thisis for ph. d. -...
TRANSCRIPT
Saurashtra University Re – Accredited Grade ‘B’ by NAAC (CGPA 2.93)
Kanjiya, Bhavanabahen T., 2004, ગજરાતીમા સોનટ" (મહ વના સ કોન લકષમા લઈન): એક અ યયન, thesis PhD, Saurashtra University
http://etheses.saurashtrauniversity.edu/id/eprint/149 Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given.
Saurashtra University Theses Service http://etheses.saurashtrauniversity.edu
© The Author
|| Shri Ganeshay Namah ||
""F>Z ıhuL$pf''
L$rh[p A° ‚\d\u S> dpfp fk_p° rhje f¸p° R>°. i•ihL$pmdp ‚p\rdL$
ipmpdp¨ Aph[y¨ "QpfZL$fiep' L$pÏe cph kp\° Np[p¨ d_° A°L$ AL$’e
A_yc|r[_p° Al°kpk \[p°. ApS>° Z dpfu Ap sı\r[ R>°. d_dp A°L$ ‚Ò EW°$gp°
L°$ L$pÏe_y¨ ApV$gy¨ E¨Xy¨$ L$pdZ d_° L°$d R>° ? L$pÏeL$gp iy¨ R>° ? ApNm AÊepk
L$f[p¨ iÂ]$_u AM|V$ iqL$[ rhi° ≈Zhp_u dpfu B√R>p bgh—f b_[u NB.
`uA°Q. X$u. _u ]$hu dpV°$_p ip°^‚b¨^ dpV°$ rhje`k¨]$Nu_p° ‚Ô_
ApÏep° –epf° A°_u k¨]$Nu A¨N° l°gp¨ d_dp¨ \p°X$u AhY$h \e°gu. ‚p°. Apf.‚p°. Apf.‚p°. Apf.‚p°. Apf.‚p°. Apf.
X$u. hpNqX$epX$u. hpNqX$epX$u. hpNqX$epX$u. hpNqX$epX$u. hpNqX$ep kp\°_u QQpÆ\u A° AhY$h ]|$f \B. [°d_p q]$ipk|Q__° h^phu
g°[p¨ "NyS>fp[udp¨ kp°_°V$' (dl“h_p kS>ÆL$p°_° gndp¨ gB_°) rhje dpfp
ip°^‚b¨O dpV°$ `k¨]$ L$fhp_y¨ d° d_p°d_ _L$L$u L$eyØ. A_° A° k¨]$cÆdp¨ dpfp
rhje_p k¨ip° _n°”_p Ïep` A_° KX$pZ rhi° d° N¨cuf[p |hÆL$ rhQpf L$e°pÆ.
rhje`k]$Nu AN°_u dpfu hp[_° dpfie fpMu d_° A° AN° S>Ífu dpNÆ]$iÆ_ A_°
kgplk|Q_p° kp\° dpNÆ]$iÆ_ Ap`_pf dpfp dpNÆ]$iÆL$ X$p∑. A°d. ApB. V°$gX$p∑. A°d. ApB. V°$gX$p∑. A°d. ApB. V°$gX$p∑. A°d. ApB. V°$gX$p∑. A°d. ApB. V°$g°
dpfu pk° kpfu dl°_[ gu^u. [°d_p kp\, klL$pf A_° L$pd g°hp_u ApNhu
fu[\u dpfy¨ k¨ip°^_L$peÆ kfm bfiey¨ R>°. A°d_y¨ F>Zcph° Alv rhi°j ıdfZ
L$fy¨ Ry>¨. Ap D`fp¨[ dpfu S> L$p°g°S>_p k°hp r_h©— A¬ep`L$Óu hu. L°$. V°$g,
drlgp L$p°g°S>_p¨ c|. |. klL$peÆL$f rd”p°dp¨ ‚p. Óu kduf cÀ$, ‚p. Óud[u
‚huZpb°_ fphg, X$pµ. Ly$. _u_pb°_ `¨X$ep, X$pµ. Óud[u du_pnub°_
cÀ$ hN°f°_y Z A°d_p D–kplS>_L$ ArcNd dpV°$ kpcpf ıdfZ L$fy Ry>¨.
dpfp ip° ‚b¨O_y L$peÆ L$√R>`Nr[\u iÍ \ey. kp∑_°V$ rhi°_p¨ k¨]$cÆ
1
`yı[L$p°, L$pÏek¨N∞lp°, g°Mp° hN°f° iL$e k¨]$cÆkprl–e d˛ey¨, [°dp¨\u
`kpf \[u NB A_° g°M_L$peÆ \[y¨ Ney¨. S>Ífu k¨]$cÆ N∞¨\p° ‚p‡[ L$fhpdp¨
klpeÍ` b__pf Óu TpgphqX$ep d_kyMcpB (∆.B.bu.) dpfu S>
L$p°g°S>_p ‚p¬ep`L$ Óu S>°. Apf. hOprkep A° S> k¨ı\p_p N∞¨\`pg Óu
d_ujcpB byQ, drlgp L$p°g°S>_p N∞\`pg Óud[u Apipb°_ NpNyX£$, dpfp
c|. |. kl‚p¬ep`L$ rd” ‚p. kduf cÀ$ hN°f°_u kpcpf _°p^ g°[p d_° Ap_]$
\pe R>°. dpfp ip°^‚b¨O_p L$peÆ ]$frdep_ dpfp `qfhpf_p kÊep°-c”u∆
qL$fZ, l°[g A_° _|[_ [°dS> dpfp ∆h_kp\u Óu i•g°j lp¨kg`fp A_°
dpfp gpX$gp q]$L$fp L$Ìe` [fa\u d_° ‚p°–kplL$ bm A_° hp[phfZ d˛ep¨
R>°. A°d_p Apcpf dpV°$_p iÂ]$p° ip lp°e !
ı\m : N°p¨X$g.
[p : ‚p. cph_pbl°_ L$p¨rS>ep
2
A_yæ$drZL$p
‚L$fZ rhN[ ©ÛW$
c|rdL$p - F>Z ıhuL$pf
1. ‚pı[prhL$ 1 ñ 3
2. `qÚddp kp∑_°V$_p° D]$πch 4 ñ 20
3. kp∑_°V$ : kprl–eıhÍ` 21 ñ 54
4. NyS>fp[udp¨ kp∑_°V$_y Ah[fZ 55 ñ 69
5. NyS>fp[udp kp∑_°V$ (dl“h_p kS>ÆL$p°)
(1) b. L$. W$pL$p°f(1) b. L$. W$pL$p°f(1) b. L$. W$pL$p°f(1) b. L$. W$pL$p°f(1) b. L$. W$pL$p°f 70 ñ 92
(2) Ddp¨iL$f ≈°ju(2) Ddp¨iL$f ≈°ju(2) Ddp¨iL$f ≈°ju(2) Ddp¨iL$f ≈°ju(2) Ddp¨iL$f ≈°ju 93 ñ 127
(3) ky¨]$fdπ(3) ky¨]$fdπ(3) ky¨]$fdπ(3) ky¨]$fdπ(3) ky¨]$fdπ 128 ñ 133
(4) fpS>°fi÷ ipl(4) fpS>°fi÷ ipl(4) fpS>°fi÷ ipl(4) fpS>°fi÷ ipl(4) fpS>°fi÷ ipl 134 ñ 174
(5) r_f¨S>_ cN[(5) r_f¨S>_ cN[(5) r_f¨S>_ cN[(5) r_f¨S>_ cN[(5) r_f¨S>_ cN[ 175 ñ 196
(6) S>e¨[ `pW$L$(6) S>e¨[ `pW$L$(6) S>e¨[ `pW$L$(6) S>e¨[ `pW$L$(6) S>e¨[ `pW$L$ 197 ñ 216
(7) Di_kπ(7) Di_kπ(7) Di_kπ(7) Di_kπ(7) Di_kπ 217 ñ 293
����� Afie kp∑_°V$ kS>ÆL$p°_y¨ ‚]$p_ 294 ñ 329
6. D`klpf 330 ñ 336
� k¨]$cÆN∞\k|rQ
� qfriÛV$ : kp∑_°V$dp _|[_ ‚ep°Np°
A_° L$rhAp°_p lı[pnfdp
gM°gp kp∑_°V$.
NyS>fp[udp¨
kp∑_°V$
‚L$fZ - 1
‚pı[prhL$
‚L$fZ - 1
‚pı[prhL$
kdpS> A_° kprl–e b¨_° `fı`f k¨L$mpe°gp R>°. kprl–e A° kdpS>_y¨
]$`ÆZ L°$ ‚r[tbb R>°, `R>u cg° [° Nd° [° cpjp, ‚]°$i L°$ fpÛV≤$_y¨ lp°e. kprl–edp¨
≈Œe°-A≈Œe° `Z kdpS>dp¨ hk[p¨ dp_hu A_° dp_huecphp°_y¨ Apg°M_
\[y¨ lp°e R>°. [°\u S> [p° L$p°B`Z kS>ÆL$ S>epf° kprl–eL©$r[_y¨ r_dpÆZ L$f° R>° –epf°
[° kdpS> A_° [°dp¨ hk[p¨ dp_huAp° rhi°_p p°[p_p dp_kdp¨ Tugpe°gp rQ”_°
fS|> L$f[p° lp°e R>°.
NyS>fp[u kprl–edp¨ N¤ A_° `¤ A°d b¨_° ıhÍ`p°_y¨ M°X$pZ \ey¨ R>°.
