the solar system - bourbon county schools...the sun •the center of our solar system •energy from...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The Solar System - Bourbon County Schools...The Sun •The center of our Solar System •Energy from the Sun is the basis for all energy in the system •Most massive part •Its gravity](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050219/5f64812794b12b0e7039a8b9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Solar System
A basic tour of the Solar System in
which we live.
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Touring the Solar System
• The Sun
• The Planets and Their Moons
• Other Objects
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The Sun
• The center of our
Solar System
• Energy from the Sun
is the basis for all
energy in the system
• Most massive part
• Its gravity holds
system together
• An average star
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Sun Data • Diameter
– 862,000 miles
– 1,391,000 kms
• Mass
– 333,000 times Earth
• Revolution Rate
– 2.5 billion years
• Rotation Rate
– 24 d 16 h
• Surface Gravity
– 28 times Earth
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Sun Data
• Temperature
– 5,800 K
– 10,440 F
• Composition
– by mass
• 73 % hydrogen
• 25 % helium
• 2 % oxygen, carbon,
neon, iron
• We are made from star
stuff!
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Solar Furnace • Hydrogen is the
simplest matter in the
universe.
• Two atoms are fused
together to form
helium.
• Releases energy in
tremendous amounts.
• Other elements created
as fusion continues.
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Sun Spots
• Sun Spot Cycle
– 11 year cycle
– disrupt some
electronics
• What are they?
– Cooler areas of the
surface
– appear dark due to
surrounding high
temperatures
– would shine if alone in
space
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Solar Eclipse
• Solar eclipse occurs
when Moon passes
between the Earth and
the Sun
• The Moon’s shadow
falls on the Earth’s
surface.
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Solar Eclipse
• Full solar eclipse lasts
about 7 and half
minutes.
• Next eclipse in North
America
– August 21, 2017
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Solar Eclipse Images
Sun’s corona visible. Diamond Ring
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Other Solar Phenomena
• Solar Prominence
– An arch of flame above
surface
• Solar Flare
– Explosive emission of
energy
– equals a million atomic
bombs
• Solar Wind
– stream of particles
from the Sun
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The Planets and Their Moons
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Mercury
• Planet nearest the Sun
– 1st orbit
• Rapid Revolution Rate
– quickest around the
Sun
• Name
– Roman god of speed
– due to its rapid
revolution
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Mercury Data
• Revolution Rate
– 88 E.D. (Earth Days)
• Rotation Rate
– 59 E.D.
• Distance from Sun
– 0.39 A.U.
• Diameter
– 3,024 miles
• Inclination
– ?, think it is 0 degrees
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Mercury Data
• Mass (compared to
Earth)
– 0.06
• Density
– 5.4
• Surface Gravity
– 0.38
• Escape Velocity
– 2.7 m/s
• Moons - none
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Mercury Facts
• No atmosphere
• Lots of impact craters
– resembles the Moon
• Second smallest planet
• Temperature extremes
– 1,260 F daylight
– 180 F nightside
Mercury in transit.
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Mercury or Moon:
Which one is which below?
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Venus
• Second in order from
the Sun
– 2nd orbit
• Earth’s twin?
– size and other features
• Name
– Roman goddess of love
– most features of planet
have feminine names
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Venus Data
• Revolution Rate
– 224 E.D.
• Rotation Rate
– 243 E.D.
• Distance from Sun
– 0.72 A.U.
