7/23/2019 The Scarcity Hypothesis v2.1.3

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-scarcity-hypothesis-v213 1/8

 

Tbj _ogrocty Bypitbjscs Dustck @. Dgroy 6ddgroyNdcecpjk.jdu; 

:?23 ^fgyg Qcstg Dr #D-??4, Fis Gkejfjs, OG 3>>34

(Dgtjd0 Kivjlhjr : 8>>3, rjvcsjd Gueust 72)

Ck tbcs pgpjr C greuj tbgt joikilco, psyobi-hjbgvcirgf, gktbripifiecogf, pbcfisipbcogf, hcifiecogf,

lgtbjlgtcogf gkd pbyscogf pripjrtcjs ia rjgfcty, ckofuscvj ia tbj  Jxtjrkgf Xjgfcty Bypitbjscs  (JXB) gkd

 Lgtbjlgtcogf Zkcvjrsj Bypitbjscs  (LZB), gff sbgrj g ukctgry oikkjotcik tbriueb iktco obgrgotjrcstcos iasogrocty= gkd grj rjfgtghfj tbriueb ihsjrvghfj bcstircogf gkd oislifiecogf jvcdjkoj. Tbj jljrejktejiljtrcogf pripjrtcjs gkd tbj clpfcogtciks wctb rjegrds ti tbj prjdcotcvj ogpghcfctcjs ia suob g systjl grj

tbjk jxpfirjd wctb jlpbgscs ik joikilco gkd siocgf tbjiry.

Durcke g hrgck-stirlcke sjsscik rjafjotcke ik tbj

iktifiecogf kgturj ia sogrocty C stulhfjd ik ti

siljtbcke.

Air tbj rjoird C'l g oilputjr socjktcst. C'vj wirmjd

air Lcorisiat, Jfjotrikco Grts, gkd, ck ejkjrgf, gl ghiut

gs fjvjfbjgdjd gkd smjptcogf gs tbjy oilj. C prjvciusfybjfd ih`jotcvcsl wgs tbj ikfy rjgsikghfj pbcfisipby g

socjktcst oiufd usj ck dgy-ti-dgy fcaj wctbiut itbjrwcsjsgorcacocke ofgrcty ia tbiuebt. Aurtbjrlirj gs g rgtcikgf

ckdcvcdugf C hjfcjvjd tbj cdjg ia g Eid, ir eids, wgs

ukmkiwghfj lgmcke lj gekistco.

 Kiw wbgt ca C tifd yiu tbgt tbriueb pbcfisipbjr @jgk-

^guf _grtrj's vcjw ia sogrocty (tbj cdjg tbgt g ofgss systjlcs jlhjddjd ck tbj vjry kgturj ia rjgfcty ‟ c.j. fcaj gs gk

jxcejkoy, fcaj gs g vgfuj ti hj priduojd gkd rjpriduojd,

gkd fcaj gs g eiid ti hj oiksuljd )7,8

 ct's pisschfj ti sjjtbgt gff tbckes grj drcvjk hy tbj kitcik tbgt tbj "fgom ia

siljtbcke ogusjs cts pursuct9" Ir wirdjd lirj strikefy,

"tbj fgom ia siljtbcke kjojssctgtjs cts jxcstjkoj."

Siu lcebt gsm, "Uby cs tbcs wirtb ly tclj gkd wbysbiufd C ogrj9" _clpfy hjogusj tbcs privcdjs g rigdlgp

kit `ust air bulgkcty–s auturj, hut gky sjktcjkojs

 hjeckkcke gkd jkd.

Ck lgtbjlgtcogf tjrls "fcaj gs g vgfuj ti hj priduojd

gkd rjpriduojd" cs g rgtci ia "fcaj gs jxcejkoy" (ir hgsco

survcvgf) gkd "fcaj gs g eiid ti hj oiksuljd." ^utgkitbjr wgy fcaj gs jxcejkoy cs rjprjsjktjd hy oisckj, fcajgs g eiid   cs sckj, gkd fcaj gs g vgfuj  cs tbj tgkejkt

aukotcik. Biw di C mkiw tbjsj aukotciks lgp ti g

sckusicdgf pjrcid9

Oikscdjr ca wj'rj ti tgmj tbj fike vcjw ia wbgt wcffbgppjk ti bulgkcty, gssulcke wj dik't mcff iursjfvjs,

jvjktugffy wj'ff bct tbj pickt wbjrj wj'ff jxpgkd iut gkd

oiktrif iur sifgr systjl (Mgrdgsbjv's typj 8 ocvcfczgtcik).

Aiffiwcke tbcs wj'ff wirm tiwgrds egckcke oiktrif ivjr

7 ̂ jrsikgf orspd. (?-72-8>>3). ‖_ogrocty & Ofgss _ystjls“.

bttp0//tckyurf.oil/sogrocty-ofgss-systjl 8 Ogtgfgki, @isjpb (7331). ‖Eiid agctb gkd itbjr jssgys0

 pjrspjotcvjs ik g _grtrjgk jtbcos.“ Xiwlgk & Fcttfjacjfd. p. :5.C_HK >-2451-2>22-1.  bttp0//tckyurf.oil/31-ogt-p:5 

iur jktcrj egfgxy (typj ? ocvcfczgtcik).? Tbjk ackgffy wbjk

wj'vj lgstjrjd iur ukcvjrsj, oikvjrtcke lgttjr ti jkjrey

gkd jkjrey ti lgttjr, pjrajotfy rjoyofcke gff trgksctciks,

wj'ff bct g typj 4 ocvcfczgtcik.

Ct's gt tbcs pickt bulgks wcff hj ilkcpitjkt. G airl ia

eid ca yiu wcff. Ubgt oiljs gatjr tbgt9 Aiffiwcke tbgt cstbj kitcik ia psyobifiecogf sogrocty.

_ckoj kgturj wik't bgvj tbj ghcfcty ti clpisj ctsjfa ik

us bulgks wcff prclgrcfy hj cktjrjstjd ck tbj orjgtcik ia

 hjguty, jxpfirgtcik, gkd fjgrkcke. _i tbj ikfy sogrocty

tbgt wcff jxcst wcff oilj ck tbj airl ia "fgom iamkiwfjdej" gkd "fgom ia hjcke ghfj ti hj ck gff

fiogtciks." C'l lirj tbgk bgppy ti spjoufgtj biw C tbckmtbcs wcff ioour, hut air tbj liljkt oikscdjr wbgt

bgppjks gt tbj jkd ia "fgom ia mkiwfjdej" gkd "fgom ia

 hjcke ghfj ti hj ck gff fiogtciks."

Gt tbgt pickt wj'ff hj ilkcsocjkt, ilkcprjsjkt, gkdilkcpitjkt. _i tbj ikfy tbcke tbgt wcff hj sogroj cs "tbj

fgom ia siljtbcke."

Ca yiu ogk mkiw gff tbckes, hj jvjrywbjrj, gkd oiktrif

gff tbckes wbgt tbjk9 C sjj sjvjrgf pisschcfctcjs hut tbj

list ihvcius grj jctbjr g) stgrt ivjr, bct tbj rjsjt huttik,ir h) hjoilj tbj vjssjf ia g kjw sjktcjkoj ir ukcvjrsj.

Ubcob cs ti sgy tbj oyofj stgrts gff ivjr gegck. Jvjk ca

tbj ocrofj csk't tbj cdjgfczjd vjrscik ia tbcs pjrcidcoaukotcik wj'rj gt tbj vjry fjgst fiimcke gt siljtbcke gs

rjprjsjktjd ck g fiegrctblco spcrgf.

 Kiw C'vj wrcttjk gff ia tbcs hjogusj ct jxpisjs

siljtbcke vjry clpirtgkt. Ct sbiws mjy pickts ck gky

sjktcjkoj's jxcstjkoj tbriueb trceikiljtrco aukotciks.

(_jj Ace. 7 gkd Gddjkdul)

Uj grj gpprigobcke pickt (d) ik tbj ergpb ck Ace. 7 (>jxcejkoy, ∛ vgfuj, -7 eiid). Ljgkcke wj'rj vjry ofisj ti

? Mgmu, Lcobci. ^b.D, ^byscocst (?-81-8>>2). ‖Ucff wj jvjr hj

g egfgotco ocvcfczgtcik9“ ]TQ ^riduotcik\. Tbj Ocrouct. 4lck.

ivjrvcjw ia Mgrdgsbjv sogfj.bttp0//www.yiutuhj.oil/wgtob9v<vRqhc?mgSxe  

7/23/2019 The Scarcity Hypothesis v2.1.3

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-scarcity-hypothesis-v213 2/8

8

 hjoilcke g Typj 7 ocvcfczgtcik. Ca tbcs cdjg cs oirrjot, ct

sbiws wbgt wj kjjd ti di ti livj ck ti tbj kjxt jpiob.

Tbj list aukdgljktgf oilpikjkt rcebt kiw cs ejttcke

gff pjipfj ti ukdjrstgkd wj kjjd ti drcvj diwk gff

 pbyscogf jxcejkoy hy rjlivcke gky kgturj clpisjdbgrsbkjss (fgom ia aiid, wgtjr, gkd sbjftjr). Ti di tbcs

biwjvjr clpfcjs bulgkcty lust siljbiw orjgtjsiljtbcke ir hjoilj ctsjfa    ogpghfj ia orjgtcke ckackctj

vgfuj, ti hj priduojd & rjpriduojd, gflist ti clpfy

silj airl ia sgorcacoj (rjojcvcke fjss tbgk wbgt cs

 priduojd) ti gobcjvj tbj erjgtjst pisschfj eiid air tbj

eriup (-7). Tbcs lcebt oilj ghiut tbriueb rihitcos,

auscik, gk cdjgfczjd eivjrkljkt, g efihgf obgkej ckoiksocius-gwgrjkjss= ir pjrbgps siljtbcke strgkejr fcmj

g sckeufgrcty, iaa-wirfd fcaj ir djcty-cktjrvjktcik.

Hut wbgtjvjr tbcs tbcke cs tbgt ogusjs tbj obgkej wcff

kit ikfy hj wirfd gftjrcke ‟ ct wcff vjry fcmjfy gaajot iurvjry kgturj.

 Kiw C–l wrctcke gff tbcs hjogusj wj bgvj tbj ghcfcty

ti sbgpj tbj iutoilj. Tbcs cdjg rjprjsjkts g rigd lgpkit `ust air us kiw, hut air gff ia tclj gkd spgoj. Ct kjjds

 pjipfj ti gdviogtj gs fiudfy gs pisschfj tbgt wj kjjd ti"rjduoj kgturj clpisjd pbyscogf jxcejkoy."

