the syntax of the celtic languagesassets.cambridge.org/.../81601/index/9780521481601_index.pdf ·...

Index

a bhith, 215-16A'-binding constructions, 47-9, 297Abney, S.P., 12-13, 93n, 334abnormal sentences: adjunction to matrix

CPs, 110-11, 119-21; agreement patternsin, 115-17; and cleft sentences, 27-8,97-102; derivation proposed, 110-11;negation of, 99, 100, 118-21; properties,98-9

Accusative Case, realization of, 224Acquaviva, Paolo, 46, 284—313Adger, David, 17, 31, 43, 200-22, 236, 237,

238n, 340nadjectives, 38-9, 77-8, 79adjunction, 65, 66-7; to CP, 111-15Adjunction Prohibition, 110, 111-13, 118adverbials, 269-70, 306-7adverbs, and attributive adjectives, 30affective operators, licensing polarity

items, 286, 299Afro-Asiatic languages, 199nagreement: analytic and synthetic and the

position of the subject, 82, 190-6; 'anti-agreement' effect, 154; clitics and, 16-17;clitics and null arguments, 40-3; ScottishGaelic, 200-22; and Tense, 9-10, 23, 200

Anderson, S., 54, 73n, 184Andrews, A., 207Anglo-Saxon, 3annamh, 290, 302-3, 312-13n; cleft

sentences and, 290, 306-11Anwyl, E., 131, 165n, 166nAoun, J., 200appartenance, and possession, 140Arabic, 171, 172, 185, 186-7, 191-2, 198n,

238n; agreement, 192; Cairene, 176-7,179, 180; CSNs and FGs, 316, 317;

Palestinian, 175, 176, 178, 185, 187;Syrian, 39-40, 192

Aronoff, M., 82, 92article: definite, 38; indefinite in Breton,

38; postnominal, 14aspect, Scottish Gaelic, 200-22aspectual chains, 211-17aspectual periphrases, 131-2, 168naspectual predicates, focalization of, 134-6aspectual properties, different of states and

events, 159-61Authier, J. Marc, 105, 106Aux node, 5-6, 8auxiliaries, 9, 54, 63, 71-2Avoid Resumptive Pronoun (ARP), 84-5Awbery, Gwen, 19-20, 33, 46, 90, 92n,

131, 139, 161n, 163n, 165n, 166n, 167n,182, 193, 195, 273

Bach, E,, 210Baker, M., 6, 15, 134, 174, 231, 278n,

280n, 28InBaltin, M., 106Barbosa, Pilar, 239nBarwise, J., 46, 296, 299, 300, 301, 312nbe: equative use, 125; identificational use,

125; as a lexically unaccusative verbselecting a small clause, 126; partitiveCase feature of, 144; predicational use,125-6; small-clause analysis, 138, 144;specificational use, 125-6

Belletti, Adriana, 9, 144, 145, 197n, 28In,292, 293

Bennis, H., 209, 263Benveniste, E., 140, 162nBerber clitics, 198nBerman, R., 336n

357

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358 Index

Besten, H. den, 6, 11, 226

bezan, 85-7

Bhaldraithe, T. de, 337nbinding indexing, 212, 219Bobaljik, Jonathan David, 20, 23, 31, 33,

108, 164n, 174, 188, 221n, 233-240, 242,

278n, 314, 336n

bod, 28, 29, 181, 197n; -initial

constructions, 138-9; copular, 126-8,

159, 161; existential, 126-8, 159, 161;

and locative clitics, 127, 145-6, 161; and

predicative particle yn, 76-8; in the

present tense, 161; small-clause analysis,138, 144, 164-5n; suppletion in, 79-85;

unitary characterization of, 125-70

Bodhlaeir, Liam, 278n

Borer, H., 94n, 252, 273, 316, 326, 327,

335n, 336n, 338n, 339n

Borsley, Robert D., 1-52, 53-74, 87, 92n,

93n, 94n, 117, 122n, 131, 161n, 162n,

163n, 164n, 183, 192, 196n, 220n, 221n,

237n, 312n, 335n, 337n, 339n

Bourke, Angela, 278n

Brandi, L., 16

Breatnach, Liam, 278n

Breton, 2, 184, 195, 273; A'-binding

construction, 48-9; agreement and

clitics, 40-1; auxiliaries, 53-4, 64, 69-72;

clefting, 27-9; copula, 45-6, 75, 79;description, 3; indefinite article, 38;interrogative complementizer, 28; long

head movement in, 53-74; mutation, 49;

negation, 46, 67-8; nominals, 38^40;non-finite clauses, 29-34; ober sentences,68-71; participial constructions, 35-8;particles, 26, 27; similarities with

Slavonic and Romance languages, 7;speakers, 3; topicalization, 27, 54-6, 60,

68, 104, 117; VAuxSO clauses, 23-5, 53,54-7; verb-fronting, 11, 55-6, 58-61;and the VP-internal subject hypothesis,

