the scramble for africa
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The Scramble for Africa. GEOGRAPHY OF AFRICA. Continent – not a country Continent is three times larger than Europe Northern Africa – desert Mid-to-southern Africa – diverse climates and topography. FOREIGN HISTORY IN AFRICA. Greeks controlled Egypt after conquest by Alexander the Great - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The Scramble for Africa
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GEOGRAPHY OF AFRICA
• Continent – not a country• Continent is three times
larger than Europe• Northern Africa – desert• Mid-to-southern Africa
– diverse climates and topography
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FOREIGN HISTORY IN AFRICA• Greeks controlled Egypt after conquest by
Alexander the Great– Ptolemaic dynasty
• Romans ruled all areas along the Mediterranean coastline, including northern Africa–Mediterranean – “Roman lake”
• Arab traders converted many Africans to Islam from the 7th century• Source of slaves for the Americas from the 17th
century• But little foreign interest in the interior of sub-
Saharan Africa
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The “OPENING UP” OF AFRICA
•Mid-1800s•Missionaries and explorers sparked foreign interest in Africa
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DAVID LIVINGSTONE (1813-1873)
• Scottish missionary• 1841-1873 – lived in central Africa– Explored Africa• Named Lake Victoria after the British
queen– Converted many Africans to Christianity–Wrote books on Africa which piqued
foreign interest• 1871 – reported “lost”– “Found” by Henry Stanley– “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”
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HENRY STANLEY (1841-1904)• Welsh-American reporter• “Found” Dr. Livingstone in Africa– “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”
• Explored Africa– Congo River– Lake Tanganyika– Lake Victoria
• Worked with Belgium’s King Leopold II and his African colonization company– International African Society
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KARL PETERS (1856-1918)• German explorer in Africa• Organized and propagandized for Germany’s colonial
expansion– Founded the Society for German Colonization
• Acquired German East Africa (modern-day Tanzania)• Convinced Otto von Bismarck to take over German
East Africa and increase Germany’s colonies in Africa
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CECIL RHODES (1853-1902)• British businessman and politician in southern Africa• Made a fortune from African diamond mines• Established South African Company– Land later became Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)
• Prime minister of Cape Colony (1890-1896)–Wanted British control over South Africa–Wanted Cape-to-Cairo Railroad
• Architect of British imperialism in southern Africa– Great Britain became leading colonial power in
southern Africa
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CECIL RHODES (1853-1902)
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KING LEOPOLD II OF BELGIUM (1835-1909)
• Took over land in central Africa• Berlin Conference (1885)– Leopold’s control over Congo Free State
recognized by major powers• Belgian Congo (1908)– Leopold criticized for the cruelty of his rule in the
Congo– Leopold forced to sell Congo Free State to Belgian
government– Renamed Belgian Congo
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KING LEOPOLD II OF BELGIUM (1835-1909)
• Created European race for African colonies – “Scramble for Africa”–Diamonds, foodstuffs, gold,
ivory, rubber
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The “Hungry-Hungry Hippo Game”
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What is “Imperialism”?
•Creating colonies and building empires.
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Why Colonies in Africa?• Industrial Revolution• Countries needed raw
materials to make new goods and these were available in Africa and Latin America:• Rubber• Cotton• Oil• Tin• Copper• Tea• Sugar• cocoa
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Why Colonies In Africa?
• Markets• Factories made more goods than the people at home
could buy so new markets were needed to sell products.
• Investments• Investments by rich factory owners in undeveloped
areas brought large profits.• Nationalism• Colonies will add to the power that the country has.• New countries (Italy and Germany) want to catch up
with Great Britain and France.
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Why Colonies in Africa?
• Belief in the need to “civilize” the “backward” peoples of the world.• To Europeans, people who had a
different way of life and a different religion were “backward”• Mission to spread Christianity
and Industrialism everywhere.
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Why Colonies in Africa?
• “Social Darwinism”• Promoted the idea of the white
European race being superior to others, and thus, fated to rule over others
• “White Man’s Burden”• Poem by Rudyard Kipling• Duty of “the white man” to civilize
and Christianize the peoples of Africa.
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Colony vs. Protectorate
• A protectorate is an independent nation, however it is under the protection of another country in exchange for something else.
• A colony is defined as a territory which is governed by another country. There is no sovereignty (independent rule) for a colony, it is under the direct rule of another country.
