the vertical land motion of tide gauge and absolute …€¦ · the vertical land motion of tide...

THE VERTICAL LAND MOTION OF TIDE GAUGE AND ABSOLUTE SEA LEVEL RISE

IN BOHAI SEA

Zhou, Dongxu1; Sun, Weikang1,2; Fu, Yanguang1,2; Zhou, Xinghua1,2

1 The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, People's Republic of China;-( zhoudongxu, sunweikang, ygfu,

xhzhou)@fio.org.cn

2 Shandong University of Science and Technology, People's Republic of China

KEY WORDS: Co-located GNSS stations, Tide Gauges, Vertical Land Motion, Absolute Mean Sea Level Change, Relative

Mean Sea Level Change

ABSTRACT: The ground vertical movement of the tide gauges around the Bohai sea was firstly analyzed by using the observation

data from 2009 to 2017 of the nine co-located GNSS stations. It was found that the change rate of ground vertical motion of four stations was in the same order of magnitude as the sea level change. In particular, the land subsidence rate of BTGU station reaches 11.47 mm/yr, which should be paid special attention to in the analysis of sea level change. Then combined with long-term tide gauges and the satellite altimetry results, the sea level changes in the Bohai sea and adjacent waters from 1993 to 2012 were analyzed. The relative and absolute sea level rise rates of the sea area are 3.81 mm/yr and 3.61 mm/yr, respectively, both are higher than the global average rate of change. At the same time, it is found that the vertical land motion of tide gauge stations is the main factor causing regional differences in relative sea level changes.

1 INTRODUCTION

In the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel

on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2013, the global sea level rose by

0.19m from 1901 to 2010, with an average sea level rise rate of

1.7mm/a. From 1971 to 2010, the average sea level rise rate

reached 2.0mm/a. From 1993 to 2010, it reached 3.2mm /a (IPCC,

2013). The rate of sea level rise is accelerating. Bohai sea is the

inland sea in China, surrounded by China's largest industrial

concentration area, port area, and it is the third "growth pole" of

China's economy. Also, it is one of the key areas where land

subsidence, sea level rise, and other natural disasters are strictly. It is of great significance to study the change of sea level in the

Bohai Sea for regional economic development, disaster

prevention and reduction around the Bohai Sea.

The tide gauge station data and satellite altimetry data are the

main data of the current sea level rise study. The tide gauge data

has the characteristics of high precision and long duration, which

is the main data for the study of medium and long-term sea level

change (Douglas, 2001; Church et al., 2004; Chen et al., 2008).

However, the sea level changes observed by tide gauges include

the influence of vertical land motion (Vertical land motion

contains long-time-scale vertical crustal motion and local land

deformation, Haojian Feng et al., 1999). Previous studies have

shown that the vertical land motion rate at tide gauges is the same

as the sea level change rate (Teferle et al., 2006; Mazotti et al.,

2008; Buble et al., 2010). It will have a great impact on the

monitoring and research of sea level change. In order to study the

inter-decadal and inter-centennial mechanisms of sea level

change, the effects of vertical land motion must be determined

and separated (Merrifield et al., 2009).

Using GNSS continuous observation technology to separate the

influence of vertical ground motion of tide gauge station on sea

level change analysis is a technical means of current coastal sea

level rise research (Wöppelmann et al., 2007; Merrifield et al.,

2009, Tingqin Du, 2009; Blewitt et al., 2010; Dongxu Zhou et al.,

2016). Based on the long-term observation data of the co-located

GNSS stations along the Bohai Sea coast, the vertical land

motion of tide gauges in this region is calculated and analyzed.

Also, Combined with the tide gauge data and satellite altimetry

data, the preliminary research on the absolute sea level change in

the Bohai Sea and the adjacent waters was carried out, so as to

provide data reference for the verification of tidal benchmark and

marine disaster prevention and reduction design around the Bohai

Sea.