22-3, 56-7; VSO clauses, 19-23

bridge verbs, 106, 121

British, see Brythonic

Brittonic, see Brythonic

Brody, M., 152Brythonic, 2, 3, 76, 182Bulgarian, 24; long head movement in, 53,

57, 58-9, 60, 66; renarrated mood, 64-5Bures, Tony, 237nBurzio, Luigi, 245, 250, 253, 260, 273,

279n, 280n

Campbell, R., 159, 160, 170nCann, Ronnie, 214, 220nCardinaletti, A., 11, 97, 106, 109, 188, 194,

196n, 197n

Carlson, G., 88, 89, 132Carnie, Andrew, 20, 23, 31, 33, 93n, 94n,

108, 164n, 174, 188, 221n, 223-40, 242,273, 278n, 314, 336n

Case: assignment, see Checking Theory;and definiteness, 333-4; of indefinites,144-6; realization of, 223-4

Case Filter, 144Case Theory, 78, 79, 89; link with Theta

Theory, 200-3Cavar, D., 65Celtiberian, 2

Celtic languages; copulas, 75-96;description, 2; issues in syntax, 19-46;possessives, 14, 39, 314-40; similaritieswith Semitic languages, 7, 314-40

CHAINS, minimal requirement, 260Chamorro, 273Checking Theory, 6-7, 171, 172-4, 178-9,

180, 186-9, 205; see also features, theoryof syntactic

Chomsky, Noam, 9-10, 21, 56, 93n, 94n,95n, 162n, 164n, 169n, 212, 237, 249,250, 260, 272, 278n, 281n, 292, 336n,337n; on adjunction, 110; CheckingTheory, 6-7, 171, 172-4, 178-9, 180,186-9, 205; derivation of VSO order,225, 228-9; Economy principle, 231;English auxiliary raising, 198n; ExtendedProjection Principle, 242, 265, 282n; andHead Movement Constraint, 19, 6 3 ^ ;on Minimalist Programme, 137-8, 151,314, 316; on pro, 325; Standard Theory,




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Index 359

92; theory of syntactic features, 6-7,

152, 172-4, 190, 223, 233-5, 239n,

267-9, 270; Universal Grammar, 4, 196;

Visibility Condition, 200-2

Christian Brothers, 333, 334, 335n

Chung, S., 26, 31, 54, 238n, 242, 245, 263,

264, 273, 278n, 282n

Cinque, Guglielmo, 196n, 209, 319, 320,

335n, 337n

Clack, S., 187

clausal complements, and the internal

subject position, 262-5

clause structure, and functional categories,

7-12

cleft constructions: embedded, 101-2,

105-6, 109, 111-15, 155; matrix, 109,

114, 117, 118-21

cleft sentences: and abnormal sentences,

27-8, 97-102; agreement patterns in,

115-17; and annamh, 290, 306-11;

copula or complementizer in, 117-18;

and CP-recursion analysis, 97, 106,

108-9, 110-21; derivation proposed,

107-10; generative approaches, 102-5;

Government-Binding analysis of, 103-4;

with monotone decreasing quantifiers,

308-11; negation of, 98, 100, 118-21;

properties, 98

clefting, 27-9, 97-102

clitic doubling, 16-17, 172, 185

clitic systems, and word order, 171-99

clitics, 15-19; agreement and null

arguments, 40-3; base-generation of, 18,

171-99; derivation of, 17-19; placement,

15-16, 17-18, 171, 185; pronominal,

15-19; relationship with agreement,

16-17, 40-3; syntactic, 15-19;

Wackernagel, 188

co-indexation, 200, 202, 211; of

denotational arguments of auxiliaries

and main verbs, 213, 215-16, 217

Cois Fhairrge dialect of Irish, 337n

'Common in Form, Genitive in Function'

contexts, 334

complementizers, or verbal particles, 25,26-7, 104-5

Comrie, B., 191Connacht dialect of Irish, 228Connemara Irish, 31 InConstruct State construction, Semitic, 14,

314, 339n

Construct State Nominal (CSN), 314,317-35; adjective placement in, 318-22;possessive clitics (POSS) in, 322-8;rightward specifiers, 317-18

Continental Celtic, 2; see also Celtiberian;Gaulish; Lepontic

contra-indexation, 213, 216

Cooper, R., 46, 296, 299, 300, 301, 312ncopular sentences: embedded, 155-6;

functional structure, 150-2; predicate-initial, 148-53; subject-initial, 153-5;syntax of agreement in, 153-4; as verb-second clauses, 148-50, 156

copulas, 43-6; Breton, 45-6, 75, 79, 87;English, 125-6; functional, 76, 79;morphosyntactic variation in, 75-92;nature of the Irish, 43-^, 310-11;substantive, 76-9, 87; syntactic effects ofsuppletion in Celtic, 75-96; Welsh, 44-5,76-9, 125-70