Tbcs cs si jxtrjljfy clpirtgkt hjogusj C suspjot ca wj

gttgck tbj ogpghcfcty ia aukdgljktgffy oiktriffcke tbj

kgturj ia iur pfgkjt (typj 7 ocvcfczgtcik) gkd wj dik't privcdj ojrtgck siocgf lckcluls, djspctj bgvcke g kjgr-

 pjrajot ukdjrstgkdcke ia biw ti privcdj sustgckghfj

fcvcke air gff pjipfj, ct wcff fcmjfy rjsuft ck ogtgstripbco

wgrs. Ct dijsk't tgmj g orystgf hgff ti sjj tbjsj lcfctgrygotciks wcff hj luob wirsj tbgk gkytbcke wj'vj

jxpjrcjkojd ck tbj pgst ca ikfy hjogusj ct ejts jgscjrjvjry dgy air rgdcogfczjd aukdgljktgfcsts gkd

eivjrkljkts ti gttgck kuofjgr gkd hcifiecogf wjgpikry.

Tbj djhgtj ck tbj bjrj gkd kiw cs stcff vjry luobaiousjd ik, "cs ogpctgfcsl hjttjr tbgk siocgfcsl, lgrxcsl,

 hgrtjr, jto9" Tbcs tbjiry sbiws ki joikilco systjl cs

 hjttjr tbgk gky itbjr, hut rgtbjr tbgt tbjy jgob bgvj g

tclj gkd pfgoj. Ct sjjls tbj joikilco litcvgtir tbgt wcffejt us tbriueb tbj bulp wcff vjry fcmjfy hj ogpctgfcstco,

 hut tbcs erjjd-hgsjd ckojktcvj lust hj gooilpgkcjd hy

siocgfcstco ckstctutciks. C'vj trcjd jxpfgckcke ti itbjrs tbgtbulgks jkegej ck ? typjs ia joikilco hjbgvcir. (7)

^jrsikgf egck, (8) wirmcke tiwgrds siocjtgf eigfs

stcpufgtjd hy tbj eriup (tbckes fcmj KG_G), & (?)

 privcdcke g siocgf lckclul (j.e. aiid-stglps, jto).4 

4 _B bgs rglcacogtciks air lidjrkczcke joikilcos suob tbgt ct

dijsk–t ckvifvj puttcke gff jees ck ikj hgsmjt lgmcke gk jctbjr-ir pcom hjtwjjk 7>>%-rjsjrvj ir g argotcikgf-rjsjrvj systjl

(bttp0//tckyurf.oil/rjsjrvj-hgkmcke), lctcegtcke kuljrius

djejkjrgtcvj sojkgrcis. G lirj tjobkcogf wrctj-up cs gvgcfghfjtctfjd ‖_gkj Joikilco Xjairl.“

Fgrej ckstctutciks suob gs KG_G (wbcob ki prcvgtj

ckvjstir oiufd gaaird) privcdjs bulgkcty bcddjk rjwgrds

tbgt grj siat-sjffs hjogusj tbjy dik't rjsuft ck clljdcgtjjoikilco rjturk. ^urj ogpctgfcsl wiufd mcff tbjsj sirts ia

iregkczgtciks.

Fcmjwcsj ca tjobkifiey cs gvgcfghfj ti privcdj gff

 pjipfj g hgsco clprivjd siocgf lckclul wby kit hj iur hritbjr–s mjjpjr gkd privcdj tbj sjrvcoj arjj ia obgrej9Ir ti jxprjss tbcs cdjg ck g lirj jgsy ti ergsp lgkkjr,

"Ubgt sirt ia joikily wiufd jxcst ca rihits wjrj iur

 prclgry fghirjrs9" Uj'rj ejttcke ofisjr ti tbcs jvjry dgygs rihitco wirm-airojs grj ckorjgsckefy usjd ck gssjlhfy.

Ubjk wj jvjktugffy oilj up wctb g wgy ti rjfcghfy gkd

sustgckghfy privcdj aiid (vjrtcogf agrls / bydripikcos /

jto), wgtjr (gtlispbjrco wgtjr ejkjrgtirs), & sbjftjr tigff pjipfj air fcttfj ti ki jaairt. Gk joikilco

obgkej aukdgljktgffy kjjds ti ioour hjogusj wby

sbiufd gkyikj bgvj ti pgy tiwgrds siljtbcke tbgtcs arjjfy, sustgckghfy, gkd ghukdgktfy gvgcfghfj9

 Kjjdfjss ti sgy silj wcff dcsgerjj gkd itbjrs wcff

dcslcss tbcs iut-ia-bgkd gs orgzy, hut C'l wrctcke tbcswctb tbj sckojrj bipj yiu–ff rjafjot djjpfy ik tbj oikojpt

 hjairj oilcke ti g mkjj-`jrm oikofuscik. Trufy ergspcketbcs rjqucrjs g slgff fjgp ia agctb gkd g fgrej gliukt ia

vcscik.

_i, pfjgsj, ca yiu ogk dcrjot yiur jkjrey tiwgrds

 prilitcke tbcs ‟ tbj cdjg kjjds cts gdviogtjs.

> jxcejkoy, cs tbj eigf (rjlivcke gff kgturj clpisjd

jxcejkoy)

Ckackctj vgfuj, cs tbj ljgks (wbcob oiufd bgppjklgky wgys)

-7 eiid, cs tbj pbcfisipbcogf rjsuft (tbj erjgtjst pisschfj eiid air tbj eriup).

Tbcs cs si clpirtgkt hjogusj tbcs jktcrj ergpb

jxprjssjs g pitjktcgf kjw vcjw ia iur ircecks gkd wbjrjwj'rj eicke. Ct sueejsts wj ogk fiim gt tbj ukcvjrsj gs g

 prihghcfcty lgobckj orjgtcke gff pisschcfctcjs. Ct sueejsts

ki rjfcecik cs wrike. Ct bckts gotugffy tbgt ilkc-tbjcsl cs

g lirj wirfdfy vcjw ck tbj sjksj tbgt hitb gtbjcsl gkdtbjcsl ogk hitb hj oirrjot wctbiut orjgtcke g pgrgdix.

Ubcob cs ti sgy ca tbcs wbifj systjl cs rcebt wj lgy ck

agot hj tbj acrst orjgtcik ti oilj aril kitbcke, hut ca wjdik't mcff iursjfvjs wj wcff ckjvctghfy hjoilj tbj Eids

wj'vj drjglt up. _i tbj qujstcik cs, ‖Grj wj tbj acrst ir

sclpfy gkitbjr ctjrgtcik ia tbcs priojss9“

Tbcs cs g hce cdjg gkd ct kjjds cts vicoj ck itbjr

 pjipfj. C bipj yiu ogk sjj tbj hce pcoturj,

Dustck @. Dgroy

7/23/2019 The Scarcity Hypothesis v2.1.3

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-scarcity-hypothesis-v213 3/8

Tbj Aiur _jgsiks ia _ogrocty & _jktcjkoj ]_.B.\

Typj 4 ocvcfczgtcik ‟

Zkcvjrsgf oiktrif

^byscogf sogrocty rjduo

ti >. Bulgkcty bgs tb

ghcfcty ti oikvjrt lgttj

jkjrey & jkjrey hgom

lgttjr pjrajotfy rjoyofc

gff trgksctciks & ogkrjpfcogtj ir orjgtj

gkytbcke. Ikfy sogrocty

cs psyobifiecogf.

og

h

β

 S

R

_ogrocty (k. cksuaacocjkoy ir sbirtkjss ia suppfy ), gooirdcke ti

@jgk-^guf _grtrj, cs iktifiecogffy oilpisjd ia tbrjj oirj

prjojpts, fcaj gs0

R < Jxcejkoy (clpjrgtcvj)

 S < Eiid (ti hj oiksuljd)

Tgkβ < Qgfuj (ti hj priduojd & rjpriduojd)

Lirgf rjgsikcke gkd pbyscogf / psyobifiecogf sogrocty grj

tbj ckputs. Gt cts bjgrt sogrocty clpfcjs tbgt tbj fgom iasiljtbcke ogusjs cts pursuct ir kjojssctgtjs cts jxcstjkoj.

W7 - Gjstbjtco

(_ulljr)

^jgm obicoj

W8 - _clpfcocty

(Agff)

^jgm sjfa 

W? - Oilpjtctcik

(Ucktjr)

^jgm kgturj

W4 - ^fjkty

(_prcke)

^jgm eriup

Uj grj bjrj. (8>>3)

(~813.33321: ¾)

 Gpprigobcke tbj pickt wbjrj fcaj

ki fikejr kjjds ti hj g

pbyscogf / kgturgf jxcejkoy. Tbj

clpjrgtcvj ia siocjtcjs kjjds ti

hj aious ik aiid, wgtjr, &

sbjftjr si gff pjipfj bgvj tbj

hgscos kjojssgry ti survcvj.

Uj ogkkit pgss d uktcf kgturj

clpisjd jxcejkoy bcts >.

Aiukdgtcik ia siocjty

(~8 lcffcik yjgrs gei)

Bulgkcty air tbj acrst tclj airls

g siocjty ia pjipfj wbi wirm

tiejtbjr (Ogfghrcgk pjrcid ‟

Bili jregstjr). Tbjsj slgff

eriups fcvj tbjcr fcvjs

rjpriduocke g vgfuj, kit ̀ ust air

tbjlsjfvjs hut air tbisj ck tbj

eriup. Tbj eriups grj si slgff

ki ikj pjrsik oiksuljs lirj

tbgk tbjy priduoj.

Fcaj cs kjctbjr g vgfuj ir g eiid

hjogusj jvjryikj oiktrchutjs

jvjkfy ir dcjs duj ti tbj

bgrsbkjss ia pbyscogf rjgfcty.

 S-gxcs

(~7?.5? ·>.78 hcffcik yjgrs titgf)

Tbj S-gxcs (sckj) rjprjsjkts

‖fcaj gs g eiid ti hj oiksuljd.“

W7 & W8 (pisctcvj) rjprjsjkt fcaj

gs g eiid air tbj ckdcvcdugf gkd

tbj djsojkscik ck ti W? & W4

(kjegtcvj) rjprjsjkts tbj

trgksctcik ia fcaj gs g eiid air

tbj eriup.

R-gxcs

Tbj R-gxcs (oisckj) rjprjsjkts

jxcejkoy.

