the skeletal system
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The Skeletal System. Anatomy & Physiology I Fall 2013. What y’all know and want to know about the skeletal system. Know. Want to know. All the names! Role of Ca Growth plates Bones and blood cell pdtn. Effects of muscle on bone Joints/Ligaments/Tendons Fractures and healing - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The Skeletal System
Anatomy & Physiology IFall 2013
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What y’all know and want to know about the skeletal system
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Know• Made up of bones• Ears contain tiny bones• Bones are dense and strong• Osteoporosis leads to weak
bones• Bone marrow• Provide a framework for
the body• Various types of joints• Protects organs• Neonatal skeleton is
cartilage• Varying shapes• Bone grafts from cadavers
Want to know• All the names!• Role of Ca• Growth plates• Bones and blood cell pdtn.• Effects of muscle on bone• Joints/Ligaments/Tendons• Fractures and healing• Bone structures and types• Teeth• What is bone marrow?• Arthritis• How does it interact with
other systems?
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Chapter 5 Objectives: The Skeletal System (Part 1)
To name at least three functions of the skeletal system To identify the four main classifications of bones. To recognize the major anatomical and macroscopic features
of long bone.
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The Skeletal System
• Parts of the skeletal system– Bones (skeleton)– Joints– Cartilages– Ligaments
• Two subdivisions of the skeleton– Axial skeleton– Appendicular skeleton
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Functions of Bones
Support the body Protect soft organs Allow movement due to attached skeletal
muscles Store minerals and fats Blood cell formation
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Bones of the Human Body
The adult skeleton has 206 bones Two basic types of bone tissue
Compact bone Homogeneous
Spongy bone Small needle-like
pieces of bone Many open spaces
Figure 5.2b
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Classification of Bones Based on Shape
Figure 5.1
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Classification of Bones Long bones
-Typically longer than they are wide-Have a shaft with heads at both ends-Contain mostly compact boneExamples:
-Femur-Humerus
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Classification of Bones
Figure 5.1a
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Classification of Bones
Short bones– Generally cube-shape– Contain mostly spongy bone– Examples:• Carpals• Tarsals
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Classification of Bones
Figure 5.1b
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Classification of Bones
Flat bones Thin, flattened, and usually curved Two thin layers of compact bone surround a layer
of spongy bone Example:
Skull Ribs Sternum
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Classification of Bones
Figure 5.1c
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Classification of Bones
Irregular bones Irregular shape Do not fit into other bone classification categories Examples:
Vertebrae Hip bones
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Classification of Bones
Figure 5.1d
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Anatomy of a Long Bone
Diaphysis– Shaft– Composed of compact bone
Epiphysis – Ends of the bone– Composed mostly of spongy bone
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Anatomy of a Long Bone
Figure 5.2a
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Anatomy of a Long Bone
Periosteum– Outside covering of the diaphysis– Fibrous connective tissue membrane
Sharpey’s fibers– Secure periosteum to underlying bone
Arteries– Supply bone cells with nutrients
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Anatomy of a Long Bone
Figure 5.2c
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Anatomy of a Long Bone
Articular cartilage– Covers the external surface of the epiphyses– Made of hyaline cartilage– Decreases friction at joint surfaces
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Anatomy of a Long Bone Epiphyseal plate– Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young,
growing bone Epiphyseal line– Remnant of the epiphyseal plate– Seen in adult bones
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Anatomy of a Long Bone
Figure 5.2a
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Anatomy of a Long Bone
Medullary cavity – Cavity inside of the shaft– Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults– Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in
infants
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Anatomy of a Long Bone
Figure 5.2a
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Bone Markings Surface features of bones– Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and
ligaments– Passages for nerves and blood vessels
Categories of bone markings– Projections or processes—grow out from the bone
surface– Depressions or cavities—indentations
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Bone Markings
Table 5.1 (1 of 2)
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Bone Markings
Table 5.1 (2 of 2)
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Osteon (Haversian system)– A unit of bone containing central canal and matrix
rings Central (Haversian) canal– Opening in the center of an osteon– Carries blood vessels and nerves
Perforating (Volkman’s) canal– Canal perpendicular to the central canal– Carries blood vessels and nerves
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Figure 5.3a
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Lacunae– Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)– Arranged in concentric rings
Lamellae– Rings around the central canal– Sites of lacunae
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Figure 5.3b–c
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Canaliculi – Tiny canals– Radiate from the central canal to lacunae– Form a transport system connecting all bone cells
to a nutrient supply
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Figure 5.3b
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Formation of the Human Skeleton In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline
cartilage During development, much of this cartilage is
replaced by bone Cartilage remains in isolated areas– Bridge of the nose– Parts of ribs– Joints
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Bone Growth (Ossification) Epiphyseal plates allow for lengthwise growth
of long bones during childhood– New cartilage is continuously formed– Older cartilage becomes ossified• Cartilage is broken down• Enclosed cartilage is digested away, opening up a
medullary cavity• Bone replaces cartilage through the action of
osteoblasts
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Bone Growth (Ossification) Bones are remodeled and lengthened until
growth stops– Bones are remodeled in response to two factors• Blood calcium levels• Pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton
– Bones grow in width (called appositional growth)
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Long Bone Formation and Growth
Figure 5.4a
Bone startingto replacecartilage
Epiphysealplatecartilage
Articularcartilage
Spongybone
In a childIn a fetusIn an embryo
New boneforming
Growthin bonewidth
Growthin bonelength
Epiphysealplate cartilage
New boneforming
Bloodvessels
Hyalinecartilage
New center ofbone growth
Medullarycavity
Bone collar
Hyalinecartilagemodel
(a)
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Long Bone Formation and Growth
Figure 5.4a, step 1
Bone startingto replacecartilage
In an embryo
Bone collar
Hyalinecartilagemodel
(a)
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Long Bone Formation and Growth
Figure 5.4a, step 2
Bone startingto replacecartilage
In a fetusIn an embryo
Growthin bonelength
Bloodvessels
Hyalinecartilage
New center ofbone growth
Medullarycavity
Bone collar
Hyalinecartilagemodel
(a)
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Long Bone Formation and Growth
Figure 5.4a, step 3
Bone startingto replacecartilage
Epiphysealplatecartilage
Articularcartilage
Spongybone
In a childIn a fetusIn an embryo
New boneforming
Growthin bonewidth
Growthin bonelength
Epiphysealplate cartilage
New boneforming
Bloodvessels
Hyalinecartilage
New center ofbone growth
Medullarycavity
Bone collar
Hyalinecartilagemodel
(a)
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Long Bone Formation and Growth
Figure 5.4b
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Types of Bone Cells Osteocytes—mature bone cells Osteoblasts—bone-forming cells Osteoclasts—bone-destroying cells– Break down bone matrix for remodeling and
release of calcium in response to parathyroid hormone
Bone remodeling is performed by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts