the scientific revolution 1750 – 1900 real progress v new problems
TRANSCRIPT
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The Scientific Revolution
1750 – 1900
Real Progress v New Problems
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The Industrial Revolution
• A period of profound changes– Some changes helped
medical development– Some changes created
new medical problems
• Britain started Industrialising first– Europe follows soon
after
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Industrial Manufacturing• Progress
– Precision manufacturing of medical tools and equipment possible
– Cheaper production of medical goods
– More money available
• Problems– Poor Working
conditions– Long Hours– Close contact with
large population of workers
– Poor posture or physically demanding work
– Rapid development of weaponry
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Example of Industrial Manufacturing 1
• The Microscope– Advances in glass making allowed
for better lenses• Designed by Joseph Jackson
Lister (1786-1869), father of the surgeon Joseph Lister, in 1826.
The first microscope to use an achromatic objective lens corrected for chromatic and spherical aberrations, the resulting image was for the time the clearest produced by any microscope
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Example of Industrial Manufacturing 2
• Syringes– Advances in
steel manufacturing allowed the production of a thin syringe needle that did not break and was more comfortable for the patient
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Example of Industrial Manufacturing 3
• Thermometers– Advances in glass making and improved scientific
understanding allowed the first glass thermometres to be produced
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Urbanisation• Progress
– Exposure to germs at a young age can lead to the building up of immunity to the disease
• Problems– Poor Housing– Cramped Populations– Breeding Grounds for
Germs– Infected water
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Communications
• Progress– Steam Trains– Telegraph– Steam Ships
• News can spread quickly
• Doctors, researchers, inventors can all move around and share ideas more efficiently
• Problems– Large Population
shifts• Internationally
– Pathogens can move around the world much quicker
– Pathogens can infect populations with little or no resistance to the disease
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Example of Communication Problem
• Cholera– Spread from India to Britain in the 1830s– India was a British Colony
• The local Indian population had built up some immunity of the disease.
• The effect in Britain was devastating.
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Entrepreneurs
• Progress– Provide money for research
and development– Market new medical products
• Problems– Quack Remedies
• Sell any concoction to desperate patients
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Quack Claims: Perkins Tractors
• Supposedly draws out diseases!
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Quack Claims: Phrenology
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Quack Claims: Comparative Anatomy
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Quack Claims: Eye Massagers
• Massage eyeballs to improve eyesight
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Quack Claims: Magnetic Healing
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Quack Claims: Electric Bath
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Political Change
• Democracy– As more people are given the vote, these
people are expecting more from their representatives
• Dead voters don’t vote
• Government– Becomes more efficient
• Technology• Education• Communications• Organisation
• Competition with other governments– Don’t wish to fall behind rivals
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Educational Improvements• More people can read and write• Higher Education
– Universities• More modern and relevant subjects taught
– Less RE and Classics
• Medical training available
• Scientific Specialisation• Mathematics and Statistics used to aid research
and understanding of spread of diseases
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• Page 114– Look at the totals on the bottom line– List the Four most likely causes for death for under 5’s
and then for over 5’s– Plot a simple graph showing the age distribution of
deaths from Under 1 to 60 and Up
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Were doctors and medicines useful?
• Dispensaries and Patent medicines provided a cheap alternative from visiting expensive doctors.
• Page 122/123– Read Sources 1 and 2– Answer questions 1 to 5
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• Draw the packaging for your own patented cure all.
• Include– Name– Logo– Medical Claims– Testimonies– Pricing– Dosage
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Would your child survive game
• Page 120/1• Use a coin or small object
– Choose a family from Box A– Choose a Healing method from Box B– Follow the instructions on the squares on page
121– Write down the course of events in your
exercise book– When completed note down how the family
would have felt about the whole experience– If you have time try another family and healing
method
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How long did you expect to live?
• Compare the two graphs on page 114– Copy them into your exercise book– What do they tell us about health and
medical developments in the nineteenth century?
• Mention infants, men, women and the trends• How can you account for these trends?
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• List all the threats to public health p140
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Was the countryside any
safer?
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The Cholera EpidemicsWho or what was to
blame?– Complete table on
page 141 with sources 4 to 8
– Source 3 – Explain why cigars were advertised as a preventative for cholera
• Explain the symptoms of cholera page 140
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John Snow – Discovering the Causes of Cholera
• Using Statistics– Look at the map on page 143– Note the Broad Street Pump (green)– Note the number of cholera deaths
in the surrounding area– Note the workhouse and brewery
casualty rates– Write a letter to the Public Health
Authorities summarising your findings and your recommendations for the Broad Street area and advice for the whole of London.
• List all the factors that helped John Snow make his deduction
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Dr Dunstaple
• Summarise Dr Dunstaple’s ideas about Cholera
• Summarise Dr McNabb’s
• Summarise Mr Simmons’ conclusions
• Why do you think people were sceptical about Dr McNabb’s ideas?
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Florence Nightingale
• Florence Nightingale would challenge the ideas of Public Health within the armed forces.
• The Army and Navy had got used to losing more soldiers and sailors from disease than from warfare.
• Nightingale would change that idea
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Florence Nightingale
• Born in Florence, Italy• 12 May 1820• A wealthy family
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Florence Nightingale
• Returned to England in 1821• Taught at home with her
older sister• Mathematics• Felt a ‘calling’ to help the
sick and needy• Stipend from father
One of Florence Nightingale’s childhood homes – Lea Hurst, Derbyshire
The Nightingales spent part of the year here and part of the year in Hampshire
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Kaiserwerth• A newly built German institution to help the sick
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Florence Nightingale• In 1854 the Crimean War broke out
– England was at war with Russia• Communications advances taught
the British Public about the harsh conditions for the soldiers– William Russell – The Times
• Public outcry – the government had to respond– Florence was invited to take a group of
38 female nurses to work in hospitals in the Crimea.
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Scutari
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Scutari
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Polar Area Diagram
The blue wedges measured from the centre of the circle represent area for area the deaths from Preventable or Mitigable diseases, the red wedges measured from the centre the deaths from wounds, & the black wedges measured from the centre the deaths from all other causes.
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Royal Commission, 1857
• To investigate the disasters of the Crimean War. This was an independent, high-level committee appointed to look into a problem and recommend changes.
• Women were not allowed to be on the commission or testify so she writes and compiles facts about the war and sends it all to the commission
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School for Nurses, 1860
• Turned nursing into a respected profession with proper training for well motivated individuals
• Student nurses would learn:– The role of Hygiene– Caring for the sick– Fresh air, ventilation– Organisation
• Students would be sent to hospitals and war zones all over the world.
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Florence Nightingale• War finished in 1856 Florence returned to
England. • She wanted to improve hospitals in this country• Conditions in hospitals began to improve• Florence died of old age in 1910• She was buried near to her parents’ home in
Hampshire.
1883 Royal Red Cross
1907 Order of Merit
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Why was public health finally improved?
• 1875 Public Health Act– Explain what it set out to do?
• List the factors that lead to the government finally doing something in 1875