Kjegtcvj jxcejkoy rjprjsjkts

kgturj aukdgljktgffy clpiscke

jxcejkoy ik pjipfj. Tbj pisctcvj R-

gxcs rjafjots pjipfj obiiscke

jxcejkoy (jxpfirgtcik).

g < 7 jxcejkoy

> vgfuj

> eiid

h < > jxcejkoy

∛ vgfuj

7 eiid

d < > jxcejkoy

∛ vgfuj-7 eiid

o < -7 jxcejkoy

> vgfuj

> eiid

y

x

Eid-biid

Ct–s gt tbcs pickt tbgt gff sogrocty bg

rjgobjd >. Uj grj fgomcke ki

mkiwfjdej ‟ ilkcsocjkt, tbj ghcfcty

oikvjrt lgttjr ti jkjrey & vcoj vjrs

ilkcpitjkoj, gkd tbj ghcfcty ti ihsj

gff tbckes ‟ ilkcprjsjkt. Gt tbcs pi

wj jctbjr stgrt ivjr ir hjoilj tb

vjssjf ia g kjw sjktcjkoj / ukcvjr

Aril tbcs g oyofj jljrejs orjgtcke

pisschcfctcjs & prihghcfctcjs gs gk

jxpgkdcke K-gry k-spbjricd /w pisstbj hikj struoturj ia g didjogpfj

Jgrfy-Bili(~:.: lcffcik yjgrs gei)

(~753.355>:4… ¾)

Lgk fcmjfy jvifvjs aril g kik-

sjktcjkt fcajairl bgvcke ikfy tbj

ogpghcfctcjs ia pjrojcvcke fcaj gs gk

clpjrgtcvj. Ergdugffy prierjsscke

aril ‖wcfd-ljk“ ti kihfj sgvgejs

(Grdcpctbjous / Bili bghcfcs) gkd

jvjktugffy, gt tbj ‒aiukdgtcik ia

siocjty,– hjoilcke g siocjty ia

uktjr-egtbjrjrs. Tbcs sclpfj fcaj cs, ck

ts list prclgf airls, ‖sjrvcoj ti sjfa“

duj ti tbj vgfuj priduojd hjkjactcke

7 pjrsik. Biwjvjr tbcs vgfuj (6 >)

iatjk dijs kit sustgck 7 ckdcvcdugf.

Orjgtcvj Oillik ?.> Gttrchutcik-Kikoilljrocgf-Kidjrcvgtcvj (© 8>7>) Dustck Dgroy

Oiktgot0 ddgroyNdcecpjk.jdu Auff wrctj-up0 bttp0//tckyurf.oil/TiJ-sogrocty

Mgrdgsbjv–s Typj ? o

 G siocjty tbgt oiktrifs

rjsiurojs ia g egfgxy

Mgrdgsbjv–s Typj 8

ocvcfczgtcik

 G siocjty tbgt oiktrifs tbj

rjsiurojs ia g stgr 

~8>>,>>> yrs gei

(~817 ¾)

Lctiobikdrcgf Jvj cs

hirk. Trgksctcik aril

Bili jrjotus ti

Bili sgpcjks

~1:,>>> yrs gei

(~815.>5: ¾)

Acrst lcergtciks ia jgrfy

bulgks iut ia Garcog

Orjtgojius-

Tjrtcgry

jxtckotcik

(~1:.: Lg - 753.:2..¾)

Jkd ia

Dckisgurs

Jgrtb airljd~4.: hcf yrs gei

(~7:>.84378... ¾)

Mgrdgsbjv–s Typj 7 ocvcfczgtcik(wcff fcmjfy ioour silj tclj hjtwjjk kiw gkd 87>3 - 88>3)

 G siocjty tbgt bgrkjssjs tbj jkjrey iutput ia gk jktcrj pfgkjt. Jxcejkoy ia > clpfcjs tbj jkd i

kgturj jkairojd sogrocty fiogffy hut efihgf ti bulgkcty. Biwjvjr sckoj vgfuj (ti hj priduojd &

rjpriduojd) rjgobjs ∛ ct gfsi sueejsts gff pjipfj lust siljbiw priduoj lirj tbgk tbjy jgo

oiffjotcvjfy rjojcvj. Ct's tbcs tbgt orjgtjs erjgtjst pisschfj 'eiid ti hj oiksuljd' air tbj eriup (-

> jxcejkoy oiufd bgppjk lgky wgys ‟ tbriueb tjob fcmj g rihitco wirmairoj (∛ vgfuj), auscik

bydripikcos, vjrtcogf agrls, jto.= gftjrkgtcvjfy g sckefj jktcty oiufd dilckgtj tbriueb ackgkocgf lc

oijrocke gff pjipfj ti wirm "ckackctjfy" bgrd= ik tbj afcp-scdj lgsscvj ckjqugfcty hjtwjjk rcob / pilgy rjsuft ck supjr-piwjrs jlpfiycke Lgrxcst cdjifiey= pjrbgps g kjgr-pjrajot qugsc-ogpctgfcst

siocgfcstco systjl jljrejs, ir siljtbcke strgkejr lgy ioour (sckeufgrcty, iaa-wirfd fcaj, djcty-cktjrvjktcik

Tbj suhtfj clpfcogtciks grj wj lust rjoiekczj tbgt tbjrj grj ? typjs ia joikilco hjbgvcir.

^jrsikgf egck, wirmcke tiwgrds siocjtgf eigfs stcpufgtjd hy tbj eriup (j.e. KG_G), & privcdcke

siocgf lckclul. Gt prjsjkt tbj wirfd fgrejfy gppfcjs tbj oikojpt ia "sjrvcoj ti sjfa" gs tbj hjs

actkjss aukotcik air djtjrlckcke jaacocjkoy. Ct's pgrgdixcogf tbriueb erjjd wj gssulj tbj erjgtj

eiid air siocjty. Oikscdjr, wbgt sirt ia joikily wiufd jxcst ca rihits rgk tbckes9 Uiufd bulg

kjjd ti wirm ti rjojcvj aiid jvjk tbiueb fcttfj ti ki bulgk jaairt wiufd hj kjjdjd ti priduoj c

suspjot duj ti ogpctgfcstco pipufgrcty, gs ct wckds diwk iwcke ti tbj vgfuj priduojd sjrvcocke

sjfjot ajw rgtbjr tbgk tbj eriup, ct djsojkds aril hjcke g vgfuj ti tbj lg`ircty (c.j. rcobjst 8% i

bgfa wirfd–s wjgftb) ti ckackctjfy bceb air tbj ckdcvcdugf. Zpik orisscke ti g pist >-jxcejkoy wirf

jaacocjkoy wik–t hj gs clpirtgkt hjogusj siocjty tbriueb jaacocjkoy ivjr tclj lgmjs gff pjipf

ukkjojssgry. Obgkecke fcaj aril sjrvcoj-ti-sjfa ti sjrvcoj-ti-itbjrs.

~5>>,>>> yrs gei

(~8?2.: ¾)

Lgstjry ia acrj

Ace. 7

Q8.7

P

P-gxcs

Tbj P-gxcs rjprjsjkts

oiksjqujkoj.

Tgkβ

Tbj tgkejkt aukotcik (fcaj gs vg

cs g aukotcik ia eiid / jxcejk

Ubcob ckdcogtjs tbj pripirtci

tbisj sjrvcke hy tbj kulhjr

tbisj rjojcvcke. Xjprjsjktcke

trgksctcik aril fcaj gs ivjroilsjfa / kgturj (h ti d ) ti ivjroil

eriup / obicoj (d ti h) (sjj Ace

r 

Ergkd

Oiupurj

jxtckotcik

(~??.: Lg -

~753.53¾)

d

(8>>8)

HI^ <

4,>>>Lcf

(8>>8)

TI^ < 

5:Lcf

T   g  k  β   

7/23/2019 The Scarcity Hypothesis v2.1.3

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-scarcity-hypothesis-v213 4/8

   H  j  e    c  k

  k   c  k  e 

    K  g   t  u  r  g

   f    J  x   c  e 

  j  k  o  y

W7

 Gjstbjtco

(_ulljr)

W8

_clpfcocty

(Agff)

W?

Oilpjtctcik

(Ucktjr)

W4

^fjkty

(_prcke)^   j  g  m   K   

g  t   u  r  g  f    J   x  c    e  j  k  o   y      J  k

  d    K  g

   t  u  r  g   f    J

  x   c  e   j  k

  o  y

^   j  g  m   O  b  i  c   o  j     J  k

  d   O   b

  i   c  o  j

   H  j  e    c  k

  k   c  k  e 

   O   b  i

   c  o  j

     ̂ j  g   m

   E  r  i  u  p

H  j   e  c   k  k  c   k   e   E  

r  i  u   p  

J   

k  d    E  r  i  u   p  

     ̂ j  g   m   _

  j   f   a

J   k  d    _  

j  f   a   

H  j   e  c   k  k  

c   k   e   _  j  f   a   

Ace. 8

W7

 Gjstbjtco

(_ulljr)

W8

_clpfcocty

(Agff)

W?

Oilpjtctcik 

(Ucktjr)

W4

^fjkty

(_prcke)

^   j  g  m   O  b  i  c   o  j     J  k

  d   O   b

  i   c  o  j

   H  j  e    c  k

  k   c  k  e 

   O   b  i

   c  o  j

     ̂ j  g   m

   E  r  i  u  p

H  j   e  c   k  k  c   k   e   E  

r  i  u   p  

J   

k  d    E  r  i  u   p  

     ̂ j  g   m   _

  j   f   a

J   k  d    _  

j  f   a   

H  j   e  c   k  k  

c   k   e   _  j  f   a   

Ace. 8

* Kitj tbj ukcktjkdj

sclcfgrcty ti tbj _iutb

Mirjgk afge gkd tbj

Obckjsj trcergls.

   J  k  d    K  g

   t  u  r  g   f    J

  x   c  e   j  k

  o  y^   j  g  m   K   

g  t   u  r  g  f    J   x  c    e  j  k  o   y  

   H  j  e    c  k

  k   c  k  e 

    K  g   t  u  r  g

   f    J  x   c  e 

  j  k  o  y

W7

 Gjstbjtco

(_ulljr)

W8

_clpfcocty

(Agff)

W?

Oilpjtctcik

(Ucktjr)

W4

^fjkty

(_prcke)

Ace. 8

   H  j  e    c  k

  k   c  k  e 

    K  g   t  u  r  g

   f    J  x   c  e 

  j  k  o  y

^   j  g  m   K   

g  t   u  r  g  f    J   x  c    e  j  k  o   y      J  k

  d    K  g

   t  u  r  g   f    J

  x   c  e   j  k

  o  y

^   j  g  m   O  b  i  c   o  j     J  k

  d   O   b

  i   c  o  j

   H  j  e    c  k

  k   c  k  e 

   O   b  i

   c  o  j

     ̂ j  g   m

   E  r  i  u  p

H  j   e  c   k  k  c   k   e   E  

r  i  u   p  

J   k  d    E  

r  i  u   p       ̂ j

  g   m   _  j   f   a

J   k  d    _  

j  f   a   

H  j   e  c   k  

k  c   k   e   _  j  f   a   

_bgpj ia tbj 4 _jgsiks ck ?D

_ckoj tbjrj gppjgrs ti hj g

fiegrctblco obgkej ck spjjd ct–s fcmjfy

tbgt livjljkt aiffiws gfike silj

ourvcfckjgr suragoj, ck- ir iutwgrds.

