the sociological approach - collins images... · the sociological approach the key ideas of marx...

The

Soci

olog

ical

A

ppro

ach

The

Key

Idea

s of

Mar

x an

d D

urkh

eim

Oth

er S

ocio

logi

cal

App

roac

hes

Rese

arch

Des

ign

Qua

ntit

ativ

e M

etho

ds

Name the two types of

socialisation.

Define functionalism.

What is the main criticism of

Max Weber’s key ideas?

What is a hypothesis?

What are the two main ways

of carrying out surveys?

1

2

3

4

5

The

Soci

olog

ical

A

ppro

ach

The

Key

Idea

s of

Mar

x an

d D

urkh

eim

Oth

er S

ocio

logi

cal

App

roac

hes

Rese

arch

Des

ign

Qua

ntit

ativ

e M

etho

ds

1

2

3

4

5

The two types of socialisation

are primary socialisation and

secondary socialisation.

Functionalism is a sociological

approach that examines

society’s structures (such as

the family, the education

system and religion) in terms

of the functions they perform

for the continuation of

society and for individuals.

The main criticism is that

Max Weber focused on class

divisions in society and did

not explore inequalities based

on gender, ethnicity or age in

detail.

A hypothesis is a hunch or an

informed guess. It is written

as a testable statement that

will either be supported

by the evidence or proved

wrong.

The two main ways of carrying

out surveys are:

• self-completion questionnaires

(delivered by post, via email or

by hand)

• structured or formal interviews

(delivered face-to-face or

by telephone).

GCSE AQA Revision • Sociology





Qua

ntit

ativ

e M

etho

dsQ

uant

itat

ive

Met

hods

Seco

ndar

y So

urce

sof

Dat

aD

iffer

ent F

amily

For

ms

The

Func

tion

s of

Fa

mili

es

What does a longitudinal

study involve?

Explain what a focus group is.

What are the two main

disadvantages of content

analysis?

What is a reconstituted

family?

Parsons identified

two basic and vital functions

that all families perform in all

societies – what were they?

6

7

8

9

10

Qua

ntit

ativ

e M

etho

dsQ

uant

itat

ive

Met

hods

Seco

ndar

y So

urce

sof

Dat

aD

iffer

ent F

amily

For

ms

The

Func

tion

s of

Fa

mili

es

6

7

8

9

10

A longitudinal study follows

the same group of people

over time – after the initial

survey/interview, follow-up

surveys/interviews are carried

out at intervals over several

years.

A focus group is a type of

group interview that focuses

on one particular topic – it

explores how people interact

within the group and how

they respond to each other’s

views.

The two main disadvantages

of content analysis are:

• it can be time-consuming

and laborious

• it involves subjective

judgements that may

create invalid data.

A reconstituted family is a

blended or step family in

which one or both partners

have a child or children from

a previous relationship living

with them.

The two basic and vital

functions that Parsons

identified were:

• primary socialisation

• the stabilisation of adult

personalities.






The

Mar

xist

Per

spec

tive

on

Fam

ilies

Fem

inis

t and

Oth

er

Crit

ical

Vie

ws

of F

amili

esCo

njug

al R

ole

Rela

tion

ship

sCh

angi

ng R

elat

ions

hips

W

ithi

n Fa

mili

esCh

angi

ng F

amily

and

H

ouse

hold

Str

uctu

res

What is the key criticism

made by feminists about the

Marxist approach to families?

Define canalisation.

Name the two types of

conjugal roles.

Briefly explain Young and

Willmott’s principle of

stratified diffusion.

How does the

functionalist perspective view

the decline in conventional

nuclear families?

11

12

13

14

15

The

Mar

xist

Per

spec

tive

on

Fam

ilies

Fem

inis

t and

Oth

er

Crit

ical

Vie

ws

of F

amili

esCo

njug

al R

ole

Rela

tion

ship

sCh

angi

ng R

elat

ions

hips

W

ithi

n Fa

mili

esCh

angi

ng F

amily

and

H

ouse

hold

Str

uctu

res

11

12

13

14

15

The key criticism of feminists

about the Marxist approach

to families is that Marxists

work with the traditional

model of the nuclear family

(i.e. the male breadwinner

and female housewife); they

ignore family diversity.

Canalisation describes the

way parents channel their

children’s interests into toys,

games and other activities

that are seen as gender

appropriate.

The two types of conjugal

roles are:

• segregated conjugal roles

• joint conjugal roles.

