thinking about psychology: the science of mind …...gestalt psychology •psychological perspective...
TRANSCRIPT
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Thinking About Psychology:
The Science of Mind and
Behavior 2eBehavior 2e
Charles T. Blair-Broeker
Randal M. Ernst
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Methods Domain
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Introductory Chapter
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History and
Module 02
Perspectives
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Modern Psychology’s
Nineteenth-Century
Module 2: History and Perspectives
Nineteenth-Century
Roots
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Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
• The “father of psychology”
• Founder of modern psychology
• Opened the first psychology lab in 1879• Opened the first psychology lab in 1879
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E.B. Titchener (1867-1927)
• Analyzed the intensity, clarity and quality
of the parts of consciousness
• Founder of structuralism
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Structuralism
• Theory that the structure of conscious
experience could be understood by
analyzing the basic elements of
thoughts and sensations.thoughts and sensations.
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How does this work of art reflect
the ideas of Wilhelm Wundt?
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Gestalt Psychology
• Psychological perspective that
emphasized our tendency to integrate
pieces of information into meaningful
wholes.wholes.
• The whole is different from the sum of its
parts.
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How does this
work of art
reflect
Gestalt Gestalt
Psychology?
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William James (1842-1910)
• First American
psychologist
• Author of the first
psychology psychology
textbook
• Founder of
Functionalism
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How does this cartoon illustrate the ideas
of William James and his theory of psychology
known as Functionalism?
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Functionalism
• Theory that emphasized the functions
of consciousness or the ways
consciousness helps people adapt to
their environment
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Psychology in the
Module 2: History and Perspectives
Twentieth Century
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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
• Founder of the
psychoanalytic
perspective
• Believed that abnormal • Believed that abnormal
behavior originated
from unconscious
drives and conflicts
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Psychoanalysis
• Theory of personality and therapeutic
technique that attributes our thoughts
and actions to unconscious motives and actions to unconscious motives
and conflicts
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Freud’s Influence
• Influence on “pop culture”
–Freudian slips
–Anal-retentive
• Influence on psychology• Influence on psychology
–Psychodynamic theory
–Unconscious thoughts
–Significance of childhood experiences
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Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
• Russian Physiologist
• Studied learning in animals
• Emphasized the study of observable
behaviorsbehaviors
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John B. Watson (1878-1958)
• Founder of behaviorism
• Studied only observable and objectively
described acts
• Emphasized objective and scientific
methodology
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Behaviorism
• The theory that psychology should only
study observable behaviors, not mental
processes.
• What study is Watson most famous for?
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B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
• American psychologist whose brand of
behaviorism focused on the role of
responses in learning.
• Focused on learning through rewards
and observation
• Behaviorist
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Humanistic Psychology
• School of thought that focuses on the study of conscious experience, the individual’s freedom to choose, and the capacity for personal growthcapacity for personal growth
• Stressed the study of conscious experience and an individual’s free will
• Healthy individuals strive to reach their potential.
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Carl Rogers/Abraham Maslow
• Prominent Humanists
• Rejected idea that
behavior is controlled
by rewards and by rewards and
punishments
• Stressed free will in
decision making
Carl Rogers
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Jean Piaget
• Developmental and cognitive
psychologist known for his studies of
children’s thought processes
• Interested in how thinking develops
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Psychology’s
American
Module 2: History and Perspective
American
Groundbreakers
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G. Stanley Hall
• First American with a doctorate in
psychology
• Open the first psychology lab in U.S. at
John Hopkins University
• First president of the APA
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Mary Whiton Calkins
• First woman to complete the
requirements for a Ph.D. in psychology
• President of the APA in 1905
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Margaret Floy Washburn
• First woman to receive a Ph.D. in
psychology in the U.S.
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Francis Cecil Sumner
• First African-American to receive a
Ph.D. in psychology
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Kenneth Clark/Mamie Philips Clark
• Educational psychologists
• Studied institutionalized racism
• Studies were cited in “Brown v Board of • Studies were cited in “Brown v Board of
Education”
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Inex Beverly Prosser
• First African-American woman to
receive a Ph.D. in psychology
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Six Contemporary
Psychological
Module 2: History and Perspectives
Psychological
Perspectives
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Psychological Perspectives
• Method of classifying a collection of
ideas
• Also called “schools of thought”
• Also called “psychological approaches”
• To view behavior from a particular
perspective
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Cognitive Perspective
• School of thought that focuses on how
people think – how we take in, process,
store, and retrieve information
• Focus: On how people think and process
information
• Behavior is explained by how a person
interprets the situation
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Biological Perspective
• School of thought that focuses on the physical structures and substances underlying a particular behavior, thought, or emotionthought, or emotion
• Focus: How our biological structures and substances underlie a given behavior, thought, or emotion
• Behavior is explained by brain chemistry, genetics, glands, etc.
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Social-Cultural Perspective
• School of thought that focuses on how thinking or behavior changes in different contexts or situations
• Focus: How thinking and behavior • Focus: How thinking and behavior change depending on the setting or situation
• Behavior is explained by the influence of other people present
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Behavioral Perspective
• Focus: How we learn through rewards,
punishments, and observation
• Behavior is explained by previous
learning
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How does this
photograph
illustrate the
Humanistic Humanistic
approach?
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Humanistic Perspective
• Focus: How healthy people strive to
reach their full potential
• Behavior is explained as being
motivated by satisfying needs (safety,
hunger, thirst, etc.), with the goal of
reaching one’s full potential once basic
needs are met.
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Psychodynamic Perspective
• Focus: How behavior is affected by
unconscious drives and conflicts
• Behavior is explained through
unconscious motivation and unresolved
inner conflicts from one’s childhood.
• Modern version of psychoanalytic
perspective.
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Psychology in the
Module 2: History and Perspectives
Twenty-First Century
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Behavior Genetics
• School of thought that focuses on how much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences
• Focus: How behavior is affected by • Focus: How behavior is affected by genes and the environment
• Combines biology and behaviorism
• Emphasis on the importance of both genetic and environmental factors on behavior
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Evolutionary Psychology
• Combines aspects of biological,
psychological, and social perspectives
• Behavior is explained by how the
behavior may have helped our ancestors
survive long enough to reproduce
successfully.
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Positive Psychology• Movement that focuses on the study of optimal human functioning and the factors that allow individuals and communities to thrivecommunities to thrive
• Focus: To study and promote optimal human functioning
• Martin E.P. Seligman is a major advocate
• Should promote building positive qualities of people
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History of Psychology
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History of Psychology
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History of Psychology
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The EndThe End
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Name of Concept
• Use this slide to add a concept to the
presentation
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