• Diameter
– 7,503 miles
• Inclination
– 177 degrees
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Venus Data
• Mass
– 0.82
• Density
– 5.3
• Surface Gravity
– 0.91
• Escape Velocity
– 6.5 m/s
• Moons - none
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Venus Facts
• Dense atmosphere
– Carbon Dioxide
– Greenhouse Effect
– Pressure 90 times
Earth’s
– Sulfuric Acid rain
• Temperature
– 1,314 F on surface
• Geology
– active volcanoes
– produces atmosphere
Sif Mons Volcano
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Venus Flyby Animation
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Earth and the Moon
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Earth
• Third in order from
the Sun
– 3rd orbit
• Life
– only known place
where life exists
• Name
– prehistoric origin
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Earth Data
• Revolution Rate
– 365¼ days
– 1 year
• Rotation Rate
– 23.9 hours
– 1 day
• Distance from the Sun
– 1.00 Astronomical
Unit
– 1.00 A.U. =
93,000,000 miles
• Diameter
– 7,908 miles
• Inclination
– 23½ degrees
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Earth Data
• Mass
– 1.00 (all other bodies
compared to Earth)
• Density
– 5.5
• Surface Gravity
– 1.00 (see mass)
• Escape Velocity
– 6.9 m/s
• Moons - 1
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Earth Facts
• Only place we know
that has life
• Water planet
– about 70 % of surface
covered with water
• Atmosphere
– 75 % nitrogen
– 23 % oxygen
– remaining 2 % a mix of
gases
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The Moon
• Earth’s nearest
neighbor
– 237,240 miles
• Only other place
visited by humans
• Affects Earth’s
Systems
– tides in oceans
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Moon Data • Revolution Rate
– 29½ days
• Rotation Rate
– 29½ days
• Distance from the Sun
– nearly same as Earth’s
• Diameter
– 2,155 miles
• Inclination
– 5 degrees
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Moon Data
• Mass
– 0.01
• Density
– 3.3
• Surface Gravity
– 1/6 or 0.16
• Escape Velocity
– 1.5 m/s
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Moon Creation • Current theory
suggests that our
Moon was formed
when an object about
the size of Mars struck
the Earth early in its
existence.
• Material from this
impact coalesced into
the Moon over
millions of years.
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Moon Facts
• Only other place
visited by humans
– Apollo Space Program
• No atmosphere
• Same side faces Earth
– Rotation and
Revolution Same
• Phases of Moon
– Due to place in orbit
compared to Earth and
Sun
Buzz Aldrin step down
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Apollo Moon Program
Jack Scmitt near large boulder on Moon.
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July 20, 1969
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Lunar Eclipse
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Interesting Notes
• Lunacy, Lunatic
– these words are derived from Luna, the Latin
word for Moon
– believed the Moon affected human mind
• Historically
– eclipses foretold bad events
– basis for calendars
• Literature
– werewolves, Man in the Moon
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Mars
• Fourth planet from the
Sun
– 4th orbit
• “Sister” planet
– may have once had
water
• Name
– Roman god of war
– red color in telescope
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Mars Data
• Revolution Rate
– 686 E.D.
• Rotation Rate
– 24½ hours
• Distance from the Sun
– 1.5 A.U.
• Diameter
– 4,210 miles
• Inclination
– 25 degrees
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Mars Data
• Mass
– 0.11
• Density
– 3.9
• Surface Gravity
– 0.38
• Escape Velocity
– 3.1 m/s
• Moons - 2
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Mars Facts
• Red color when
viewed
– iron oxides in soil
– “rust”
• Atmosphere is thin
– 95 % carbon dioxide
• May have had liquid
water in past
– lost into space
• Polar caps
– water ice
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More Mars Facts
• Two moons
• Names
– Deimos - demigod of
terror, panic
– Phobos - demigod of
fear, flight
• One is slowly falling
to the planet
– in next couple of
centuries, Mars will
only have one
Deimos
Phobos
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Olympus Mons
• Largest known
volcano in the solar
system
• Outer edge would
enclose Kentucky
• No longer active
• Named after the home
of the gods
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Valles Marineris
• Name
– Latin for “Valley of
the Mariners”
• Series of canyons
– Makes Grand Canyon
of Earth seem like a
ditch
• Traverses a ¼ of the
way around the planet
• Creation
– Volcanic activity
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Life on Mars
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Martians?
• Face on Mars
• Discovered by
Pathfinder Mission
Satellite
• Trick of light
• Tabloids ran photo as
evidence of extra-
terrestrials
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Martians?
• Martian Canals
– Giovanni Schiparelli
– “canale”
• War of the Worlds
scare
– radio show based on
book by H.G. Wells
– caused panic on eastern
seaboard of U.S.
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Life on Mars
• It is possible life may
have existed on Mars
in the past
– simple organisms that
died out once water
was gone
• More than likely it is
there today
– transported there from
Earth on our robot
probes
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Jupiter
• Largest planet in
system
• Fifth planet from Sun
– 5th orbit out
• Almost big enough to
be a star
• Name
– Roman name for the
king of the gods
– due to its size
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Jupiter Data
• Revolution Rate
– 11.9 E.Y. (Earth
Years)
• Rotation Rate
– 9.9 hours
• Distance from the Sun
– 5.2 A.U.
