the tight knot spectrum in qcd - university of edinburgh · tight knots and links in qcd t. ashton,...
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The Tight Knot Spectrum in QCD
Tom Kephart Vanderbilt University
Seminar at the University of Edinburgh
10 October 2012
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Knots, Links, and Physics
Examples of Knots and Links in Physics
Knots and Tight Knots: Theory
Tight Knots/Links in QCD
Other Possible Tight Knot Applications
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Introduction: Tight Knots and Physics
● Many Potential Physical Systems can be Knotted or Linked, some tightly
● Examples in Several Areas of Physics
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List of ExamplesCLASSICAL PHYSICS/BIOPHYSICS● Plasma Physics● DNA● MacroBiology
QUANTUM PHYSICS● QCD Flux Tubes (tight)● Superconductors (tight)● Superfluids and Superfluid Turbulence● Atomic Condensates● Cosmic Strings (tight?)
UNIVERSALITY for Tight Quantum Case
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Plasma Phys: Magnetic Flux Tubes● Tubes under Tension Contract● Minimum Length Determined by Topology● Taylor States in Plasma● Differs for QCD where radius is fixed
A. Stasiak, et al., Nature 384, 122 (1996)
L. Woltjer, PNAS, 44, 489 (1958)Plasma Physics
Biology
H. K. Moffatt, J. Fluid Mech. 35, 117 (1969)J. B. Taylor, PRL, 33, 1139 (1974)
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Plasma Physics: SOHO images
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See e.g., P. M. Bellan, ``Spheromaks,’’ (2000)
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Knot / Link stabilty
Conserved quantum numbers
Gaussian linking--Hopf link, trefoil knot
Genealized linking--Borromean rings, etc.
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Tightly Knotted DNA
Tight knots first discussed and lengths estimated in:
Katritch, V., Bednar, J., Michoud, D., Scharein, R.G., Dubochet, J. & Stasiak, A. (1996) Nature
Katritch, V., Olson, W.K., Pieranski, P., Dubochet, J. & Stasiak, A. (1997) Nature.
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Flux Tubes in Quantum Chromodynamics
● Glueballs as Tight Knots and Links ● Quantized Flux● Knot “Energy” (EK = L/r) Length
Proportional to Particle Mass● Semi-classical model at the level of
liquid drop model of nucleus or QCD bag model
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Tight Knots and Links in QCD
T. Ashton, J. Cantarella, M. Piatek, E. Rawdon,“Knot Tightening By Constrained Gradient Descent,” arXiv:1002.1723
Roman V. Buniy and TWK, “A model of glueballs,’’ Phys. Lett. B576, 127 (2003)
R. Buniy and TWK,“Glueballs and the universal energy spectrum of tight knots and links,’’ Int. J. Mod. Phys. A20, 1252 (2005)
R. Buniy, J. Cantarella, TWK and E. Rawdon,“The tight knot spectrum in QCD,” arXiv:1212.xxx
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Chromoelectric Flux
● Flux between q, qbar pair is chromoelectric● Open for normal mesons● Closed in our case● Knotted and/or linked
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Counting knotsn = number of crossings
Hoste et al. 1998N. Sloane, The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences!
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Types of knots and links
● Prime knots● Composite knots (connected sums of
prime knots)● Prime links ● Composite links● Physics should allow all types !
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Non-q-qbar bosonic hadrons
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Glueballs● Hadrons - Strong Interactions● No Valence Quarks, fJ states (JPC = J++)● Do not Decay Directly to Photons
● Decay in Knotted Flux Tube Model of Glueballsvia QM processes:
1. String (Tube) Breaking 2. Reconnection 3. Tunneling
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2012 Refit with New Data● New Glueball Data JPC = J++ States
Particle Data Group 2011● New Tight Prime Knot/Link Data● New! Composite Knots and Links● Expect continuum of glueballs by
~3 GeV from knot counts
R. Buniy, J. Cantarella, TWK and E. Rawdon,“The tight knot spectrum in QCD,” arXiv:1212.xxxx
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Curvature Corrections● We have physical knots, not ideal knots● Flux is uniform across cross sections of
straight tubes● But, knotted and linked tubes are curved● Flux is not uniform across cross sections of
curved tubes● Correct energy for curvature
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Toroidal Solenoid-Cross Section
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Curvature Correction as a Function of R2
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Histogram of the magnitudes of the curvature corrections to the first 72 knot and link lengths.
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39Histogram of the magnitudes of the curvature corrections to all 945 currently tabulated knot and link lengths.
