thinking outside the box with season extension
TRANSCRIPT
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Season extension @
Kilpatrick Family Farm
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Soils for Season Extension
• The best soil for season extension is the soil that you currently have...... But...
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Soils
• Sandy loam to Sandy is ideal
• Too sandy can be hard to irrigate early and late
• Too wet can be fine but needs to be bedded up well.... good for spinach and long season crops as holds nutrients well
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Soil temperature
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Matching crops to soils
• different crops have different soil requirements
• sweet potatoes loves very sandy soil
• carrots need deep friable soils
• spinach is fine with clay as long as it is bedded up
• Melons love dry fertile soil
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Fertility management
• Season extension is not easy on the plants...
• therefore we want the best environment we can create
• Our goal is to create the BEST soil we can
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Disease management
• Season extension is exposing crops to sub-ideal environments
• Early and late plantings are more vulnerable to wet, cold conditions which make them ripe for disease.
• As well, the soils are not warm which means that leaf yellowing/dieback is more pervasive- which leads to more disease.
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Plant Health=
Disease Resistance
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Fighting disease...• good soil health
• variety selection
• adding mycorrhizae
• not working the soil too early or too late- the clump test
• good air circulation- giving plants necessary space, and uncovering so they can dry out
• clean seed, propagation trays, equipment
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Sprays a last resort
• Regalia, rootshield, actinovate
• Oxidate
• Double nickel, greencure, milstop, copper
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Planning our Season Extension
• look at what the market needs/is missing
• look at your weather patterns
• think about the growth patterns depending on the season
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We need to make $40,000 an acre
Also need to make at least $40 an hour picking the crop
Works out to be $4.50 a bed ft
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Micro Climates
• Occur on the top of a slope, by large bodies of water, in areas shielded by large natural barriers
• Can be 3-5 degrees warmer than surrounding areas
• Our Granville field is consistantly 3-4 degrees colder than the home farm
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5-8˚
8-15˚
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Growth rates
0
5
10
15
20
1/1 2/1 3/1 4/1 5/1 6/1 7/1 8/1 9/1 10/1 11/1 12/1
Outdoors Greenhoue
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We always double our last few plantings
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Frost-sensitive crops• Tomatoes
including cherries
• peppers
• eggplant
• cucumbers
• squash
• okra
• beans
• potatoes
• basil
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Hardy Crops• Arugula
• Mesclun
• Lettuce Mix
• Spinach
• Asian greens
• Carrots
• Beets
• Scallions
• Leeks
• Brassicas
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Succession plantings• Squash and cucumbers
• beans
• lettuce and greens
• radishes
• beets, carrots
• herbs
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Pick an date...
And then just keep on planting.....
Get rid of the pre-conceived notions of when crops can be produced
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Looking at frost dates
• how early can you reasonably plant sensitive crops without heat?
• use a construction heater for those few days that it gets cold
• have rowcovers at the ready...
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Equipment
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Flaming for early weed control
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Flaming basics
• either used for stale seed bedding (before the crop is planted or blind cultivation (before the crop is up)
• idea situation: plant, wait till seeds are germinating but not above the soil yet, flame, seeds come up in weed free bed
• flame midday when plants and ground are dry
• hot as possible
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For smaller droplet size
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Transplanting
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‘/ |:}} Ω
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Mulches
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Why Mulch?
• ADDS ORGANIC MATTER!
• stops erosion
• reduces water requirements
• keeps workers and produce clean during harvesting
• Keeps worms happy
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Bio-360
• starts to breakdown within 2-3 months- gone by spring
• twice the cost of regular plastic($350 for 5000 ft)
• NOT OMRI yet- Certified in Europe, Canada
• has changed the way we farm- we are now adding organic matter easily while growing crops
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Rowcover
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What do row covers actually do?
• Trap heat and warms the soil
• reduce wind desiccation
• cut sunscalding/burning on crops
• keep frozen greens from thawing too quickly
• traps moisture reduces irrigation needs
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Rowcover Weights/thicknesses
• .4 oz (PRO 15
• .5 oz (PRO 19
• .9 oz (PRO 30
• 1.2 oz (PRO 40
• 1.25 oz (Typar 518
• Nursery covers
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Row cover thoughts
• Cheap, thin covers are not worth the money
• multiple layers trap heat between them
• hoops (ours are custom) keep rowcover off growing tips and from burning greens in the fall
• covers can increase disease pressure through trapping moisture
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Fill with pea gravel so they don’t freeze
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Crop Specifics
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Field GreensSee Session one
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High Tunnel crops
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tomatoes
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Cultural techniques• greenhouse plantings are
trellised- 2 leaders clipped up
• hoop house plantings are basket-weave with 7 ft rebar in between 8 ft 2 x 2 stakes
• we pick into 2 gallon mushroom buckets and sort in washing shed
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Tomato culture
• All are grafted
• Maxifort Rootstock
• Geronimo, Big Beef, Rebelski
• Great White, German Johnson, Black Prince, Cherokee Purple, Indigo rose
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Peppers
• Almost all done inside now
• Ace for green
• Carmen, Flavorburst for colored
• stake for maximum production
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Hoophouse planting
• transplanted through black landscape cloth
• 2’ x 2’ spacing
• drip under cloth, 1 run per row
• plastic put on several days after planting to reduce stress on plants
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Staked 3-4 weeks after planting
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Varieties
• Socrates- smaller euro type- really good flavor
• Tasty Jade- long japanese type, customers love them!