`¤ıhÍ`p°dp¨ Nu[, NTg, dyL$π[L$, lpBLy$, dlpL$pÏe, M¨X$L$pÏe, ErdÆL$pÏe A_°
kp∑_°V$ S>°hp¨ `¤ıhÍ`p° _hp¨ [°S> A_° Í` kp\° Ecfu - E`ku ApÏep¨ R>°.
kp∑_°V$L$pf A°_u kp∑_°V$fQ_pdp¨ kdpS>, eyN, ‚L©$r[, ‚Ze, ‚cy, tQ[_ [°dS>
Afie dp_huecphp°_y¨ r_Í`Z L$f[p° lp°e R>°. L$lp° L°$ Ap b^p rhi°_p `p°[p_p
d_dp¨ D`k°gp rQ”_° [° kp∑_°V$fQ_pdp¨ iÂ]$ı\ L$fhp_p° ‚e–_ L$f[p° lp°e R>°.
Ap L$kb L$f[u hM[° [° kp∑_°V$_p Qp•]$ `¨qL$[_p dpmMp_° hih[w r_Í`Z
L$f[p° lp°e R>°.
NyS>fp[u kprl–e_p¨ ¤ıhÍ`p°dp¨_y A°L$ ıhÍ` [° "kp∑_°V$'. kp∑_°V$ gOyL$
]°$l^pfu L$pÏeıhÍ` lp°hp¨ R>[p¨ [°_u DX$p_ rhfpV$ A_° E¨Qu R>°. Ap`Z° –ep¨
kp∑_°V$ `qÚddp¨\u E[fu Aph°gp° kprl–e ‚L$pf R>°, R>[p¨ ApS>_p kp∑_°V$p° ≈°[p¨
NyS>fp[u cpjpA° [°_° `p°r[L$p° b_phu M|b S> gpX$ gX$pÏep¨ R>° [°_u ‚[ur[ \i°.
kp∑_°V$ Óu b.L$.W$pL$p°f gB ApÏep _° L°$V$gp¨L$ khpØN ky¨]$f kp∑_°V$ fQu [°dZ°
kp∑_°V$_° NyS>fp[udp¨ rı\f L$eyØ.
dpfp ‚ı[y[ ip°^r_b¨^_y¨ iujÆL$ R>° : "NyS>fp[udp¨ kp∑_°V$' (dl“h_p
kS>ÆL$p°_° gndp¨ gB_°) Ap ip°^r_b¨^_p¨ R> ‚L$fZp°dp¨ d¢ rhje_u rhı[©[
R>ZphV$ L$f°g R>°. Ap R> ‚L$fZp°dp¨ d¢ dpfp AÊepk_° _uQ° dyS>b ≈°hp -
1
[`pkhp_p° _d∞ ‚epk L$e°pÆ R>°.
‚\d‚L$fZdp¨ ‚ı[ph_pÍ`° rhje_u c|rdL$p fS|> L$fu R>°. ‚L$fZ-2
dp¨ `pÔQp–e kprl–edp¨ kp∑_°V$_p° D]$πch, ıhÍ` A_° [°_p –ep¨ \e°gp rhL$pk
rhi°_u QQpÆ rhQpfZp_° ≈°B-[`pku fS|> L$fhp_p° ‚epk L$e°pÆ R>°. ‚L$fZ-3
dp¨ rh_p ]°$ip°dp¨ rhrh^ kS>ÆL$p° ‹pfp [°_p¨ _|[_ k¨ıL$fZ \[p¨ f¸p¨ R>° [°_u
hp[ R>°. kp∑_°V$_u Qp•]$ ¨qL$[_u f¨ fpdp¨\u dm°gp riı[_° rh_p ]$f°L$ kS>ÆL$p°A°
rifp°dpfie fpMu R>°. D`fp¨[ kp∑_°V$ıhÍ`_u QQpÆdp¨ [°_p¨ gnZp°, [°_p A¨[f¨N
A_° brlf¨N D`fp¨[ R>¨]$_u QQpÆ `Z L$fu R>°. –epfbp]$ A°L$ kp∑_°V$_p
A_yk¨Op_dp¨ bu∆ kp∑_°V$ fQ_pAp° gMu L$rhAp° kp∑_°V$dpmp fQ[p \ep [°
bpb[ `Z ≈°B - [`pku R>°. "NyS>fp[u kprl–edp¨ kp∑_°V$_y¨ Ah[fZ' A°
‚L$fZ-4 dp¨ NyS>fp[u kprl–edp¨ kp∑_°V$_p Ah[fZ rhi°_p rh‹p_p°_p¨ d¨[Ïep°
A_° [°d_p rhi°_p¨ [°d_p¨ d[d[p¨[fp°_u hp[ rhN[° kp^pf QQpÆ L$fu R>°. D`fp¨[
kp∑_°V$_p° D]$πch `pÔQp–e A_° NyS>fp[u kprl–edp¨ S> _rl, `f¨[y Afie A_°L$
cpjpdp¨ \e°gp° ≈°hp dm° R>° [° hp[_p° AR>X$[p° DÎg°M L$e°pÆ R>°. `∞L$fZ-5 dp¨
dl“h_p kp∑_°V$kS>ÆL$p°_u QQpÆ L$fu R>°. kp∑_°V$_u hp[ L$f[p¨ S>°d_u _°p¨^ g°hu `X°$
[°hp kprl–ekS>ÆL$p°_u kp∑_°V$ fQ_pAp° rhi° rhı[©[ QQpÆ L$fhp_p° dpfp° ‚epk
f¸p° R>°. Afie kp∑_°V$ kS>ÆL$p°_p° `Z DÎg°M L$e°pÆ R>°. ‚L$fZ-6>dp¨ D`k¨lpf fS|>
L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°. [°dp¨ kp∑_°V$kS>Æ__u Apf¨c_u Nr[rhr^ A_° A¤[_
Nr[rhr^_u Ahgp°L$_p L$fu R>°. `R>u "kp∑_°V$Ny√R>' A_° "kp∑_°V$ dpmp' A°hu
k¨op rhi° L$rhAp° [\p rhh°QL$p°_p d[p°_u QQpÆ L$fu R>°. rh‹p_p° L$epf°L$
"kp∑_°V$Ny√R>' iÂ]$ ‚ep°S>° R>° [p° L$epf°L$ "kp∑_°V$dpmp' A°hp° iÂ]$ ‚ep°N L$f° R>°.
Apd, kp∑_°V$Ny√R> [\p kp∑_°V$dpmp rhi° [°dZ° L$p°B Qp°L$L$k c°]$ L°$ rhcph_p
fS|> L$f°g _\u. Ap hp[ ı`ÛV$ L$fhp_p° dpfp° _d∞ ‚epk f¸p° R>°.
kp∑_°V$_p¨ kprl–eıhÍ` rhi° NyS>fp[udp¨ ANpD L°$V$gp°L$ AÊepk \ep°
R>°. kp∑_°V$_p¨ dl“h rhi° rhQpf[p¨ øepg Aph° R>° L°$ ApS> ky^u kp∑_°V$ A_°L$
Í`°-f¨N° fS|> \ey¨ R>°. kp∑_°V$_y¨ dl“h S>N[_p¨ A_°L$ ]°$ip°dp¨ ‚kf°gy¨ R>°. kp∑_°V$
Qp•]$ `¨qL$[_y¨ L$pÏe R>°. [°\u Ap°R>u L°$ h^pf° `¨qL$[Ap°hpmu fQ_p_° kp∑_°V$ ‚L$pf
2
NZhp° L°$ _rl [° rhi° d[c°]$ R>°. L$]$pQ L$rh_y¨ dyL$[ M°X$pZ Qp•]$ `¨qL$[Ap°dp¨
iL$e _ b_°. Apd R>[p¨ ‚–e°L$ kp∑_°V$ `p°[p_y¨ k“h ≈mhu fpM° R>° A_° [°\u
kp∑_°V$_p ıhÍ`_° L$p°B lpr_ \[u _\u. kp∑_°V$_° Ap¨[f-bp¸ fu[° L°$V$guL$ Qp°L$L$k
if[p°_° A^u_ L$fu_° S> ≈°B iL$pe R>°. Ap ‚–e°L$ if[ ıh[¨” fu[° kp∑_°V$_p
kprl–eıhÍ`_° ‚NV$ L$fhpdp¨ kam _ \pe R>[p¨ [°dp¨ [°_y¨ lp]Æ$ L°$ ddÆ A_ychpe
R>°. kp∑_°V$dp¨ rhi°j cphsı\r[Ap°_y¨ r_dpÆZ \pe R>°. ‚pkfQ_p `¨qL$[Ap°_°
OpV$ Ap`° R>°.
kp∑_°V$_p D]$πchL$pm° [°_p° ‚^p_ rhje dp” ‚°d l[p°. H¡g°fiX$dp¨
ÏeqL$[‚°d_u kp∑_°V$dpmpAp° fQpB R>°. Óu æ$p°kg°fiX$_p° d[ R>° L°$ "S>°dp¨\u D—d
kp∑_°V$ fQu iL$pe [° kp∑_°V$ dpV°$ D—d rhje' [°dS> kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨_p¨ ‚–e°L$
kp∑_°V$ ıh[¨” lp°e R>°. R>[p¨ [°_y¨ A_yk¨^p_ bu≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨ S>mhp[y¨ lp°e R>°.