^isschfj sbgpjs air tbcs lcebt hj

rjafjotjd ck g Xcjlgkk suragoj ia

_qrt]z\, pri`jotcik aril 4dcl O x O ti

?dcl O x Xj(O), oifir cs greuljkt

(rcebt-tip clgej)

Ir,

^jrbgps g hjttjr gkgfie cs lidjfjd

ck tbj gkgfytco oiktckugtcik ia tbj

Fglhjrt U aukotcik (rcebt-hittil),

sbiwcke tbj clgeckgry oilpikjkt ck

tbj oilpfjx pfgkj.

Xgtj ia _pjjd pjr Wugrtjr 

Ct gppjgrs spjjd cs rjafjotjd ck g

iegrctblco spcrgf. W8 rjprjsjktcke

7?.582 hcffcik yjgrs & W? sbiwcke

8 lcffcik yjgrs.

"Mgrdgsbjv jstclgtjd tbgt gky

cvcfczgtcik eriwcke gt g lidjst rgtj

a g ajw pjrojkt pjr yjgr ck jkjrey

iksulptcik wcff prierjss rgpcdfy

ddd

Joikilco Clpfcogtciks

Ca tbcs tbjiry cs oirrjot ki joikilco systjl cs lirj rcebt tbgk gky itbjr

ogpctgfcsl / hgrtjr / oillukcsl / jto.) hjogusj pbyscogffy jxcejkt ocroulstgkojs

s dcotgtjd hy kgturj (oiupfjd wctb cktjffcejkoj) djtjrlckjs tbj gppriprcgtj lidjf.

bcs cs oilpjffcke hjogusj ct clpfcjs ki systjl cs lirj act tbgk gkitbjr, hut rgtbjr

bgt jgob bgs cts tclj gkd pfgoj gkd ti vgrycke djerjjs. Tbcs wiufd jxpfgck wby tbj

oikilco pgrgsctj-bist gkd lgstjr-sfgvj ljtgpbir obgkejs ivjr tclj aril

gsocsl, ti siocgfcsl, ogpctgfcsl gkd lgrxcsl. Tbjy jgob oiktgck wctbck tbjl tbj

jw agoj ti tbj sglj jvcf ‟ suh`jotcvj lirgfcty (duj ti pbyscogf sogrocty) gkd erjjd

duj ti psyobifiecogf sogrocty).

^bcfisipbcogf / _iocgf Clpirtgkoj

 Gs Tbcob Kbgt Bgkb kitjd, ‖Zktcf wj ogk kglj tbj ipprjssir gkd t

ipprjssjd wctbck jgob ikj ia us, wj grj kit rjgdy ti di siocgf `ustco

Tbcs ergpb (Ace. 7) rjprjsjkts gff stgejs gkd typjs ia ‖ipprjsscik“ k

 `ust ik g lgori-, hut lcori-sogfj. Ct cs tbriueb gk ukdjrstgkdcke

sogrocty tbgt wj sjj wbgt oiljs kjxt.^byscogf Oikscdjrgtciks

_ogrocty ruks ckvjrsjfy gegckst tbj fgws ia tbjrlidykglcos. Tbcs cktuctcvjfy lgmjs

jksj sckoj gff orjgturjs acebt jktripy ti survcvj. Ct gfsi sueejsts tbgt tbj 8kd fgw ia

bjrlidykglcos lgy aukdgljktgffy clpisj g tcebt uppjr-hiukd gt (g) ck Ace. 7,

lpfycke wj lgy hj stuom ck tbj _ocjktcsl ukcvjrsj sjjk hjfiw ck Ace. ?. Biwjvjr

list pbyscocsts gerjj tbj jgrfy ukcvjrsj wgs bcebfy spjocgf ck tbgt ct wgs ckctcgffy ck g

iw jktripy stgtj. _ueejstcke, pjrbgps, tbgt tbj 8kd fgw wgs siljbiw ivjroilj.

bjrj bgvj hjjk g kulhjr ia cdjgs jxpfircke biw tbcs lcebt ioour (L. Mgmu–s

ik`joturj tbgt oislco gsylljtry lgy hrjgm oiksjrvgtcik ia jkjrey ck ‖jxitco &

kjxpjotjd pfgojs“ (^byscos ia tbj Clpisschfj, p812)= X. ^jkrisj–s Ujyf ourvgturj

ypitbjscs= Gscliv–s ‒Tbj Eids Tbjlsjfvjs– acotcik djsorchcke wirlbifjs

ikkjotcke pgrgffjf ukcvjrsjs= A. Dysik–s ipjk ukcvjrsj lidjf djsorchjd ck ‖Tclj 

wctbiut jkd=“  A. Tcpfjr–s Iljeg ^ickt= jto.) Gff tbjsj cdjgs privcdj wgys air g

jktcjkoj ti acebt gegckst kgturj jkairojd jxcejkoy gkd (bipjauffy) ivjroilj ct.

Oyofcogf Ctjrgtciks

Ikj ia tbj agsockgtcke obgrgotjrcstcos ia Ace. 7 cs ct sueejsts jgob

eijs tbriueb g sjqujkoj ia ? qugrtjrs ti oilpfjtj g pgrtcoufgr oyofj.

sjjk hjfiw ck Ace. 8, W8 (tbj ckojptcik ia tbj ukcvjrsj) rjprjsjkts

sjfa, wctb ‖sjfa“ stgrtcke ck W7 gkd jkdcke ck W? (wbjrj wj grj gt prj

Ct–s clpirtgkt ti kitj tbgt jvjk tbiueb tbj pisctcvj y-gxcs rjprjsjkt

tbj ofisj ia W8 dijsk't ljgk tbj jkd ia ‖sjfa“ gs jgrfy bulgks sje

‖eriup.“ Xgtbjr ct lgrms tbj trgksctcik ti g kjw pgrgdcel duj ti pb

sogrocty / jvifutcikgry prjssurj pusbcke us ck tbgt dcrjotcik. Tbcs bckt

oyofj fjgds aril ikj pbcfisipbcogf eigf ti gkitbjr hy ivjrfgppcke wct

itbjr. _i gs g suh-oyofj jkds tbcs ckdcogtjs cts gttgckljkt.

ril ikj typj ti tbj kjxt, wctbck g lgttjr ia g ajw tbiusgkd yjgrs ti tjks ia

biusgkds ia yjgrs." (^byscos ia tbj Clpisschfj, p741). Aurtbjr vjrcaycke tbj kitcik ia

korjgscke spjjd pjr qugrtjr.

Tbjifiecogf / Jsobgtifiecogf Tbiuebts

Tbj prclgry ergpb (Ace. 7) jxprjssjs g pitjktcgf kjw vcjw ia iur ircecks gkd wbjrj

wj'rj eicke. Ct sueejsts wj ogk fiim gt tbj ukcvjrsj gs g prihghcfcty lgobckj orjgtcke

ff pisschcfctcjs. Ct sueejsts ki rjfcecik cs wrike. Ct bckts gotugffy tbgt ilkc-tbjcsl cs g

lirj wirfdfy vcjw ck tbj sjksj tbgt hitb gtbjcsl gkd tbjcsl ogk hitb hj oirrjot

wctbiut orjgtcke g pgrgdix. Ubcob cs ti sgy ca tbcs wbifj systjl cs rcebt wj lgy ck agot

j tbj acrst orjgtcik ti oilj aril kitbcke, hut ca wj dik't mcff iursjfvjs wj wcff ckjvctghfy

joilj tbj Eids wj'vj drjglt up. _i tbj qujstcik cs grj wj tbj acrst ir sclpfy

kitbjr ctjrgtcik ia tbcs priojss9

Oyofcogf Ctjrgtciks (oikt.)

Tbj dcgergl ik tbj fjat (ace. ?) sbiws tbgt tbj ogrdckgf pis

ik tbj ojktrgf ocrofj rjprjsjkt tbj cdjgfs ia gff lg`ir pbcfisi

sobiifs gkd hjfcjas. Ct lgy kit hj pisschfj ti mkiw wbcob s

rjprjsjkts iur rjgfcty, hut tbj ritgtcik ia gk iutjr-sobiif oi

ofiomwcsj tiwgrds cts grriw (ir stgrt) ckdcogtjs g pg

gfcekljkt wctb tbj ojktrgf ocrofj–s djerjj ritgtcik. Cktjrjs

tbj ojktjr pbcfisipby livjs ofiomwcsj sueejstcke ct pusbj

itbjrs, fcmj ejgrs ik g ofiom, airwgrd= ir put gkitbjr wgy

iutjr sobiifs lclco tbj gxcgf ircjktgtcik ia tbj ojktrgf so

djerjj ritgtcik hjbgvcke fcmj g lgekjtco rjpjffgkt.

Ia gff tbj pisschcfctcjs tbgt hjst rjprjsjkt iur jxcstjkoj h

ik tbj jvcdjkoj C–l ckofckjd ti sgy tbgt, ck irdjr ia fcmjfcbiijctbjr fcvj ck tbj socjktcsl ukcvjrsj ir tbj ojktrgf rjgfcty (Ace

W7

Gjstbjtco

(_ulljr)

W8

_clpfcocty

(Agff)

W?

Oilp.

(Ucktjr)

W4

^fjkty

(_prcke)

+x-x

+y

-y

W7

Gjstbjtco

(_ulljr)

W8

_clpfcocty

(Agff)

W?

Oilp.

(Ucktjr)

W4

^fjkty

(_prcke)

-x+x

+yW7

Gjstbjtco

(_ulljr)

W8

_clpfcocty

(Agff)

W?

Oilp.

(Ucktjr)

W4

^fjkty

(_prcke)

-x+x

+y

-y

W7

Gjstbjtco

(_ulljr)

W8

_clpfcocty

(Agff)

W?

Oilp.

(Ucktjr)

W4

^fjkty

(_prcke)

+x-x

-y

+y

W7

Gjstbjtco

(_ulljr)

W8

_clpfcocty

(Agff)

W?

Oilp.

(Ucktjr)

W4

^fjkty

(_prcke)

+x-x

-y

+y

Fcaj rjvifvcke griukd g ukcvjrsj

wbjrj kgturgf jxcejkoy cs

cksurliuktghfj.

(_ocjktcsl / Ih`jotcvj rjgfcty )

Fcaj rjvifvcke griukd g ukcvjrsj

wbjrj tbj ikfy tbcke tbgt–s

cksurliuktghfj cs gff tbckes gt

pjgoj gkd gt-ikj wctb jgob itbjr.

(Tbjcsl / Lystcocsl / Lgrxcsl)

Fcaj rjvifvcke griukd g

ukcvjrsj wbjrj gff tbckes

strcvj air, hut ogk–t gobcjvj

kfclctjd ckdjpjkdjkoj / sjfa

jlpiwjrljkt / arjjdil /

‖vifuptuius pfjgsurj.“

(Kcjtzsobjgk pbcfisipby /

Kcbcfcsl / Ogpctgfcsl)

Fcaj wbjrj tbj ikfy tbcke

tbgt–s cksurliuktghfj cs

obicoj.

(Orjgtcikcsl)

Fcaj rjvifvcke griukd gff pisschcfctcjs,

wbjrj gff ghsifutjs ogk hj ivjroilj,

hut kitbckekjss cs cksurliuktghfj.

Ace. ?

-y

7/23/2019 The Scarcity Hypothesis v2.1.3

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-scarcity-hypothesis-v213 5/8

Tbj ghivj ergpb, ‖Oickocdjkoj ir Djscek,“ cs g sfcdj tgmjk aril g 8>>3 fjoturj ecvjk hy tbjirjtcogf pbyscocst Dr. Fgwrjkoj Mrguss. Ct sbiws

tbgt tbj djkscty ia lgttjr gs tbj ukcvjrsj jxpgkds gppjgrs ti ei diwk gs 7 ivjr tbj vifulj. Biwjvjr tbj pfit gfsi hjgrs ihvcius sclcfgrctcjs ti

tbj oitgkejkt aukotcik hjeckkcke gt >, ?1>, & 72> djerjjs.

Ikj surprcscke ajgturj ia tbcs tbjiry cs ct kit ikfy lgtobjs tbj ghivj ejiljtry (c.j. pjgm kgturj ck W? gs sjjk hjfiw ck Ace. : ), hut ct

pitjktcgffy jxpfgcks wby wj fcvj gt g tclj wbjk tbj jkjrey djkscty ia jlpty spgoj cs riuebfy tbj sglj gs tbj jkjrey djkscty ia lgttjr. Ca tbcs

tbjiry cs oirrjot gt pickt (d) obicoj, ljgkcke ogpghcfcty ti jkgot ckdjpjkdjkt ia kgturj, wgs hirk. Tbcs ogk jgscfy hj sjjk gs g djsorcptcik air

fcaj ir sjktcjkoj. Gfsi kitcoj tbcs sogrocty bypitbjscs sueejsts wj–rj bjgdcke tbriueb W? ti W4 ik iur wgy ti pickt (D) wbjrj obicoj auffy

gpprjocgtjs. Fgtjr gs kgturj gpprigobjs hjcke dcvcdjd iut gt (g) wj sjj siljtbcke vjry sclcfgr ti wbgt–s djsorchjd ck Xiejr ̂ jkrisj–s Ujyf

ourvgturj bypitbjscs (grxcv07>77.?5>1). Tbj oikairlgf agotir ℡ tjkds ti > gs tclj gkd lgttjr jvgpirgtj (grxcv07>>3.4132v7). Tbcs sueejsts sjktcjkoj ck

tbj agr-afuke auturj wcff lgkcajst ck g lgkkjr sclcfgr ti Arjd Biyfj–s ‖Hfgom Ofiud“ (sjj Arjjlgk Dysik–s ‖Tclj wctbiut Jkd“) gkd pjrbgps

jvjktugffy gs lgssfjss pgrtcofjs. Ck tbcs wgy tbj pbyscogf ukcvjrsj ogk hj sjjk gs g ljtghifco priojss.

Orjgtcvj Oillik ?.> Gttrchutcik-Kikoilljrocgf-Kidjrcvgtcvj (© 8>7>)Dustck Dgroy ‟ Oiktgot0 ddgroyNdcecpjk.jdu Auff wrctj-up0 bttp0//tckyurf.oil/TiJ-sogrocty Q8.7.7

Ace. :

C) Djkscty 7,8 hrcdej0

7. Lgttjr gs eriup

8. _jfa pjgms gs sckeufgrcty gt

(o)

?. Obicoj trgksajrrjd ti

kgturj

CC) Djkscty ?,4 hrcdej0

7. Fcaj & sjktcjkoj gs obicoj

8. Kgturj pjgms gs bghctghfj

wirfds gt (d)

?. _jfa trgksajrrjd ti lgttjr 

CCC) Djkscty :,1 hrcdej0

7. YYY (Cktjffcejkt lgssfjsspgrtcofjs9) gs sjfa 

8. Eriup pjgms gs YYY gt (g)

?. Kgturj trgksajrrjd ti

obicoj

CQ) Djkscty 5,2 hrcdej0

7. YYY (_ullgtcik ia eriup

jxpjrcjkoj9 Kjw rufjs

jstghfcsbjd9) gs kgturj

8. Obicoj pjgms gs YYY gt (h)

?. Xjlgckcke lgss

trgksajrrjd ti YYY 

(cktjffcejkt lgssfjss

pgrtcofjs9)

* Tbj gpprixclgtciks air

wbjk tbj "sifgr systjl

airljd" (riuebfy tbj sglj

tclj-pjrcid tbgt Jgrtb

oigfjsojd griukd 3.8 Eg),

tbj pickt wbjrj wj jxcst

"kiw" (~7?.5? hcffcik yjgrs),gkd wbjk "iur suk dcjs"

(~75.5-72.5 Eg) wjrj iaa ck

tbj irceckgf dcgergl hy ghiut

8 hcffcik yjgrs. Tbjrj's stcff g

erjgt djgf ia oiktjktcik ivjr

wbjk tbj acrst egfgxcjs

airljd, hut tbjrj's jvcdjkoj

ti sueejst tbcs bgppjkjd gs

jgrfy gs gatjr 7 hcffcik yjgrs.

Tbiueb lirj rjojkt

rjsjgrob cs sbiwcke auffy

airljd egfgxcjs gt ghiut 8.5

ti ? hcffcik yjgrs aiffiwcke tbj

>-dgtj. Duj ti tbcs vgrcghcfcty

tbj lgppcke wgs fjat gs

irceckgffy pfittjd.

*

7/23/2019 The Scarcity Hypothesis v2.1.3

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-scarcity-hypothesis-v213 6/8

^rierjss cs vjry fcmjfy rjprjsjktjd hy wbcob ‖ukcvjrsj“ (sjj Ace. ?) g sjkt

jxcsts ck. Air ckstgkoj, ca g sjktcjkoj stgrts ck tbj hjfiw ukcvjrsjs prierjs

wiufd fcmjfy priojjd gs aiffiws0

7. Eriup ukcvjrsj ‟ Ilkc-

hjkjvifjkt, pitjkt, prjsjkt, socjkt

8. Obicoj ukcvjrsj ‟ Ilkc-

socjkt, hjkjvifjkt, pitjkt, prjsjkt

Tbj itbjr 8> pisschcfctcjs ogk hj ogfoufgtjd hy vgrycke tbj spjjd ia gttgcklj

gky ecvjk ilkc-fjvjf. Ck tbj ghivj jxglpfjs g spjjd ia ? cs gssuljd hgsj

kgturgf sylljtry (Ace. 8) gkd fieco, duj ti pisctciks gs jfghirgtjd ik ck Ace. 7

pickt g ckdcogtjs jkd kgturgf jxcejkoy  clpfycke ilkcpitjkoj). Tbj ivjrr

spjjd tjlpfgtjs, ckdjpjkdjkt ia stgrtcke ukcvjrsj, grj0

g) x,?,?,? h) x,7,7,7 o) x,?,8,7 d) x,7,8,? j) x,8,?,8 a) x,8,7,8

Tbj sfiwjst rjgfcty stgrtcke aril W8 (kitbckekjss) wiufd tbjk hj tbj eriup l

vjrsj sjt wbcob bgs tbj aiffiwcke spjjd fgyiut0

g) 4,?,?,? h) 4,7,7,7 o) 4,7,8,? d) 4,8,?,8 j) 4,8,7,8 a) 4,?,8,7

_ckoj iur spjocjs bgs ki ilkc- ghcfctcjs gkd wj–vj gfrjgdy pgssjd g lckclu

ikj qugrtjr tbcs rufjs iut tbj spjjd ia ikj sjt (1 pjrlutgtciks). Tbriueb fie

pisschfj ti rufj-iut gddctcikgf sjts hgsjd ik bulgkcty–s oiktckujd eigfs.

Air jxglpfj, iur prclgry aukotcik ck dgy-ti-dgy fcaj cs ivjroilcke kgturj. U

tbcs ckvifvjs wirmcke tiejtbjr, gttgckcke kjw mkiwfjdej, gkd lckclczcke

spjocjs– prclctcvj kik-hjkjvifjkt tjkdjkocjs, tbjsj eigfs grj suhsjrvcjkt ti

djscrj ti lgxclczj iur ghcfcty ti bgvj obicoj (ljgkcke ogpghcfcty ti j

ckdjpjkdjkt ia kgturj). Duj ti tbcs iur acrst eigf cs fcmjfy ilkcpitjkoj. _ckoj w

ofisj ti oilpfjtcke W? wj ogk rufj iut tbj spjjd ia twi sjt (1 pjrlutg

aiousjd 7st ik gobcjvcke ilkcprjsjkoj). Ubcfj tbcs fjgvjs tbj eriup luftc-v

tjlpfgtj gs g pisschcfcty (clpfycke ilkc-hjkjvifjkoj gs tbj 7st

eigf & tbj 4,

spjjd fgyiut) wj ogk gssulj hgsjd ik iur ourrjkt dcrjotcik tbgt tbj sjt ia ?

list fcmjfy ogkdcdgtj air iur rjgfcty.

Tbgt sgcd jvjk tbiueb fieco gkd Ace. 7 pickt tiwgrds g prierjsscik ia,

Ilkcpitjkoj, Ilkcprjsjkoj, Ilkcsocjkoj, & ackgffy Ilkc-hjkjvifjko

ct–s clpirtgkt ti kitj0

7. Tbjrj lgy hj gk uppjr fclct ia wbgt ogk hj gobcjvjd (c.j. lcebt kit hj pis

ti hj ilkcpitjkt, ilkcprjsjkt, ilkcsocjkt, gkd/ir ilkc-hjkjvifjkt).

8. Tbj irdjrgkoj cs djpjkdjkt ik tbj stgrtcke ukcvjrsj g sjktcjkoj cs hjegt ck

?. Tbjsj tbckes lgy ioour scluftgkjiusfy ck wbcob ogsj gff hjts grj iaa.

Ca ivjroilcke kgturj cs gssuljd ti ckdcogtj ilkcpitjkoj. Tbjk tbjrj grj

^? < 1 sifutciks air {sjfa, obicoj, eriup} gs sjjk ck Ace. 8.

