theoretical considerations in online unit design
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co
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t h e o r y a n d t h e o n l i n e c l a s s r o o m
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Theory in the classroom
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Where we need theory
What students can currently do without assistance
The course objectives/what we want students to be able to do independently by the end of our class or lesson
?
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Zone of Proximal Development
What students can currently do without assistance
The course objectives/what we want students to be able to do independently by the end of our class or lesson
Zone of Proximal
Development
where learning happens
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Adding Bloom’s Taxonomy
What students can currently do without assistance
The course objectives/what we want students to be able to do independently by the end of our class or lesson
Bloom’s Taxonomy
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Bloom’s Taxonomy
Bloom’s Taxonomy Revised from http://www.bio.unc.edu/courses/2011Spring/Biol202/
Higher order thinking skills
Lower order thinking skills
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Remembering
RememberingActivities Observation and recall
of information Knowledge of dates,
events, places Knowledge of major
ideas Mastery of subject
matter
Verbs for assignments
Define, describe, duplicate, identify, label, list, locate, match, memorize, name, recall, recognize, record, relate, repeat, reproduce, underline
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Understanding
UnderstandingActivities Understanding
information Grasping meanings Translating knowledge
into new context Interpreting facts,
comparing and contrasting
Ordering, grouping, inferring causes
Predicting consequences
Verbs for assignments
Classify, convert, describe, explain, express, give example(s), identify, indicate, interpret, locate, recognize, report, restate, review, rewrite, summarize, tell, translate
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Applying
ApplyingActivities Using information
Using methods, concepts, theories in new situations
Solving problems using required skills or knowledge
Verbs for assignments
Apply, construct, dramatize, employ, illustrate, interpret, operate, practice, sketch, schedule, shop, solve, use, write
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Analyzing
AnalyzingActivities Seeing patterns
Organizing parts Recognizing hidden
meanings Identifying component
Verbs for assignments
Analyze, appraise, calculate, categorize, compare/contrast, criticize, debate, diagram, differentiate, examine, experiment, infer, inventory, question, relate, solve, test
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Evaluating
EvaluatingActivities Using old ideas to
create new ones Generalizing from
given facts Relating knowledge
from several areas Predicting, drawing
conclusionsVerbs for assignments
Arrange, assemble, collect, combine, compose, construct, create, design, develop, formulate, organize, plan, prepare, propose, rearrange, set up, synthesize, write
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Creating
CreatingActivities Comparing and
discriminating between ideas
Assessing value of theories, presentations
Making choices based on reasoned argument
Verifying value of evidence
Recognizing subjectivity
Verbs for assignments
appraise, argue, assess, attach, choose, compare, criticize, debate, defend, estimate, evaluate, judge, measure, predict, rate, revise, score, select, support, value
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Climbing the Pyramid
Rembering--
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An example of the climb:
The Guttenberg Printing Press
RememberingStudent memorizes that Gutenberg invented the printing press c. 1440 in the Holy
Roman Empire.
UnderstandingStudent understands that this invention is important because it changes how
easily information could be spread and controlled.
ApplyingStudent knows literacy increases in the 16th and 17th centuries is able to
connect this increase to the invention and distribution of the printing press.
AnalyzingStudent starts to question and investigate how the printing press’
impact is related to other development in media.
EvaluatingStudent takes understanding that new media has heavily impacted civilization and begin making hypotheses about
how currently emerging technologies may impact our future.
CreatingStudent takes hypothesis and complex
understanding of new media and its impact on culture and creates product communicating these ideas.
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Scaffolding
1
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RememberingStudent memorizes that Guttenberg invented the printing press
c. 1440 in the Holy Roman Empire.
CreatingStudent takes understanding that new media has
heavily impacted civilization and begin making hypotheses about how currently emerging
technologies may impact our future.
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Scaffolding
1
2
3
4
What students can currently do without assistance
The course objectives/what we want students to be able to do independently by the end of our class or lesson
Where scaffolding is needed
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Scaffolding in an online course
Content Online Tools
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Remembering Online
VerbsDefine, describe, duplicate, identify, label, list, locate, match, memorize, name, recall, recognize, record, relate, repeat, reproduce, underline
Tools• Flashcards: PowerPoint• Worksheet: textbook add
on sites• Bookmarking: internet
browsers• Basic Searches: search
engines, google
Online VerbsBullet point, highlighting, bookmarking, social networking, social bookmarking, favoriting/local bookmarking, searching, googling
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Understanding Online
VerbsClassify, convert, describe, explain, express, give example(s), identify, indicate, interpret, locate, recognize, report, restate, review, rewrite, summarize, tell, translate
Tools• Recitation: word
processor• Summary: wiki• Show and tell: audacity
sound recorder• Diary: Facebook, blogger
Online VerbsAdvanced searches, Boolean searches, blog journaling, twittering, categorizing, tagging, commenting, annotating, subscribing
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Applying Online
VerbsApply, construct, dramatize, employ, illustrate, interpret, operate, practice, sketch, schedule, shop, solve, use, write
Tools• Presentation: PowerPoint,
Zoho presentation• Interview: Elluminate• Performance: audio
recording• Playing: mmorg’s online
games
Online VerbsRunning, loading, playing, operating, hacking, uploading, sharing, editing
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Analyzing Online
VerbsAnalyze, appraise, calculate, categorize, compare/contrast, criticize, debate, diagram, differentiate, examine, experiment, infer, inventory, question, relate, solve, test
Tools• Relationship Maps: Gliffy• Database: Access, Excel• Survey: Surveymonkey
Online VerbsMashing, linking, validating, reverse engineering, cracking, media clipping
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Evaluating Online
VerbsArrange, assemble, collect, combine, compose, construct, create, design, develop, formulate, organize, plan, prepare, propose, rearrange, set up, synthesize, write
Tools• Debate: skype, IM• Panel: Discussion Board• Moderating: Discussion
Board, wikis• Collaborating: twitter,
video messaging, chatrooms
Online VerbsBlog commenting, reviewing, posting, moderating, collaborating, networking, refactoring, testing
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Creating Online
Verbsappraise, argue, assess, attach, choose, compare, criticize, debate, defend, estimate, evaluate, judge, measure, predict, rate, revise, score, select, support, value
Tools• Film: jumpcut.com • Presentation: Google
present• Project Management:
Openproj• Blogging: blogger• Vodcast: skype• Advertisement: Paint.net• Media Product: GIMP• New Game: Gamemaker
Online VerbsProgramming, filming, animating, blogging, video blogging, mixing, re-mixing, wiki-ing, publishing, videocasting, podcasting, directing, broadcasting
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A well calculated approach
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Further Resources
Zone of Proximal Development: http://sites.wiki.ubc.ca/etec510/Vygotsky%27s_Zone_of_Proximal_Developmenthttp://www.learnnc.org/lp/pages/5075
Bloom’s Taxonomy:http://www.myatp.org/Synergy_1/Syn_9.pdfhttp://tep.uoregon.edu/resources/assessment/multiplechoicequestions/blooms.html
Bloom’s Digital Taxonomy:http://edorigami.wikispaces.com/Bloom%27s+Digital+Taxonomy http://edorigami.wikispaces.com/Bloom%27s+and+ICT+tools
Scaffolding: http://condor.admin.ccny.cuny.edu/~group4/
http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/webdesign/Scaffolding/