the social approach altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having no...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The Social Approach Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649cb15503460f94977474/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Social Approach
![Page 2: The Social Approach Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649cb15503460f94977474/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves
![Page 3: The Social Approach Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649cb15503460f94977474/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Freud & the ID?
the ID operates on the pleasure principle!
Can helping behaviour be motivated by our desire for pleasure?
![Page 4: The Social Approach Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649cb15503460f94977474/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The behaviourists & reinforcement?
All behaviour is reinforced (shaped) by pleasure?
Can we feel pleasure when we help others?
![Page 5: The Social Approach Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649cb15503460f94977474/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The Social Learning approach
We learn to be unselfish and to help others by watching others helping
(and by being rewarded when we copy)
![Page 6: The Social Approach Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649cb15503460f94977474/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The questions
Why do we sometimes help others? When may we not help others?
What triggered psychological research?
![Page 7: The Social Approach Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649cb15503460f94977474/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Latane & Darley (1964) 38 witnesses & no-one helped!
WHY the unresponsive bystander? Diffusion of responsibility?
![Page 8: The Social Approach Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649cb15503460f94977474/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
We must notice the event We must interpret the event as an
emergency We must assume personal responsibility We must choose a way to help We must implement the decision A negative response at any of these
5 stages means that the bystander will fail to intervene
![Page 9: The Social Approach Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649cb15503460f94977474/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
If we do not NOTICE we will not help
![Page 10: The Social Approach Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649cb15503460f94977474/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
In the sad case of Jamie Bulger many witnesses failed to intervene
They did not interpret the event as an emergency Would you intervene in a lovers quarrel? Not according to Shotland & Straw (1976)
![Page 11: The Social Approach Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649cb15503460f94977474/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
If others are present you may assume THEY will help
This may lead to Diffusion of Responsibility Which may be why no one helped Kitty
Genovese
![Page 12: The Social Approach Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649cb15503460f94977474/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
This involves making a decision and perhaps weighing up…..
Costs vs Benefits of helping
![Page 13: The Social Approach Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649cb15503460f94977474/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Am I competent to help?
Is there anyone else around who may be more competent?
Might I do more harm than good?
![Page 14: The Social Approach Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649cb15503460f94977474/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
It explains …….
Why people DO NOT HELP
NOT WHEN & WHY THEY DO
![Page 15: The Social Approach Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649cb15503460f94977474/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
When do we help others
When are we less likely to help others?
(helping situations)
![Page 16: The Social Approach Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649cb15503460f94977474/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Piliavin Rodin & Pilavin (1968) (A Field Experiment)
Good Samaritanism on the New York Subway
tested ….
![Page 17: The Social Approach Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649cb15503460f94977474/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
That when confronted with an ‘emergency’
We balance The possible costs against the possible
benefits
![Page 18: The Social Approach Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649cb15503460f94977474/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The effort (may be physically demanding)
The time required (we may be late for work)
The loss of resources (damage to clothes) The risk of harm (we may get injured) Negative emotional response (we may
feel sick)
![Page 19: The Social Approach Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649cb15503460f94977474/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
We may feel ashamed (I should have helped)
Something bad will ‘be our fault’ (The victim may die)
![Page 20: The Social Approach Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649cb15503460f94977474/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Social approval (thanks from victim) Self- esteem (feeling good about oneself)
Positive emotional response (feelings of elation and gladness)
![Page 21: The Social Approach Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649cb15503460f94977474/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
If the rewards for helping outweigh the costs of not helping ….. we are likely to act in a pro-social manner (help)
![Page 22: The Social Approach Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649cb15503460f94977474/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Piliavin Rodin & Piliavin
A Field Experiment
Good Samaritanism on the New York Subway
![Page 23: The Social Approach Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649cb15503460f94977474/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The method (Field Experiment)
The location
The New York Subway (underground train)
![Page 24: The Social Approach Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649cb15503460f94977474/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
When and where? (103 ‘experimental trials’ took place)
Between 11.00am and 3.00pm over a period of two months in 1968
On trains between 59th & 125th street No stops, journey time 8 minutes
![Page 25: The Social Approach Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649cb15503460f94977474/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The participants ? Estimated as 4450 travellers on the
trains 45% black and 55% white
Average number in a carriage was 43 Average no in ‘the critical area’ was 8.5
![Page 26: The Social Approach Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649cb15503460f94977474/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
What was done by whom ?
Teams of 4 student experimenters(two male / two female) Male actors (victim and model) Females were observers
![Page 27: The Social Approach Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649cb15503460f94977474/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
What did they do?
70 seconds after train left station the
VICTIM pretended to collapse…. Waited for ‘help’ …. If no-one ‘helped’ the ‘model’ helped the
VICTIM off at the next stop
![Page 28: The Social Approach Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649cb15503460f94977474/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Experiment Carriage layout
![Page 29: The Social Approach Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649cb15503460f94977474/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
This was an experiment What were the IVs (independent
variables)
![Page 30: The Social Approach Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649cb15503460f94977474/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
The experimental conditions IV Victims were either black or white
and aged 26 - 35 IV Victims carried bottle & smelled of
alcohol(drunk condition)
or Carried a cane (lame condition) The models were all white aged 24 - 29
![Page 31: The Social Approach Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649cb15503460f94977474/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
The observers recorded the race, age, sex, and location of ‘helper’ passengers
Who helped in which condition?
Also – who said what and who moved away
![Page 32: The Social Approach Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649cb15503460f94977474/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
On 62 of 65 trials the ‘cane’ victim was helped immediately
On 19 out of 38 trials the ‘drunk’ victim was helped immediately
of 81 trials once ONE person helped others did so too
![Page 33: The Social Approach Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649cb15503460f94977474/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
What sort of people helped….?
Males more than females
More same ‘race’ helpers in drunk condition
![Page 34: The Social Approach Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649cb15503460f94977474/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
How many people LEFT the critical area
21 of 103 trials 34 people moved away … more in the drunk condition
There was no diffusion of responsibility Note: people could not ‘get away’
![Page 35: The Social Approach Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649cb15503460f94977474/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Conclusion (1)
The diffusion of responsibility hypothesis not supported
The more people there were the more they helped
![Page 36: The Social Approach Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649cb15503460f94977474/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Conclusion (2) The emergency created a ‘state of
emotional arousal’ arousal heightened by
empathy with victim being close to situation length of time of emergency
![Page 37: The Social Approach Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649cb15503460f94977474/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
This arousal state will be interpreted as fear, sympathy or disgust
Can be reduced by moving away helping deciding the victim is undeserving of help
![Page 38: The Social Approach Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649cb15503460f94977474/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Piliavin et al give a TWO factor model of helping behaviour
Factor 1: The level of emotional arousal (empathy)
Factor 2: The result of a cost: benefit analysis
Thus low empathy + high cost may predict NO helping
![Page 39: The Social Approach Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649cb15503460f94977474/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Characteristics and situation of the victim may contribute to the our decision as to whether we help
![Page 40: The Social Approach Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649cb15503460f94977474/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Was it ethical?
Did it have ecological validity
![Page 41: The Social Approach Altruism has been defined as behaviour intended to help others having NO benefit to ourselves](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649cb15503460f94977474/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Read .. the study