B.k. 1888 dp¨ NyS>fp[u L$rh[pdp¨ kp•‚\d kp∑_°V$ fQpey¨. A_° –epf`R>u
kp∑_°V$rhL$pk_u ep”p ApNm h^[u S> flu R> °. [°_p Ap¤ı\p`L$ Óu
b.L$.W$pL$p°f A°L$ bp•qŸL$ ‚r[cpipmu ÏeqL$[ R>°. [°d_u ‚°drhjeL$
kp∑_°V$fQ_pAp° tQ[_ ‚^p_ kp∑_°V$_p D—d _|d_p R>°. ‚pk ‚–e° Óu W$pL$p°f_y¨
hgZ ıh[¨” R>°. ‚pk_u bpb[dp¨ [°Ap° L$p°B r_qÚ[ ep°S>_p_° hmNu f¸p
_\u.
Óu b.L$. W$pL$p°f\u iÍ \e°gu Ap kp∑_°V$ep”p Ap^yr_L$ eyN_p
fpS>°fi÷ ipl, Di_kπ, Qu_y dp°]$u, cNh[uLy$dpf idpÆ hN°f° kp∑_°V$kS>ÆL$p°
ky^u rhı[fu R>°. kyM]y$:M S>°hp¨ dp_hue k¨h°]$_p°, ‚L©$r[_u rhrh^gugp, [°_p¨
[“hp°, ‚Ze_p¨ rhrh^ cphÍ`p° S>°hp rhjep° A°dp¨ r_Í`pep R>°. rhrh^
R>¨]$‚ep°Np° `Z \ep R>°. NyS>fp[udp¨ Ap L$pÏe‚L$pf_° dyL$[rhlpf_y¨ hp[phfZ
d˛ey¨ R>°. aL$[ Qp•]$ `¨qL$[dp¨ cÏe hı[y Alv L$gpÍ` `pd° R>°.
3
‚L$fZ - 2
`qÚddp¨ kp∑_°V$_p° D]$πch,
rhL$pk A_° ıhÍ`
‚L$fZ - 2
`qÚddp¨ kp∑_°V$_p° D]$πch, rhL$pk A_° ıhÍ`
kp∑_°V$_u hp[ L$f[p¨ A°L$ hı[y A° _°p¨^hu ≈°BA° L°$ Ap`Z° –ep¨ OZp¨
L$pÏeıhÍ`p° ApÏep¨ `f¨[y [°dp¨ L$rh_u L$kp°V$u L$f° [°hy¨ ≈° L$p°B L$pÏeıhÍ` lp°e [p°
[° kp∑_°V$ R>°. kp∑_°V$ıhÍ`_p L$p°B AÊepku_y¨, kp∑_°V$ ≈Z° L$rh_° L$l°[y¨ _ lp°e
A°hp ‚L$pf_y¨ rh^p_ Sy>Ap°. Ap`_pdp¨ L$rh [fuL°$_u kykSS>[p R>° ? Ap`_u
`pk° L$rh[p L$kb_u L$p°B k|T kdS> R>° Mfu ? D`fp¨[ kp∑_°V$ L$rh_° L$l° R>° L°$
[dpfu `pk° r_Í`Z_u L$p°B ApNhu L$p°W$pk|T lp°e [p° S> dpfu kdu` Aph≈°,
[p° S> dpfp ıhÍ`_° kp¨Np°`p¨N fiepe Ap`u iL$ip°. Aphy¨ gOy]°$l^pfu kp∑_°V$ L$rh
dpV°$ `X$L$pfÍ` b_u fl° R>°. A°V$g° S> [p° ANpD S>° kdeNpmpdp¨ kp∑_°V$_u
bp°gbpgp l[u [° kdeNpmpdp¨ L$rh [fuL°$_u dpfie[p d°mhhp kp∑_°V$ gMhy¨
`X°$ A°hu sı\r[ l[u.
kp∑_°V$ - L$pÏeıhÍ` kp•_y¨ dp_u[y¨ bfiey¨ R>°. dp” L°$V$gp¨L$ ]$peL$pAp°\u S>
_rl, Z k]$uAp°\u [° A_°L$ L$rhAp°_° p°[p_p [fa ApL$jÆ[y¨ A_° BS>_ Ap`[y¨
f¸y¨ R>°. A° S> [p° kp∑_°V$_u dl—p R>°. kp∑_°V$ rhi° hp[ L$f[p¨ `l°gp¨ Ap`Zp¨
rQ—dp¨ A_°L$ Ah_hp ‚Òp° D]$πch°, S>°hp¨ L°$ kp∑_°V$_p° D]$πch L$ep¨ \ep° li° ?
L$p°Z° ‚\d kp∑_°V$_p¨ lpgfX$p¨ lgpÏep¨ li° ? Ap`Z° Ap rS>opkp_° k¨[p°jhp
rkrkgu_u ÷pn_u hpX$uAp°dp¨ L°$ ‚p°h°fik ‚pfi[dp¨ Qf[p¨ O°V$p¨ kp\° _p[p° ≈°X$u_°
afhy¨ `X$i°.
`f¨[y `l°gu _S>f° kp∑_°V$ A°L$ L$pÏe‚L$pf lp°B L$pÏer_dpÆZ_u \[u
‚qæ$ep, S>°_° "Í`r_rdÆq—' L$lu iL$uA° A° [fa _S>f L$fhu OV°$. L$rh[p l¨d°ip
Í`_p¨ _hp°fid°j Mp°rmep¨ ^f[u fl° R>°. S>°_u `ÔQp]$πc|rddp¨ OZp¨ `qfbmp° L$pd
L$f° R>°. L$ep ]°$ldp¨ L$h_nd cpht`X$ Ah[fi° [° kl°gpB\u L$lu iL$pe [°hu
bpb[ _\u. `f¨[y L$rh kpd° S>° [° kde° cpjp`f¨`fp A_° kprl–e`f¨`fp_p S>°
k¨ıL$pfp° `X$ep lp°e R>° A° `f¨`fp_p ‚hpldp¨\u L$rh BÛV$, fyrQL$f lp°e [° [fa
4
Y$m[p° lp°e R>°. A›ee__u kO_[p, ‚ep°Ngnu dp_k A_° ‚°fZp_y¨ r_rd—
\e°g ‚k¨N L°$ L$p°B ‚Ò L$rh_° bm Ap`u Í `r_rdÆr[ ky^u ]$p°f° R>°. [°
Í`r_rdÆr[dp¨ Y$m° R>°. [° ıhÍ`_° ApMf° [p° ANpD\u A_ycht`X$dp¨ `X°$gp
k¨ıL$pfp°_y¨ `uW$bm lp°e R>°. kp∑_°V$_p ‚pNV$πe A¨N° Ap fu[° _ rhQpfu iL$pe ?
kp∑_°V$ıhÍ`_p Ah[fZ r_rd—° `Z Aphu Í`r_rdÆr[ b_u lp°B iL°$. X$pµ.
rh_p°]$ ≈°iu L$l° R>° "kp∑_°V$ L$rh_p rhgnZ A_ych° Í`pre[ \hp
L$f°gu d\pdZ_y¨ `qfZpd R>°.'1
[p° X$pµ. cp_y‚kp]$ ¨X$ep A°d L$l° R>° L°$
"kp∑_°V$ S> °hu kyqÔgÛV$ kO_ L$pÏe r_rdÆr[ L$rh_u Ap¨[f
AphÌeL$[pdp¨\u (Inner need) S> D]$πchu li°.'2
kp∑_°V$_p D]$πch rhi° hp[ L$fuA° [p° OZpMfp rh‹p_p°A° [°_u
"A°r`N∞pd' kp\° kfMpdZu L$fu R>°. kp∑_°V$ d|m [p° ErdÆL$pÏe_p° S> ‚L$pf R>°.
A°_y¨ `N°fy ¨ ip°^hp S>BA° [p° N∞uL$ A°r`N∞pddp¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°, `Z A°L$
kprl–eıhÍ` [fuL°$ A° BV$pgu_u _u`S> R>° A_° –ep¨ S> A° kprl–eıhÍ` [fuL°$
‚r[ÛW$p `pÁey¨ A°hp° khÆıhuL©$[ d[ R>°: A°_p D]$πch rhi° A°L$pr^L$ d[p° lp°hp_y¨
d_pe R>°. A°r`N∞pd Apd [p° [° kde_p `f¨`fp_p ‚hpldp¨ hl°[p° Ap`Zp
k¨ıL©$[ "dyL$[L$' S>°hp° L$pÏe ‚L$pf R>°. A°r`N∞pd V|¨$L$p ıhÍ`_u fQ_p R>°. [°_p
A¨[: ı[gdp¨ A°L$ S> rhQpf, hı[y L°$ ErdÆ_y¨ r_Í`Z \[y¨. buSy>¨ kpÁe [°dp¨ A¨[°
Aph[p rhQpf hmp¨L$_y R>°. A°\u S> [p° "dp°ÎV$_ S>°hp rhh°QL$ [p° A°r`N∞pd_°
"_p_y¨ kp∑_°V$ L$pÏe' L$l°hp `Z [•epf \e°gp.'3
Ap `f\u A°L$ A_ydp_
A°hy¨ L$fu iL$pe L°$ A°r`N∞pd_p¨ AdyL$ gnZp° kp°_°V°$ ^pfZ L$epØ li°, L$pfZ L°$
kp∑_°V$° bp¸ıhÍ` [p° `p°[p_y¨ AgN S> ^pfZ L$eyØ R>°. [°dp¨ `Z `°gp rkrkgudp¨
÷pn_u hpX$udp¨ L$pd L$f[p dS|>fp°_p gp°L$Nu[ [fa ]$p°fu ≈e R>°. [°Ap° `p°[p_p
ÓdrhcpS>_ dpV°$ A¨N[ ∆h__° kd|ldp¨ hpQp dm° [°hy¨ gp°L$Nu[ Np[p S>°_°
'Storneli' _pd\u –epf° Ap°mMphpe°g. Ap "ıV$p°_£gu' (Storneli) A°L$
‚pQu_ L$pÏe‚L$pf lp°hp\u [°dp¨ N°e[p_y¨ [“h `Z l[y¨. dpV°$ "kp∑_°V$' iÂ]$_°
Ap N°e[p_p k¨b¨^° kdS>hp° S>Ífu R>°.