Cordin, P., 16Cornish, 2, 3

CP-recursion, 106, 108-10, 117-18, 121,155, 166n, 167n

Cram, D., 203, 215Crisma, P., 319, 320Czech: auxiliaries, 71; long head movement

in, 24, 53, 57, 59, 60

D-features, 328-34Davies, Lewis, 122nDechaine, Rose-Marie, 132, 142, 160,

161n, 170ndefinite subjects, distribution of, 136-43definiteness; and Case-checking, 333-4;

and demonstrative interpretation,328-34; effect, 143-6, 261, 281n

Delsing, L.-O., 14




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360 Index

demonstratives: licensing andinterpretation, 330-3; placement 339n

denotational argument, 211, 217, 218derivations, Chomsky's theory of, 137-8,

151Determiner Phrase (DP), 12-13, 39-40;

Event-Related and Object-Related, 221ndeterminers: left downward-entailing,

299-300; Minimality barrier onquantificational, 210, 219; rightdownward-entailing, 300

Di Sciullo, A., 92Diesing, M., 11, 88, 90, 143, 163nDikken, Marcel den, 16In, 164-5nDillon, M., 280n

Dimitrova-Vulchanova, Mila, 73nDobrovie-Sorin, C , 65, 209Doherty, C , 20, 43-4, 76, 89, 93n, 225,

310domain, 173-4, 180; checking, 63, 190;

functional, 8; internal, 63; minimal,173-4

Dooley Collberg, Sheila, 326, 337nDoron, E., 185Drijkoningen, F., 211, 212Duffield,Nigel, 7, 14, 17, 23, 26, 40, 43,

194, 229, 236, 238n, 240n, 242, 245, 247,271, 282n, 293, 303, 31 In, 314-40

Dunigan, Melynda, 92nDutch, 55, 56, 263

echo pronouns, Welsh, 172, 182-4, 189,193-6, 337n

eclipsis, 47Economy Principle, 173, 231, 333e/-forms, 183-4, 185, 186, 1 9 3 ^Elsewhere Principle, 94nEmonds, Joe, 4-5, 8, 20, 92n, 164n, 174,

336nEmpty Category Principle (ECP), 48, 64,

67-8, 82, 84, 92, 109, 291En?, M., 160, 170nenclisis, 171-99, 322endocentric categories, 13Engdahl, Elisabet, 220n

English, 70, 174, 294, 295; definite

predicates, 150-1; expletives in small

clauses, 265; negation compared with

Irish, 284-313; negative markers and

negated quantifiers, 285-7; Nominative

Case, 223; northern dialect around

Edinburgh, 3; position of inflected main

verb in finite clauses, 4-7; POSS-ing

gerundives, 12-13; stative verbs, 133,

159-60; strong and weak features

compared with French, 233-4, 235;

tense/aspect system, 211, 212;

topicalization, 105-6

equidistance, 137, 164n, 180; definition of,

1 7 3 ^

Ernst, T. 269, 333, 334, 335n

ethical dative, 18

Evans, D.S., 100, 116, 119, 123n

Evans, J.G., 122n

Everett, D., 174

exceptional Case-marking clauses, in Irish,

32

excorporation, 66-7, 194

existence, and predication, 128-46

'existential' Case, 145

existential closure, 143-4, 298

existential construction, in Irish, 264—5

exocentric categories, 13

expletive-argument CHAINS, 259, 260, 261

expletives: absence in Irish, 261, 264-5,

270-1; and the Extended Projection

Principle, 259-62, 267-8; position of,

270-1

Extended Projection Principle (EPP), 195,

222n, 234, 242, 250, 262, 265, 282n; and

expletives, 259-62, 267-8

F-licensing, 202, 220n

Fabb, N., 323

Fabri, R., 321, 326, 335n, 336n, 338n,339n

Fassi-Fehri, A., 185

Fauconnier, G., 165n




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Index 361

features, theory of syntactic, 223, 233-5,239n, 267-9, 315-16, 328-34; see alsoChecking Theory

Feirtear, Breandan, 278nFife, J., 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 131, 160,

162n, 163n

Fillmore, C , 11finite verbs, position in French compared

with English, 4-7focus interpretation, of initial predicate in

copular constructions, 152-3formatives, lexical and functional, 75Fox, Danny, 237nFrampton, John, 209, 278n, 282n

Free Genitive (FG) constructions, 316,317-18, 321; possessive clitics (POSS) in,326-8

Freeze, R., 162nFrege, Gottlob, 125French, 20, 21; clitics, 175; definite

predicates, 150; eventive verbs, 159;infinitives, 8-9; negation, 46, 292, 294,295, 299, 303, 304; object clitics, 17-18;position of inflected main verb in finiteclauses, 4-7, 174; strong and weakfeatures, 174, 233-4, 235; subject-cliticinversion, 198n; unaccusatives, 23, 254,280n; y, 134; see also Old French

Fronted Object Phrases (FOP), 203-10fronting: constructions, see abnormal

sentences; cleft constructions; inembedded clauses, 101-2; negation in,118-21; in Welsh, 97-124

