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THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORYOF CHINAGeneral Editors

Denis Twitchett and John K. Fairbank

Volume 5Part Two: Sung China, 960–1279

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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-24330-8 - The Cambridge History of China: Volume 5: Part Two: Sung China, 960–1279Edited by John W. Chaffee And Denis TwitchettFrontmatterMore information

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THE CAMBRIDGEHISTORY OF

CHINA

Volume 5Part Two: Sung China, 960–1279

edited by

JOHN W. CHAFFEE and DENIS TWITCHETT






University Printing House, Cambridge cb2 8bs, United Kingdom

Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.

It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit ofeducation, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence.

www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521243308

© Cambridge University Press 2015

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,no reproduction of any part may take place without the written

permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2015

Printed in the United Kingdom by TJ International Ltd. Padstow Cornwall

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

isbn 978-0-521-24330-8 Hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy ofurls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication,and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,

accurate or appropriate.






CONTENTS

List of tables and figures page xi

List of maps xii

List of abbreviations xiii

Preface xv

Introduction: reflections on the Sung 1by John W. Chaffee, Binghamton University, State Universityof New York

A weak dynasty? 2Economic dynamism 3Assertions of authority 7Sung Confucianism 10Elites and their output 12A religious society 15The Sung in Chinese history 16

1 Sung government and politics 19by Charles Hartman, University at Albany, State Universityof New York

Introduction 19A bibliographic prelude 24The unfinished character of the Sung state 27The literatus as civil servant 32Literati ideas about government 35The literati character of Sung government 43The civil service system 49The Sung monarchy 80Government decision making 112






viii contents

2 The Sung fiscal administration 139by Peter J. Golas, University of Denver

Introduction 139Agriculture and the countryside 158Labor service 167Cities, commercial taxes, and monopolies 175Disbursements 192The monetary system 207Conclusion 211

3 A history of the Sung military 214by Wang Tseng-Yu, Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing

The organization of the military in the early Sung 214The military history of the Northern Sung 220Weapons, logistics, and technology 233The military history of the Southern Sung 238

4 Chinese law and legal system: Five Dynasties and Sung 250by Brian McKnight, University of Arizona

Introduction 250Five Dynasties law 250The Sung legal system 253Conclusion 283

5 Sung education: schools, academies, and examinations 286by John W. Chaffee, Binghamton University, State Universityof New York

Introduction 286Methods of recruitment 287Early Sung developments 288The Ch’ing-li reforms 293Policy debates: quotas and curriculum 295Wang An-shih’s reforms 298The Three Hall System 300The early Southern Sung: survival and reconstruction 305Southern Sung government schooling 305The academy movement 309Examinations in the Southern Sung 312Conclusion: the Sung educational order 318






contents ix

6 Economic change in China, 960–1279 321by Joseph P. McDermott, Cambridge University, and ShibaYoshinobu, Toyo Bunko

Introduction 321Late T’ang to early Sung (742–1080) 326Middle Sung (1080–1162) 385Late Sung (1163–1276) 409

7 China’s emergence as a maritime power 437by Angela Schottenhammer, Salzburg University

Introduction 437Political and economic background 439Sea routes and maritime accounts 440Nautical and shipbuilding technology 450The Sung navy 454Official administration of maritime trade 460Exchange of commodities 491Conclusion 523

8 Sung society and social change 526by Robert Hymes, Columbia University

Introduction 526Printing and reading 542Women and gender 568Religion 595Elites, locality, and the state 621Conclusion 661

9 Reconceptualizing the order of things in Northernand Southern Sung 665by Peter K. Bol, Harvard University

The Sung intellectual legacy 665Culture and ideology, 960–1030 670From learning to politics: the Fan Chung-yen faction 674The search for coherent systems and methods in the

mid-eleventh century 681Finding an alternative to the New Learning 708Trends in Southern Sung intellectual culture 721






x contents

10 The rise of the Tao-hsueh Confucian fellowship in Southern Sung 727by Hoyt Cleveland Tillman, Arizona State University

The first period, 1127–1162 732The second period, 1163–1181 737The third period, 1182–1202 759The fourth period, 1202–1279 781Conclusion 788