Young and Willmott’s principle

of stratified diffusion was

the idea that social changes

start at the top of the social

stratification system and spread

downwards (changes in family

life, for instance, spread from

the middle class into

the working class).

The functionalist perspective

views the decline in

conventional nuclear families

as a problem for society.






Mar

riag

e an

d D

ivor

ceM

arri

age

and

Div

orce

The

Role

of E

duca

tion

from

a

Func

tiona

list P

ersp

ectiv

eTh

e M

arxi

st A

ppro

ach

to E

duca

tion

Diff

eren

t Typ

es

of S

choo

l

What is polyandry?

What is serial monogamy?

What are the four main

functions of the education

system?

What term do

Bowles and Gintis

use to describe the way

education and work connect

or fit together (correspond) in

capitalist society?

Define deschooling.

16

17

18

19

20

Mar

riag

e an

d D

ivor

ceM

arri

age

and

Div

orce

The

Role

of E

duca

tion

from

a

Func

tiona

list P

ersp

ectiv

eTh

e M

arxi

st A

ppro

ach

to E

duca

tion

Diff

eren

t Typ

es

of S

choo

l

16

17

18

19

20

Polyandry is when a woman

has two or more husbands at

once.

Serial monogamy is when a

divorced person enters into

a second marriage, then

divorces, remarries, divorces,

remarries, and so on.

The four main functions of

the education system are:

• serving the needs of the

economy

• facilitating social mobility

• fostering social cohesion

• selection and role

allocation.

Bowles and Gintis use

the term correspondence

principle to describe the way

education and work connect

or fit together in capitalist

society.

Deschooling is the idea that

the education system as it is

currently organised should be

abolished.






Soci

al C

lass

and

Edu

cati

onal

A

chie

vem

ent

The

Impa

ct o

f Sch

ool P

roce

sses

on

Wor

king

-Cla

ss S

tude

nts’

Achi

evem

ents

Ethn

icity

and

Edu

catio

nal

Achi

evem

ent

Gen

der a

nd E

duca

tion

al

Ach

ieve

men

tPe

rspe

ctiv

es o

n th

e Co

unte

r-Sc

hool

Cul

ture

Explain what cultural capital

means in the context of

educational achievement.

Research suggests

that streaming can lead to

the development of an anti-

school sub-culture – what

does this term mean?

What term describes

a situation when an

organisation fails to provide

an appropriate service to

people because of their ethnic

origin, culture or colour?

What is a gendered

curriculum?

What does white-collar work

mean?

21

22

23

24

25

Soci

al C

lass

and

Edu

cati

onal

A

chie

vem

ent

The

Impa

ct o

f Sch

ool P

roce

sses

on

Wor

king

-Cla

ss S

tude

nts’

Achi

evem

ents

Ethn

icity

and

Edu

catio

nal

Achi

evem

ent

Gen

der a

nd E

duca

tion

al

Ach

ieve

men

tPe

rspe

ctiv

es o

n th

e Co

unte

r-Sc

hool

Cul

ture

21

22

23

24

25

In the context of educational

achievement, cultural capital

is the knowledge, attitudes

and values that the middle

class provide for their children

that gives them an advantage

in the education system.

An anti-school sub-culture

is a school-based group

of students who resist the

school, its teachers and

their authority, and openly

challenge the school rules.

Institutional racism describes

a situation when an

organisation fails to provide

an appropriate service to

people because of their

ethnic origin, culture or

colour.

A gendered curriculum is a

curriculum in which some

subjects (including high status

subjects such as maths and

science) are associated with

masculinity and other subjects

(such as languages and

humanities) are associated

with femininity.

White-collar work means

clerical, administrative or

managerial jobs.






An

Intr

oduc

tion

to

Crim

e an

d D

evia

nce

Func

tiona

list a

nd

Inte

ract

ioni

st P

ersp

ectiv

es o

n Cr

ime

and

Dev

ianc

e

Mar

xist

and

Fem

inis

t Ex

plan

atio

ns o

f Cri

me

and

Dev

ianc

e

Stat

isti

cal D

ata

on th

e Ex

tent

of C

rim

eFa

ctor

s A

ffec

ting

Cri

min

al

and

Dev

iant

Beh

avio

urBriefly explain the

difference between agencies

of formal social control and

agencies of informal social

control.

Who are the two

key thinkers on functionalist

and interactionist

perspectives relating to crime

and deviance?

Which sociologist uses control

theory to explain female

conformity?

Explain what the dark figure

of crime means.

