the union in peril - yolamrsloinsclasses.yolasite.com/resources/chapter 11... · the union in peril...
TRANSCRIPT
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The Union in Peril
Slavery divides the nation. North and South
enter a long and destructive civil war that ends
slavery. African Americans briefly enjoy full
civil rights, but new laws discriminate against
them.
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SECTION 1
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
SECTION 4
The Divisive Politics of Slavery
The Civil War Begins
The North Takes Charge
Reconstruction and Its Effects
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The Union in Peril
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Section 1
The Divisive Politics of Slavery Disagreements over slavery heighten regional
tensions and leads to the breakup of the Union.
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Differences Between North and South
Controversy over Slavery Worsens • Southern plantation economy relies on enslaved
labor
• Industrialized North does not depend on slavery
• South tries to spread slavery in West
• North’s opposition to slavery intensifies, tries to
stop its spread
The Divisive Politics of Slavery 1
SECTION
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Statehood for California • California applies for statehood as free state in
1849; angers South
Slavery in the Territories
1
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The Compromise of 1850 • Slave state Texas claims eastern half of New Mexico
Territory
• Southern states threaten secession—withdrawal
from Union
• Compromise of 1850 has provisions for both sides
• California becomes free state; tougher fugitive slave
law enacted
• Popular sovereignty, or vote, decides slavery issue
in NM, Utah
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Protest, Resistance, and Violence
Fugitive Slave Act
• Slaves denied trial by jury; helpers fined and
imprisoned
• Northerners defy Act, help send slaves to safety
in Canada
1
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Continued . . .
The Underground Railroad
• Abolitionists develop Underground Railroad—
escape routes from South
• Harriet Tubman is conductor on 19 trips to free
African Americans
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe
increases protests
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continued Protest, Resistance, and Violence
Tension in Kansas and Nebraska • Kansas, Nebraska territories north of 3630’ line,
closed to slavery
• 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act allows popular
sovereignty on slavery
1
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“Bleeding Kansas” • Proslavery settlers from Missouri cross border to
vote in Kansas
• Fraudulent victory leads to violent struggle over
slavery in Kansas
Violence in the Senate • Charles Sumner verbally attacks slavery, singles
out Andrew Butler
• Preston S. Brooks, Butler’s nephew, assaults
Sumner on Senate floor
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Slavery Divides Whigs • Democrat Franklin Pierce elected president in 1852
• Northern, Southern Whigs split over slavery in
territories
• Nativist Know-Nothings also split by region over
slavery
1
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New Political Parties Emerge
The Free-Soilers’ Voice • Free-Soilers fear slavery will drive down wages of
white workers
The New Republican Party • Republican Party forms in 1854; oppose slavery in
territories
• Democrat James Buchanan elected president
(1856); secession averted
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The Dred Scott Decision • Dred Scott, a slave taken to free territory by owner,
claims freedom
• Supreme Court denies appeal; Scott has no legal
rights, not a citizen
• North angry; South reads ruling as guaranteed
extension of slavery
Conflicts Lead to Secession
1
SECTION
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Continued . . .
Lincoln-Douglas Debates • 1858 Senate race between Senator Stephen
Douglas and Abraham Lincoln
• Douglas wants popular sovereignty to decide if state
is free or slave
• Lincoln considers slavery immoral; wants
constitutional amendment
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Harper’s Ferry • John Brown leads group to arsenal to start slave
uprising (1859)
• Troops put down rebellion; Brown is tried, executed
continued Conflicts Lead to Secession
1
SECTION
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Southern Secession • 7 states secede after Lincoln’s victory; form
Confederacy in 1861
• Former senator Jefferson Davis elected president
of Confederacy
Lincoln Is Elected President • 1860, Lincoln beats 3 candidates, wins no southern
electoral votes
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Section 2
The Civil War Begins Shortly after the nation’s Southern states secede
from the Union, war begins between the North
and South.