Fukui, N., 11, 12, 223Full Interpretation, Principle of, 6functional categories, 7-12, 314functional heads, relationship with lexical

categories, 172-4, 265-73

Gaelic, see Goidelic; Scots GaelicGallagher, Grainne, 335nGaulish, 2Gazdar, G., 73n

Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar(GPSG), 73n

generalized transformation (GT), 190, 212Generalized Visibility, 200-3, 218, 220;

defined, 203generative grammar, 97; cleft

constructions, 102-5Genitive Case, 334German, 10, 20, 280n; adjective placement,

320Germanic languages, 28In; clitics, 186,

188; verb-second phenomena, 10, 121,149, 226, 337n

Giorgi, A., 211, 212-13, 215-16, 319Glinert, L. 316, 335n, 338nGoidelic, 2, 182Government Transparency Corollary

(Baker), 231Government-Binding: analysis of clefts,

103^4; analysis of English topicalization,105-6; Case Theory, see CheckingTheory

GREED principle, Minimalist Programme,

316, 318, 328Greek, 2Greenberg, J., 27Greene, D., 280nGrimshaw, J., 94n, 202, 211Groat, E., 271Gueron, J., 142, 166n, 209Guilfoyle, Eithne, 20, 21, 236, 237n, 239n,

242, 245, 247, 279n, 317, 328, 335n

Haegeman, L., 1, 4, 226, 296, 312nHale, Ken, 42, 185, 221n, 236, 237n, 243,

272, 325, 326, 328, 337nHalle, M., 92Harley, Heidi, 94n, 225, 237n, 238n, 239n,

273Harlow, Steve J., 20, 26, 50-1, 92n, 93n,

102, 103, 104, 122n, 139Hartmann, H., 280nHazout, I., 176head movement, 14-15; types of, 65-6; see

also long head movementHead Movement Constraint (HMC), 6, 15,

19, 57, 63-4, 178




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362 Index

head-to-head movement, 14-15; see also

incorporationheads, L-related and non-L-related, 53,

64-6, 67-8Hebrew, 40, 43, 171, 175, 185, 187, 198n,

273; Colloquial, 191; CSNs and FGs,316, 317; noun phrases compared withIrish and Maltese, 7, 314-40

Heim, I., 143, 296, 297, 298Hendrick, Randall, 1, 23, 26, 33, 36, 48,

56, 75-96, 102, 103, 104, 105, 123n, 131,161n, 163n, 168n, 195, 197n, 220n

Hewitt, S., 69Heycock, C , 162n

Higginbotham, J., 202, 211, 297, 298, 312nHiggins, F.R., 125Highest Subject Restriction, 252Hoeksema, J., 299Hoekstra, T., 150, 164n, 209, 221nHolmberg, A., 51n, 231Honcoop, M., 22InHornstein, N., 211, 252, 283nHoyt, K., 176

Icelandic, 11, 21, 278nidentity, and predication, 125-6, 146-59inalienability condition, 316, 336nincorporated pronouns, 184-5incorporation, 174, 328; see also head-to-

head movement

indefinite subjects, distribution of, 136-43indefinites: the Case of, 144-6; and

monotone decreasing quantifiers, 301,311; negation and, 296-8

indexation, selection and lexical

specification, 211-12Indo-European, 2, 182, 199ninfinitives, short movement of main-verb, 9inflection, and negation, 2 9 3 ^Insular Celtic 2; see also Brythonic;

Goidelicinversion constructions, 10-11Irish, 185, 195; A'-binding construction,

47-8, 49; clefting, 27-9; clitics, 41, 43;copulas, 4 3 ^ , 75, 76; CSNs in, 316-17;

description, 2-3; minimalist approach toproblems of word order, 223^0;mutation, 49; negation in, 46, 284-313;negatives, 287-90; nominals, 38-40; non-finite clauses, 29-34, 235-7, 238n, 245,246-7, 251; northern dialects, 256; nounphrases, 314-40; participialconstructions, 35-8; particles, 26;similarities with Hebrew and Maltese, 7,314-40; small clauses, 245, 246-7;southern dialects, 256, 278n; speakers, 3;subjects and subject positions, 241-83;verb raising in, 225-37; and the VP-internal subject hypothesis, 21, 22, 23;VSO in finite clauses, 19-23, 225-9,230-3, 238n, 245; see also Cois Fhairrge;Connacht; Connemara; Munster; OldIrish; Ulster

isomorphy, parametric, 196Italian, 46, 134, 254, 280n, 292, 295, 299,

303, 304; adjective placement, 320;clitics, 175, 187-8; Fiorentino, 16;northern dialects 16, 187-8, 198n;Padovano, 187; unaccusativeconstructions, 144; Veneto, 187

Italic languages, 2

Jaeggli, O., 4, 16, 17, 323, 326

Jespersen, O., 125, 126Johnson, K., 281n, 336nJonas, Dianne, 237nJones, Bob Morris, 20, 95n, 102, 130, 131,

