want? What were the outcomes?What were the outcomes?

Jackson’s Bank WarJackson’s Bank War

States’ rights supporter Jackson States’ rights supporter Jackson distrust the power of the National distrust the power of the National BankBank

He felt that the National Bank’s first He felt that the National Bank’s first priority was profit not public servicepriority was profit not public service

Henry Clay brought up the Bank Henry Clay brought up the Bank recharter bill two years early in recharter bill two years early in order to make it an election issue is order to make it an election issue is 18321832

Jackson’s Bank WarJackson’s Bank War Jackson used the Jackson used the power of Presidential power of Presidential

vetoveto to strike down the Bank’s recharter to strike down the Bank’s recharter declaring the Bank unconstitutionaldeclaring the Bank unconstitutional

Even though John Marshall and the Even though John Marshall and the Supreme Court declared the Bank Supreme Court declared the Bank constitutional in constitutional in McCulloch v. MarylandMcCulloch v. Maryland

Jackson regarded the executive branch as Jackson regarded the executive branch as superior to Judicial Branchsuperior to Judicial Branch

This veto drastically amplified to power of This veto drastically amplified to power of the presidency the presidency

Jackson referred to the bank as a “Medusa”, a vicious, multi-headed mythical creatureJackson referred to the bank as a “Medusa”, a vicious, multi-headed mythical creature

Birth of the Whig PartyBirth of the Whig Party

Martin Van BurenMartin Van Buren 88thth President President Jackson’s hand-Jackson’s hand-

picked successorpicked successor Continued policies of Continued policies of

JacksonJackson Opposition to these Opposition to these

policies led to the policies led to the formation of the formation of the Whig PartyWhig Party

Electoral Map 1836Electoral Map 1836

Gone to TexasGone to Texas Stephen F. AustinStephen F. Austin Negotiated with Negotiated with

Mexican government to Mexican government to bring in American bring in American families to Texasfamilies to Texas

Issues such as slavery, Issues such as slavery, religion and racism religion and racism caused friction between caused friction between settlers and Mexican settlers and Mexican gov’tgov’t

Mexico invades TexasMexico invades Texas

In response to In response to Texas declaring Texas declaring independence, independence, Santa Ana (left, Santa Ana (left, Commander of Commander of Mexican Army) Mexican Army) led troops in an led troops in an invasioninvasion

Sam HoustonSam Houston

Chosen leader of the Chosen leader of the Texas armyTexas army

Defended Texas against Defended Texas against invasion of Santa Anainvasion of Santa Ana

Seige of Alamo by Santa Seige of Alamo by Santa Ana caused Americans Ana caused Americans to take up the cause of to take up the cause of the Texan rebellion and the Texan rebellion and helphelp

““Remember the Alamo”Remember the Alamo” ““Victory or Death”Victory or Death”

Remember the AlamoRemember the Alamo

The Alamo, San Antonio, TexasThe Alamo, San Antonio, Texas

Immigration ExplosionImmigration Explosion Between 1830-1860 the United States experienced a

dramatic increase in migration Majority of immigrants come from Ireland and

Germany; Ellis Island (Statue of Liberty) Europe was running out of room; saw America as the

“Land of Opportunity”; Irish potato famine New York, Boston – become predominately Irish,

Catholic, low-skilled workers; could not afford to move westward so they remained in port cities

Germans (somewhat wealthier than Irish) flock to the Midwest (IL,MI,WI) and establish economic presence

Influenced politics; power in numbers; strong opponents of slavery

Immigrants arriving at Ellis Island, New York CityImmigrants arriving at Ellis Island, New York City

Opposition to Opposition to ImmigrationImmigration

Irish Irish hated for hated for being being Catholic in Catholic in Protestant Protestant nationnation

Nativism – Nativism – fear and fear and opposition opposition to open to open immigratiimmigrationon

Eli Whitney, the Cotton Gin Eli Whitney, the Cotton Gin and Interchangeable Partsand Interchangeable Parts

Cotton gin Cotton gin revolutionized revolutionized cotton industrycotton industry

Allowed easy way Allowed easy way to remove seeds to remove seeds from cotton plantfrom cotton plant

Designed Designed interchangeable interchangeable parts for parts for muskets; became muskets; became the basis for the basis for modern mass modern mass productionproduction

Cotton Gin Expands Cotton Gin Expands SlaverySlavery

With the convenience of the cotton With the convenience of the cotton gin removing seeds from cotton, gin removing seeds from cotton, production and demand of the crop production and demand of the crop skyrocketsskyrockets

In response to increasing demand In response to increasing demand for cotton, farmers incorporate more for cotton, farmers incorporate more slaves from 1830-1860slaves from 1830-1860

““Cotton Is King”Cotton Is King”

Women in the Women in the Workforce/Child LaborWorkforce/Child Labor

Mechanization of Mechanization of American industry American industry leads to leads to high demand high demand for laborfor labor

Women and children Women and children now used as labor now used as labor sourcesource

Many strikes against Many strikes against injustices of work injustices of work environmentenvironment

Transportation Transportation RevolutionRevolution

Erie Canal – Erie Canal – first canal in Americafirst canal in America, opened , opened 1825 in upstate NY; connected New York 1825 in upstate NY; connected New York City to the Great Lakes regionCity to the Great Lakes region

Rise of the “Iron Horse” – Rise of the “Iron Horse” – railroads railroads revolutionize transportation in America; revolutionize transportation in America; could be built almost anywherecould be built almost anywhere

Connected the nation in ways never before Connected the nation in ways never before seenseen

South connected to North; interdependency South connected to North; interdependency of the economiesof the economies

Development of specialization (each part of Development of specialization (each part of the country specialized in producing only the country specialized in producing only certain products)certain products)

Railroad Railroad Map of Map of 18601860 Majority of Majority of

railroads, canals railroads, canals and roads and roads developed in the developed in the WestWest (PA,OH,IN,IL) (PA,OH,IN,IL) and Northeastand Northeast

South lacks South lacks sufficient sufficient transportation transportation system.system. This will This will play a MAJOR play a MAJOR factor in the factor in the outcome of the outcome of the Civil WarCivil War