theory of mind- lifespan development 2€¦ · what are the cultural differences that might affect...
TRANSCRIPT
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DR PENNY TOK
Theory of Mind- Lifespan development 2
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Continue where we left off last week
ToM in adults
ToM in old age
Seminar:
Class activity
Today
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What is ToM?
Name ways to measure it
What are the cultural differences that might affect ToM development?
RECAP!
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(ADD VIDEO!!!!) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nSwGe55dD70
Differences between behavioural sensitivity and
mentalising
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Mentalising/ EXPLICIT – (conscious, effortful) ToM
Behavioural sensitivities / IMPLICIT (automatic unconscious) ToM
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Eye tracking
How would you test an infant?
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FfOtEjZFaq4
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• Onishi & Baillargeon, 2005
“Violation of
Expectation” method
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Southgate, Senju, Csibra, 2007 Action Anticipation- anticipatory looking
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• 3-way actor-object- location association
• behavioural rules- people look for an object where they last saw it
• Changes in latent activation in non-frontal regions
Knowing about BEHAVIOUR versus knowing about
mental states MEDIATING BEHAVIOUR
(read: Perner, J., & Ruffman, T. (2005). Infants ’ Insight into the Mind : Science, 308(5719), 214-216) BUT…
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• Range of belief tasks
• Testing predictions and explanations
• Longitudinal studies
• ‘Pure’ tests of false beliefs
What can do to overcome these challenges?
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1. Hide and seek
2. Understanding fairy tales and stories
3. Pretend play: tea party
4. Protodeclarative pointing
5. Social referencing
6. Eye gaze: will follow eye gaze of adult IF joint attention was established prior to the adult looking away
Real life scenarios…
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What other skills are necessary?
Executive function- mental capacity Language
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Acquisition of false belief understanding coincides
with significant changes in
EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONING
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WHY?
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LANGUAGE
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Executive functioning Theory of Mind Language
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What are the social implications of ToM change across development?
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Consequences of ToM
• Social relationships: prosocial and anti-social
Emotional
Regulation: links with problems in peer relationships
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Ring leader bullies have been found
to have exceptional ToM!
Victims however have been found to
have poor ToM!
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Anxiety
Low self esteem
Preschool development in ToM may increase
sensitivity to criticism and lead to later:
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Advanced ToM tests:
Testing adults
Advanced ToM- Strange Stories (Happe, 1994)
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Does ToM increase, decrease or stay the same as we grow older?
Discussion
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ToM in old age
Crystallised versus
fluid intelligence
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“knowledge that comes from prior learning and past experiences.”
Crystallised intelligence
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Cattell:
"…the ability to perceive relationships independent of previous specific practice or instruction concerning those relationships."
Fluid intelligence
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Gender differences in ToM
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MUST read Mechanisms of Social cognition:
Frith, C. D., & Frith, U. (2012). Mechanisms of social cognition. Annual review of psychology, 63, 287–313. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100449
This reading will be included in your test in Week 5
HOMEWORK FOR NEXT WEEK
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Stone & Gerrans, 2006