2 DATA AND METHOD

56 GNSS stations were constructed near the long-term tide gauge

in China coastal by State Oceanic Administration People’s

Republic of China (SOA) at 2009, and service for monitoring and

forecasting of sea level rise, oceanic meteorological. In this paper,

the observation data of 9 GNSS stations around the Bohai Sea

(the location distribution is shown in Fig. 1) are selected for

analysis. The farthest distance between GNSS station and its

adjacent tide gauge is 5.92 km, within which the two stations can

be considered to have the same vertical land motion (Collilieux

and Wöppelmann, 2011, Stylianos et al., 2017). The sampling

interval of GNSS observation data is 30 seconds and the data

length is 5-9 years (as shown in Tab. 1).

Figure 1. The co-located stations of GNSS and tide gauges

ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume IV-2/W5, 2019 ISPRS Geospatial Week 2019, 10–14 June 2019, Enschede, The Netherlands

This contribution has been peer-reviewed. The double-blind peer-review was conducted on the basis of the full paper. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-IV-2-W5-601-2019 | © Authors 2019. CC BY 4.0 License.

601

GNSS

station

Span and

range (unit:

year)

Latitude longitude

Distance

to co-

located

Tide

Gauges

(unit:

km)

BXCS 2009.12-

2017.12 9 122°40′ 39°13′ 0.35

BLHT 2009.8-

2017.12 9 121°41′ 38°51′ 1.43

BBYQ 2009.12-

2017.12 9 122°05′ 40°17′ 0.00

BHLD 2009.8-

2017.12 9 120°58′ 40°43′ 2.05

BQHD 2013.2-

2017.12 5 119°36′ 39°54′ 1.08

BTGU 2009.4-

2017.12 9 117°37′ 38°58′ 0.00

BLKO 2013.4-

2017.12 5 120°15′ 37°41′ 5.92

BZFD 2009.5-

2017.12 9 121°25′ 37°35′ 5.62

BCST 2010.1-

2017.12 8 122°42′ 37°23′ 0.09

Table 1. Statistics of GNSS data

NOTE: Distance=0.00 means the GNSS observation pier built

on the roof of tide station.

The processing of the daily 30-second GNSS data was carried out

by using the Bernese GPS software (rel. 5.2), and data time span

varies from 4 to 9 years. In our GNSS process strategy, models

for solid Earth tides (IERS2010), pole tides (IERS2000), ocean

loading (FES2014), earth rotation (IERS C04) were applied in

order to remove the effect in station coordinates due to the

geopotential field. The GMF mapping function was applicated to

estimate the tropospheric delay. The absolute antenna center

correction model for satellites and receivers was used in the

processing to reduce systematic effects in the height component.

The coordinate available in reference frame of ITRF2005 was

turned to ITRF 2008 through Helmert transformation in order to

analysis the vertical velocity at the same frame. Finally, the

station coordinates were transformed from Geocentric coordinate

system (X, Y, Z) to topocentric coordinate system (N, E, U) by

the equation (1), where θ, φ is the latitude and longitude of each

site, respectively (e.g. Fotiou and Pikridas 2012).

[𝑁𝐸𝑈]

𝑖

= [

−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 0

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃] × [

𝑋𝑌𝑍]

𝑖

(1)

3 ANALYSIS OF VERTICAL LAND MOTION AT TIDE

GAUGES

3.1 Periodic Analysis of Elevation Time Series

The existing research results show that the GNSS elevation time

series has a certain periodicity. In this paper, the periodogram

method (lomb algorithm) is used to analyze the spectrum of GPS

elevation time series of tidal stations, and the main period is

determined by the F test of variance (a=0.05). The Lomb

algorithm can directly perform spectral analysis on non-

equidistant sampling data. The algorithm formula is as follows:

2 2

1 1

22 2

1 1

[ (x x)cos (t )] [ (x x)sin (t )]1

( )2

cos (t ) sin (t )

N N

i i i i

i i

N N

i i

i i

S

= =

= =

− − − −

= + − −

(2) Where ω = Laplace change frequency response value

σ = sampling error

x = sampling average

τ = Phase shift factor and is given by

1

1

sin(2 t )

tan(2 )

cos(2 t )

N

i

i

N

i

i

=

=

=

(3)

The results periodic analysis of elevation time series of each

GNSS station are shown in Table 2, mainly including annual,

semi-annual and seasonal variation periods.