C.J. Ilkc- 0

7. ̂ rjsjkt, _ocjkt, Hjkjvifjkt

8. ̂ rjsjkt, Hjkjvifjkt, _ocjkt

?. _ocjkt, ̂ rjsjkt, Hjkjvifjkt

4. _ocjkt, Hjkjvifjkt, ̂ rjsjkt

:. Hjkjvifjkt, ̂ rjsjkt, _ocjkt

1. Hjkjvifjkt, _ocjkt, ̂ rjsjkt

Tbj hjst lgtobjs air Ilkc-0

7. ^rjsjkt ‟ grj ivjroilcke Eriup ir _jfa

8. _ocjkt ‟ cs Obicoj

?. Hjkjvifjkt ‟ grj _jfa, Eriup, ir Obicoj

Oikqujrcke obicoj cs fcmjfy wbgt rjsufts ck ilkcsocjkoj hjogusj ca g

jktcjkoj mkiws gff tbckes tbjk tbjrj grjk't gky lirj obicojs ti hj lgdj.

Gff iutoiljs grj mkiwk.

Orjgtcke g lgtrcx0

Ti wbcttfj tbcs diwk oikscdjr, biw ogk gk jktcty mkiw gff tbckes ca ct–s kit

wctb gff tbckes9 Tbus ikj lust ivjroilj sjfa ti hj g pgrt ia gff tbckes, kitjpgrgtj aril gff tbckes.

Biwjvjr ct ogk hj greujd ukdjrstgkdcke gkd rjgfczcke sjfa gffiws air

jkjvifjkoj. Tbj qujstcik tbjk hjoiljs cs lgxclczcke sjfa suob tbgt

hjkjvifjkt ; prjsjkoj“ ir ‖ prjsjkoj ; hjkjvifjkoj9“ Tbj wgy ti gkswjr

bcs cs ti gsm, ‖Cs jlpiwjrcke tbj jktcrj eriup lirj hjkjvifjkt tbgk

gtcsaycke sjfa9“ Ofjgrfy jkghfcke gff tbckes cs lirj hjkjacojkt tbgk tbj

otugfczgtcik ia tbj ckdcvcdugf ca ikfy hjogusj ct–s qugktctgtcvjfy erjgtjr. Gfsi

fjvgtcke tbj eriup ckvifvjs sgtcsaycke gff sjfvjs. Tbus0

Eriup, _jfa , Obicoj

^rjsj0 >, 7, >

_ocjkt0 >, >, 7

Hjkjv0 7, 7, 7

_i tbriueb priojss ia jfclckgtcik0

Eriup, _jfa , Obicoj

^rjsj0 >, 7, >

_ocjkt0 >, >, 7

Hjkjv0 7, >, >

Tbjk stgrtcke ck W8, gs sjjk ck tbj ergpb ghivj, tbj pgttjrk cs Ilkc-0

^itjkt, ̂ rjsjkt, _ocjkt, Hjkjvifjkt

Cktjrjstckefy 4^4 (ir 4! / (4-4)!) ckdcogtjs g titgf ia 84 titgf pjrlutgtciks.

Ljgkcke tbjrj grj 84 pisschfj wgys g sjktcjkoj oiufd jvifvj ti gttgck

ilpfjtj Eid-biid. Oiuktcke dcaajrjkt stgrtcke ukcvjrsjs ecvjs 84*4 < 31

isschcfctcjs. Ca gobcjvcke gk ilkc- fjvjf tgmjs lirj tbgk 7 auff-oyofj tbjrj

rj ckackctj oilhckgtciks, hut tbjy–d stcff hj dcvcschfj hy tbj spjjd-tjlpfgtjs

s jfghirgtjd ik ck tbj rcebt oifulk. Tbj prierjsscik stgrtcke aril W8gssulcke tbckes oilj aril kitbckekjss), djrcvjd aril Ace. 8 , cs0

>7->? (W8-W4), Ivjroilcke kgturj (ilkcpitjkt)

>4->1 (W7-W?), Ivjroilcke sjfa (ilkcprjsjkt)

>5->3 (W4-W8), Ivjroilcke obicoj (ilkcsocjkt)

7>-78 (W?-W7), Ivjroilcke eriup (ilkc-hjkjvifjkt)

^rierjsscik aril W7 (gssulcke tbckes gfwgys jxcstjd ) cs0

>7->? (W7-W?), Ivjroilcke sjfa (ilkcprjsjkt)

>4->1 (W4-W8), Ivjroilcke obicoj (ilkcsocjkt)

>5->3 (W?-W7), Ivjroilcke eriup (ilkc-hjkjvifjkt)

7>-78 (W8-W4), Ivjroilcke kgturj (ilkcpitjkt)

Orjgtcvj Oillik ?.> Gttrchutcik-Kikoilljrocgf-Kidjrcvgtcvj (© 8>7>)Dustck Dgroy ‟ Oiktgot0 ddgroyNdcecpjk.jdu Q8.7.8

?. _jfa ukcvjrsj ‟ Ilkc-

prjsjkt, socjkt, hjkjvifjkt, pitjkt

4 & :. Kgturgf & Ojktrgf ukcvjrsj ‟ I

pitjkt, prjsjkt, socjkt, hjkjvifjkt

W7

Gjstbjtco

(_ulljr)

W8

_clpfcocty

(Agff)

W?

Oilpjtctcik

(Ucktjr)

W4

^fjkty

(_prcke)

  I  l  k   c  s

  o   c  j  k  o

  j   G   t   t  g   c  k  j

  d

  I  l  k   c  p

  i   t  j  k

  o  j   G   t   t  g

   c  k  j  d

H  j   e  c   k  k  c   k   e   I  l  k  c    p  r  j  s  j  k  o  j  

   L   c  d  w

  g  y   I  l  k   c  p

  r  j  s  j  k  o

  j

I  l  k  c    p  r  j  s  j  k  o  j    G  t   t   g  c   k  j  d   

H  j   e  c   k  k  c   k   e   I  l  k  c   - h  j  k  j  v  i  f   j  k  o  j     L

   c  d  w  g  y

   I  l  k   c -   h  j

  k  j  v  i   f  j  k

  o  j

I  l  k  c   - h  j  k  j  v  i  f   j  k  o  j    G  t   t   g c

C   k  a   c   k  c   t   j  9    X  j   p  j  g  t   s  9    I  

r   H  r  g  k  o b

Ace. 4 ‟Ojktrgf ir socjk

ukcvjrsj stgrtck

W8 spjjd ia ?,

   H  j  e    c  k  k

   c  k  e    I  l  k   c  s

  o   c  j  k  o

  j

L   c   d   w  

g   y   I  l  k  c   s  o  c   j  k  o  j  

   H  j  e    c  k  k

   c  k  e    I  l  k   c  p

  i   t  j  k

  o  j

L   c   d   w  

g   y   I  l  k  c    p  i  t   j  k  o  j  

Eriup, _jfa, Obicoj

r̂jsj0 7, 7, >

_ocjkt0 >, >, 7

Hjkjv0 7, 7, 7

Eriup, _jfa, Obicoj

r̂jsj0 >, 7, >

_ocjkt0 >, >, 7

jkjv0 , ,

Eriup, _jfa, Obicoj

r̂jsj0 >, 7, >

_ocjkt0 >, >, 7

Hjkjv0 7, >, >

7/23/2019 The Scarcity Hypothesis v2.1.3

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-scarcity-hypothesis-v213 7/8

W7

Gjstbjtco

(_ulljr)

W8

_clpfcocty

(Agff)

W?

Oilp.

(Ucktjr)

W4

^fjkty

(_prcke)

+x-x

+y

-y

W7

Gjstbjtco

(_ulljr)

W8

_clpfcocty

(Agff)

W?

Oilp.

(Ucktjr)

W4

^fjkty

(_prcke)

-x+x

+yW7

Gjstbjtco

(_ulljr)

W8

_clpfcocty

(Agff)

W?

Oilp.

(Ucktjr)

W4

^fjkty

(_prcke)

-x+x

+y

-y

W7

Gjstbjtco

(_ulljr)

W8

_clpfcocty

(Agff)

W?

 Oilp.

(Ucktjr)

W4

^fjkty

(_prcke)

+x-x

-y

+y

W7

Gjstbjtco

(_ulljr)

W8

_clpfcocty

(Agff)

W?

Oilp.

(Ucktjr)

W4

^fjkty

(_prcke)

+x-x

-y

+y

Ace. ?.7

Xgtj ia _pjjd pjr Wugrtjr  _iutb Mirjgk Afge ocrog 7228

(Z._. Kgvy hiim Afges ia Lgrctclj Kgtciks ck @ufy 7228.) 

2 Trcergls ia tbj Hć eóg

(Jgrfcjr Bjgvjk, 82:8 - 85?5 HOJ)

  Ca yiu kitcoj Ace. 8, aril tbj gddjkdul,

hczgrrjfy jkiueb lclcos tbj tbrjj hgrs usjd

ti orjgtj g trcergl. Jvjk lirj surprcscke cs

tbgt tbj pisctcikcke bgppjks ti lgtob tbj

ircjktgtcik ia tbj sjgsiks gs spjocacjd hy tbj

‖Jgrfcjr Bjgvjk“ hć eóg. Tbcs cs aurtbjr

dddddd

Ourcisctcjs

Gkitbjr iddcty cs tbgt tbj ukcvjrsjs ck Ace. ? aril tbj gddjkdul sjjl ti oirrjspikd ti tbj : wirfds djsorchjd ck tbj Mghhgfgb, Bckdu Tgktrcsl, gkd

_uac-Csfglco / Hgbç'ì oislifiey. Tbcs sclcfctudj cs jspjocgffy truj ia tbj wirfds (bg-Ifglit) jxpiukdjd ik ck mghhgfcstco tjxts0

µ ‒Gscygb cs oillikfy djsorchjd gs ntbj wirfd ia lgkcajstgtcikn ]Pjttjr, _clpfj Mghhgfgb, p3>\ gkd cs nobgrgotjrczjd gs tbj Uirfd ia "Gotcik.“ Ct cs tbj Uirfd ck

jktctcjs hjoilj lgtjrcgf ir oikorjtj.n ]bjrljtco.oil & Qctgf, "Jtẟ Ḥgyycl“\

µ  Sjtzcrgb cs mkiwk gs tbj n‖Uirfd ia Airlgtcik.“ ‖Sjtscrgb" gs ck "lgmcke" … gotugffy tgmcke wbgtjvjr lgttjr tbgt wgs orjgtjd ck tbj "Hrcgb" & sbgpcke

tbj hgsco jfjljkts.n]Eckshure, Mghhgfgb, p187\ nTbj wirfd ck wbcob wj hjeck ti trgksairl rgw lgtjrcgfs ckti tbjcr pitjktcgf airls.n ]@goihs, Tcmmuk (rjpgcr) & trgksairl

