The Struggle for Democracy:AfricaWhy has Africa struggled in gaining

democratic governments?

Nigeria 1960:Nigeria 1960:British grant independenceFulani have majority controlof govt. Igbo have acoup against Fulani govt& then Fulani have counter-coup, Igbo attempt to formown nation causing a civilwar, 1.2 million casualties

Kenya: 1952-1963Kenya: 1952-1963Jomo Kenyatta leadsMau Mau. Mau Mau use guerilla warfare againstBritish farmers who don’twant independence. 10KAfricans die in the struggle

Algeria 1954-62:Algeria 1954-62:FLN leader Ahmed BenBella rebels againstFrench Govt. DeGaullesends in 500K troops butFrance loses. Soviets backBella but Islamic rebelsoverthrow Bella in 1962

Angola: 1960-75Angola: 1960-75Marxist rebels (MPLA) tryto overthrow of PortugueseGovt. Rebels win (1975)& Civil War erupts. US backs Anti-communists500K killed between1975-2002

Congo 1960-65:Congo 1960-65:Marxist group MNC & Patrice Lumumba winelections. Province ofKatanga breaks off(backed by US/Belgium)Lumumba turns to USSR.Lumumba is assassinated.Military dictator MobutoSese Seko takes over & changes Congo to Zaire.

South Africa:South Africa:Dutch Afrikaners (Boers)have control of Govt.Set up Apartheid systemthat segregates blacks &whites. Apartheid ends in 1991, when Nelson Mandela’s ANC wins elections

Uganda:Uganda:Idi Amin takes power ina coup. He expelsforeigners &nationalizes British businesses. Kills 300Kfrom 1971-1979

Rwanda:Rwanda:Tutsi minority rules afterindependence. Hutumajority wins election in1994. Hutu army andmilitia groups kill one million Tutsis