GPS

stations

Significant

Periodic

GPS

stations

Significant

Periodic

BXCS 0.4, 1, 2 BTGU 0.34、1、2

BLHT 0.4, 0.5, 2 BLKO 0.5, 1

BBYQ 0.3、0.726、1.02

BZFD 0.705、1、2

BHLD 0.4、0.715、1、2

BCST 0.33、0.715、1、2

BQHD 0.31 、 0.5 、

0.82、1

Table 2. Result of Significant Periodic Inspection（𝑭𝜶=2.99）

3.2 Trend Analysis of Vertical Ground Motion of Tide Gauge

The time series of GNSS elevation is mainly composed of initial

elevation term, linear variation term and periodic variation term

(Wenhai Jiao. 2004), which can be expressed by trigonometric

polynomial function as follows:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )0 0 0 01

2 2cos sin

n

i iii i

t t t t a t t b t tT T

=

= + − + − − −

(4)

Where ( )t = the elevation in time t

( )0t = the mean elevation relative to 0t

= the linear rate of elevation change, and the unit

is mm/yr

( ) ( )0 01

2 2cos sin

n

i iii i

a t t b t tT T

=

− − −

= the

periodic variation item n = the number of periodic items

iT = the main period value

,i ia b = the coefficients to be solved

According to the periodic analysis results in Section 3.1, the

ground vertical motion of each tide gauge is analyzed by

Equation 3 and least squares estimation. The trend and rate of the

vertical motion are shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3.



602

https://fanyi.so.com/#%20estimate

Figure 2. Daily vertical position time-series from GNSS

Figure 3. Vertical velocities in co-located sites in Bohai sea

The crustal deformation of the tide gauge station in the east of the

Bohai Sea is dominated by a downward trend. Among them, the

land subsidence trend in the BBYQ and BXCS was significant,

with an average annual settlement of more than 1mm. The land

subsidence trend in the BLHT tide gauge is gentle, and the annual

average settlement is about 0.14 mm. The vertical land motion of

tide gauges in this area has a gradually decreased trend from

north to south.

The vertical land motion of BHLD Station is slowly increasing,

with an average annual rising rate of 0.15mm/yr. The BQHD

shows an upward trend of about 1.01mm/yr, which corresponds

to the location of the Yanshan tectonic belt and Shanhaiguan

uplift area.

BTGU Station has a settlement trend of 11.47 mm/yr, which is

located in the subsidence zone of North China and built in the

Tianjin wharf. Field investigation and analysis suggest that the

settlement rate of the station may be affected by the land

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Up /

mm

BXCS

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

Up /

mm

BLHT

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

Up /

mm

BBYQ

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

Up /

mm

BHLD

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

Up /

mm

BQHD

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

Up

/ m

m

BTGU

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

Up /

mm

BLKO

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

Up /

mm

BZFD

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

Up /

mm

BCST



603

subsidence in Tianjin area and the wharf's own subsidence.

On the southeastern side of Bohai Sea, the BLKO Station shows

a slow downward trend, with an annual change rate of 0.7mm/yr.

The trend of BZFD Station was stable, with an annual increase

rate of 0.08mm/yr. The BCST Station shows a downward trend

of 0.52mm/yr.

4 TRENDS OF ABSOLUTE SEA LEVELS

Without considering the influence of environmental factors such

as local sea surface pressure field and Marine dynamic field

variation (Juncheng Zuo, et al., 1994, Changlin Chen, et al.,

2012), the more real sea level change can be obtained by

separating the vertical land motion in the sea level change

observed by the tide gauge, which is called the absolute sea level

change. The relationship can be described as follows

𝛥𝛿′ = 𝛥𝐻0 + 𝛥𝛿 （5）

Where Δ𝛿′ = the change rate of absolute sea level

0H = the deformation rate of vertical crustal

Δ𝛿 = the change rate of relative sea level.