µ Hjrc–gb cs mkiwk gs tbj Uirfd ia Orjgtcik. Ct–s ng Uirfd ia purj oiksociuskjss= Hjrcgb sylhifczjs tbj _pcrctugf Uirfd ..., & ckofudjs tbj jfjljkts ia t

spgoj.]̂ iffgom, Tbj Mghhgfgb trjj, p17-18\ Hjrcgb/Orjgtcik oiktgcks tbj jssjktcgf kgturj ia gff tbisj tbckes wbcob grj ti oilj ckti hjcke. Hjrcgb cs gfsi ogffj

Uirfd ia _jpgrgtj Cktjffcejkojs," ]_obifjl, Mghhgfgb, p775\ gs ct cs g wirfd ia jssjkojs, prckocpfjs gkd cdjgs.n ]ygsbg.kjt\

µ Gtzcfutb cs ‖tbj wirfd ia grobjtypjs arjj aril gky djsojkt ckti pbjkiljkg,“ g "Uirfd ia Zkcty,“ ckackcty & ‖Kitbckekjss“ (Gyck). ]Mgpfgk, _jajr Sjtzcrgb\

µ Gdgl Mgdlik ir "^rclirdcgf Lgk" (oilpgrghfj ti tbj Gktbripis ia Ekistcocsl & Lgkcobgjcsl) cs tbj :tb supjrkgf wirfd. Gooirdcke ti Qctgf, ntbj "

ddd ia ^ickts", cs ikj ia tbj lyrcgd wirfds tbgt jxcsts ck tbj

hjtwjjk tbj wirfds ia Gdgl Mgdlik gkd Gtzcfut. Tbj _j

tbcs wirfd grj  oilpfjtjfy ckdjpjkdjkt   gkd dcsukcacjd &

tbus suh`jot ti hjcke sbgttjrjd durcke tbj oislco ogtgs

mkiwk gs tbj Hrjgmcke ia tbj Qjssjfs.n ]kjwmghhgfgb.oil\

  Ck _uacsl & Hgbç'ì oislifiey Gfgl-c-Bgbut cs nGff-^is

kik-dcaajrjktcgtjd gkd kik-djtjrlckjd, ckdcvcschfy Ikj,

^isschcfcty … ia Cts iwk kjegtcik ir Cts iwk ‖fclctgtcik

 Gfgl-c-Fgbut cs ‖Hjcke“ ir tbj ‖spbjrj ia Dcvckj kgturj.“

tbj ckdcvcdugf cs g dcaajrjktcgtjd pisschcfcty ck Fgbut

ukdcaajrjktcgtjd ck Bgbut, gkd tbus ct cs pisschfj ti sg

hjyikd tbj pjrsikgfcty tbjrj cs tbj _jfa …n]p71>\ Gfgl-c-@

ckdcogtjs tbj wirfd ia piwjr gkd cs iatjk rjfgtjd ti tbj o

wirfd ia Ujstjrk Ioouftcsl= sueejstcke tbgt ckairl

prjojdjs lgkcajstgtcik. @ghgrut cs gfsi rjajrrjd ti gs ‖tbj

ia ilkcpitjkoj.“ ]p884\ Gfgl-c-Lgfgmut cs tbj wirfd ia ‖gke

‖tbj bjgrt.“ ]Bgkca, Hci. jko.  _uacs\ Gfgl-c-Kgsut cs tbj wi

bulgkcty, siljtcljs djscekgtjd gs Gfgl-c-G`sgl, tbj w

hidcjs. ]Efgssã, Tbj kjw jkoyofipjdcg ia Csfgl\

  Tbjsj sclcfgrctcjs pjrscst ck Bckdu-Tgktrcsl wctb H

rjprjsjktcke tbj pbyscogf, Gktgrfimg tbj wirfd-ck-hjtwj

tbj ljktgf-jlitcikgf spbjrj, _cvgfimg rjprjsjktcke tbj o

pfgkj, ^grglgsbcvg gs tbj ukdcaajrjktcgtjd Eid-bjgd, & tgttwg tbj lgkcajstgtcik. ]_uhrglukcygswglc, Dgkocke Uctb _cvg\

Fcaj rjvifvcke griukd g ukcvjrsj

wbjrj tbj ikfy tbcke tbgt–s

cksurliuktghfj cs gff tbckes gt

pjgoj gkd gt-ikj wctb jgob itbjr.

(Tbjcsl / Lystcocsl / Lgrxcsl /

Sjtzcrgb  / Lgfgmut / Gktgrfimg)

Fcaj rjvifvcke griukd g ukcvjrsj

wbjrj kgturgf jxcejkoy cs

cksurliuktghfj.

(_ocjktcsl / Ih`jotcvj rjgfcty / 

Gscygb  / Kgsut / Hbufimg)

-y

Fcaj rjvifvcke griukd g

ukcvjrsj wbjrj gff tbckes

strcvj air, hut ogk–t gobcjvj

ukfclctjd ckdjpjkdjkoj / sjfa

jlpiwjrljkt / arjjdil /

‖vifuptuius pfjgsurj.“

(Kcjtzsobjgk pbcfisipby  / Kcbcfcsl / 

Ogpctgfcsl / Gdgl Mgdlik  / Fgbut / 

_bcvg-tgttwg)

Fcaj wbjrj tbj ikfy tbcke

tbgt–s cksurliuktghfj cs

obicoj.

(Orjgtcikcsl / Hjrc–gb / 

@ghgrut / _cvgfimg)

Fcaj rjvifvcke griukd gff pisschcfctcjs,

wbjrj gff ghsifutjs ogk hj ivjroilj,

hut kitbckekjss cs cksurliuktghfj.(_.B. / Tgi / Gtzc futb  / Bgbut / ̂ grglgsbcvg)

Oyofcogf Ctjrgtciks

W4

^fjkty(_prcke)

  H  j  e    c  k

  k   c  k  e 

    K  g   t  u  r  g   f

    J  x   c  e 

  j  k  o  y

^   j  g  m   K   

g  t   u  r  g  f    J   x  c    e  j  k  o   y      J  k

  d    K  g

   t  u  r  g   f    J

  x   c  e   j  k

  o  y

^   j  g  m   O  

b  i  c   o  j     J  k

  d   O   b

  i   c  o  j

   H  j  e    c  k

  k   c  k  e 

   O   b  i

   c  o  j

     ̂ j  g   m

   E  r  i  u  p

H  j   e  c   k  k  c   k   e   E  

r  i  u   p  

J   k  d    E  

r  i  u   p       ̂ j  g   m

   _  j   f   a

J   k  d    _  

j  f   a   

H  j   e  c   k  k  c   k   e   _  

j  f   a   

Ace. 8.?

W7

 Gjstbjtco

(_ulljr)

W8

_clpfcocty

(Agff)

W?

Oilpjtctcik(Ucktjr)

cffustrgtjd hy cts– usgej ik tbj _iutb Mirjgk stgkdgrd, sjjk ghivj. Ct–s gfsi kitjwirtby tbgt tbj Tg

spcrgf aiukd ik tbj lcddfj ia tbj afge wgs djrcvjd aril ergpbcke tbj fjketb ia tbj suk–s sbg

Ckdcogtcke tbj trgdctcik bgs silj hgscs ck pbyscogffy ihsjrvghfj pbjkiljkg.

  _tjppcke hgom air g liljkt ct–s agsockgtcke ti oiktjlpfgtj tbj sjqujkojs wbjk oiktrgstjd gegck

kitcik ia ‖hjeckkcke,“ ‖pjgm,“ & ‖jkd“ gs tbjy pitjktcgffy rjfgtj ti Sck vjrsus Sgke. Sck (hrimjk) cs us

gssiocgtjd wctb dgrm, bcddjk, pgsscvj, rjojptcvj, ycjfdcke, oiif, siat, gkd ajlckckj. Ubjrjgs Sgke (

cs cffulckgtjd, jvcdjkt, gotcvj, geerjsscvj, oiktriffcke, bit, bgrd, gkd lgsoufckj. _ckoj tbjrj grj 84 ti fgy iut tbj oikojktrco-ocrofjs ck Ace. 8 ct–s pisschfj ti grrgkej W8 ck suob g wgy tbgt ‖^jgm

oirrjspikds ti Sgke. Ia tbjsj 84 grrgkejljkts tbjrj grj ikfy 4 tbgt gfwgys eugrgktjjs ‖^jgm

Sgke-rifj wbjk Sgke cs gvgcfghfj. Tbj Fgtjr Bjgvjk hć eóg priduojs 1 lgtobjs gkd wbjk `

gegckst Jgrfcjr Bjgvjk ikfy 8 pjrlutgtciks eugrgktjj ‖^jgm“ ck g Sgke-pisctcik. Tbj 7st, sjjk ck

8.?, aiffiws gk {iutjr, lcd, ckkjr, x -egp} irdjr stgrtcke aril W8 ia {Hje. Jxce, ^jgm _jfa, Jkd Obic

gkd ck W4 {Jkd Jxce., x, Hje. Obicoj, ^jgm Eriup}. Tbj 8kd

  ogsj ckoirpirgtjs g W8 fgyiut ia

Obicoj, ^jgm _jfa, Hje. Jxce., x} gkd ck W4 {Hje. Obicoj, x, Jkd Jxce., ^jgm Eriup}. Ct–s gfsi

kitcke tbgt ck tbj C-Obcke, Hiim ia Obgkejs, Sck cs 8 gkd Sgke ?. Ljgkcke W8 gdds ti 5, W? jqu

W4 cs 2, & W7 cs 3. Tbj kulhjrs 1 & 3, ck turk, rjprjsjkt ‖ifd“ yck & ygke gkd grj ogffjd ‖obgkecke f

Ace. 1

7/23/2019 The Scarcity Hypothesis v2.1.3

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-scarcity-hypothesis-v213 8/8

Gkitbjr iddcty tbgt oiljs ti lckd tbckmcke ghiut Ace. 8.8 cs tbgt tbj dcgergl, wbcob sbiws aiur wbjjfs, sjjls ti bgvj g rjfgtciksbcp ti Jzjmcjf 707>,7:-71,

(7>) Gs air tbj airl ia tbjcr agojs, jgob bgd tbj agoj ia g lgk= gff aiur bgd tbj agoj ia g fcik ik tbj rcebt gkd tbj agoj ia g huff ik tbj fjat, gkd gff aiur b

tbj agoj ia gk jgefj.

...