g°qV$_dp¨ A°L$ iÂ]$ R>° : Sono, S>°_p° A\Æ "AhpS>' \pe R>°. BV$prge_
5
iÂ]$ Suono (AhpS>) `f\u AÎ`[phpQL$ Sonnetto (S>fpL$ AhpS>,
sı_¡^ AhpS>) iÂ]$ bfiep° R>° `R>u [°dp¨\u Sonnet iÂ]$ E[fu ApÏep° R>°
A°d L$lu iL$pe. kp∑_°V$ ‚\d hp¤ kp\° Nhp[u V|¨$L$u N°efQ_p l[u. S>°_u
kfMpdZu "fuı`°V$p°' kp\° L$fhpdp¨ Aphu R>°. A°fikpBL$gp°`uqX$epdp¨ `Z
'Sonnet : Fr. Italian Sonetto a little sound or song'4
A°hp° A\Æ Ap‡ep° R>° "kf Ap\ÆfL$hugf Ly$Q° kp∑_°V$ k¨N∞l_p D`p°]$πOp[dp¨
kp∑_°V$_p D]$πch rhi° gM[p¨ 'Sonare A°V$g° hp¤ hNpX$hy¨' A° iÂ]$
d|m Ap`u [° hp¤ kp\° Nhp[p¨ L$pÏe_° Sennetto L$l°hp[y A°hp° d[
‚]$riÆ[ L$e°pÆ R>°. A°fikpBL$gp°`uqX$ep rb∞V$pr_L$p (C.k. 1965 _u
Aph©r—) dp¨ d¬eeyN_p Apf¨cL$pmdp¨ hp¤ kp\° A\hp hp¤ rh_p
Nhp[p¨ V|$L$p L$pÏedp¨\u ANŒe ‚ep°Np°_° `qfZpd° kp∑_°V$_p° D]$πch
\ep_p° Mygpkp° L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°.'5
Apd L°$V$gp¨L$ kp∑_°V$ (Sonnet) _°
hp¤ kp\° Nhp[p¨ L$pÏe [fuL°$ `Z Ap°mMph° R>° A°V$g° L°$ [°_° AhpS> A_° N°e[p
kp\° kp¨L$mhpdp¨ ApÏey¨ R>°. Ap _p_°fp AhpS>_p° kb¨^ A°L$ Afie rhL$Î` [fa
`Z A¨Nyrgr_]£$i L$f° R>°. [° R>° : B¡g¢fiX$_p `∞p°e°fik ‚pfi[dp¨ cfhpX$p° O°V$p¨Ap°_°
Nm° O¨V$X$uAp° bp¨^[p. Ap O°V$p¨Ap°_° Nm° b¨Ope°gu O¨V$X$uAp° kd|ldp¨ d^yf ¬hr_
hlph[u, S>°_p° _p]$ TuZ°fp° lp°e [°_p `f\u "‰°fiQ cpjpdp¨ Sennette iÂ]$
fQpep°' A_° A°dp¨\u kp∑_°V$ iÂ]$ bfiep° li° A°hu dpfie[p Z R>°. Alv Ap`Z°
≈°ey¨ L°$ Sennet _° N°e[p [\p _p]$[“h kp\° _p[p° R>°. hmu Apf¨cdp¨ kp∑_°V$
N°efQ_p [fuL°$ Nhp[u l[u, `f¨[y `R>u_p kdedp¨ kp∑_°V$° k¨Nu[ kp\°_p° _p[p°
–e∆ ]$u^p° R>°. V|¨$L$dp¨ kp∑_°V$dp¨\u k¨Nu[[“h_u bp]$bpL$u \pe R>°. `f¨[y `°gp
_p]$[“h_° ≈mhu fMpey¨ R>°. [°_p ‚pkkp¶]$eÆdp¨ A° S> [p° A°_y¨ `p°[uLy¨$ NZu
iL$pe [°hy¨ OV$L$[“h R>°.
Apd D`f ≈°ep dyS>b A_°L$ d[-d[p¨[fp°dp¨ kf Ap\Æf qL$hgfL|$Q
A_° A°fikpBL$gp°r`qX$ep rb∞V$pr_L$p_p° d[ h^y ıhuL$peÆ gpN° R>°, S>°dp¨ kp∑_°V$_p°
rhL$pk V|¨$L$p N°eL$pÏedp¨\u S>Zphhpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°. Ap d[ [LÆ$k¨N[ `Z R>°.
Apd "kp∑_°V$' iÂ]$, [°_u D–`r—, [°_p° rhL$pk b^u S> bpb[p° rhi° A_°L$
6
d[p° Ası[–hdp¨ ApÏep R>°. A° ]$f°L$ d[_p AÊepk\u Ap`Z° A°hp [pfZ
D`f Aphu iL$uA° R>uA° L°$ kp∑_°V$_p° S>fid rkrkgu ‚]°$i_u ÷pn_u hpX$uAp°
lp°e L°$ ‚p°h°fik ‚p¨[ lp°e, `f¨[y Ap`Z° A¨N∞°∆dp¨\u A°_° r_qÚ[ ıhÍ`dp¨
‚r[qÛW$[ L$eyØ. [° ıhÍ` kp• ‚\d BV$pgudp¨ A_°L$ ‚e–ep° A_° ‚ep°Np° `R>u
rkŸ \ey¨ l[y¨ A° ı`ÛV$ R>°. Apd kp∑_°V$_y¨ ıhÍ` ]°$i-`f]°$idp¨ Ïep`L$ Z° ‚Qpf
`pÁey¨ R>° - ‚kpf `pÁey¨ R>°, frkL$S>_p°_p ˘]$epL$pidp¨ rhi°j ‚L$pri[ _n”_y¨
ı\p_ `pÁey¨ R>°.
kp∑_°V$ : rhL$pk A_° ıhÍ` :
L$p°B`Z kprl–eıhÍ`_p KX$pZ ky^u `l°p¨Qhp dpV°$ [°_p D]$πch rhi°
hp[ L$epÆ `R>u [°_p rhL$pk_° ≈°hp ≈°BA°. [°dS> L$p°B `Z kprl–eıhÍ` A°_p
‚pf¨cL$pm° `|ZÆ `qf`LhÍ`° ‚p‡[ \[y¨ lp°[y¨ _\u. `f¨[y kde_p ‚g¨b`V$dp¨
kS>ÆL$p° `p°[p_u ‚r[cp_p f¨Np° [°dp¨ `|f[p fl°[p lp°hp\u _|[_ fu[° k¨ıL$fZÍ`
`pd[y¨ lp°e R>°. –epfbp]$ S>° [° kprl–eıhÍ`_y¨ ı`ÛV$ A_° `qf`L$h ıhÍ`
ip°^L$_° dm° R>°.