147, 161n, 167nJoosten, Laura, 220n

Kamp, H., 296Kayne, R.S., 10, 15, 17-18, 52n, 72, 95n,

132, 171, 185, 187, 188, 189, 282n, 291,314, 336n

Keenan, E., 299, 312nKenstowicz, M., 176King, G., 97, 98, 100, 101Kitigawa, Y., 223Klima, E., tests for negatives, 285, 286,

287, 290, 291, 299, 307




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Index 363

Koopman, H., 11, 21, 56, 89, 108, 188,194, 223, 242, 315

Koster, J., 55, 226Kratzer, A. 43, 133, 162n, 210Krifka, M. 22InKuroda, S.-Y., 11

Ladusaw, W., 299Laka, M.I., 292, 312nLarson, R., 197nLarsonian VP-structure, 126, 134^5, 137,

144, 164nLasnik, H., 64, 106, 144, 145, 164n, 223,

229, 282n, 283n

Latin, 2; loan words in Welsh, 3Lema, J., 53, 57lenition, 47, 77, 31 InLepontic, 2

Lewis, H., 117, 181, 182, 187lexical diversity, structural invariance in

VSO languages and, 314-40lexical indexing, 217Lexical Predicative Domain (LPD), 142-4lexical specification, selection and

indexation, 211-12LHM, see long head movementLobel, E., 319, 335nLocative Preposing, 137locative sentences, and existential

sentences, 130Logical Form (LF), 126, 172, 223, 233,

260, 290-1long head movement, 7, 24, 57-61, 323; in

Breton, 53-74; definition, 53; andlicensing of Tense, 24, 61-3, 72; natureof, 65-7; and negation, 59, 67-8;properties of, 58-61; restrictions on,

67-8Longobardi, Giuseppe, 14, 126, 280n, 319Lyons, C , 322Lyons, J., 162n

Mac Con Iomaire, Liam, 278nMacAulay, D., 2McCarthy, J.J. 94n

McCloskey, James, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 31,

32, 37, 42, 47-8, 56, 93n, 96n, 105, 106,

107, 108, 110, 121, 122n, 123n, 185, 188,

195, 221n, 226, 227, 229, 236, 237n,

238n, 239n, 240n, 241-83, 288, 293,

31 In, 325, 326, 334, 336n, 337n

McDaniel, D., 297

McKenna, Malachy, 278n

mae, 126-7: as an 'auto-saturated' form,

157; analysis of constructions with,

134-8; distribution of, 87-9, 95n;

existential, 129-31; predicational, 128-9;

and stage-level predicates, 75, 88-9,

131-4; suppletive form, 80, 87-9

mae/yw distinction, 44-5, 156-9, 161, 169n

Mahajan, A., 202

mai, 28, 29, 102, 103, 105, 113-15, 117-18,

155-6

Maltese, 40, 43; inalienability condition,

316, 336n; noun phrases compared with

Irish and Hebrew, 7, 31440

Manx, 2

Manzini, M.R., 65, 209

Marantz, Alec, 92, 93n, 223, 237n, 282n

May, R., 296

measure phrases, 200, 201; and Fronted

Object Phrases, 208-10; licensing

Scottish Gaelic, 203-11, 217-19

Mellor, Martin, 220n

Middle Welsh, 28, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102,

115, 116, 117-18, 187

Milsark, G., 210

Minimalist Programme: assumptions of,

314-17, 333; GREED principle, 316, 318,

328; Irish word order, 223-40

Minimality Condition, 137-8, 151, 164n,

210, 219, 231; see also Relativized

Minimality

mixed sentences, see cleft sentences

Mohammad, M., 317, 335n

monotone decreasing quantifiers, 46,

299-306,308-11

monotone increasing quantifiers, 300-1,

305




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364 Index

monotonicity correspondence universal,301

Moritz, L., 292, 293, 312nMoro, A., 126, 161n, 162n, 166n, 310morphology, and syntax, 75-96, 134, 152morphosyntactic structure, and

Reichenbachian temporal referencepoints, 211-17

Morris-Jones, J., 181, 182, 183Motivated Chomage Law, 191Mouchaweh, L., 176Mulder, R., 150, 164nMunster dialect of Irish, 228, 229, 235,

256, 257mutation, 47, 49-51, 77

N-features, as 'argument-checkingfeatures', 174, 233-5, 239n, 270-1

Nash, Lea, 161nNatural Language and Linguistic Theory,

1-2negation: evidence for LF movement,

290-1; in fronting constructions, 118-21;and inflection, 293-4; in Irish, 284-313;in non-finite clauses, 32-3; therealization of in Celtic languages, 46;sentential, see sentential negation; thesyntactic representation of, 290-8