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Union and Confederate Forces Clash
Southern States Take Sides • 1861, Fort Sumter in Charleston falls; Lincoln
calls for volunteers
• 4 more slave states join Confederacy
• Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri remain
in Union
The Civil War Begins 2
SECTION
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Continued . . .
Strengths and Strategies • Northern strengths: more people, factories, food
production
• Southern strengths: cotton, good generals,
motivated soldiers
• Union plan: blockade ports, split South in two,
capture Richmond
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Bull Run • Bull Run—first battle, near Washington;
Confederate victory
• Thomas J. Jackson called Stonewall Jackson for
firm stand in battle
continued Union and Confederate Forces Clash
2
SECTION
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Continued . . .
Union Armies in the West • Ulysses S. Grant pushes south; captures forts,
wins at Shiloh
• David G. Farragut takes New Orleans, the
Confederacy’s busiest port
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The War for the Capitals • Robert E. Lee takes command of Confederate
Army in 1862:
- drives General George McClellan from Richmond
- loses at Antietam, bloodiest one-day battle
• McClellan removed from command, lets battered
Confederates withdraw
continued Union and Confederate Forces Clash
2
SECTION
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The Politics of War
Britain Remains Neutral • Britain does not need cotton, does need Northern
goods
2
SECTION
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Proclaiming Emancipation • Emancipation Proclamation empowers army to
free Confederate slaves
• Gives soldiers moral purpose; compromise no
longer possible
Both Sides Face Political Dissent • Lincoln, Davis suspend habeas corpus to
suppress disloyalty, dissent
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War Leads to Social Upheaval • Casualties, desertions lead to conscription on
both sides
• Conscription—draft that forces men to enlist;
leads to draft riots
Life During Wartime
2
SECTION
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Continued . . .
African Americans Fight for Freedom • African Americans are 1% of North’s population,
10% of army
• Serve in separate regiments, paid less than whites
for most of war
Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides • Soldiers often sick from camp filth, limited diet,
poor medical care
• Prisons overcrowded, unsanitary; many die of
malnutrition, disease
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continued Life During Wartime
Women Work to Improve Conditions • Thousands of women serve as nurses for
both sides
• Union nurse Clara Barton later founds
American Red Cross
2
SECTION
The War Affects Regional Economies • Confederacy faces food shortage, increased
prices, inflation
• Union army’s need for supplies supports
Northern industry
• North’s standard of living declines
• Congress enacts income tax (percentage of
income) to pay for war
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Section 3
The North Takes Charge After four years of bloody fighting, the Union
wears down the Confederacy and wins the war.
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The Tide Turns
Southern Victories • December 1862, Fredericksburg; May 1863,
Chancellorsville
The North Takes Charge 3
SECTION
Continued . . .
The Battle of Gettysburg • North wins decisive three-day battle of
Gettysburg, July 1863
• Total casualties were more than 30%;
South demoralized
The Gettysburg Address • Nov. 1863, Lincoln gives Gettysburg Address
at cemetery dedication
• Speech helps country realize it is a
unified nation
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continued The Tide Turns
Grant Wins at Vicksburg • May-July 1863, Grant sieges Vicksburg after
unsuccessful attacks
3
SECTION
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3
SECTION
Confederates Seek Peace • Confederacy no longer able to attack; works
toward armistice
• Southern newspapers, legislators, public call
for peace
The Confederacy Wears Down
Continued . . .