kp∑_°V$_p rhL$pk_u sı\r[ A•r[lprkL$ ◊qÛV$A° rhQpfuA° [p° B.k. _u
[°fdu k]$udp¨ rkrkrge_ gp°ef rNepL$p°dp°-]$-g°rfiV$_p° (B.k. 1215 A\hp
B.k. 1233) _p lp\° kp∑_°V$_p ‚\d ‚ep°N \ep. """""The first sonnetswere written by Giacomo-da-lentino...... asicilianlawyer (A.D. 1230 or A.D. 1240) '
6
rNepL$pdp°A° kp∑_°V$_u Qp•]$
`¨qL$[_° AÛV$L$ A_° jÛV$L$ A°hp¨ b° cpNdp¨ rhcprS>[ L$fu abababab cde
cde S>°hu ‚pk ep°S>_p Ap`u. A°dZ° kpQp BV$prge_ kp∑_°V$_° OpV$ Ap`hp_p°
ei ‚p‡[ L$e°pÆ. A°d_p A_°L$ kdL$pgu_p° S>°hp L°$ r`fp°]°$g° hpB¡_° (Pierodelle
vigne), S>eL$p°`p° dp°ıV$pL$gu (Jacopo mostacli), dp°_p°ÎX$p°-]$-A°L$ey_p°
(Monoldo d' Aquino) hN°f° Ap `Ÿr[_u ‚pk ep°S>_p hpmp
kp∑_°V$ıhÍ`_° A_ykfu_° A°_° Ncf L$eyØ. Apd A_°L$ L$rhAp°A° fı`f Akfp°
Tugu_° L$f°gp ‚epkp° kp∑_°V$_p ıhÍ`_° OX$hpdp¨ L$pfZc|[ A_° klpec|[
7
bfiep R>°. Apd R>[p¨ kp∑_°V$_° A°_p ‚p‡[ ıhÍ`dp¨ ApL$pqf[ L°$ ◊Y$ L$f_pf [fuL°$
kpQu fu[ AS>dph° R>° s¡h[p°_u-]$-A°qfTπTp°. [° kp∑_°V$_u ‚pkep°S>_p `p°[p_u
fu[° Np°W$h° R>° - _° A° fu[° kp∑_°V$_° Ïehsı\[ ApL©$r[bŸ L$f° R>°. [°\u S> [p°
s¡h[p°_u_° kp∑_°V$_p° r`[p NZhpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°. [°Z° S>° `Ÿr[\u ‚pkep°S>_p
Adgdp¨ d|L$u [° Ap ‚dpZ° R>° : AÛV$L$dp¨ (Octave) abba abba, [p°
jÛV$L$ (sestet) dp¨ `Z ‚pkfQ_pdp¨ h•rh¬e A_° R|>V$_p° A°Z° ıhuL$pf L$e°pÆ
A_° A°_° _hp° OpV$ Ap‡ep°; S>° gNcN khÆıhuL©$[ bfiep°. Ap fu[° r¡h[p°_uA°
kp∑_°V$_° A¨[NÆ[ b_pÏey¨. kp\° kp\° [° AÛV$L$ A_° jÛV$L$ h√Q° ı`ÛV$ hmp¨L$
`Z b[ph° R>°. ‚pkep°S>_p_u Ap _hk¨ıL$fZ `Ÿr[ Ó©r[kp¶]$eÆ_° h^pf[u
lp°B b^p [°_° ıhuL$pf° R>°. kp∑_°V$_p Ap Ó©r[kp¶]$eÆ_p¨ d|mdp¨ X°$gp k|f_p [“h_p°
kb¨^ Alv klS> fu[° ]°$Mp ]°$ R>°. Apd s¡h[p°_uA° kp∑_°V$_p ıhÍ`_° A°L$ t`X$Í °
‚ı\pr`[ L$eyØ. B.k. _p [°fdp¨ k°L$pdp¨ BV$prge_ L$pÏekprl–edp¨ A°dZ° L$f°gp
_h‚ı\p_ A_° L$pÏeıhÍ`_u [°dZ° L$f°gu ip°^Mp°m_° L$pfZ° [°d_° ep°¡e fu[°
S> "L$pÏe kprl–e_p L$p°g¨bk' [fuL°$ Ap°mMhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.
kdep¨[f° kp∑_°V$_u rhL$pkL|$Q ApNm h^° R>°. s¡h[p°_u_p lp\° kp∑_°V$_y¨
`qfdpS>Æ_ \ep `R>u kp∑_°V$_y¨ OX$[f A_° DR>°f BV$pgu_p dlpL$rh ]$pfi[° (B.k.
1265, B.k. 1321) [\p ‰psfikkL$p° `°V≤$pLÆ$_p lp\° \pe R>°. ]$pfi[°A° N¤-
`¤ rdrÓ[ "rh[p_yAp°hp' L$pÏedp¨ kp∑_°V$≈r[_u fQ_pAp° Ap`u R>°. `f¨[y
kp∑_°V$_° rhi°j ı\p_ [p° `°V≤$pLÆ$ (B.k. 1304, B.k. 1374) Ap`° R>°, S>°dZ°
s¡h[p°_u_p b¨^dp¨ AÛV$L$ |f[p° ıhuL$pf L$fu jÛV$L$dp¨ b° fu[° ‚pk ep°S>_p Ap`u
R>° : ccd ccd [\p cde cde. hmu Ap `Ÿr[_° ]$Y$ph[p `°V≤$pLÆ$ 317 S>°V$gu
kp∑_°V$fQ_pAp° Ap`° R>°. ]$pfi[° A_° `°V≤$pLÆ$ Dce_p kp∑_°V$_p¨ d|mdp¨ ‚ur[_y¨
k¨h°]$_ l[y ¨. Alv bfi_°A° `p°[p_p r‚e `p” [fa_u [uh∞ gpNZu_°
kp∑_°V$ıhÍ`dp¨ hpQp Ap`u R>°. ]$pfi[°A° `p°[p_u ‚°eku buA°V≤$uk_° D]°$πiu_°
gM°gp¨ kp∑_°V$ ‹pfp `p°[p_p° ‚°d ÏeL$[ L$e°pÆ R>°. [p° `°V≤$pL£$ [°d_u gp°fp _pd_u
‚°eku [fa_p ‚Zecph_° kp∑_°V$dp¨ iÂ]$ı\ L$e°pÆ R>°. gp°fp A° A°rh¡_p°_
_pd_p N©lı\_u `–_u l[u. [°_° B.k. 1327 dp¨ `°V≤$pLÆ$ d˛ep°, bfi_° h√Q°
8
gpNZu S>fidu A_° ˘]$e_p° _p[p° b¨^pep°. `°V≤$pLÆ$\u AgN flu_°e gp°fp [°_p
˘]$edp¨ l¨d°ip ı\`pe°gu flu. A_° `°V≤$pL£$ AgN flu_° `Z 21 hjÆ ky^u k[[
Qp¸p L$fu. Ap fu[° °V≤$pL£$ gp°fp_° p°[p_u kp∑_°V$fQ_pAp°dp¨ ArhıdfZue L$fu.
_pfu ‚–e°_u Dd]$p ‚ur[_° L°$fi÷dp¨ fpMu_° °V≤$pL£$ fQ°gp kp∑_°V$_p b° k¨Qep° ‚p‡[
\pe R>°. ‚ur[_y¨ r_rbX$ k¨h°]$_ A°_p kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ ‚\dhpf D—d fu[° AprhÛL$pf
`pÁey¨ R>°. Apd kp∑_°V$_u A°L$ `Ÿr[ `f `°V≤$pLÆ$ `p°[p_u dlp°f gNph° R>° A_° A°
fu[° kp∑_°V$_p Ap ‚L$pf_p rhcpS>_b¨O_° "`°V≤$pLÆ$ipB' _pd dm° R>°.
`°V≤$pLÆ$ R>u_p kdeNpmpdp¨ gNcN b° k•L$p ky^u kp∑_°V$ıhÍ`_° rhi°j
Ap°` Ap`° [°hp° kS>ÆL$ ‚p‡[ \ep° _\u. R>°L$ B.k. _u kp°mdu-k—fdu k]$udp¨
[pkp° (B.k. 1544, B.k. 1595) [\p [°_p kdL$pgu_p° S>°hp L°$ dpBL$g
A°fiS>°gp°, `uA°fiV≤$p° b°Ábp°, L°$rıV$s¡gAp°_ L$rhAp° kp∑_°V$_° QpgL$bm `|fy¨ `pX°$
R>°. [°Ap° rhjeN[ r_Í`Zdp¨ ‚ur[k¨h°]$_ kp\° ^dÆ, fpS>L$pfZ, _ur[ S>°hp
rhjep°_° L$pÏerhje b_ph[p kp∑_°V$_p r_Í`Zdp¨ h•rh¬e Aph° R>°. afu\u kp∑_°V$
Ap]$f`p” b_° R>°. A°rfiV$_p°-]$-V°$Á`p°A° [°_u L©$r[ "kydp' (Summa) dp¨
‚\dhpf kp∑_°V$_u k•Ÿp¨r[L$ QQpÆ L$fu fu[ Ap`u l[u. BV$prge_ kp∑_°V$kS>ÆL$p°
Ap`œ¨ h^pf° ›ep_ A°_u ‚pkfQ_p_p h•rh¬e_° L$pfZ° M¢Q° R>°. L$pfZ L°$ ‚pk_u
bpb[dp¨ BV$prge_ cpjp Ar[ kd©Ÿ R>°.
A° R>u_p kdedp¨ kp∑_°V$ A_°L$ ]°$ip°dp¨ fQphp gp¡ey. B.k. _u ¨]$fdu-
kp°mdu k]$u ]$fÁep_ [° Ad°qfL$p, ‰pfik, ı`°_, `p°VyÆ$Ng, _°^fg°fiX$, `p°g°fiX$,
H¡g°fiX$ A_° `R>u S>dÆ_u A_° friep S>°hp ]°$ip°dp¨ `Z ‚h°i° R>°. Ad°qfL$pdp¨
X°$huk_ qaL$ A_° X°$huX$ dp°VÆ$_ S>°hp L$rh\u [° Ap°mMpe R>°. ı`°_dp¨ dpLÆ$huk
(B.k. 1398, B.k. 1458) ‹pfp [°_u Ap°mMpZ L$fphpe R>°. `p°VyÆ$Ngdp¨
kp∑_°V$_° S>ep°S>Æ d°fifuL$, bp°ıL$_ (B.k. 1490, B.k. 1552) NpriÆgpk-]$-
gh°Np [\p Afie _pV$eL$pfp° gB ApÏep. A°fi\°fp°]$ L$h°fiV$g (Antherode
Quented : A.D. 1842 - A.D. 1891) L$g°dp d°fp°V$, k°fiV$ N°gpBk
S>°hp L$rhAp° ‹pfp ‰pfikdp¨ kp∑_°V$ ‚ı\pr`[ \pe R>°. b°g° ‹pfp `l°gu BV$prge_
_lv [°hu Ó°Zu_u 'lolive' kp∑_°V$dpmp dm° R>°. fp°_kXÆ$, qag`°X°$k`p°V£$k S>°hp
9
L$rhAp°_p¨ kp∑_°V$p° Of Ap¨NZ° [°dS> H¡g°fiX$dp¨ cphL$p°_° OZp¨ r‚e bfiep¨ R>°.