Negative Criterion, 296negative markers, 295; in Irish, 285-7,

304-5negatives, Irish, 287-90NegP hypothesis, 291-5, 298-306, 311Ni Chiobhain, Marian, 278nNi Chiosain, Maire, 237n, 31 In, 335nNi Shuilleabhain, Brenda, 278nNishigauchi, T., 297nominals, 38-40, 314-40; relationship

between Celtic and Semitic, 14, 39^0;the structure of, 12-14

Nominative Case, 223-4, 266-7non-finite clauses, word order, 29-34,

235-7non-finite verbs, see verb-nounsNoonan, Maire, 229, 237n

noun phrases, comparison of Irish,Hebrew and Maltese, 39-40, 314^*0

null argument languages, agreement andclitics, 40-3

numerals, precede noun, 38-9numeration (Chomsky), 272

6 Baoill, Donall P., 237n, 335nO Buachalla, Breandan, 278nO Dochartaigh, Cathair, 5In6 Huallachain, C , 334, 335n6 Muimhneachain, Aindrias, 278n6 Murchu, Liam, 278n6 Murchu, M., 334, 335nO 'Rahilly, T., 280n6 Se, Diarmaid, 278n, 280n6 Siadhail, Micheal, 240n, 263, 278n,

28In, 307, 335n6 Suilleabhain, Diarmuidin, 278nObject Shift, 188, 273, 278n, 283nOgam script, 2Old French, 166nOld Irish, 2, 225, 238n, 273Old Spanish, 24, 53, 58Old Welsh, 3, 102optionality, in Minimalist perspective, 86,

333Ouhalla, J., 49, 166n, 180, 189, 198n, 238n,

240n, 282n, 31 In

P-Celtic, 2parameters of variation, see principles-and-

parameters theoryPartee, B., 166n, 210participial constructions, 35-8particles: aspectual in Scottish Gaelic,

214-16; clause-initial, 25-7, 47; cleftingin Scottish Gaelic, 207-8; negative rootand subordinate in Welsh, 26; status ascomplementizers, 25, 26-7, 104-5

partitive Case, 144, 145passive constructions, 37-8; see also

perfective passive; progressive passivePedersen, H., 117, 181, 182, 187




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Index 365

Pembrokeshire Welsh, 46, 195perfective constructions, 36-7perfective passive, 37-8, 254-9, 261, 262,

268, 280nPerlmutter, D., 191, 245

Pesetsky, David, 75, 78, 82, 86, 93n, 94n,

237n, 253

phi-features, 188, 205, 217-18

Phillips, Colin, 237n

Phonetic Form (PF), 172

Pianesi, F., 211,212-13, 215-16

Pictish, 3

Platense Spanish, 16

Platzack, C , 51n

pleonastic elements, 250, 254, 259, 260; in

small clauses, 280-1 n

Poletto, C , 187-8

Pollock, J.-Y., 4, 7, 56, 67, 174, 198n, 223,

233, 234, 241-2, 292

Pollock-Emonds tests, 5In

Poppe, E., 97, 99

Portuguese, long head movement in, 53, 58

POSS-mg gerundives, English, 12-13

possession, 39; and appartenance, 140;

with prepositional phrase, see Free

Genitive (FG)

possessive absolute constructions, in

Welsh, 139^3, 145

possessive clitics (POSS), in Construct

State Nominal (CSN), 322-8possessor construction, see Construct State

Nominal (CSN)

Postal, P., 191, 245predication: and existence, 128-46; and

identity, 125-6, 146-59; licensing the

relation, 150-2

preposition-stranding, 250, 260, 264prepositions, inflected, 41-2present tense: GENERIC/HABITUAL and

FUTURE operators, 160-1; status in

Welsh, 158, 159-61

Press, I., 87, 95nPrince, A.S., 94n

principles-and-parameters theory, 1, 4-7,

97, 196, 223, 290, 314

pro, 16-17, 188-9, 205-7, 22In/?ro-drop effect, 325proclitics, 42-3, 49, 175-6, 322Procrastinate Principle 7, 172-3, 233, 333,

336nprogressive constructions, 35-6, 37, 247-9,

252progressive passive, 37, 247-8pronominal enclisis, in VSO languages,

171-99pronoun postposing, right-adjunction, 263pronouns: atonic, 188; checking and VSO,

186-9; phi-features, 188; weak as ameans of identifying pro, 189, 196

propositional domains, as predicates, 142,152

Pullum, G., 17Pyatt, Elizabeth, 225, 237n, 238n, 273

Q-Celtic, 2quantifier raising, 291; NegP and, 294-5quantifiers, negative, 284, 285-7, 296-8;

see also monotone decreasingquantifiers; monotone increasingquantifiers

Quasi-Arguments, 201

Ramchand, G., 220n, 236, 238n, 239n,340n

re-adjustment rules, 92reconstruction processes, 149Recoverability of Deletion Principle, 82-5Reichenbach, H., 212, 214relational grammar, 191relative clauses, 47-9Relativized Minimality, 64-5, 109, 186,

221n, 292-3, 294, 328resumptive pronouns, 47, 48, 84-5, 252Reuland, E., 261Rhys, Catrin Sian, 214, 220nRight-Hand Head Rule, 171Ritter, E., 14, 186, 316, 317, 319, 321-2,