Bibliography 791

Index 885






TABLES AND FIGURES

tables

1. Numbers of civil and military graded officials page 532. Personal-rank grades: civil-administrative and executory-class

officials 613. Subjects in the civil service examinations 2894. Sung government schools classified by earliest references per

decade 2965. Incidence per decade of constructive activity at 64 prefectural

and 108 county schools 3086. Geographical distribution of private schools 3107. Census reports, ad 2–1190 3288. North and south China household distribution 3289. Regional variations in household population, c.756 and c.1080 329

10. Changes in household population by circuit during the Sung 33011a. Regional population changes from 742 to 1213 (thousand

households) 33111b. Summary of regional population changes 33312. Mineral tax quotas (806–1165) 37813. Maritime trade offices (shih-po ssu) and maritime trade bureaus

(shih-po wu) 47414. Government income derived from maritime trade,

960–1180s (in strings of bronze cash) 487

figures

1. “Chi-nan Liu Family’s Skillful Needle Shop”(Sung advertisement). 558

2. “Alerting the world.” 5663. “Chart for making the most of your days.” 566






MAPS

1. Political map of the Northern Sung, c. 1100. page ii2. Seaports and naval bases in the Southern Sung (1127–1279)

Source: Lo Jung-pang, “Maritime commerce and its relation tothe Sung navy,” Journal of the Economic and Social History of theOrient 12 No. 1 (January 1969), p. 65. 472

3. Maritime Asia during the Sung. 511






ABBREVIATIONS

CMC Ming-kung shu-p’an Ch’ing-ming chiCSW Ch’uan Sung wenCWTS Chiu Wu-tai shihCYTC Chien-yen i-lai Ch’ao-yeh tsa-chiHCP Hsu tzu-chih t’ung-chien ch’ang-pienSHT Sung hsing-t’ungSHY Sung hui-yao chi-kaoSKCS Ssu-k’u ch’uan-shuSKCSCP Ssu-k’u ch’uan-shu chen-penSPPY Ssu-pu pei-yaoSPTK Ssu-pu ts’ung-k’anSS Sung shihSYHA Sung Yuan hsueh-anTFYK Ts’e-fu yuan-kueiTLSI T’ang-lu shu-iWHTK Wen hsien t’ung k’aoWTHY Wu-tai hui-yaoYao-lu Chien-yen i-lai hsi-nien yao-luYH Yu-haiYTC Ch’ung-chiao Yuan-tien-chang liu-shih chuan






PREFACE

This volume has a history of its own. In 1966, my late coeditor DenisTwitchett, then “a spry forty-one-year-old” – as he put it – undertook theHerculean task of overseeing, with John K. Fairbank, the creation of TheCambridge history of China. This project, which was to occupy him therest of his life, has to date resulted in fifteen “volumes” with twenty-twoindividual books, truly one of the great scholarly accomplishments of recentyears, rivaled in the field of sinology only by Joseph Needham’s Science andcivilisation in China.

Even as Denis was working to put together the first volumes of thepremodern period – Sui and T’ang (1979), Ch’in and Han (1986) and Ming(1988)1 – a parallel development was under way that informed the beginningsof the Sung volumes, namely the emergence of Sung studies. According toConrad Schirokauer, this had its origins at a gathering of half a dozen scholars,Twitchett among them, with a shared sense of the importance of the Sungin Chinese history and a conviction that its study was ripe for development.2

From this informal gathering, subsequently referred to as “Sung I,” came the“Sung II Conference” at Feldalfing on the Starnbergesee outside Munich in1971, at which fourteen papers were presented, the first research conferencedevoted to the Sung outside East Asia. This was a period of ambitiousscholarly endeavors in Sung studies, exemplified by the Sung Project, witha Biographical Section led by Herbert Franke and a Bibliographical Sectionunder Yves Hervouet, as well as the beginning of the Sung volume of TheCambridge history of China.