kp∑_°V$_p R>¨]$_p dp`dp¨ dpgb£ (Madherbe) (B.k. 1555 - B.k. 1628)
‹pfp a°fapf L$fpe R>°. [° `¨qL$[_u g¨bpB R> `]$ ky^u ep°S>° R>°. S>°_u ‚pk `Ÿr[
abba abba ccd cd S>°hu R>°. B.k. _u AY$pfdu k]$udp¨ \p°X$p kde_u
`uR>°lW$ `R>u NpDV$f bp°]π$gf, l°f°qX$ep, f°Ábp° S>°hp L$rhAp°_u L$gdp° ‹pfp
kp∑_°V$_u iL$e[pAp°_° ‚ep°S>hp_u L$p°rii \pe R>° _° kp∑_°V$ L¨$BL$ KQpB ‚p‡[
L$f° R>°. Ap ıhÍ` S>dÆ_udp¨ \p°Xy¨$ dp°Xy¨$ ‚h°i° R>° A_° –ep¨ gNcN B.k. 1584 -
B.k. 1653 dp¨ kp∑_°V$_p° `qfQe L$fph° R>° Óu ∆. Apf. h°L$lfgu_, S>ep¨ ky^u
kS>Æ_p–dL$ rkqŸ_° gpN° hmN° R>° –ep¨ ky^u [°_° ‚Qrg[ b_ph_pf A°fiX$fAk
N∞uaAk (B.k. 1616 - B.k. 1664) l[p. h√Q°_p Npmpdp¨ [°_p° ‚hpl
L¨$BL$ Q¨÷_u L$mp dpaL$ Qpg° R>°. afu\u bTÆf ‹pfp ‚Qrg[ L$pÏeıhÍ` kp∑_°V$
b_° R>°. –epfbp]$ ıL°$Ng, V$uBL$ A_° Afie kp¶]$eÆfpNu L$rhAp° ‹pfp kp∑_°V$_p°
DOpX$ \pe R>°. Ap°NÛV$ N∞pa hp°_‡g°V$_ (B.k. 1796 - B.k. 1835) _p
"kp∑_°V$ Ak h°_°X$vN' AhpÆQu_ kdedp¨ kpfp kp∑_°V$ [fuL°$ øepr[ `pd° R>°.
`f¨[y fpB_f dpqfep - qfÎL°$_p "kp∑_°V$ πk V|$ Ap°a£ek' (Sonette an
orpheus) B.k. 1923 dp¨ S>dÆ_udp¨ [°_y¨ kp•\u _°p¨^_ue ‚]$p_ L$f° R>°.
"kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ N∞uL$ yfpL$\pL$Î`__p kdyrQ[ rhr_ep°N ‹pfp k_p[_
‚ur[_p k¨h°]$__u E¬hpÆfp°lu ı\p`_p L$fu Ap`u R>°. qfÎL°$_p lp\°
kp∑_°V$_p° S>dÆ_ cpjpdp¨ ≈Z° _hph[pf \pe R>°.'7
Apd ud° ud° kdN∞
eyfp°`dp¨ gp°L$r‚e L$pÏe‚L$pf [fuL°$ kp∑_°V$ ‚kfu ≈e R>°.
A¨N∞°∆ L$pÏe kprl–edp¨ kp∑_°V$_p° rhL$pk :
kp∑_°V$ Afie cpf[ue cpjpAp°dp¨ cg° hl°gy¨ L°$ dp°Xy¨$ ApÏey¨ lp°e `f¨[y
NyS>fp[u kprl–edp¨ [p° [° A¨N∞°∆ L$pÏekprl–e_p k¨`LÆ$ L°$ A›ee_ ‹pfp S>
ApÏey¨ R>°. Ap\u Ap`Z_° A¨N∞°∆ L$rh[pdp¨ kp∑_°V$_p ıhÍ`_p° L°$hu fu[° ‚pf¨c
\ep° li°, –ep¨ A°_u Nr[rhr^ L°$hu li°; A°_u Í`fQ_pdp¨, ‚pkep°S>_pdp¨ L°$hp
`qfh[Æ_p° ApÏep¨ li°, A°d_p rhL$pk_p L°$hp hmp¨L$p° L°$ [bL$L$pAp° li° hN°f°
rhi° ≈Zhp_u rS>opkp \pe A° klS> R>°. Ap bpb[_u kqhN[ [`pk L$fuA°.
10
A¨N∞°∆ kprl–edp¨ kp∑_°V$ L¨$BL$ dp°X°$\u ‚h°Ìey¨ A_° [° L°$V$gp¨L$ ‚ep°Np° -
‚epkp°dp¨\u `kpf \B_° A¨[° sı\f \ey¨. A¨N∞°∆ L$rh[p kprl–e_p Ap¤ˆÛV$p
NZp[p Qp°kf° (B.k. 1340 - B.k. 1400) `p°[p_p eyN_y¨ D`gÂ^ lp°e
A°hy¨ kdN∞ kprl–e hp¨√ey¨ l[y¨. A°dZ° ‰pfik [°dS> BV$pgu_p¨ ‚hpkp° `Z M°X$ep
l[p. Apd R>[p¨ L¨$BL$ ANÁe L$pfZkf kp∑_°VıhÍ` rhi°_u A°d_u ≈ZL$pfu
Aop[ fl°hp `pdu R>°. L$]$pQ A° L$pÏeıhÍ`_u ≈ZL$pfu A°d_u ≈Z blpf
flu lp°e A°hy¨e b_°. A\hp A° kprl–e ıhÍ`\u A° ≈Z[p lp°hp R>[p¨e [°Ap°
[°_p\u rhdyM f¸p lp°e. Qp°kfdp¨ Ap L$pÏe‚L$pf_y¨ M°X$pZ L$fhp_u ”°hX$ _lp°[u
A°d _lv, `f¨[y [°_p `f [°dZ° lp\ AS>dpÏep° _\u. "`p°[p_p b©l]$π L$pÏe
"V≤$p°Bgk A°fiX$ qæ$rkX$u' dp¨ V≤$p°Bgk_° dyM° Nhp[p A°L$ Nu[dp¨ A°Z°
`°V≤$pLÆ$_p kp∑_°V$dp¨\u \p°X$u `¨qL$[Ap° d|L$u R>°, A°hy¨ ≈°_ a}gf _°p¨^° R>°.
A° rkhpe A°Z° bu≈° L$p°B ‚ep°N L$e°pÆ _\u.'8
A¨N∞°∆ kprl–edp¨ kp∑_°V$_y Ah[fZ S>° b° L$rhAp° ‹pfp \pe R>° [° \p°dk
hpeV$ (B.k. 1503 - B.k. 1542) A_° AgÆ Ap°a kf° (B.k. 1517 -
B.k. 1547) R>°. "Ap b¨_° L$rhAp° \p°X$p° kde BV$pgudp¨ flu Aph°gp¨
lp°B `°V≤$pLÆ$_u fQ_pAp°_° Ap^pf° kp∑_°V$ gM[p \ep.'9
`f¨[y `°V≤$pLÆ$_p
fQ_p[¨”_° [°Ap° A°d_u fQ_pAp°dp¨ k¨`|ZÆ `Z° A_ykf[p _\u. hpeV$_p
kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ BV$prge_ `Ÿr[_y¨ ApW$ `¨qL$[_y¨ AÛV$L$ lp°e R>°. `f¨[y `R>u\u Aph[p
jÛV$L$_u R> ¨qL$[dp¨\u Qpf ¨qL$[_y A°L$ Q[yÛL$ A_° A¨r[d b° ¨qL$[Ap°_y ey¡dL$
A_° A°hp b° cpN `X°$ R>°. Ap Q[yÛL$ A_° ey¡dL$_u ‚pkfQ_p cddc ee - A°
‚dpZ° `X°$ R>°. Ap`Z° ≈ZuA° R>uA° L°$ `°V≤$pL£$ [p° jÛV$L$_u `¨qL$[Ap°_¨y rhcpS>_
q”`¨qL$[_p b° M¨X$_u (ccd ccd A\hp cde cde) dp¨ fQ_p L$f° R>°. Apd
jÛV$L$_u bpb[dp¨ [° `°V≤$pLÆ$_ fQ_p\u AgN `X°$ R>°. hpeV$_p kp∑_°V$_u
k¨fQ_p_p° Ap dyS>b _L$ip° ]$p°fu iL$pe.
11
"hpeV$_p kp∑_°V$_u k¨fQ_p'
a
‚\d b BV$prge_ `¬^r[_u
Q[yÛL$ b AÛV$L$ ‚pk ep°S>_p
a
a
q‹[ue b
Q[yÛL$ b
a
c
[©[ue d
Q[yÛL$ d
c jÛV$L$ q”‚pk ep°S>_p
A¨r[d e
ey¡dL$ e
Mpk [p° Alv `°V≤$pLÆ$_ fur[_y¨ S> A_ykfZ R>°. jÛV$πL$dp¨ ‚pkep°S>_p
cddcee ‚dpZ° ep°S>° R>° Alv jÛV$L$dp¨ cddcee S>°hp bp¸ qfh[Æ_ rkhpe
cph`gV$p_y¨ _phufie _\u. ]°$Mu[u fu[° S> jÛV$πL$dp¨ `|ZÆ ey¡dL$ AgN `X$[y¨
_\u, Ap\u `°V≤$pLÆ$ipB kp∑_°V$ıhÍ`dp¨ rhi°j L$iy¨ S> _\u \ey¨. `f¨[y A°V$gy¨ S>Íf
L$lu iL$pe L°$ [°Z° crhÛedp¨ jÛV$πL$_u A¨r[d b° ¨qL$[Ap°_° ey¡dL$ Í ° rhcprS>[
L$fhp_u q]$ip [p° S>Íf Qv^u R>°.
