theoretical framework hypothesis

7/29/2019 Theoretical Framework Hypothesis

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CHAPTER 5:THE RESEARCH

PROCESS

STEPS 4 AND 5: THEORETICAL

FRAMEWORK & HYPOTHESISDEVELOPMENT


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RESEARCH PROCESS SO FAR

REALIZING

THAT SOMETHING IS GOING WRONGOR SHOULD BE IMPROVED

CONDUCTING INTERVIEWS

AND COMPLETING A LITERATURE SURVEY

DEFINING

PROBLEM

THEORETICAL

FRAMEWORK

Variables clearly identified

and labeled


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THE NEED FOR THEORETICAL

FRAMEWORK A theoretical framework is a conceptual

model of how one theorizes or makes

logical sense of the relationships among theseveral factors that have been identified as

important to the problem


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Integrating your logical beliefs with

published research, taking into

consideration the boundaries and constrainsgoverning the situation

The theoretical framework discusses the

interrelationships among the variables thatare deemed to be integral to the dynamics of

the situation being investigated


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From the theoretical framework, testable

hypotheses can be developed to examine

whether the theory formulated is valid ornot.


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CONCEPT: VARIABLE

A variable is anything that can take on differing or

varying values.

The values can differ at various times for the sameobject or person, or the values can differ at the

same time for different objects or persons.

Examples are exam scores, inflation rate, gini

coefficient, absenteeism, and motivation


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TYPES OF VARIABLES

The dependent variable (criterion variable)

The independent variable (predictor

variable)

The moderating variable

The intervening variable

Discrete variable (male or female)

Continuous variable (age of a person)


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I-Dependent Variable

The variable of primary interest to the researcher

Main aim is to understand and describe the

dependent variable (e.g. the factors that affect it) By analyzing it, researcher finds answers or

solutions to problems

Sometimes there may be more than one DV,requiring multivariate statistical analysis


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EXAMPLES

A manager is concerned that the sales of a

new product introduced after test marketing

is not as high as he had expected.

A vice president is concerned that the

employees are not loyal to the organization

and, in fact, switch their loyalties to otherinstitutions.


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INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

An independent variable is one that

influences dependent variable in either a

positive or negative way.

The variance in the dependent variable is

accounted for by the independent variable

(s).


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Examples

Cross cultural research indicates thatmanagerial values govern the power

distance between superiors and subordinates

A consultant is of the opinion that muchbenefit would accrue by buying and selling

at the appropriate times in a financial

environment where the stocks are volatile


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Moderating variable

The moderating variable is one that has a

strong contingent effect on the independent

variable-dependent variable relationship.

The presence of a third variable (the

moderating variable) modifies the original

relationship between the independent anddependent variables.


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EXAMPLE

A positive relationship has been foundbetween the number of books that five and

six year old children have access to at home

and their reading abilities. However, if theparents are totally illiterate, that relationship

does not hold.


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A research study indicates that the

willingness of the employees to learn new

ways of doing things is not influenced bythe quality of the training programs offered

by the organizations for all people.

Only those who have high growth needsseem to be willing to learn to do new things

through specialized training.


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INTERVENING VARIABLE

An intervening variable is one that surfaces

between the time the independent variables

operate to influence the dependent variableand their impact on the dependent variable


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EXAMPLE

A prevalent theory is that the diverseworkforce contributes more to

organizational effectiveness because eachgroup brings its own special expertise andskills to the work place. The synergy can becaptured, however, only if managers know

how to harness the special talents of thediverse work group; otherwise they willremain untapped.


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Workforce diversityCreative

SynergyOrganizational

effectiveness

Managerial

expertise

Ind. V

M.V.

Int. V. Dep. Var.


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COMPONENTS OF

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The variables considered relevant to the

study should be clearly identified and

labeled in the discussions The discussions should state how two or

more variables are related to one another.

This should be done for the importantrelationships that are theorized to exist

among the variables.


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COMPONENTS (continued)

If the nature and direction of the relationships can betheorized on the basis of the findings from previousresearch, then there should be an indication in the

discussions as to whether the relationships would bepositive or negative.

There should be a clear explanation of why we wouldexpect these relationships to exist. The arguments could bedrawn from the previous research findings.

A schematic diagram of the theoretical framework shouldbe given so that the reader can see and easily comprehendthe theorized relationships.


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EXAMPLE- DELTA AIRLINES

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