The Scientific Revolution

The Renaissance inspired curiosity in many fields and carried over to the science

world

geocentric- the earth is the center of the solar system. (church’s view)heliocentric- the sun is the center of the solar systemNicolaus Copernicus- Polish astronomer who found that the sun was the center. He did not publish his findings out of fear and ridicule until the last year of his life.

Johannes Kepler- discovered laws of planetary motion and agreed heliocentric and added that the planets moved in ellipses (oval paths) around the sun.

Galileo Galilei• Italian scientist &

mathematician • Discovered the law of the

pendulum • Built his own telescope• The Catholic church

warned Galileo not to defend ideas of Copernicus.

• went to trial where he took back everything he had said. He publicly stated that Copernicus was wrong. He lived under house arrest the rest of his life.

The Scientific Method- procedure for gathering & testing ideas.

1. Question comes from Observation

2. Form a hypothesis

3. Experiment

4. Analyze and Interpret data

5. Conclusion- confirms or disproves the observation

Francis Bacon- English writer and scientist who came up with the Scientific Method

Rene Descartes- French philosopher & mathematician developed analytical geometry and believed in using logic and math to solve problems. Believed that everything should be doubted until proven with reason.

QUOTE #1 “I think, therefore I am”

Isaac Newton- English scientist who came up with the theory of gravity. wrote “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy”

QUOTE #2 “If I have seen further than others it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants”

Scientific Instruments, Medicine, & the Human body

Zacharias Jannsen- The first microscope

Anton van Leeuwenhoek- used microscope to observe bacteria

Gabriel Fahrenheit- Dutch physicist made thermometer using mercury in a glass showed freezing at 32 degrees

Anders Celsius- created a new thermometer that showed freezing at 0

Andreas Vesalius- dissected human corpses and published observations with detailed drawings.

William Harvey- showed blood circulated through the body and understood the function of the heart & blood vessels.

Edward Jenner- British physician introduced the vaccine to prevent smallpox

Discoveries in ChemistryRobert Boyle- the founder of modern

Chemistry. He used the Scientific Method in chemistry. Boyle’s law- how the volume, temperature, & pressure of a gas affect each other.

Joseph Priestly- chemist who separated one pure gas from air. (his invention led to carbonated drinks)

Antoine Lavoisier- French chemist discovered oxygen

The Enlightenment “The Age of Reason”

• The Scientific Revolution applied reason and scientific

method to government, society, religion, economics, & education.

• Paris- the center of the Enlightenment

Thomas Hobbes- English philosopher idea of a social contract He believed the best form of government was an absolute monarchy. (could impose order & demand obedience)

John Locke- English philosopher who disagreed with Hobbes. Thought people could govern themselves. believed in natural rights (life, liberty, & property) He said that if a government fails to protect those, citizens have the right to overthrow. “Two Treatises on Government” foundation for modern democracy The idea of power in the people and the right to rebel was used in the American Revolution.

Philosophes- social critics in France who discussed:• Reason• Nature• Happiness• Progress• Liberty

Francois Marie Arouet “Voltaire”- French philosophe who published over 70 books on politics, philosophy, history, fiction, & drama. Wrote satires and criticized the clergy, aristocracy, & government. He was sent to prison and exiled to England. He never stopped fighting for tolerance, reason, freedom of religion, & freedom of speech.

QUOTE #3 “ I disapprove of what you say but will defend to the death your right to say it”

Baron de Montesquieu- influential French writer studied Roman history. separation of powers- would keep any individual or group from gaining total control of the gov’t. checks and balances- “On the Spirit of Laws” His beliefs

were the foundation for the American Constitution.

Jean Jacques Rousseau- disagreed with most other Enlightenment thinkers. Believed that people were born good & society made them evil. believed in the social contract but as an agreement between people and their government. He believed in direct democracy. His ideas inspired leaders of the French Revolution.

Beccaria- Italian philosopher who exposed the abuses of the justice system. Wanted to abolish capital punishment.

The philosophes challenged thoughts about government and society but took a traditional approach to the role of women.

Mary Wollstonecraft- considered the 1st feminist. Author of “Vindication of the Rights of Woman” she argued for women’s rights and the right to participate in gov’t.

The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas

• salons- social gatherings attended by philosophers, artists, scientists, and other intellects.

• Denis Diderot- French author of the Encyclopedie. It was banned by the church.

• The salons and the encyclopedie helped educate people all over Europe.

Baroque

• Grand and ornate style • Elaborate palaces such as Versailles

Classical- The Enlightenment ideals of order and reason were reflected in the arts, music, literature, painting, and architecture.