326, 327, 328, 333, 334, 335n, 338n,339n




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366 Index

Rivero, Maria-Luisa, 7, 15, 23, 28, 53-74,312n, 337n

Rizzi, Luigi, 6, 16, 64, 65, 73n, 97, 106,167n, 174, 197n, 209, 231, 266, 286, 293,296, 297, 312n

Roberts, B., 122nRoberts, Ian, 1-52, 53, 64, 65-7, 97, 106,

109, 122n, 123n, 161n, 162n, 164n, 165n,167n, 171-99, 220n, 221n, 237n, 266,278n, 281n, 328, 337n

Rognvaldsson, E., 11Romance languages, 7, 16, 19, 43, 53, 187;

auxiliaries, 71, 72; clitics, 67, 186, 188,compared with Semitic clitics, 175-81;

negative formatives, 295; participialstructures, 132

Ross, J.R., 11, 286Rouveret, Alain, 46, 73n, 75, 93n, 94n,

95n, 96n, 106, 108, 196n; on bod,

125-70, 197n; cleft sentences, 27, 28-9,102, 103, 105, 109, 114-15, 116-17, 121,122-3n; on mae/yw, 44-5, 156-9, 161;on particles, 26, 36; on subject positions,21, 22, 23, 56, 88, 90

Rumanian, long head movement in, 53, 58Runner, Jeff, 220nRutten, J., 211, 212Ruwet, N., 125

Sadler, L., 26, 34, 48, 93n, 102, 103, 104Safir, K., 4, 17, 261, 265Saito, M., 106Santorini, B., 11Scandinavian languages, 14, 5In, 198n;

object shift, 188Schafer, R., 54, 55, 73n, 273Schmidt, C , 336n

Schmitt, C , 93nSchiitze, C , 282nSchwartz, B., 11

Scots Gaelic, 2, 31, 195, 203, 236, 340n;aspect, agreement and measure phrasesin, 200-22; clitics, 43; compound tenses,214-15; description, 3; speakers, 3; tenseand aspect in, 214-16

selection indexing, 211-12, 219selection theory, 200, 202, 211-20Sells, P., 31, 245, 247, 283nSemitic languages, 39-40, 43; construct-

state construction 14, 314, 316, 339n;

similarities with Celtic languages, 7,

314^40

sentential negation, 284—313

Serbo-Croatian: auxiliaries, 71; long head

movement in, 24, 53, 57

Shih, C , 320

Shlonsky, Ur, 7, 14, 16, 17, 40, 84, 162n,

165n, 171-99, 220n, 22In, 236, 280n,

328, 337n

Shoshani, R., 191

SigurSsson, H.A., 242

Siloni, T., 14, 186

Sjoestedt-Jonval, M.L., 280n

Slavonic languages, 7, 53; auxiliaries, 71;

clitics, 63, 186, 188

Slovak, long head movement in, 53, 57

small clauses, pleonastic elements in,

280-ln

small-clause analysis of be/bod

constructions 138, 144, 164-5n

Smith, C , 132

Spanish: Latin American dialects, 16; a

null subject language, 16-17; see also

Old Spanish; Platense SpanishSpeas, M., 11, 12, 223

Specified Subject Condition (SSC), 18-19

Spell Out, 172, 223, 233split-Infl hypothesis, 8-9, 22Sportiche, D. 11, 18, 19, 21, 56, 89, 108,

197n, 198n, 223, 242, 315

Sproat, R., 77, 78, 93n, 102, 103, 131, 132,

183, 203, 320stage-level/individual-level predicates, 44-5,

75, 88-9, 127, 131-4, 161

Starke, M., 188, 196n, 197nStavi, J., 299Stephens, Janig, 7, 15, 23, 26, 27, 28, 51n,

53-74, 117, 312n, 337n

Stowell, T., 20, 31, 160, 211, 212, 213, 225,247, 279n, 293




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Index 367

Structure Preservation Condition, 9Stump, G.T., 26, 27, 56, 104, 163nSubjacency, 47subjecthood, morphosyntactic features of,

267-9subjects: internal position, and EPP,

265-7; internal position and clausalcomplements, 262-5; and subjectpositions in Irish, 241-83

subsumption, 125superindexation, 212suppletion: syntactic effects in Celtic

copulas, 75-96; third-person presentform, 79-87

SVO languages, 20, 187sydd 45, 80-5, 83-4, 89-92, 95n, 167-8nsyntax, and morphology, 75-96, 134, 152Szabolcsi, A., 209

tags, distribution of and negation in Irish,285-6, 307-8, 310

Takahashi, D., 283nTallerman, Maggie 23, 27-8, 51, 93n,

97-124, 155Taraldsen, K.T. 14taw, 28, 102, 117, 166nTelegraph, Principle of, 45, 82, 84, 86, 88Tenny, C , 78, 89Tense: and Agreement, 9-10, 23, 24, 200;

and aspect, in Scottish Gaelic, 200,214-16; morphosyntactic andinterpretation, 142, 212-14