I do not know the specifics of that beginning, but can date it to the firsthalf of the 1970s, for in 1986 Denis convened a group of scholars at Princetonto move the Sung volumes forward (even then the plan was to have two parts:historical and topical), and among a number of completed papers on which he

1 The second part of the Sui and T’ang volume is as yet unpublished.2 Conrad Schirokauer, “Remembering Sung I,” Journal of Song–Yuan Studies 40 (2010), pp. 1–6.






xvi preface

intended to build was one on Northern Sung government by my late adviser,Edward Kracke, who had died in 1976. Amid general enthusiasm a numberof additional papers were commissioned, mine among them, to fill out thetwo volumes. Unfortunately that enthusiasm did not translate into timelyresults. A number of manuscripts were submitted while others were delayedfrom year to year, and in the meantime Denis, by his own account, foundhimself consumed with the completion of Volume 6 on Alien regimes and borderstates (Liao, Chin and Yuan) and by the second Ming volume (Volume 8, Part2). Then in the year 2000 he recruited Paul Jakov Smith and me to serve ascoeditors of Parts 1 and 2 respectively.

When I began working with Denis on this volume, we had a collection ofdraft chapters, some quite new but others dating back to the 1970s and insore need of revision. Of the authors who had submitted drafts prior to the1986 meeting, Peter Golas and Brian McKnight were ready and able to revisetheirs (and, as things turned out, to revise them more than once), and nowwill finally see them appear in print. For three manuscripts, however, author-ial revisions were out of the question. Edward Kracke had died in 1976; JamesT. C. Liu, who had written on Southern Sung government, had died in 1993;and Ira Kasoff, who had written on Northern Sung Neo-Confucianism, hadlong left the profession. With some regret, Denis, Paul, and I decided thatthe revisions needed to update these chapters adequately would require rad-ical changes and therefore should not be attempted. We therefore decided tocommission new chapters in their place. Charles Hartman’s chapter on “Sunggovernment and politics” covers the ground that had been treated separatelyby Kracke and Liu, while Peter Bol expanded his treatment of Northern Sungintellectual culture to treat the Neo-Confucian masters of that period. Wealso sought chapters on topics that were not a part of the original plan for thevolume. Unfortunately, those on Sung literature, foreign relations with thedynasty’s continental neighbors, Taoism, and Buddhism did not in the endmaterialize. However, Angela Schottenhammer’s chapter on “China’s emer-gence as a maritime power” proved to be a welcome and important addition,while others, such as Robert Hymes’s chapter on “Sung society and socialchange” and Shiba Yoshinobu and Joseph McDermott’s joint chapter on “Eco-nomic change in China, 960–1279,” assumed an unanticipated breadth andscope.

It has been far too many years since I joined this volume as a coeditor, forseveral factors slowed its progress. Some authors were slow in their submis-sions and, at times, in their revisions. The Editorial Office of the CambridgeHistory in Princeton, while extremely helpful on the whole, at times provedto be a bottleneck. This was particularly the case because its priority wasunderstandably given to the Sung historical volume (Volume 5, Part 1), whose






preface xvii

contributions were ready much earlier and which appeared in 2009, as wellas the Ch’ing dynasty Volume 9 (Parts 1 and 2), something I eventuallyremedied by hiring editorial help at Binghamton for the final editorial workon the volume. The most important factor, however, was the death of Denisin 2006. Although he worked on the volume until almost the end and wehad already made the most important decisions concerning the volume bythe time of his passing, it was a great loss and made my job as the survivingcoeditor a lonely one.

There are several people who should be acknowledged for their contribu-tions to the volume: Denis first and foremost, whose editorial experience waspeerless and whose friendship was freely given, and also Paul Smith, whosecollaborations, wise counsel, and kind criticisms have proven invaluable. Theeditorial staff at the Cambridge History’s Princeton office provided importantassistance for many years, especially Ralph Meyer and Michael Reeve, whileWillard Peterson’s supervision of the office and ability to keep it funded wereremarkable. I owe a special debt of gratitude to ChangWook Lee, my graduateassistant at Binghamton, who did an enormous amount of the final, painstak-ing editorial work on the volume. The many editors at Cambridge UniversityPress with whom I have worked were all extremely supportive. To the manycontributors to this volume, thank you for your patience. Finally, I wouldacknowledge the significant support given over the years to the Cambridge his-tory of China project by PrincetonUniversity’s East Asia Program, theNationalEndowment for the Humanities, and the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation forInternational Cultural Exchange.

John W. Chaffee






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