• Diamant- good pickling variety- really productive!
• Need to pick self-pollinating varieties because of pollination
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1st week of May
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last week of may, our last frost date!
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Strawberries
• Annual bed system- plant fall, harvest spring, till under
• Variety Chandler
• Buy in tips, propagate ourselves, plant in September
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Paul Arnold Pleasant Valley Farm
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French Beans
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Can be direct seeded in a hoophouse 3rd week of April
rows 24” apart seeded with Earthway seeder
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Transplanting
• 2-3 seeds per cell, planted as a multi-plant
• Transplants need to be much smaller (10 days max)
• water in well (reduce stress as much a possible)
• Maxibel best variety
• we transplant 2 rows apart on the bed (plants 12 inches apart) with drip tape down the center
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• Need to pick every 2 days to keep small
• Early season beans can command up to $6 lb
• 1.6 lbs per bed ft = $9 per bed ft
• need consistent irrigation
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Alliums
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Seeded February transplanted April
• Prince/Pontiac
• Redwing
• Gold Coin
• bridger and forum for overwintering
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Planting overwintered onions
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Ambition or Picador for shallots
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Leeks
• plants custom grown in Florida
• 3 rows on plastic, 8” apart
• Megaton and Lexton, Bandit for winter
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Green Garlic
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• planted with regular garlic
• great mild garlic flavor
• harvesting by May 1st under covers
• $9 per bed ft.
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Cover with mini-tunnel in the spring for up to 3 weeks earlier
Scallions
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Winter Squash
• mix of varieties to keep it interesting
• butternut and kubocha store best
• Green plastic can increase yeilds and prevents discoloration
• Honey bear, jester, sunshine, pinnacle, waltham, metro
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Brussel Sprouts
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Planted June 1st
Churchill and Dimitri
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Store until February
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Cabbage
• Storage #4
• Ruby Perfection
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Deadon
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photo courtesy
of beautifulc
ataya
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Roots
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Kohlrabi
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• Spring seeding April 1st or so
• Fall planting seeded July 1st -10th
• transplanted on biotello- 3 rows 8” in row
• harvest before severe freeze
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By the numbers...
• We charge $3 a lb or 2.50 each for large fist sized
• good yield equals around $8 per bed foot
• transplanted as soon as will come out of trays.
• average fertility, although needs extra boron
• varieties: winner, kolibri, kossack
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Celariac
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Sweet potatoes
• Favorite variety Covington
• on plastic, 2 rows 1 ft apart
• Planted with waterwheel
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Yield 4 lbs per bed ft
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Parsnips
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Cultivating constantly
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Growing mid-summer
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Spring harvest for sweetest flavor
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Pulling them out of the mud
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Parsnip Numbers
• 2.5 lbs per foot @$3/lb = $7.50 bed ft
• strong demand for holiday season
• balance left in ground till spring
• * does take entire season 7-10 months for crop
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Potatoes
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Early Potatoes
• greensprout or chit
• grow on clear plastic, under row cover
• water regularly
• dig when first flowers appear
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Turnips/radishes
• Member of the Crucifer family so appreciate high boron as well as steady moisture
• Hakurei turnip variety preferred during the summer and fall
• For radishes, Rover and Cherriette preferred.
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Specialty Radishes
• Red Meat
• Nero Tondo
• Alpine
• Miyashige
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Carrots
• Weed control is critical, a mixture of stale bedding, flame weeding and mechanical cultivation is key
• Bolero, Nelson, Rainbow and Yellow Sun are preferred varieties
• Watch fall carrots for alternaria and spray with copper
• Carrots LOVE loose friable soil, bed up or grow on loose, sandy soil.
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Seeded by July 10th
• Bolero
• Yellow Sun
• purple haze
• rainbow
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Sunchokes
• Plant in October
• Harvest in Fall or early spring
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Beets
• Kestrel, Chioggia Guard-mark, and Touchstone Gold preferred varieties.
• keep well irrigated and supplied with boron to decrease scab
• Need lots of nitrogen to keep tops healthy
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value added
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