Chapter 1The Science of Biology

What is Science? What is its purpose?

• To investigate questions

• To support or refute a theory

• To gain knowledge

The Scientific Method!State the QuestionForm a HypothesisConduct an ExperimentCollect DataDraw A Conclusion

Qualitative vs. Quantitative

Qualitative

Describes data using words

Quality

Ex. There are many red cars in the parking lot

Quantitative

Describes data with numbers

Quantity

Ex. There are 14 cars in the parking lot

Designing an ExperimentHow many variables are in a typical experiment?

How many variables can be tested at one time?

The main parts of an experimentIndependent Variable (manipulated)

Dependent Variable (responding/result)

Control

Determine the variables in the experimentA botanist is studying the affect of fertilizer on pea plants.

She test 5 plants. She adds 6 oz of fertilizer to plant 1, 7 oz of fertilizer to plant 2, 8 oz to plant 3, 9 oz to plant 4 and no fertilizer to plant 5. She waters each of the plants with 200mL of water everyday for 2 weeks and places them in the sun for 3 hours each day.

Key Experiments From the PastFrancesco Redi: Refuted Spontaneous Generation

John Needham: Retested Redi’s experiment

Lazzaro Spallanzani: Retest Redi’s Experiment

Key Experiments From the PastLouis Pasteur: Spontaneous GenerationPasteurization & sterilization

Characteristics of Living Things1. Made of Cells2. Reproduce3. Based on Universal Genetic Code4. Grow and Develop5. Obtain and Use Materials and Energy6. Respond the Their Environment7. Maintain a Stable Internal Environment

(homeostasis)8. Change Over Time

The Metric System Units:

Length = The __________ from one point to another

Volume = The amount of ________ an object takes up

Mass = The amount of __________ in an object

Temperature = The measure of _________ or _________

SI Units

Length = m

Volume (solid) = cm3

Volume (liquid) = mL

Mass = kg

Temperature = Celsius

Scientists often record their data in a table or _______.

There are multiple types of graphs: ______, _______, or a ____ ______.X- axis is along the ___________plane

Y-axis is along the __________plane

MicroscopesLight Microscope: produces magnified images by focusing _______ _______ ____.

Most commonly used microscope

Compound Light Microscope: allows

light to pass through the specimen

and uses _____ lenses to form an

image.

MicroscopesElectron Microscope: produces magnified images by focusing ______ of ________.Can produce images almost 1000 times more detailed than a light microscope.

Two Types of Electron Microscopes:

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM): shine a beam of electrons through a thin specimen.

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM): scan a narrow beam of electrons back and forth across the ____________ of the specimen.