Ottoman Empire

Submitted by Recep MAZ Instructor : Prof. Polo MERGUZHIS

Turkish Empire Expansion

Great Seljuk Empire (1040-1307)Great Seljuk Empire (1040-1307)

• Muslim empire of the Turks.• The successor of the Seljuk Empire.• It was founded by Osman and reached

its height with Suleiman in the 16th century.

• Its capital city was Istanbul. • The achievements of

the Ottoman Empire include excellence in art and culture and a large handful of initial military victories.

• The Ottomans are one of the greatest and most powerful civilizations of the modern period.

• Osman, descendants came to be known as Ottomans to Westerners.

Ottoman Empire(1299-1923)

(Devlet-i ʿAliyye-i ʿOsmâniyye )

At the beginning Ottomans

Territories:16,000km^2

Rise of the Ottoman Empire(1299-1453)

• 1389-Battle of Kosovo-Most of Serbia is conquered

• 1396-Battle of Nicopolis-Bulgaria is conquered.

• 1444-Battle of Varna-Ottoman victory, end of Crusade of Varna.

• 1453-Conquest of Istanbul. By Mehmed the Conqueror

Conquest of Constantinople1453

Conquest of Constantinople(1453)

• Reason:"Verily you shall conquer Constantinople. What a wonderful leader will her leader be, and what a wonderful army will that army be!“- Prophet Muhammad (pbuh)-

• Constantinople controlled trade route between Asia, Europe.• The symbolic value of Constantinople in the West is incredible.• Result:Haghia Sophia was transformed into mosques, though many

Christian features remain.• Control of waterway provided great wealth, divided Ottoman Empire• Mehmet did not allow soldiers to pillage city.• The conquest is an example of how globalized the world was.• Europe begins the Age of Discovery• Ferment for reform from religious orders in Europe.• End to the Middle Ages and the dawn of a New Ages.

1481

Territories:2,214,000km^2

Growth of the Ottoman Empire(1453-1683)

• Conquest of Trabzon(1461) ends Empire of Trebizond. Mehmed the Conqueror• Conquest of Bosnia.(1463) The Conqueror• Conquest of Albania(1478)The Conqueror• Battle of Chaldiran(1514) Safavid Persia; East Anatolia under

Ottoman control. The Steadfast Selim.• Battle of Marj Dabiq(1516)Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt. Syria

and Palestine under Ottoman rule. The Steadfast Selim• Battle of Ridaniya;(1517)Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt. Egypt

under Ottoman rule; The Steadfast Selim takes the title caliph.

Growth of the Ottoman Empire(1453-1683)

• 1521-Suleiman I captures Belgrade.• 1526-Battle of Mohacs. Suleyman the Magnificent defeats Hungary and Bohemia• 1529-Siege of Vienna. Suleyman the Magnificent • 1533-Iraq under Turkish control. The Magnificent • 1538-Sea Batte of Preveza. Ottoman navy controls most of Mediterranean Sea. Suleyman the Magnificent • 1547-Most of Hungary under Ottoman control. Hungary is divided, by

agreement between the Ottoman Suleyman the Magnificent and Ferdinand I of Austria.

• 1574-Tunisia is conquered.• 1571-The Spanish and the Venetians defeat the Turks at the Battle

of Lepanto.• 1683-Battle of Vienna Ottoman defeat.

1595

Territories:19,900,000km^2

Territories:19,900,000km^2

Stagnation and decline(1683-1922)• 1821-Greek War of Independence: The Greek War of

Independence begins.• 1830-Algeria is gradually ceded to French rule.• 1881-Tunisia becomes a French colony.• 1882-Egype becomes British colony.• 1908-Bulgaria obtains full independence.• 1912-The Ottomans are easily defeated by Italy in a short war,

with the Italians gaining Libya and ending the 340-year Ottoman presence in North Africa.

• 1914- Balkan War: The Ottoman Empire is nearly wiped out from Europe, save for Istanbul and just enough land around to defend it.

• 1914 -1918-Competition between European nations led to WWI. The Ottomans sided with Central Power and lost.

Republic of Turkey(1923-…..)

Empires at their greatest extent

02468

101214161820

19.9

6.5

3.93.5

8

5.2

extent ( million km^2)

ConclusionHow the Ottoman became a world empire

• The first is that the community of the Turkish warriors had grown strong enough to exercise its force. The good organization lead to a number of victories that could be further exploited to even more victories, and gain of land.

• The second is religious zeal made the Muslim warriors wage a jihad, holy war, against the Christian Byzantine empire in the west. While this theory has a lot of value for explaining the start of the empire, it cannot explain how the empire continued to grow over the next 4 centuries.

• Religious freedom allowed; some groups required to form millets, or religious communities; each millet followed own laws, chose own leaders.

• The Ottomans allowed everyone to practice whatever religion they wanted. All faiths were free to practice.