• Diameter
– 88,536 miles
• Inclination
– 3.1 degrees
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Jupiter Data
• Mass
– 318
• Density
– 1.3
• Surface Gravity
– 2.5
• Escape Velocity
– 37.2 m/s
• Moons - 16
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Jupiter Facts • Atmosphere
– Mainly hydrogen with
some helium
– Clouds are separated
into bands
– Rapidly move around
• Red Spot
– Storm in atmosphere
• Large family of moons
– some are stable
– most are captured
asteroids
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Jupiter Facts
• Faint thin ring system
• Backyard telescope
– see two dark bands on
100 magnification
• Strong gravity
– disturbs the asteroids
and other nearby
objects
• Galileo
– discovered the 4 main
moons
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Galilean Moons
• Named after Galileo
– Io
– Europa
– Ganymede
– Callisto
• Visiblity
– would be visible at
night if Jupiter gone
– can be seen with
binoculars
• Unique features
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Ganymede
• Largest moon in solar
system
– diameter of 3,267
miles
– bigger than Mercury
and Pluto
– would be a planet if
orbited the Sun
• Impact craters
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Callisto
• 3rd largest moon in
solar system
– diameter of 2,988
miles
– slightly smaller than
Mercury, still dwarfs
Pluto
• Impact craters
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Europa
• Icy moon
– rocky moon that is
covered with water ice
– believed to have
oceans that are frozen
– surface cracked
• Life?
– If there is water, could
there be life?
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Io
• Volcanic activity
– discovered that this
moon was volcanically
active
– thought moons were
dead bodies that were
not very interesting or
worth studying
– has an atmosphere
produced by volcanoes
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Io Volcano
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Saturn
• Sixth planet from Sun
– 6th orbit
• Second largest planet
• Impressive rings
– discovered by Galileo
when he got tired of
looking at Jupiter
• Name
– Roman god of
agriculture
– Why named?
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Saturn Data
• Revolution Rate
– 29.5 E.Y.
• Rotation Rate
– 10.7 hours
• Distance from the Sun
– 9.5 A.U.
• Diameter (minus rings)
– 74,735 miles
• Inclination
– 26.7 degrees
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Saturn Data
• Mass
– 95
• Density
– 0.7
• Surface Gravity
– 1.07
• Escape Velocity
– 22.3 m/s
• Moons - 19
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Saturn Facts • Complex ring system
– tiny rock and ice
particles
– discovered by Galileo
– thought the rings
resembled handles on
cup
– people began to believe
he was crazy
• Atmosphere
– hydrogen and helium
– lines of clouds
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Saturn’s Rings • Formation
– current theory suggests
moons destroyed by
impacts or gravity
• Complexity
– moons mixed in with
ring particles
– forms divisions seen in
rings
• Cycle
– rings “disappear” every
11 years
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Saturn’s Rings
• View to right is what
you can see through a
telescope at a
magnification of 100
power
• Yellowish tint
• Rings tilted so
viewable now
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Saturn’s Noteworthy Moons
• Titan
– second largest moon in
solar system
– diameter of 3,193
miles
– bigger than Pluto and
Mercury
– moon because it circles
Saturn
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Mimas
• Huge impact crater
– barely below the size
needed to destroy the
moon
• Death Star
– was the inspiration for
the Death Star in the
Star Wars movies
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Uranus
• Seventh planet from
the Sun
– 7th orbit
• Faint ring system
• Inclination is weird
• Name
– Greek god who
personified heaven
– father of the titans
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Uranus Data
• Revolution Rate
– 84.1 E.Y.
• Rotation Rate
– 17.2 hours
• Distance from the Sun
– 19.2 A.U.
• Diameter
– 31,744 miles
• Inclination
– 98 degrees
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Uranus Data
• Mass
– 14
• Density
– 1.2
• Surface Gravity
– 0.92
• Escape Velocity
– 13 m/s
• Moons - 15
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Uranus Facts
• Thin Rings
– Rings are tilted like
planet
• Inclination
– May have been struck
by asteroid or another
object
• Atmosphere
– hydrogen
– very stable
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Miranda
• One of smallest moons
of Uranus
• Surface has patches of
water ice
• Half is cratered like
the Moon
• Other half is heavily
ridged for some reason
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• Believed that Miranda
may have been
destroyed by asteroid
impact in the past.
