the role of psa testing in primary care · the role of psa testing in primary care jr wilson...
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![Page 1: The role of PSA testing in Primary Care · The role of PSA testing in Primary Care JR Wilson February 2020 •Synthesised in prostatic ductal epithelium and acini ... Repeat PSA 6](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022050116/5f4d5bec63aaa5544a79de2e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The role of PSA testing in
Primary Care
JR WilsonFebruary 2020
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• Synthesised in prostatic ductal epithelium and acini
• Secreted in lumen of prostatic ducts (seminal fluid – 1 million ng/ml)
• Reaches serum by diffusion into capillaries (serum – up to 4 ng/ml)
• Serine protease
• Part of Human Kallikrein gene family
• Liquefies seminal fluid and thus aids release of sperm
BACKGROUND
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PSA produced in other tissues• Periurethral glands of Littre
• Anal glands
• Apocrine sweat glands
• Breast cancer – better prognosis
• Salivary gland neoplasms
• Human breast milk (up to 300 ng/ml)
BACKGROUND
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CAUSES OF RAISED SERUM PSA LEVEL
MAIN THREE:
• PROSTATE CANCER
• PROSTATE/URINARY INFECTION
• BENIGN PROSTATIC ENLARGEMENT
OTHERS:
• Urinary retention
• Prostatic massage
• Prostate surgery/biopsy
• Cystoscopy
• Drugs (5⍺-reductase inhibitors)
• Certain exercises (cycling)
• Sexual intercourse – returns to baseline (92% in 24hr, 97% in48hr, 100% in 7 days). Recommendation is to abstain for 48hr before testing
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• Rectal examination
• Transrectal ultrasound
• Atraumatic catheterisation
• Haemodialysis
• Exercise (apart from cycling)
THINGS WHICH DO NOT CAUSE AN INCREASE IN SERUM PSA LEVEL ….
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PSA NORMAL REFERENCE RANGES
Age (years) PSA range considered normal (ng/mL)
40 - 49 0 - 2.0
50 - 59 0 – 3.0
60 - 69 0 – 3.0*
70 - 79 0 – 5.0
Over 80 ? (probably 0 – 7.0)
* - previously 0 – 4.0, changed in 2016 PHE document
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• PSA is the single test with the highest positive predictive value for cancer
• (PSA + DRE) > PSA > DRE
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PSA value (ng/mL) Chance of prostate cancer (DRE normal)
Chance of prostate cancer (DRE abnormal)
0 – 4 15% 35%
4 - 10 30% 60%
10 - 20 50% 75%
20 - 50 75% 90%
THE IMPORTANCE OF A RECTAL EXAMINATION WHEN INTERPRETING A PSA VALUE
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PROSTATE CANCER PREDICTION TOOLS
• Coral
• Rotterdam Prostate Cancer Risk Calculator
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WHAT TO DO WITH A RAISED PSA VALUE.
Scenario 1 – PSA value 4 – 10 ng/mL
Perform rectal examination
Normal
Abnormal
Refer to secondary careExclude UTI
No UTI
UTI present
Repeat PSA 6 – 8 weeks later PSA still raised
Treat
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WHAT TO DO WITH A RAISED PSA VALUE.
Scenario 2 – PSA value 10 - 20ng/mL
Perform rectal examination
Refer to secondary care
Check for UTI
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WHAT TO DO WITH A RAISED PSA VALUE.
Scenario 3 – PSA value over 20ng/mL
Refer to secondary care
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WHAT TO DO WITH AN ABNORMAL-FEELING PROSTATE.
Check PSA
Refer to secondary care
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WHEN NOT TO CHECK A PSA LEVEL AS A MATTER OF ROUTINE.
• Symptoms of, or urine dipstick evidence of, a urine infection
• Aged over 75 years
• Life expectancy less than 10 years
• Suspicion of urinary retention
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THANK YOU
ANY QUESTIONS …. ?
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A PLEA -- please provide as much relevant information as possible when referring
• PSA level(s)• reason for PSA testing?• rectal examination findings?• urine infection excluded?• family history of prostate cancer?