thermal integrity testing of drilled shafts
DESCRIPTION
Thermal Integrity Testing of Drilled Shafts. GMEC Conference April 30, 2009 Presented by: Gray Mullins, Ph.D., P.E. Overview. Background System Overview New Modeling Developments Hydration energy parameters Soil temperature boundary conditions Conclusions. Why Test Shaft Integrity?. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Civil & Environmental EngineeringCivil & Environmental Engineering
Thermal Integrity Testing of Drilled Shafts
GMEC Conference
April 30, 2009
Presented by: Gray Mullins, Ph.D., P.E.
Overview
Background System Overview New Modeling Developments
Hydration energy parameters Soil temperature boundary conditions
Conclusions
1 - 4 & US 192
Why Test Shaft Integrity?
1 - 4 & SR 400
Why Test Shaft Integrity?
1 - 4 & SR 400
Why Test Shaft Integrity?
Thermal Integrity Testing System
Focused Infrared detectors (four per probe) Depth encoded wheel Computerized data acquisition
3-D Signal matching program
Depth encoder
Data acquisition
Access Tubes Lead Wire to
Infrared Probe
1 4 7
10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49
S1
S10
S19
S28
S37
S46
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
70-80
60-70
50-60
40-50
30-40
20-30
Single Shaft Heat Signature
Loss of Cover
Necking in the shafts shows as lower than normal temperature.
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Temperature (deg C)
Dep
th (
ft)
1.3 1.35 1.4 1.45 1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65Temperature (V)
Modeled Data (point 1)
Modeled Data (point 2)
Measured Data (normalized)
13
5
CSL Logging Tubes
Thermal Logging Tubes
Known Anomalies
Measured Data Direction
Model Point 1
Model Point 2Tube 1
1
35
1
35
Top Anomaly Bottom Anomaly
Steel Logging Tubes
PVC Logging Tubes
Known Anomaly
12th Hour Temperature Traces
Loss of Cover
Tubes 4 - 6 Tubes 2 - 4 Tubes 2 - 6
A
B
24
6
CSL Logging Tubes
Thermal Logging Tubes
2
4
6
Cross-Section ATop Anomaly
Cross-Section BBottom Anomaly
Steel Logging Tubes
PVC Logging Tubes
Known Anomaly
2
4
6
CSL DOES NOT SHOW LOSS OF COVER
3-D Image of Shaft underground with
cover loss
2-D Thermograph of Shaft underground
with cover loss
0
10
20
30
55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145
Modeled Temperature (deg F)D
epth
(ft)
ModelNorm
Sample Data0
10
20
30
55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145
Modeled Temperature (deg F)D
epth
(ft)
ModelNorm
ModeledNeck
0
10
20
30
55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145
Measured Temperature (deg F)
Dep
th (f
t)
Tube1
Tube2
Tube3
Tube4
0
10
20
30
55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145
Measured Temperature (deg F)
Dep
th (f
t)
Tube1
Tube2
Tube3
Tube4
ModelNormModeledNeck
Over-pour / Bulging
Excess concrete cover or bulging around the normal shaft shape shows as
higher than normal temperature.
Model ResultsMeasured Results
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
85 105 125
Temperature (deg F)
Dep
th (
ft)
-110
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
85 95 105 115 125 135
Temperature (deg F)E
leva
tion
(ft)
Tube 1
Tube 2
Tube 3
BOC
Measured Modeled
Cage Misalignment
An un-centered cage provides more cover on one side and less on the other.
This shows as higher or lower than normal temperature as discussed
earlier.
1 4 7
10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49
S1
S10
S19
S28
S37
S46
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
70-80
60-70
50-60
40-50
30-40
20-30
Cage Alignment
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
-30.0000 -20.0000 -10.0000 0.0000 10.0000 20.0000 30.0000
Position (in)
Tem
per
atu
re (
F)
62F Soil Temp 50F Soil Temp
T3 T1
54" excavation
27" cage / tube diameter
This part gets technical not for some audiences
We are good at predicting shaft shape underground due to very accurate concrete energy models
The next several slide discuss how energy is computed so we know how hot or cold a normal shaft should be.