What are the two main

criticisms of Albert Cohen’s

sub-cultural theory?

26

27

28

29

30

An

Intr

oduc

tion

to

Crim

e an

d D

evia

nce

Func

tiona

list a

nd

Inte

ract

ioni

st P

ersp

ectiv

es o

n Cr

ime

and

Dev

ianc

e

Mar

xist

and

Fem

inis

t Ex

plan

atio

ns o

f Cri

me

and

Dev

ianc

e

Stat

isti

cal D

ata

on th

e Ex

tent

of C

rim

eFa

ctor

s A

ffec

ting

Cri

min

al

and

Dev

iant

Beh

avio

ur

26

27

28

29

30

Agencies of formal social control exercise control over people’s behaviour based on written laws and rules (e.g. police, courts and prisons); agencies of informal social control control people’s behaviour based on unwritten rules and processes (e.g. workmates, peer groups, families).

The two key thinkers

on functionalist and

interactionist perspectives

relating to crime and

deviance are Merton (1938)

and Becker (1963).

Heidensohn (1985) uses

control theory to explain

female conformity.

The dark figure of crime

means hidden or invisible

crimes (such as unreported

and unrecorded crimes)

that are not included within

official statistics on crimes.

The two main criticisms of

Albert Cohen’s sub-cultural

theory are:

• his work shows a middle-

class bias

• he focuses on delinquent

boys in gangs and it’s unclear

how far his explanation

applies to girls.






Oth

er F

acto

rs A

ffec

ting

Cr

imin

al a

nd D

evia

nt

Beha

viou

r

The

Med

ia a

nd P

ublic

D

ebat

es o

ver C

rim

eA

n In

trod

ucti

on to

So

cial

Str

atifi

cati

onD

iffer

ent V

iew

s of

So

cial

Cla

ssFa

ctor

s A

ffec

ting

Life

Ch

ance

s

31

32

33

34

35

Oth

er F

acto

rs A

ffec

ting

Cr

imin

al a

nd D

evia

nt

Beha

viou

r

The

Med

ia a

nd P

ublic

D

ebat

es o

ver C

rim

eA

n In

trod

ucti

on to

So

cial

Str

atifi

cati

onD

iffer

ent V

iew

s of

So

cial

Cla

ssFa

ctor

s A

ffec

ting

Life

Ch

ance

s

31

32

33

34

35

The chivalry thesis is the

idea that the criminal

justice system treats female

offenders, particularly those

who conform to gender

stereotypes, more leniently

than male offenders.

If a particular group is cast as

a folk devil, it means it is seen

as a threat to society’s values

and treated as a scapegoat.

Social inequality refers to

the uneven distribution of

resources (such as money and

power) and opportunities

related, for example, to

education, employment and

health.

The three social classes in

Britain are:

• working class

• middle class

• upper class.

Ageism (or age discrimination)

describes a situation in which

someone is treated differently

and less favourably based on

their age.

What is the chivalry thesis?

What does it mean if a

particular group is cast as a

folk devil?

What does social inequality

refer to?

What are the three social

classes in Britain?

What does the term ageism

mean?






Stud

ies

of A

fflu

ent

Wor

kers

Wea

lth,

Inco

me

and

Pove

rty

Diff

eren

t Exp

lana

tion

s of

Pov

erty

Pow

er a

nd A

utho

rity

Pow

er a

nd th

e St

ate

36

37

38

39

40

Stud

ies

of A

fflu

ent

Wor

kers

Wea

lth,

Inco

me

and

Pove

rty

Diff

eren

t Exp

lana

tion

s of

Pov

erty

Pow

er a

nd A

utho

rity

Pow

er a

nd th

e St

ate

36

37

38

39

40

Social mobility refers to

people’s movement up or

down a society’s strata, for

example between social

classes.

The two broad approaches to

defining poverty are:

• absolute poverty

• relative poverty.

The cycle of deprivation is

the idea that deprivation and

poverty are passed on from

parents to their children.

The three types of authority

that Weber identified were:

• traditional authority

• rational legal authority

• charismatic authority.

Proportional representation

(PR) is the term in politics

that explains how seats are

allocated according to the

total number of votes that

each party receives.

What does social mobility

refer to?

What are the two broad

approaches to defining

poverty?

Define the cycle of

deprivation.

Which three types of

authority did Weber identify?

In politics, what

term explains how seats are

allocated according to the

total number of votes that

each party receives?






the sociological approach - collins images... · the sociological approach the key ideas of marx...

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