Total War • Lincoln appoints Grant commander of all Union
Armies (1864)
• Grant appoints William Tecumseh Sherman as
Western commander
• Grant, Sherman wage total war to destroy South’s
will to fight
• Grant’s strategy to decimate Lee’s army while
Sherman raids Georgia
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3
SECTION
continued The Confederacy Wears Down
Sherman’s March • Spring 1864, Sherman creates a path of destruction
through Georgia
The Surrender at Appomatox • April 1865, Grant, Lee sign surrender at Appomatox
Court House
• Within a month, all remaining Confederate resistance
collapses
The Election of 1864 • Lincoln’s unexpected reelection helped by Sherman’s
victories
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3
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Human Cost of the War • Approximately 360,000 Union and 260,000
Confederate soldiers die
The War Changes the Nation
Political and Economic Changes • Civil War increases power, authority of federal
government
• Southern economy shattered: industry, farmlands
destroyed
A Revolution in Warfare • Developments in military technology make fighting
more deadly
• Ironclad ships change naval warfare
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3
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The War Changes Lives
The Thirteenth Amendment • Thirteenth Amendment bans slavery in all states
Lincoln Is Assassinated • April 14, 1865, Lincoln is shot at Ford’s Theater
• Assassin John Wilkes Booth escapes, trapped
by Union cavalry, shot
• 7 million people pay respects to Lincoln’s
funeral train
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Section 4
Reconstruction and Its Effects After the Civil War, the nation embarks on a
period known as Reconstruction, during which
attempts are made to readmit the South to
the Union.
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The Politics of Reconstruction
Building a New South • Freedmen’s Bureau provides social services,
medical care, education
• Reconstruction—U.S. rebuilds, readmits South
into Union (1865–1877)
Reconstruction and Its Effects 4
SECTION
Continued . . .
Lincoln’s Plan • State readmitted if 10% of 1860 voters swear
allegiance to Union
• Radical Republicans consider plan too lenient:
- want to destroy political power of former
slaveholders
- want full citizenship and suffrage for African
Americans
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4
SECTION
Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction • Andrew Johnson, Lincoln’s successor, forms own
plan
• Excludes Confederate leaders, wealthy landowners
• Congress rejects new Southern governments,
congressmen
continued The Politics of Reconstruction
Continued . . .
Congressional Reconstruction • Congress passes Civil Rights Act, Freedmen’s
Bureau Act (1866)
• Fourteenth Amendment grants full citizenship to
African Americans
• Reconstruction Act of 1867 divides Confederacy into
districts
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4
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Johnson Impeached • House impeaches for blocking Reconstruction;
Senate does not convict
continued The Politics of Reconstruction
U. S. Grant Elected • Grant elected president in 1868; wins 9 of 10
African-American votes
• Fifteenth Amendment protects voting rights of
African Americans
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4
SECTION
Reconstructing Society
Conditions in the Postwar South • By 1870, all former Confederate states have
rejoined Union
• Republican governments begin public works
programs, social services
Continued . . .
Politics in the Postwar South • Scalawags—farmers who joined Republicans,
want to improve position
• Carpetbaggers—Northern Republicans, moved to
the South after the war
• Many Southern whites reject higher status, equal
rights for blacks
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4
SECTION
continued Reconstructing Society
Former Slaves Improve Their Lives • Freedmen found own churches; ministers become
community leaders
• Republican governments, church groups found
schools, universities
• Thousands move to reunite with family, find jobs
Sharecropping and Tenant Farming • Sharecropping—to farm land owned by another,
keep only part of crops
• Tenant farmers rent land from owner
African Americans in Reconstruction • Few black officeholders; Hiram Revels is first
black senator
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4
SECTION
The Collapse of Reconstruction
The Collapse of Reconstruction
• Ku Klux Klan—southern vigilante group, wants to:
- destroy Republicans, aid planter class, repress
African Americans
- to achieve goals, KKK kills thousand of men,
women, children
• Enforcement Acts of 1870, 1871 uphold federal
power in South
• In 1872, Amnesty Act passes, Freedmen’s
Bureau expires
Continued . . .
Support for Reconstruction Fades • Republicans splinter; panic of 1873 distracts North’s
attention
• Supreme Court rules against Radical
Republican changes
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4
SECTION
continued The Collapse of Reconstruction
Democrats “Redeem” the South • Democrats regain control as 1876 election deal
ends Reconstruction
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