Modeling Energy Production
Cementitious composition
Flyash composition
Total cementitious concent
Water cement ratio
Hydration Energy(Schindler, 2005)
Cement Energy Production
Total Energy Production
Hydration Energy(Schindler, 2005)
Degree of Hydration
Rate of Energy Production
Input Parameters(available from concrete supplier)
Good Models Tell us what normal temperature should be
Cast Shaft
Test Shaft 28 hrs after casting
Shaft Size 42 inches
Normal shaft temp = 124F
Ground Temperature Modeling
MUST KNOW ORIGINAL GROUND TEMP
Ground temperature not constant with depth
Dependent on soil type, time of day, day of year, previous daily air temperature
Long duration modeling used to condition the soil temperature boundary conditions
Historical Air Temperature(soil conditioning)
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Dec-07
Jan-
08
Feb-0
8
Mar
-08
Apr-0
8
May
-08
Jun-
08
Jul-0
8
Aug-0
8
Sep-0
8
Oct-08
Nov-08
Dec-08
Air
Tem
p (
F)
Test Date
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
Daily Air Temperature(time of casting to testing)
Time of Casting
Time of Testing
2/11/2008
0
5
10
15
20
55 60 65 70 75 80 85
Ground Temperature (F)D
epth
(ft
)
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Dec-07
Jan-
08
Feb-0
8
Mar
-08
Apr-0
8
May
-08
Jun-
08
Jul-0
8
Aug-0
8
Sep-0
8
Oct-08
Nov-08
Dec-08
Air
Tem
p (
F)
February ‘08
3/24/2008
0
5
10
15
20
55 60 65 70 75 80 85
Ground Temperature (F)D
epth
(ft
)
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Dec-07
Jan-
08
Feb-0
8
Mar
-08
Apr-0
8
May
-08
Jun-
08
Jul-0
8
Aug-0
8
Sep-0
8
Oct-08
Nov-08
Dec-08
Air
Tem
p (
F)
March ‘08
4/14/2008
0
5
10
15
20
55 60 65 70 75 80 85
Ground Temperature (F)D
epth
(ft
)
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Dec-07
Jan-
08
Feb-0
8
Mar
-08
Apr-0
8
May
-08
Jun-
08
Jul-0
8
Aug-0
8
Sep-0
8
Oct-08
Nov-08
Dec-08
Air
Tem
p (
F)
April ‘08
5/5/2008
0
5
10
15
20
55 60 65 70 75 80 85
Ground Temperature (F)D
epth
(ft
)
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Dec-07
Jan-
08
Feb-0
8
Mar
-08
Apr-0
8
May
-08
Jun-
08
Jul-0
8
Aug-0
8
Sep-0
8
Oct-08
Nov-08
Dec-08
Air
Tem
p (
F)
May ‘08
6/15/2008
0
5
10
15
20
55 60 65 70 75 80 85
Ground Temperature (F)D
epth
(ft
)
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Dec-07
Jan-
08
Feb-0
8
Mar
-08
Apr-0
8
May
-08
Jun-
08
Jul-0
8
Aug-0
8
Sep-0
8
Oct-08
Nov-08
Dec-08
Air
Tem
p (
F)
June ‘08
7/27/2008
0
5
10
15
20
55 60 65 70 75 80 85
Ground Temperature (F)D
epth
(ft
)
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Dec-07
Jan-
08
Feb-0
8
Mar
-08
Apr-0
8
May
-08
Jun-
08
Jul-0
8
Aug-0
8
Sep-0
8
Oct-08
Nov-08
Dec-08
Air
Tem
p (
F)
July ‘08
9/7/2008
0
5
10
15
20
55 60 65 70 75 80 85
Ground Temperature (F)D
epth
(ft
)
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Dec-07
Jan-
08
Feb-0
8
Mar
-08
Apr-0
8
May
-08
Jun-
08
Jul-0
8
Aug-0
8
Sep-0
8
Oct-08
Nov-08
Dec-08
Air
Tem
p (
F)
September ’08
(hottest)
9/27/2008
0
5
10
15
20
55 60 65 70 75 80 85
Ground Temperature (F)D
epth
(ft
)
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Dec-07
Jan-
08
Feb-0
8
Mar
-08
Apr-0
8
May
-08
Jun-
08
Jul-0
8
Aug-0
8
Sep-0
8
Oct-08
Nov-08
Dec-08
Air
Tem
p (
F)
September ‘08
10/18/2008
0
5
10
15
20
55 60 65 70 75 80 85
Ground Temperature (F)D
epth
(ft
)
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Dec-07
Jan-
08
Feb-0
8
Mar
-08
Apr-0
8
May
-08
Jun-
08
Jul-0
8
Aug-0
8
Sep-0
8
Oct-08
Nov-08
Dec-08
Air
Tem
p (
F)
October ‘08
11/8/2008
0
5
10
15
20
55 60 65 70 75 80 85
Ground Temperature (F)D
epth
(ft
)
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Dec-07
Jan-
08
Feb-0
8
Mar
-08
Apr-0
8
May
-08
Jun-
08
Jul-0
8
Aug-0
8
Sep-0
8
Oct-08
Nov-08
Dec-08
Air
Tem
p (
F)
November ’08
(early)
11/29/2008
0
5
10
15
20
55 60 65 70 75 80 85
Ground Temperature (F)D
epth
(ft
)
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Dec-07
Jan-
08
Feb-0
8
Mar
-08
Apr-0
8
May
-08
Jun-
08
Jul-0
8
Aug-0
8
Sep-0
8
Oct-08
Nov-08
Dec-08
Air
Tem
p (
F)
November ’08(cold snap)
12/20/2008
0
5
10
15
20
55 60 65 70 75 80 85
Ground Temperature (F)D
epth
(ft
)
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Dec-07
Jan-
08
Feb-0
8
Mar
-08
Apr-0
8
May
-08
Jun-
08
Jul-0
8
Aug-0
8
Sep-0
8
Oct-08
Nov-08
Dec-08
Air
Tem
p (
F)
December ‘08
January ‘09 1/10/2009
0
5
10
15
20
55 60 65 70 75 80 85
Ground Temperature (F)D
epth
(ft
)
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Dec-07
Jan-
08
Feb-0
8
Mar
-08
Apr-0
8
May
-08
Jun-
08
Jul-0
8
Aug-0
8
Sep-0
8
Oct-08
Nov-08
Dec-08
Air
Tem
p (
F)
-15
-10
-5
0
70 75 80 85
Temperature (deg F)E
leva
tion
(ft)
IR2 IR4 Model Results
Manual Soil Temperature Measurements Provide Model Calibration / Verification
Cold Shaft Testing
(4 year old test shaft)
Modeled
Conclusions
Infra-red Thermal Integrity testing shows remarkable capability to detect anomalies outside the reinforcing cage (bulges, necks,) as well as misaligned cages
Advances in modeling energy production and soil temperature increase resolution of anomaly predictions.
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