Tense chains (T-chains): and aspectualchains, 210-17, 220; measure phrasesand, 209-10

tense/aspect system of English, temporalreference points (Reichenbach), 211, 212

ter Meulen, A.G.B., 261Theta Theory, link with Case Theory,

200-3theta-arguments, 211, 217Thomas, A.R., 20, 95n, 102, 130, 131Thorne, D.A., 94nThrainsson, H., 11Three-Layered Case Theory, 282n

Tomaselli, A., 10topicalization, 98, 227; in Breton, 27, 54-6,

60, 68, 104, 117; GB analyses of English,105-6; remnant, 55, 56

Torrego, E., 188, 194traces, 47Travis, L., 6, 15, 52n, 126, 134, 144, 163n,

224, 227, 250Trepos, P., 94nTsoulas, Georges, 161nTuller, Laurie, 161nTurkish, 13

Ulster dialects of Irish, 3, 203, 228, 240n,280n

Ultan, R., 307unaccusatives, 23, 126; in Irish, 242-50,

259-61; putative, 251-4, 257-9, 268,279-80n; salient, 242-50, 257, 259-61,271, 272, 273, 280n; salient, listed, 276-8

Universal Grammar (UG), 4, 82Uriagereka, J., 188, 194

V-features, as 'predicate-checking' features

6-7, 174, 233-5, 239nValois, D., 312n, 319variation: morphosyntactic origins, 273;

parameters of, 4, 196, 314; synchronic,7; theory of syntactic, see features,

theory of syntacticVarlokosta, S., 252verb + auxiliary sentences, in Breton,

54-7verb raising: and subject and object

remaining in situ in Irish, 225, 228-9; toComp in Irish, 225, 226-7, 230-7

verb-fronting, Breton, 55-6verb-nouns, 29verb-second clauses: in Germanic

languages, 149; in Welsh proposed, 29,148-50

verb-second (V2) phenomena, 10-11, 20-1,121, 226, 337n

verbal particles, or complementizers, 104-5




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368 Index

verbs, analytic and synthetic forms, 272;see also finite verbs; verb-nouns

Vergnaud, J.-R., 162n, 336nVikner, S., 11, 51n, 198n, 281nVisibility Condition, 200-2; see also

Generalized VisibilityVisibility Criterion, extended version,

200-22VP-internal subject hypothesis, 11-12,

21-3, 56-7, 88, 89, 223, 241, 242, 262-5,279n

VSO clauses, 19-23, 225-33, 241-83; in

Breton, 23-5, 53, 54-7; root clauses, 19;subordinate clauses, 20-3

VSO languages, 14, 53, 203; analytic and

synthetic agreement in, 190-6; basic orderived order, 19-20; doubt about

unitary class, 273; long head movementin, 53-74; pronominal enclisis in,171-99; pronouns, checking and, 186-9;'residual', 187; structural invariance andlexical diversity in, 314—40

Wagner, H., 280nWahba, W., 176Watanabe, A., 237, 282nWatkin, Morgan, 124nWatkins, T.A., 97, 101, 119, 163nweak island constraint, 209, 22InWebelhuth, Gert, 93n, 222nWelsh, 2, 21, 46, 178, 236; A'-binding

construction, 48; abnormal sentences,27-8, 97-124; agreement and clitics, 40,43, 192; Biblical, 99; clefting, 27-9,97-124; clitics, 171-99, properties of,181-6; Colloquial 26, 45, 102, 124n, 159,273; copulas, 44-5, 75, 76-9; description,3-4; echo pronouns 182-3, 185, 189,193-6, 337n; fronting constructions in,97-124; impersonal passives, 191;

interrogative complementizer, 28;Literary 3, 25, 26, 45, 105, 124n, 181,182; mutation, 49-51; negation, 22, 46;nominals, 38-40; non-finite clauses,29-34; in North Wales, 25; participialconstructions, 35-8; particles listed, 25;personal pronouns, 181-2; in SouthWales, 25, 28, 102; speakers, 4; VSOclauses, 19-23; see also Middle Welsh;Old Welsh; Pembrokeshire Welsh

^-Criterion, 296-7w/z-questions, 47-9Wilder, C , 65Williams, E., 5, 92, 171,211Williams, I., 123nWilliams, S., 122nWilliams, S.J., 93n, 95n, 98, 152, 279nWojcik, R., 70word order: and clitic systems, 171-99;

contrasts over timing of syntacticmovement, 314-40; cross-linguisticvariation as variation within the lexicon,314-15

X-bar Theory, 7, 13, 336n

Yiddish, 11,21yn, 30, 45, 76-8, 162-3nyw, 44-5, 126-7, 146-8; predicational,

156-9

Zagona, K., 211Zanuttini, R. 292, 296, 31 In, 312nZimmer, H., 280nZubizarreta, M.L., 162n, 336nZwart, Jan-Wouter, 11, 52n, 227, 237n,

337nZwarts, F., 209, 211Zwicky, A., 17, 50




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