• But it reformed slowly
over time like our
Moon.
Miranda
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Neptune
• Eighth planet from the
Sun
– 8th orbit most of the
time
• Surprisingly active
atmosphere
• Name
– Roman god of water
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Neptune Data
• Revolution Rate
– 164.8 E.Y.
• Rotation Rate
– 16.1 hours
• Distance from the Sun
– 30.1 A.U.
• Diameter
– 30,690 miles
• Inclination
– 29 degrees
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Neptune Data
• Mass
– 17.2
• Density
– 1.6
• Surface Gravity
– 1.18
• Escape Velocity
– 14.9 m/s
• Moons - 8
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Neptune Facts
• Active atmosphere
– had a giant storm like
Jupiter
– storm has disappeared
recently
– thought it would be
similar to Uranus
• Rings
– very thin
– similar to Uranus’ ring
system
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Triton
• Voyager 2
– 75 % rock
– 25 % water ice
– discovered active
volcanoes
– has a thin atmosphere
– has polar ice caps
– mix of frozen water
and ammonia
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Pluto
Name - Roman god of the underworld
No longer a planet.
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Pluto Data
• Revolution Rate
– 248.6 E.Y.
• Rotation Rate
– 6.4 days
• Distance from the Sun
– 40 A.U.
• Diameter
– 1,364 miles
• Inclination
– 118 degrees
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Pluto Data • Mass
– 0.0025
• Density
– 2.1
• Surface Gravity
– 0.09
• Escape Velocity
– 0.62 m/s
• Moons – 3
– Charon
– Nix
– Hydra
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Pluto Facts
• Orbit
– at times it is inside the
orbit of Neptune
– outside orbit since
1999
– suggests it may have
been a moon of
Neptune
• Charon
– discovered in 1978
– not much smaller than
Pluto
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Other Objects
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Asteroids
• Location
– most fall in orbit
between Mars and
Jupiter
• Size Restrictions
– less than 1,000 km
diameter
• Composition
– mostly rock Gaspra
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Asteroid Facts
• Pairs
– most are paired with a
smaller companion
• Produce meteoroids
– due to collisions
– produce most meteors
• Some cross Earth orbit
– represent a danger
• Jupiter’s Gravity
– causes them to develop
highly elliptical orbits
Ida and Dactyl
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Asteroid Facts
• Ceres
– first discovered
– largest discovered
– 1/4 size of our Moon
• Total Number
– estimated to be
100,000 that are bigger
than 1 kilometer
– 75 % in main belt
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Comets
• Orbits
– highly elliptical
– pass beyond the orbit
of Pluto
– regular returns
(mostly)
• Make-up
– basically a dirty
snowball
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Comet Halley
• Most Famous
• Returns every 76 years
– last closest approach
was 1986
• Historical references
– images have been
found in reference to it
in ancient texts,
drawings, and
stoneware
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Comet Halley is now proper
name.
• Many probes sent
– European probe got
best view
– picture of its rock/ icy
core
– solar wind from Sun
strikes comet nucleus
(called coma) and
produces tail
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Comet Orbit
• Highly elliptical orbit
– may come from matter
found on edge of our
solar system
• Tail points away from
Sun
– due to solar wind
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Comet Hale-Bopp
• Last comet best visible
in northern
hemisphere
• showed two tails
– dust tail
– ion tail
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System Formation • Current theory
suggests that gravity
lead to the formation
of our Solar System as
well as others.
• Formed when
hydrogen atoms in
nebula began to
compact at one spot
due to gravitational
attraction.
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• The vast majority of matter was tied up in
the Sun.
– About 5 billion years ago.
• The planets formed afterwards from
material left over.
– About 4.5 billion years ago.
– Jupiter got the biggest portion of what was left
behind.
System Formation
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The End?
• About 5 billion years
from now, the
hydrogen in the Sun
will run out.
• Fusion will stop,
resulting in an initial
collapse of the Sun.
• Will then explode in a
supernova.
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The End?
• Will probably form a
red giant.
• Could have become a
black hole, but not
massive enough.
• Too large to become a
brown dwarf.
• Will basically wipe
out our solar system.