(7:) Kiw gs C fiimjd gt tbj fcvcke hjckes, hjbifd tbjrj wgs ikj wbjjf ik tbj jgrtb hjscdjs tbj fcvcke hjckes, air jgob ia tbj aiur ia tbjl. (71) T

gppjgrgkoj ia tbj wbjjfs gkd tbjcr wirmlgksbcp wgs fcmj spgrmfcke hjryf, gkd gff aiur ia tbjl bgd tbj sglj airl, tbjcr gppjgrgkoj gkd wirmlgksbcp hj

gs ca ikj wbjjf wjrj wctbck gkitbjr.

Tbcs pgssgej cs iatjk vcsugffy djpcotjd ck g lgkkjr sclcfgr ti g bulgk eyrisoipj fcmj tbj ikj sjjk ck Ace. 5. Tbj list wjff mkiwk grtcstco rjkdctcik ia tb

vjrsj cs Lgttbgus Ljrcgk–s 7185 Coikul Hchfcogrul sjjk ck tbj uppjr-rcebt oirkjr.

@ust gs tbcs pgssgej tcjs aiur dcspgrgtj pripjrtcjs, siljbiw, tiejtbjr. _B dijs tbj sglj. Ubcfj silj tgmj Jzjmcjf–s wrctckes gs djsorchcke g pbyscogf ih`

itbjrs hjfcjvj ct bgs g djjpjr gffjeircogf ljgkcke. Gs rjfgtjd ti _B ct sjjls ti jxpisj g bcebfy ghstrgot ljtgpbyscogf gspjot ia rjgfcty0 tbgt gff tbckes,

lgttjr biw dcobitilius, grj cktjr-rjfgtjd gkd ukctgry.

Ca ikj wjrj ti spjoufgtj ct–s pisschfj ti lgtob tbj orjgturjs ck Jzjmcjf obgptjr 7 vjrsj 7> ti tbj aiur qugrtjrs, ir agojs, ia g ocrofj0

 Gdgl Mgdlik, rjprjsjktcke, ‖prclgf lgk,“ wiufd cktuctcvjfy sjjl ti lgp ti ‖sjfa “ gs nW8 ‟ _clpfcocty n duj ti tbj rjfgtciksbcp iutfckjd ck Ace ?.7.

Tbj fcik, hchfcogffy spjgmcke, cs iatjk cffustrgtcvjfy usjd ti djsorchj tbj fckj ia Dgvcd, ‖ Gkd ikj ia tbj jfdjrs sgctb ukti lj, Ujjp kit0 hjbifd, tbj Fcik

tbj trchj ia @udgb, tbj Xiit ia Dgvcd, bgtb prjvgcfjd ti ipjk tbj hiim, gkd ti fiisj tbj sjvjk sjgfs tbjrjia “ (Xjv :0: )= gkd jvjk gs gk coik

rjprjsjktgtcik (‖ G fcik bgs oilj iut ia bcs fgcr= g djstriyjr ia kgtciks bgs sjt iut.“ ]@jrjlcgb 405\) sjjls ti kgturgffy oirrjfgtj wctb ‖W? ‟ Oilpjtctcik

Tbj huff, ir ixjk, bgs g fike trgdctcik ck tbj hchfj gs rjprjsjktcke pfjkty (c.j. W4). ‖Ubjrj tbjrj grj ki ixjk, tbj lgkejr cs jlpty, hut aril tbj strjk

ia gk ix oiljs gk ghukdgkt bgrvjst.‖ (^rivjrhs 7404). Ubcob cs fcmjfy wby ck lgky vjrsjs tbj huff cs usjd gs g sck-iaajrcke ti Eid (Jxidus 83, Fjvctc71) gkd wiufd jxpfgck tbj ghukdgkoj ia ogfa-cdifs durcke tbcs tclj-pjrcid. (Bisjg 20:)

 Gkd, fgst, tbj jgefj djpcots qugfctcjs ia agr-scebt (@ih ?3085-83), wcsdil (^rivjrhs 8?), hiukdfjsskjss (‖Tbiueb yiu sigr fcmj tbj jgefj gkd lgmj y

kjst glike tbj stgrs … ]Ihgdcgb 704\), bjgvjkfy pirtjkts (@jrjlcgb 4204>, Jzjmcjf 75), gkd privcdjkoj (Jxidus 730?-4, Djutjrikily ?807>-77). T

rjgfl ia ‖W7 ‟ Gjstbjtco“ cs g tclj hjyikd pbyscogf sogrocty rjprjsjktcke g pjrcid ia mkiwfjdej gkd jxpfirgtcik= ir gs djsorchjd ck tbj @udgco Mghhgf

Hjrc–gb cs "tbj Uirfd ia _jpgrgtj Cktjffcejkoj," jssjkojs, prckocpfjs gkd cdjgs. Ck Csfgl tbcs pjrcid cs ogffjd @ghgrut ‖tbj wirfd ia ilkcpitjkoj.“

Ca tbjsj lgppckes grj oirrjot tbcs tbjk ljgks ‖lgk“ oirrjspikds ti ‖sjfa,“ ‖fcik“ ti ‖kgturj,“ tbj ‖huff“ ti ‖eriup,“ gkd ‖jgefj“ ti ‖obicoj.“ Cktjrjstckefy iu

gff tbj wgys ti irdjr tbjsj aiur obgrgotjrcstcos Jzjmcjf ljktciks ‖lgk“ acrst (W8) aiffiwjd hy tbj ‖fcik“ (W?), ‖huff“ (W4), gkd ‖jgefj“ (W7), lclcomcke

sjqujkoj gs sjjk ck Ace. 7. Tbcs pgttjrk ia aiur rjours gt g bceb-arjqujkoy ck lgky itbjr vjrsjs. Air ckstgkoj ck Dgkcjf 50?-4 ct–s wrcttjk,

(?) Aiur erjgt hjgsts, jgob dcaajrjkt aril tbj itbjrs, oglj up iut ia tbj sjg. (4) ‖Tbj acrst wgs fcmj g fcik, gkd ct bgd tbj wckes ia gk jgefj. C wgtobjd uktc

wckes wjrj tirk iaa gkd ct wgs fcatjd aril tbj eriukd si tbgt ct stiid ik twi ajjt fcmj g lgk, gkd tbj bjgrt ia g lgk wgs ecvjk ti ct.

Kitcoj ck Ace. 8.8 tbgt W8 cs oilpisjd ia ‖hjeckkcke kgturgf jxcejkoy,“ ‖pjgm sjfa,“ & ‖jkd obicoj=“ ir uscke tbj rjspjotcvj hchfcogf lgppckes tbj fcik, lgk

jgefj gs ljktcikjd ghivj ck Dgkcjf 5 vjrsj 4. Tbcs cs lgdj lirj ourcius wbjk ikj oikscdjrs tbgt tbj ‖wckes wjrj tirk iaa “ sueejstcke jkd , tbj ‖acrst wgs

g fcik“ bcktcke hjeckkcke, gkd tbj hjgst gfrjgdy bgvcke ‖ajjt fcmj g lgk“ cs ecvjk ‖tbj bjgrt ia g lgk“ clpfycke tbj obgrgotjrcstco cs dilckgkt ir  pjgm . Tusgej ia aiurs ogk gfsi hj aiukd ck Xjvjfgtcik 405 wbjk @ibk wrctjs,

Ace. 5

W7

 Gjstbjtco

(_ulljr)

W8

_clpfcocty

(Agff)

W?

Oilpjtctcik

(Ucktjr)

W4

^fjkty

(_prcke)

  H  j  e    c  k

  k   c  k  e 

    K  g   t  u  r  g   f

    J  x   c  e 

  j  k  o  y

^   j  g  m   K   g  t   u  r  g  f    J   x  c    e  j  k  o   y      J  k

  d    K  g

   t  u  r  g   f    J

  x   c  e   j  k

  o  y

^   j  g  m   O  b  i  c   o  j  

   J  k  d   O   b

  i   c  o  j

   H  j  e    c  k

  k   c  k  e 

   O   b  i

   c  o  j

     ̂ j  g   m

   E  r  i  u  p

H  j   e  c   k  k  c   k   e   E  r  i  u   p  

J   k  d    E  r  i  u   p       ̂ j

  g   m   _  j   f   a

J   k  d    _  j  f   a    (   X  j  v  .  3  0  7  :    , 7  2   )  

H  j   e  c   k  k  c   k   e   _  j  f   a   

Ace. 8.8

Ourcisctcjs CC

Orjgtcvj Oillik ?.> Gttrchutcik-Kikoilljrocgf-Kidjrcvgtcvj (© 8>7>)Dustck Dgroy ‟ Oiktgot0 ddgroyNdcecpjk.jdu Ikfckj dcsousscik0 bttp0//tckyurf.oil/sogrocty-TiJ Q8.7.8

(4) _urriukdcke tbj tbrikj wjrj twjkty-aiur itbjr tbrikjs, gkd sjgtjd ik tbjl wjrj twjkty-aiur jfdjrs.

…

(5) Ck tbj ojktjr, griukd tbj tbrikj, wjrj aiur fcvcke orjgturjs, gkd tbjy wjrj oivjrjd wctb jyjs, ck arikt gkd ck hgom.

Tbj acrst fcvcke orjgturj wgs fcmj g fcik, tbj sjoikd wgs fcmj gk ix , tbj tbcrd bgd g agoj fcmj g lgk, tbj aiurtb wgs fcmj g

afycke jgefj. (2) Jgob ia tbj aiur fcvcke orjgturjs bgd scx wckes & wgs oivjrjd wctb jyjs gff griukd, jvjk ukdjr bcs wckes.

Bjrj ck vjrsj 2 tbj obgyit grj djsorchjd wctb 1 wckes. Tbcs cs kitjwirtby hjogusj vcsugffy tbj 1 trceikiljtrco aukotciks

(sck, ois, tgk, oit, sjo, & oso ‟ Ace. 2) gfsi bgvj tbj gppjgrgkoj ia wckes gkd hjbgvj luob fcmj livcke gppjkdgejs.

Aurtbjrlirj tbj tbjtgs, β, oillikfy usjd ti jxprjss gkeufgr ljgsurj, jvjk sjjl ti rjsjlhfj ‖jyjs gff griukd.“

Qjrsj 4 cs jvjk lirj hieefcke hjogusj gatjr eicke tbriueb tbj vgrcius pjrlutgtciks ia biw g sjktcjkoj wiufd prierjss

ivjr gk ukclgeckghfy fike tclj-fckj ct hjoglj ofjgr, gs djsorchjd ck Ace. 4, tbjrj wiufd hj 84 wgys ti gttgck oilpfjtj

‖Eid-biid.“ Glgzckefy wbgt–s djsorchjd bjrj9 Twjkty-aiur tbrikjs hjairj tbj sjgt ia Eid.Ace

Csg.

Jzjm. 702-3