the west in the industrial age
TRANSCRIPT
The West in the Industrial Age
I. The Industrial Revolution Takes ShapeDuring 18th century the way goods were produced & the way labor was organized.New forms in power, replace animal strength & human muscle, newly discovered raw materials, new production system, & new methods in agriculture.
A. Changes in Great Britain
1. Labor Supply2. Natural resources3. Investment capital4. Entrepreneurs5. Transportation6. Markets
B. Advances in AgricultureJethro Tull•Mechanical drill
-that made holes in the soil & dropped seeds• Horse-drawn hoe
-broke up & loosened the soil so that plants could grew better
Mechanical drill & Horse-drawn hoe (1701)
Robert Bakewell• Scientific breeding programs• - to produce cattle w/ more meat, sheep w/ finer wool, & cows w/ better milk
cattle/ cow & sheep
Charles Townshend• English statesman• Experimented w/
crop rotation- a practice of
alternating cops in a field from year to year.• He also discovered
the use of “Clover” in restoring the fertility the soil
• He also taught the farmers to grow “Turnips” which could be stored to feed livestock during winter.
C. Change in Textile IndustryDomestic System or cottage industry
-a manufacturing system whereby workers make products in their own homes with materials supplied by entrepreneurs.
John Kay• Invented flying shuttle (1733)
-used in speed up weaving cloth
Flying Shuttle
James Hargreaves• In 1760 he invented the “Spinning Jenny” contained a series of spindles to speed up weaving cloth
The Spinning Jenny
Richard Arkwright
• In 1769 he invented “water frame” used water to run a spinning machine
Edmund Cartwright
•He also invented a machine in 1785 run by water called “Loom”
Water Frame & Loom
Eli Whitney• In 1793 he invented “Cotton Gin”
-a machine can remove seeds from the fibers
Cotton Gin
D. The factory system develops.
Factory system – a manufacturing method for a standardized product or products in which fixed capital, raw material, and labor operations are centralized and sophisticated machinery is often used.
E. Iron making process change.
Henry Cort-devised the
puddling process-the of used coal,
which was cheaper & more plentiful than charcoal & it can produced iron 15x faster than the older system.
Puddling Process
In 1850’s a quick & inexpensive process
was devised for changing iron into
steel. Because steel is more durable than
iron, it soon came to be used in most heavy
equipment.
William Kelly & Henry Bessemer
F. Steam engines revolutionize industry & transportation.
In 1769 James Watt a Scottish engineer develop a steam engine to grain speed in production.
Steam Engine
G. Science & technology continue
to bring changes.Alessandro Volta-invented the1st electric battery.-Italian Physicist
Michael Faraday-English Physicist & chemist-produced electricity by moving a magnet through coil of copper wire
James Clerk Maxwell-English Physicist-Predicted the existence of invisible electromagnetic waves.
Heinrich Hertz-from Germany -discovered a way to send, receive, & measure the electromagnetic waves.
Samuel F. B. Morse- An American invented “Telegraph”
- -messages spelled in a code of “dots” & “dashes” sent by electricity carried through wires
Alexander Graham Bell-invented “Telephone”
Guglielmo Marconi-an Italian inventor -sent the 1st wireless message his instrument used the electromagnetic or radio waves
Thomas Alva Edison- Invented “light bulb” & “phonograph”
Karl Benz & Gottlieb Daimler
The pioneered in the development of the internal-combustion engine. They produced engines small enough to use in early automobiles.
Rudolf Diesel & Henry Ford
Orville & Wilbur Wright
H. Industrial Revolution spreads to
other countries.
2. Industrialization changes working & living conditions.
1. Workers• Wages are low• Unsecure employment• Sick & elderly workers received no pay & fired• They replace men w/ woman & children, who
were paid lower wages2. Factory owners did not consider safety:• Poor lighting• Dirt• Noise from machine• Smoke & fumes
A. Factory workers face hardships.3.Child Labor• Age of 10 children work at the factory• Sometimes the child workers beat by the supervisors to keep them awake & alert
B. Industrialization brings long range
benefits.1.A rapidly expanding population.2.Factory-made goods were plentiful
& priced within the reach of most people.
3.The growing cities offered many varied opportunities for advancement, and
4.Workers who acquired special skills & education had hopes of entering the middle class
3. New Economic Theories Develop