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Page 1: this cover and their final version of the extended essay to EXTENDED ESSAY EXEMPLARS... · 2020-02-18 · LJ:eM TO HOBbiM HO BCe )Ke Hrpano He ManyiO pOJ1b B CTpOHTeJ1bCTBe 3,I{aHHH

this cover and their final version of the extended essay to

is are

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use

Examiner 1 Examiner 2 Examiner 3

research 2 2

B introduction 2 D 2

c 4 4

D 4 4

E reasoned 4 4

F and evaluation 4 D 4

G use of 4 4

H conclusion 2 D 2 D formal 4 4

J abstract 2 D 2

K holistic 4 4

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IloHHMaHue PyccKoii ApxuTeKTYPbi.

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AMep)KaHoBoi1 HennH

IIpe).lMeT PyccKHH.H3hiK E, KaT. 2 (6)

IBO World School

CeccH.H: Mail 2013

Word count: 3621

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Understanding of Russian Architecture.

How do the changes in Russian architecture of Silver Century positively reflected on Russian people's understanding and acceptance of them?

By:

An Extended Essay

Submitted as a Candidate for the

International Baccalaureate Diploma

Subject Russian B Cat:2(b)

IBO World School

Word count: 3621

ii

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Acknowledgement

First of all I would like to thank my supervisor who was generous enough to

agree in helping me doing my extended essay, as well as she helped me structure my ideas and

develop good topic for my essay. Secondly, I would like to thank who was

supportive and honest as well as very straight forward that helped me stay organized and meet

my deadlines.

Finally, I would like to say thank you to my family, friends for their support and encouragements.

iii

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(KOJJHqeCTBO CJJOB: 226)

v

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Author:

Title: Understanding of Russian Architecture. How do the changes in Russian architecture

of Silver Century positively reflected on Russian people's understanding and acceptance of

them?

Session: May 2013

Abstract

This essay wiii discuss the topic dawn of Russian architecture. At the time, which were perfect

dramatic discoveries of new styles and ideas that have influenced the future of cultural

development. In addition will be presented to the people's opinion on the changes associated with

changes in the architecture. And also will be presented arguments that support my main question

is: How do the changes in the Russian Silver Age architecture, had a positive impact on the

understanding and perception of the Russian people.

However, during the study of the topic I had a lot of questions that I would like to answer:

Exactly how to change the architecture? Why now? How do people accept these changes? What

is the relationship between the changes in the architecture and the political situation in the

country? As the political situation in the country said the new-style buildings? If any connection

between them? During the work on this topic, I found a lot of factors that have helped to clarify

the issues that were raised by me in the beginning.

The main factors that influenced on the change of architectural style, I try to explain how these

changes may affect their understanding of the Russian people. What was their reaction to the

radical change in the architectural construction, in spite ofthe political situation in the country.

How they were able to take such a radical change in the architectural style of buildings. At the

end of the preceding sentence, the essay concludes by presenting findings and careful analysis of

vi

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all the changes that have taken place during the Silver Age of how people saw all these

innovations and changes.

Word count: 226

vii

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Acknowledgement ...................................................................................................................... iii

A6crpaKr ........................................................................................................................................ iv

Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ vi

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viii

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10 Poll\eHR fJ..A. <http:/ /www.nivestnik.ru/2001_3/6.shtmi>,Mop,epH PyccKoi1 Apxl-1TeKrypbl Ha4aJla 20 seKa, 2001

11 Oco6mrK P5l6ymnHcKoro rrpe,LiocTannen HIDKe

8

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9

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12 Pow.eHfl /J,.A. <http://www.nivestnik.ru/2001_3/6.shtmi>,Mop,epH PyccKot:i Apx"lTeKrypbt HaYaJla 20 seKa, 2001

13 Pow.eHfl /J,.A. <http://www.nivestnik.ru/2001_3/6.shtmi>,Mop,epH PyccKot:i ApX"lTeKrypbt HaYaJla 20 seKa, 2001

10

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14 Poll\eHR A.A. <http:/ /www.nivestnik.ru/2001_3/6.shtmi>,Mo,a,epH PyccKOH Apx~o1TeKrypbl Ha4ana 20 seKa, 2001

15 http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/,AoM KOMnaHHH «3HHrep»,

11

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16 Pomen5l ,[(.A. <http://www.nivestnik.ru/2001_3/6.shtml>,MoAepn PyccKoii Apx>ITeK'fYpbi naqa..rw 20 Berm, 2001

12

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EaJiaKHHa T.H., <http://protown.ru/information/hide/4720.html>,PyccKaj! apxHTeKIJ'pa HaqaJia

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19 - HaqaJia 20 BeKa, 2007

HamoKHHa, M. B < http://www. di ssercat. com/ content/modem-v -arkhitekture-moskvy-problema­

svoeobraziya-i-zapadnoevropeiskikh-vliyanii>, Mo.[{epH B apxuTeKrype MocKBbi :Tipo6neMa

CBOeo6pa3Hji H 3aTia,[{HOeBponeifCKHX BJ1Hj!HHH,2000, 15 ,[l;eKa6pji 2012.

PomeHj! ,IJ;.A. <http://www.nivestnik.ru/2001_3/6.shtml>,Mo.[{epH PyccKoif ApxHTeKIJ'pbi

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CaxapoB A.H.,<http:l/archirussia.com/istoriya-2/klassicizm-v-arxitekture-rossii/>, KnacCHIJ.H3M

B apxHTeKType PoccHH, 11 ,IJ;eKa6pj! 2012

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