0H and Δ𝛿 are two independent observations. So, the

uncertainties of Δ𝛿′ can be expressed as σ = √𝜎𝐻2 + 𝜎𝛿

2, where,

𝜎𝐻 and 𝜎𝛿 are the uncertainties of the 0H and the Δ𝛿 ,

respectively.

The absolute sea level trend uncertainties re-estimated as

described in Table 3 following the formula σ = √𝜎𝐻2 + 𝜎𝛿

2 ,

considering that the two different techniques are uncorrelated.

Relative sea level changes of nine tide gauges in Bohai Sea from

1993 to 2012 published by Liu Shouhua et al. (2015) in Chinese

scientific journals are quoted directly. The analysis of relative sea

level change rate is no longer carried out here.

At the same time, the monthly mean sea level anomalous high

grid value provided by AVISO during 1993-2012 are used to

extract the absolute sea level rise rate at nine stations and the

absolute sea level rise in the Bohai Sea and its surrounding sea

areas. In the selection and processing of satellite altimetry data

grid products, the selection of monthly mean sea level anomalous

high grid points is designed based on the characteristics of

shoreline distribution at tide stations and the effective monitoring

distance of tide level at tide stations. The effective grid data in

the sea area between 40km parallel coastline at a midpoint and

20-60km offshore are selected to determine the absolute sea level

change at the tide gauge station using the method of inverse

distance weighting in order to weaken the influence of poor

quality of near-shore satellite altimetry data.

Sites

Vertical

velocities

GNSS

Relative

sea level

Tide

gauge

(TG)

Absolute sea level

GNSS+TG Altimetry

BXCS -1.28 ±

1.33

3.3 ± 1.7 2.02 ±

2.16

3.52 ±

2.04

BLHT -0.14 ±

0.95

4.0 ± 1.4 3.86 ±

1.69

3.90 ±

1.87

BBYQ -1.78 ±

1.53

0.0 ± 2.5 -1.78 ±

2.93

3.19 ±

2.28

BHLD 0.15 ±

1.14

3.6 ± 2.1 3.75 ±

2.39

3.16 ±

2.32

BQHD 1.01 ±

1.83

2.3 ± 1.4 3.31 ±

2.30

3.18 ±

2.14

BTGU -11.47 ±

1.33

5.3 ± 2.4 -6.17 ±

2.73

3.04 ±

2.66

BLKO -0.70 ±

1.79

5.7 ± 1.6 5.00 ±

2.40

3.66 ±

2.25

BZFD 0.08 ±

1.14

3.5 ± 1.5 3.58 ±

1.88

3.88 ±

1.94

BCST -0.52 ±

1.15

4.3 ± 1.6 3.78 ±

1.97

3.89 ±

1.76

Table 3. Absolute sea level at nine sites (Unit: mm/yr)

*Note: The relative sea level change rate is quoted from the

paper “Vertical motions of tide gauge stations near the Bohai

Sea and Yellow Sea” (Shouhua Liu et al., 2015).

Figure4. Absolute sea level change in Bohai sea

The red arrow means the absolute sea level from GNSS+TG,

Vectogram means of the absolute sea level from altimetry

(1993-2012)

By analyzing the results in Table 3 and Figure 4, the absolute sea

level changes of BTGU and BBYQ stations obtained from the

combination of tide gauge and GNSS observation shows a

declining trend. This is contrary to the inversion results from

satellite altimetry data, and also contradicts the overall rising

trend of sea level along the coast of China. The results of these

two stations are not adopted in the subsequent analysis of sea

level changes.

The other seven stations were used to analyze sea level changes

in the Bohai Sea and surrounding waters. During the period 1992-

2012, the absolute sea level in the Bohai Sea and its surrounding

waters increased at an average rate of 3.61 mm/yr (GNSS+TG). It is in good agreement with the inversion results of satellite

altimetry (3.60 mm/yr). The average rate of relative sea level

rise is 3.81mm/yr, both absolute and relative sea level changes

are higher than the global average rate in the same period (3.2mm

/yr). The overall correction of land vertical motion of the seven

tide gauges is -0.21mm/yr.