°V≤$pLÆ$ A_° hpeV$ L$f[p¨ AgÆ Ap°a kf° p°[p_p kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ fd|m\u a°fapf
L$f° R>° A_° hpeV°$ Qv^°gu q]$ipdp¨ ApNm h^° R>°. Alv [°_u rhcpS>_ep°S>_p
dp” AÛV$πL$ L°$ dp” jÛV$πL$ `|f[u _lv, `f¨[y bfi_°dp¨ rhcpS>_ L$fu _hy¨ S> riÎ`
b_ph° R>°. [°\u kp∑_°V$riÎ` h^y M¨X$ep°S>_pdp¨ rhcprS>[ \pe R>°. [°dp¨ ‚\d
12
Q[yÛL$ q‹[ue Q[yÛL$ A_° jÛV$πL$_° Q[yÛL$ A_° ey¡dL$ S>°hp b° M¨X$dp¨ rhcprS>[
L$f[p¨ S>° `Ÿr[ b_° R>° [° Ap ‚dpZ° R>°. 4 + 4 + 4 + 2 kp∑_°V$_p ”Z Q[yÛV$L$
A_° A°L$ ey¡dL$dp¨ ‚pkep°S>_p_p° rhL$Î` `Z d|L°$ R>°. AgÆ Ap°a kf°_p kp∑_°V$_p°
_L$ip° _uQ° dyS>b ]$p°fu iL$pe :
a
b
a
b
c
d AgÆ Ap°a kf°_p
c
d kp∑_°V$_u ‚pk ep°S>_p
e
f
e
f
g
g
D`f_p _L$ipdp¨ brlNÆ[ rhL$Î`_u kp\p°kp\ `∞pkep°S>_pdp¨ `Z
rhriÛV$[p ≈°hp dm° R>°. Ap ‚pkep°S>_pdp¨ [°Z° kfm[p `Z h^pfu Ap`u
A_° L$]$pQ Ap\u S> A¨N∞°∆ cpjp_° Ap L$g°hf dpaL$ _uhX$ey¨. Ap ‚pkep°S>_pdp¨
[°Z° cph`gV$p A_° `¨qL$[ rhcpS>__u dp°L$mpi dpV°$ dpNÆ MyÎgp° L$fu Ap‡ep°
R>°. [°\u S> AgÆ Ap°a kf°_p A_yNpdu rhøep[ _pV$πeL$pf A_° dlp_ L$rh A°hp
i°L$πqı`ef Ap `Ÿr[_° A`_ph° R>° A_° ApNm S>[p¨ Ap `Ÿr[ i°L$πsı`ef
‹pfp `|ZÆ L$np ‚p‡[ L$f° R>°. Ap `Ÿr[_° ◊Y$ph[p¨ i°L$πsı`ef° rh`yg k¨øepdp¨
13
(159) kp∑_°V$p° gøep¨ R>°. –epf`R>u Ap ‚L$pf_p kp∑_°V$p°_° i°L$πsı`ef_u dlp°f
gpNu S>[p¨ [° i°L$πsı`qfe_ kp∑_°V$ [fuL°$ Ap°mMphp gp¡ep¨.
d•”u A_° ‚°d_p k¨h°]$__y¨ r_Í`Z i°L$πsı`ef_p¨ kp∑_°V$dp¨ D—d fu[°
L$gp–dL$ ArcÏeqL$[ `pÁey¨ R>°. L$rhA° L$Î`°gp¨ `p”p°_° A_ygnu_° gMpe°gp¨
kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ cph Apg°M_dp¨ h•rh¬e ≈°hp dm° R>°. ≈Z° L$pÏeprcÏeqL$[ `|ZÆ
fu[° Mugu lp°e A°d S>Zpe R>°. Ap kde A°hp° l[p° L°$ L$rhAp° dpV°$ kp∑_°V$ gMhp¨
[° A°L$ a°i_ l[u. fpS>]$fbpfdp¨ ‚h°i d°mhhp° lp°e [p° [° kp∑_°V$ fQ_p ‹pfp S>
d°mhu iL$pe L°$ `R>u r‚e[dp_y¨ d_ bl°gphhp L°$ [°_° Myi L$fhp "‚Ze
‚p]y$cpÆh_u |hÆif[' Í`° L$rhAp° kp∑_°V$ fQ[p. [°dp¨e ‚ur[k¨h°]$_ [p° L$rh[pdp¨
A°V$gu [uh∞[pA° Apg°Mp[y¨ \ey¨ L°$ L$rh A°L$ kp∑_°V$_p A_yk¨^p_dp¨ bu∆ L©$r[Ap°
fQu kp∑_°V$dpmp fQ[p \ep. kuX$_u_u "A°ıV≤$p°a°g A_° ıV°$gp' (Astrophel
and stella, A.D. 1580) Ap `f¨`fpdp¨ X°$r_eg_u "X°$guep' (Delia),
X≤$peV$__u "A°X$uAp' (Idea) hN°f° Ap kdeNpmpdp¨ kp∑_°V$ L$pÏe-L$rh_u-
gp°L$r‚e[p - ‚r[ÛW$p_p Ap¨L$ Ap D`f\u ≈°hp dm° R>°. `f¨[y Aphp kp∑_°V$p°dp¨
L$pÏe“h _rlh[π ≈°hp dm[y¨. [°_u fQ_p i°L$πsı`qfe_ kp∑_°V$dp¨ S> \[u.
i°L$πsı`efipB 4+4+4+2 dp¨ cphr_Í`Z æ$di: Nr[ L$f[y¨ L$f[y¨ L$p°BL$
AZ^pepÆ ı\m° gV$p° gB A¨r[d ey¡dL$dp¨ Qp°V$ kp\° rhfd° R>°. [°_u ‚pkep°S>_p
Ap ‚dpZ° R>° : abab cdcd efef gg. hmu Alv rhQpf_° h√Q° `¨qL$[dp¨ _
AV$L$ph[p `¨qL$[_p A¨[° [° rhfd° R>°, [°\u `¨qL$[fQ_p kfm `Z b_u R>° A_°
[°\u S> L$]$pQ L$rhAp°_° Ap `Ÿr[ h^pf° A_yL|$m Aphu gpN° R>°.
i°L$πsı`ef\u dp°V$p L$rh A°X$dfiX$k`°fikf (B.k. 1552 - B.k.