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BRITISH IN SOUTHERN AFRICA
• 1815 – British took Cape Colony from the Dutch– Boers moved north• Transvaal– 1886 – gold discovered and British moved
in– 1881 and 1895 – British attempted to take
Transvaal from the Boers• Orange Free State
• Boer War (1899-1892)– Dutch led by President Paul Kruger– British won
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UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA• Created in 1910
• Included Cape Colony, Orange Free State, Natal, and Transvaal
• Self-government
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BRITISH COLONIES IN SOUTHERN AFRICA
• Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe)– Named for Cecil Rhodes– North of Union of South Africa
• Bechuanaland (now Botswana)– 1885 – became a British protectorate
• Kenya– 1888 – became a British protectorate
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BRITISH IN NORTH AFRICA
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EUROPEANS IN EGYPT• 1870s – with the Egyptian government bankrupt, the
British and French took over financial control of the country– Egyptian monarchs (technically Ottoman viceroys) ruled
as puppet leaders• 1882 – Egyptian nationalist rebellion– France withdrew its troops– Great Britain left in control of Egypt
• Lord Cromer introduced reforms
– De facto British protectorate• Made official in 1914• Independence came in 1922
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BRITISH IN NORTHERN AFRICA
• Sudan– Area south of Egypt– Under Anglo-Egyptian control– Cotton needed for British textile mills– Entente Cordiale (1904)
• Great Britain controlled Sudan• France controlled Morocco
• Cape-to-Cairo Railroad– Idea of Cecil Rhodes– Would secure Great Britain’s dominance in Africa– Never completed – sections missing through modern Sudan
and Uganda
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Cape-to-Cairo Railway: Crossing over Victoria Falls
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FRENCH IN AFRICA
• Algeria– 1830 – invasion – 1831 – annexation
• Madagascar– 1896 – controlled by France
• Somaliland– 1880s – partly under French
control
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FRENCH IN AFRICA• Morocco – 1881 – large part under French control– 1905 and 1911 – nearly sparked a European war
between France and Germany• 1906 – Algeciras Conference – Germany
recognized French rights in Morocco• 1911 – Agadir Crisis – Germany recognized
French protectorate over Morocco in exchange for part of France’s territory in the Congo
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FRENCH IN AFRICA
• West Africa– Late 1800s – largely under French control
• Sudan– 1898 – met Britain’s area of control and nearly went to
war– Entente Cordiale settled British-French disputes in
Africa• Tunis– 1881 – controlled by France• Led Italy to join the Triple Alliance with Austria-
Hungary and Germany
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FRENCH IN AFRICA• By World War I – 1914 – France controlled 3,250,000
square miles in Africa• 14 times the area of France
– France ruled 30,000,000 Africans• 75% of the population of France
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GERMANS IN AFRICA• Togoland (now Togo and Ghana)• Cameroons (now Cameroon and
Nigeria)• Southwest Africa (now Namibia)• East Africa (now Burundi, Rwanda, and
Tanzania)
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ITALIANS IN AFRICA• 1882-1896• Eritrea (along the Red Sea)• Somaliland (along the Indian Ocean, part
of today’s Somalia)• 1896• Defeated in attempt to conquer Abyssinia
(Ethiopia)• 1912• Won Tripoli from Ottoman Turks
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BELGIANS IN AFRICA• 1908– Belgium gained control of Congo (Congo Free State)
from King Leopold II– Leopold was infamous for the cruelty of his rule in the
Congo
• Congo Free State (today’s Democratic Republic of Congo)– 80 times the size of Belgium– Source of uranium
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PORTUGUESE IN AFRICA• Under “old imperialism” Portugal gained
African territory and led the early trans-Atlantic African slave trade
• Angola
• Mozambique
Portuguese territory in Africa, 1810
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SPANISH IN AFRICA
• Spain had very few possessions in Africa• Tip of Morocco• Rio de Oro• Rio Muni
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AFRICANS IN AFRICA• By the time of the First World War (1914)–Only 2 independent African countries• Abyssinia (Ethiopia)– Ruled by dynasty stretching back to at least the
13th century– Last emperor was Haile Selassie, deposed in
1974– Home to Ethiopian Orthodox Christian Church
(strongly tied to Egyptian Coptic Church)• Liberia– Formed by freed slaves under auspices of the
United States government
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REVIEW QUESTIONS1. What led to the “Scramble for Africa”?2. Which European nations controlled the
most land in Africa?3. Who led British imperialism in Africa?4. Which African nations were left
independent at the time of World War I?