It can be estimated from the two stations of BHLD and BQHD,

the absolute sea level rise rate and the relative sea level rise rate

is about 3.53mm/yr and2.95mm/yr on the northwestern part of

the Bohai Sea, respectively. From the five stations of BLKO,

BZFD, BLHT, BCST and BXCS, it is inferred that the absolute

sea level rise rate around the boundary of bohai sea and yellow

sea is about 3.65 mm/yr and the relative sea level rise rate is about

4.16 mm/yr. The difference of relative sea level rise between the

two sea areas is about 1.21 mm/yr. After the correction of the

vertical land motion of the tide gauge, the difference induces to

0.13 mm/yr, which indicates that the vertical land motion of the

tide gauge is the main reason for the regional difference of

relative sea level change.



604

Figure 5. The connection between vertical velocities and the

difference of the absolute sea level from GNSS+TG and

Altimetry

By comparing the absolute sea level rise rate at the 9 tide gauges

obtained by GNSS+TG and Altimetry in Table 3, the difference

in the rate of rise of the BTGU station is the largest, reaching

9.21mm/yr. The difference of the rising rate of BBYQ station is

4.97mm/yr, that of BXCS station is 1.50mm/yr, that of BLKO

station is 1.34mm/yr, and that of the other five stations is less

than 0.6mm/yr. Comparing the absolute sea level rise rates of the

nine tide gauges with the absolute vertical land motion rates of

each station, it is found that there is a significant positive

correlation between them (as shown in Fig. 5). That is, the greater

the absolute value of the vertical land motion rate of the tide

station, the greater the difference in the absolute sea level rise rate

obtained by the two methods, and the correlation coefficient is

0.78.

The distance between the tidal station and the benchmarking

point in China is generally less than a few kilometers. The joint

leveling between the two cannot effectively correct the vertical

land motion in the area of tens or even hundreds of kilometers.

Moreover, large-scale leveling is costly, time-consuming and

difficult to be carried out in high frequency (Shouhua Liu, 2015).

Whether the occurance of the above positive characteristics and

the negative values of the absolute sea level change rate at BTGU

and BBYQ gauges are related to the failure revised of the vertical

land motion of the tide gauge during the verification of the tidal

level benchmark need further analysis and research.

5 DISCUSSION

In this paper, the vertical land motion of 9 tide gauges around the

Bohai Sea is analyzed by using the continuous observation data

of co-located GNSS stations in the past nine years. Also,

combined with tide gauges data and satellite altimetry data, the

absolute sea level changes from 1993 to 2012 are analyzed.

GNSS monitoring results show that the vertical land motion of

BXCS, BLHT, BBYQ, BTGU, BLKO, BCST and other tide

stations shows a subsidence trend, and the subsidence rate is

between 0.14-11.47mm/yr. The vertical land motion of tide

gauges such as BHLD, BQHD and BZFD shows a uplift trend,

and the rising rate is between 0.08-1.01mm/yr. Among them, the

vertical land motion rates of BXCS, BBYQ, BTGU and BQHD

stations are all greater than 1mm/yr, which are in the same order

of magnitude as sea level rise rates. Therefore, special attention

should be paid to the influence of vertical land motion on sea

level change analysis.

The relative sea level rise rate of the Bohai sea and its adjacent

waters is about 3.81mm/yr. After the influence of the vertical

land motion of the tide gauges is separated, the absolute mean sea

level rise rate is 3.61mm/yr, and the sea level rise rate in this sea

area is slightly higher than the global average change rate. At the

same time, it is found that the vertical land motion is the main

reason for the regional difference of relative sea level change.

The preliminary analysis results show that GNSS observation

technology can play an important role in the monitoring of

vertical land motion at tide gauges and the studying of the sea

level change.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank LIU Shouhua for the results of

relative sea level rise, the AVISO for providing the gridded

satellite altimetry data, the GNSS Center in The First Institute

of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources for providing

the GNSS data. This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of

China (Grant No.41706115, 41876111, 40706038, 41806214),

the National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFB0501703,

2017YFC0306003, 2018YFC0309901).

We thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive

comments and editorial suggestions that have significantly

improved the quality of the paper.

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