the sound system of a language (phonology)
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Phonology
Sound System of a Language
Miss Caroline Val Madin
Language Dept., IPG Tawau
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We all have instinctual knowledge of thephonemes of our own languageIt allows us to produce sounds that formmeaningful utterances (even if they are new)It allows us to recognize and understand aforeign accent
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The study of the structure and systematic
patterns of sounds in human language
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It allows us to make up new words thatsound rightIt allows us to add appropriate sounds tomake plurals, past tense, etc.It allows us to know what is and what is not asound in our own language.
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PhonemesAllophones
Minimal pairsDistinctive featuresSyllable structurePhonotacticsMorphophonemics
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Distinctive or contrastive sound (phonological
segment) in the sound system of a language.PHONE A Phonetic Segment Occurring in LanguagePHONEME
A Segment that differentiates meaning
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Place of articulationEx. /p/ VS /t/
p op VS t op
Manner of articulationEx. /b/ VS /m/B ob VS m ob
Voicing
Ex. /s/ VS /z/S ue VS z oo
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An Allophone is:A predictable phonetic variant of a phonemeIt is rule-governed
An Allophone is Predictable, Nondistinctiveand Redundant
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An alternative pronunciation or a variant of aphoneme.
Ex. /p/ - [p h] p en- [p] s p y
/t/ - [t h] t op- [t] s t op- [?] bi tt en- [D] bu tt er
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Aspiration in English is another example of apredictable, allophonic ruleOccurs with certain consonants at thebeginning of a word (if the syllable isstressed)Presence/Absence of Aspirated Consonantdoes not change the meaning of the word
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A pair of words that differ by just one phoneme
in the same position and have differentmeanings.
Ex. s ip VS z ipt ip VS d ip
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Phonetic properties or features that distinguishphonemes from one another
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SyllabicConsonantal
SonorantObstruentVoicedContinuantNasal
LateralDistributedAffricateLabialRoundCoronal
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HighBack
LowRoundTenseLax
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Study of the sound and phoneme combinations
allowed in a given language.
Phonotactic Constraints : the rules thatcharacterize permissible syllable structures ina language.
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A phonological unit that is composed of one ormore phonemes.
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1) After Consonants like /b/, /g/, /k/, or /p/
another stop is not permitted 2) If a word begins with /l/ or /r/
Every speaker knows the next letter will be a vowel 3) If word begins with /c&/ or /j&/The next letter will be a vowel
4) No more than three consonants AllowedEven this restricted to the following sequence:
/s/ + /p, t, k/ + /r, l, w, y/
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VC : on, at, outVCC : ant, oustCV : to, shoe
CCV : spy, snowCVC : tin, chapCVCC : part, tenth
CCVC : spin, cloud, prideCCCVC : splash, spread, splitCCCVCCC : scripts, sprints
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pertaining to the alternation or change of one phoneme toanother in a particular environment. For example, the changeof the phoneme / k / to / s / before front vowels, which can be
seen in the words " electric " and"electric-ity ", is morphophonemic
A study of a phonemic difference among allomorphsof the same morpheme. It describes changes inpronunciation modified by neighboring sounds.
Morphophonemic Rule : the rule that assigns thephonetic form, determined by both morphologyand phonology
http://www.sil.org/mexico/ling/glosario/iDefnAlternancia.htmhttp://www.sil.org/mexico/ling/glosario/iDefnFonema.htmhttp://www.sil.org/mexico/ling/glosario/iDefnAnterior.htmhttp://www.sil.org/mexico/ling/glosario/iDefnAnterior.htmhttp://www.sil.org/mexico/ling/glosario/iDefnFonema.htmhttp://www.sil.org/mexico/ling/glosario/iDefnAlternancia.htm -
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voiceless phonemes + [s]Ex. boo k s, ra t s, for k svoiced phonemes + [z]
Ex. jo b s, do g s, pumpki n stense vowels, or diphthongs + [z]Ex. toe s , z oo s, b oy s[+strident] + [ z]Ex. chur ch es, gara g es, ju dg es, cour s es
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[I n] + vowels or alveolarEx. in e xpensive, in t olerant
[I m] + labialsEx. im p ossible, im m ature[I ] + velars
Ex. in c omparable, in c omplete