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Fit fJ's to knots
Curvature corrections included in fit
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41Knot Length
Glu
ebal
l Mas
s
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The Glueball Tartan
Glu
ebal
l Mas
s
Knot Length
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Fit● We fit one set of sporadic numbers with
another● I.e., f-state masses <---> knot lengths● Either one-parameter: slope● Or two parameters: slope and intercept
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fJ's vs knot lengths
One parameter fit with uncorrected knot lengths
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Options● Linear fit: 1-1 in order of mass/length● Move f states with large error bars out of
order to improve fit to:1. Account for tension in data by leaving gaps2. Find best fit
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fJ's vs knot lengths
One parameter fit with curvature corrected knot lengths
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Best qualified fit
● This previous figure is best fit allowing for resolution of the tension in the data at ~1220 MeV
● Free knot i.e., 421 unassigned and used to
predict a state near 1200 MeV
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fJ's vs knot lengths
One parameter fit with curvature corrected knot lengths
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One parameter curvature corrected vs uncorrected fits
● f(1270) and f(1285) poorly fit without curvature correction
● Fit of f(1270) and f(1285) considerably improved with curv. correction
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fJ's vs knot lengths
Two parameter fit with uncorrected knot lengths
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fJ's vs knot lengths
Two parameter fit with uncorrected knot lengths
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Two parameter fits
● Two parameter fit does not pass through origin for no curv. correction
● Curv. Corrected two parameter fit is consistent with zero intercept
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Other Corrections
Toroidal flux tube (minor radius R1, major radius R2) constricting a cylindrical flux tube of radius R(z)
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Other Corrections
Constriction
Balance tension with magnetic pressure
Estimate 5% correction for Hopf link
QCD may be more complicated—confinement effects, etc.
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Other Corrections
Distortion of tube cross section
E.g., wrap a rope tightly around a post and it'sCross section distorts
Estimate few % corrections
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Corrections to Knot Lengths● Curvaturecorrections ~ few % variation● Constriction corrections few %● Distortion corrections few %● QCD effects ?
● Conservative assumption:
3% error on knot energy● Note: only the spread in corrections is
important
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57
one parameter fit—curvature corrected
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58
Best unqualified fit
● The previous figure is the best overall fit● f(1350) was reordered
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59two parameter fit—curvature corrected
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60
Predictions for masses
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61Fit plus predictions
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62
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63
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64
Quality of the fit
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65
Fit and predicted masses for 1st 22 knots/links
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66
Predicted fJ's from knot energies
From one parameter fit with curvature corrected knot lengths
● No new states below ~1680 MeV (Not inconsistent with one new state at ~1195 MeV upon reording f(1370))
● Five new states 1690—1705 MeV range● Many new states above ~ 1720 MeV
● Estimated to 3% accuracy
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67
Comments about Predictions
● There is tension in the data near f(1710), f(1810), and some other high mass f-states.
● 50 years of HEP data to reconcile ● Multiple states possible in these regions● Attempts should be made to resolve them
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68
Smallest knot on a cubic lattice
Minimal trefoil hits 24 vertices, Y. Diao (1993)
From knotplot, Rob Scharein
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69
Trefoil energy
● Minimal lattice trefoil energy = 24● Minimal lattice trefoil energy ~ 16.44● Lattice could predict knot energies on the
high side
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70
Lattice
Conventional glueball on lattice--difficult problem
Lattice knotted and linked flux tubes--open problem
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71
CONCLUSIONS
CLASSICAL SYSTEMS ● Systems can Knot and Link ● Possibly Tight● Varying Tube Radius and
Energy Spectrum
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72
CONCLUSIONS
QUANTUM SYSTEMS ● Knots and Links● Fixed Tube Radius (Quantized Flux)● Tight implies “Quantized Lengths” for tight knots● Quantized Energy
● Universal Spectra
One Parameter per System - the SlopePredictions for QCD !
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END
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74
Now fit with only f0 data
More conservative
No interpretation of J > 0
Only 6 states, so more predictions
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75Knot energy vs glueball mass, 2003 results
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76
MeV
length
Fit of all fJ data of mass < 2 GeV/c2
(Assume all knots and links known)
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77
Data and Predictions for fJ States
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78
MeV
length
Model Predictions
~1210 MeV/c2
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79length
MeV
Fit of f0 data only
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80
MeV
length
Predictions from fit to f0 data
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81
Data and Predictions for f0 States
MeV
length
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82
The Tight Knot Spectrum in QCD
Tom Kephart Vanderbilt University
Presented at the Isaac Newton Institute
TOD Programme 17 November 2012
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83
The Tight Knot Spectrum in QCD
Tom Kephart Vanderbilt University
Presented at the International Centre for Mathematical Sciences
Edinburgh 3rd TOD workshop Isaac Newton Institute
17 October 2012
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84
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85
Feeding Hagfish
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86
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Results Knot Length Errors ~0.1% R2 = .9996 for n = 10 f0 States Slope Parameter S = 60.6 +/- 0.91 MeVIntercept -9.0 +/- 26.1 S ~ ΛQCD/π New States at E = EKxS
E.g., 41
2 at E = 1203 MeV, 77
2 at E = 1673 MeV, etc.
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Counting knots c chiral noninvertible + amphichiral noninvertible - amphichiral invertible i chiral invertible a fully amphichiral and invertible