1599) _p _pd kp\° ‚pk kp¨L$m (Linked rhyme) _p a°fapfhpmu fur[_°
"ı °fikfipB kp∑_°V$' _y _pd d˛ey. A°Z° A`_ph°gu ‚pkep°S>_p abab bcbc
cdcd ee Ap ‚L$pf_u R>°. `f¨[y ı`°fikf_p kdL$pgu_p°_° [\p A_yNpduAp°_°
Ap ‚pk ep°S>_p dpaL$ _ Aphu lp°hp\u [° ApNm rhL$ku iL$u _lv. [° ı`°fikf
`|f[u S> depÆq]$[ b_u NB. ı`°fikf D`fp¨[ qagu` rkX$_u (B.k. 1554 -
B.k. 1586) `Z `p°[p_u ‚r[cp TmL$phhp_p° ‚e–_ L$f° R>°. [°dZ° AÛV$L$
14
A_° jÛV$L$dp¨ A_yæ$d° `°V≤$pLÆ$ A_° A¨N∞°∆ kp∑_°V$_y¨ rdÓZ L$eyØ R>° S>°_° Ap ‚dpZ°
]$ipÆhu iL$pe. abba abba cdcd ee L¨$BL$ Ap ‚L$pf_u [°d_u
‚pkep°S>_p\u D`fR>Îgy qfh[Æ_ ≈°hp dm° R>°. f¨[y cphr_Í`Z_u bpb[dp¨
[°Ap° i°L$ πsı`ef_u `Ÿr[_° S> A_ykf[p S>Zpe R> °. "ı`°fikf A_°
A°rgTpb°\_p eyNdp¨ a°i_ r_rd—° gM[p kp∑_°V$dp¨ dpBL$g
X≤$peV$__u L$ur[Æ _°p¨ _ue R>°. [° R>u prdÆL$cphhpmp kp∑_°V$dp¨ KQu
cph_u d©]y$[p_° b]$g° [°_u brgÛW$ ArcÏeqL$[_° L$pfZ° _°p¨^`p”
NZpep¨ R>°. [°Z° i°L$πsı`efipB ıhÍ`_° A`_pÏey¨ R>°. R>[p¨ `¨qL$[_°
A¨[° rhfpd g°[p¨ [°Z° b° ”Z ¨qL$[Ap° ky u cph_° g¨bphhp_y ıhp[¨‘e
gu^y¨ R>°. L°$V$guL$hpf [p° Q[yÛL$_p A¨[° `Z [° rhfd[p° _\u. R>°Îgy¨
ey¡dL$ `Z ıh[¨” _ fpM[p¨ ”u≈ Q[yÛL$_u Qp°\u `¨qL$[A° rhfdhp_°
b]$g° [° `¨qL$[_° R>°Îgp ey¡dL$ kp\° [° kp¨L$mu g° R>°. Apd Ap°V$_u
`qfsı\r[dp¨ `Z I¡g°fiX$dp¨ kp∑_°V$_p° rhL$pk ApR>p° ApR>p° `Z \[p°
fl° R>°.'10
"‚u[u_y¨ k¨h°]$_ A¨N∞°∆ kp∑_°V$fQ_pAp°dp¨ A°L$ hmNZ "‚u[u_y¨ k¨h°]$_ A¨N∞°∆ kp∑_°V$fQ_pAp°dp¨ A°L$ hmNZ "‚u[u_y¨ k¨h°]$_ A¨N∞°∆ kp∑_°V$fQ_pAp°dp¨ A°L$ hmNZ "‚u[u_y¨ k¨h°]$_ A¨N∞°∆ kp∑_°V$fQ_pAp°dp¨ A°L$ hmNZ "‚u[u_y¨ k¨h°]$_ A¨N∞°∆ kp∑_°V$fQ_pAp°dp¨ A°L$ hmNZ (obsession)
b_u Ney¨ l[y¨. g°fiX$p°f bfpbf _°p¨^° R>° L°$ rdÎV$_° b_u Ney¨ l[y¨. g°fiX$p°f bfpbf _°p¨^° R>° L°$ rdÎV$_° b_u Ney¨ l[y¨. g°fiX$p°f bfpbf _°p¨^° R>° L°$ rdÎV$_° b_u Ney¨ l[y¨. g°fiX$p°f bfpbf _°p¨^° R>° L°$ rdÎV$_° b_u Ney¨ l[y¨. g°fiX$p°f bfpbf _°p¨^° R>° L°$ rdÎV$_° (A.D. 1608 - 74) A¨N∞°∆A¨N∞°∆A¨N∞°∆A¨N∞°∆A¨N∞°∆
kp∑_°V$_° ‚Zek¨h°]$__p Ar[f°L$dp¨\u dyL$[ L$eyØ.'kp∑_°V$_° ‚Zek¨h°]$__p Ar[f°L$dp¨\u dyL$[ L$eyØ.'kp∑_°V$_° ‚Zek¨h°]$__p Ar[f°L$dp¨\u dyL$[ L$eyØ.'kp∑_°V$_° ‚Zek¨h°]$__p Ar[f°L$dp¨\u dyL$[ L$eyØ.'kp∑_°V$_° ‚Zek¨h°]$__p Ar[f°L$dp¨\u dyL$[ L$eyØ.'11
Ap D`fp¨[ rdÎV$_
kp∑_°V$dp¨ bp¸`qfh[Æ_ gph[p ANpD_u `Ÿr[\u AgN Apep°S>_ L$f° R>°.
`°V≤$pLÆ$_ A_° i°L$πsı`efipB `Ÿr[Ap°_u `¨qL$[M¨X$ k¨øep_° [p°X$u_° Qp•]°$e
`¨qL$[Ap°_° km¨N fu[° gMhp_u `Ÿr[ A`_phu. Ap `Ÿr[ A° kp∑_°V$_p
Br[lpkdp¨ A°L$ _°p¨^`p” `qfh[Æ_ R>°. A°L$ `¨qL$[dp¨ cph A^yfp° f¸p° lp°e [p°
[° bu∆ `¨qL$[dp¨ rhı[f° –ep¨ ky^udp¨ rhı[pfhp_u A°Z° R|>V$ gu^u. A° `l°gp
Ar_erd[ ‚L$pf_u kp∑_°V$ k¨L$g_p l[u, [° rdÎV$_° D`kphu_° kp∑_°V$_°
rhı[fhp_u rhipm c|rdL$p `|fu `pX$u. ‚pkep°S>_pdp¨ `Z [°Z° _°p¨^ `p”
a°fapfp° L$epÆ R>°. Apd R>[p¨ A° `∞pkfQ_p_p b¨^_dp¨ S>L$X$pB _\u f¸p [°d
L$l°hy¨ A_yrQ[ _\u. rdÎV$__p Aphp `qfh[Æ__° gu^° S>° ‚pk ep°S>_p_u
≈mhZu Ar_hpeÆ `Z° ≈°hp dm[u l[u [°_u S>¡epA° [° ep°S>_p_° [p°X$u_°
15
kp∑_°V$ fQ_pAp° \hp gpNu. Ap ‚L$pf_p `qfh[Æ_p°_° L$pfZ° [°Z° kp∑_°V$_°
k¨h°]$_iug b¨ _dp¨\u dyqL$[ A`phu A_° [°_° A°L$ Ïep`L$ rhjen°” [fa ]$p°eyØ.
d|m dpmMpdp¨ af°apf L$fhp S>[p¨ r_edp°_u dyqL$[_p° Ap_¨]$ Qp°L$L$k dm° R>°.
`f¨[y L$epf°L$ L$pÏekp¶]$eÆ Am`pB S>[y¨ ]°$Mpe R>°. A°hu S> fu[° rdÎV$_° kp∑_°V$_p
ÍY$ dpmMpdp¨ S>° `qfh[Æ_p° L$epÆ [°_p\u kp∑_°V$ dyL$[ [p° bfiey¨ S>, `f¨[y kp\°
kp\° kp∑_°V$_p Óyr[kp¶]$eÆ_p° drldp Ap°R>p° \ep° [° `Z _ c|ghy¨ ≈°BA°. Apd
R>[p¨ kp∑_°V$_p fQ_prh^p__u bpb[dp¨ rhjep° `f–h° rdÎV$_\u h•rh›e Aph°
R>°. "ANpD_p kp∑_°V$dp¨ ‚ep°≈[u ‚°d, rhep°N hN°f°_u hp[p°_° Np•Z ı\p_°"ANpD_p kp∑_°V$dp¨ ‚ep°≈[u ‚°d, rhep°N hN°f°_u hp[p°_° Np•Z ı\p_°"ANpD_p kp∑_°V$dp¨ ‚ep°≈[u ‚°d, rhep°N hN°f°_u hp[p°_° Np•Z ı\p_°"ANpD_p kp∑_°V$dp¨ ‚ep°≈[u ‚°d, rhep°N hN°f°_u hp[p°_° Np•Z ı\p_°"ANpD_p kp∑_°V$dp¨ ‚ep°≈[u ‚°d, rhep°N hN°f°_u hp[p°_° Np•Z ı\p_°
fpMu, dp_h∆h__° ı`iÆ[u k_p[_ bpb[p°_° Aphfu, _hy¨ ‚ı\p_ L$eyØ'fpMu, dp_h∆h__° ı`iÆ[u k_p[_ bpb[p°_° Aphfu, _hy¨ ‚ı\p_ L$eyØ'fpMu, dp_h∆h__° ı`iÆ[u k_p[_ bpb[p°_° Aphfu, _hy¨ ‚ı\p_ L$eyØ'fpMu, dp_h∆h__° ı`iÆ[u k_p[_ bpb[p°_° Aphfu, _hy¨ ‚ı\p_ L$eyØ'fpMu, dp_h∆h__° ı`iÆ[u k_p[_ bpb[p°_° Aphfu, _hy¨ ‚ı\p_ L$eyØ'12
d©[ `–_u_p ıh‡__p A°L$ dp” kp∑_°V$ rkhpe [°_p kS>Æ_dp¨ ‚°drhjeL$ kp∑_°V$
_\u. [°Z° fpÛV≤$cL$[p°_u ‚isı[, d•”u A_° [°_y¨ Np•fh S>°hp rhje_p¨ kp∑_°V$
gøep¨ R>°. kp∑_°V$_u A–epfky^u mp[u riı[dp¨ rdÎV$_ ‹pfp ıh[¨”[p ‚h°i[p
Ap ıh[¨” ‚L$pf_p kp∑_°V$ kp\° rdÎV$__y¨ _pd l¨d°i dpV°$ k¨L$mpe°gy¨ f¸y¨ R>°.
A°L$]¨$f° A°L$ k]$u\u c|gpe°gp kp∑_°V$_° `y_: blpf gph_pfp L$rhAp°dp¨
N∞°. V$u. : hp°fV$_, æ$pD`f, \p°dk fk°g, L$p°gqfS>, A°X$hXÆ$T, lpBdf, l°ıV$f
A_° bpDgf_p¨ ‚i¨k_ue kS>Æ_p° ≈°B iL$pe R>°. Ap L$rhAp°A° ‚pk rh_p kp∑_°V$
gMhp_p ‚ep°Np° `Z L$epØ R>°. L$p°gqfS>° kp∑_°V$Ny√R> gøep¨ R>°. B.k. _u
Ap°NZukdu k]$udp¨ kp¶]$eÆ]$iw L$rh hXÆ$πTh\Æ_p° apmp° `Z _°p¨^_ue f¸p° R>°.
[°_p dp[bf kS>Æ_h•`yÎe\u (500 kp∑_°V$p°) [° kp∑_°V$_° afu ‚Qrg[ L$f° R>°.
hXÆ$πTh\£ "kp∑_°V$_u ApL©$r[dp¨ kO_[p, kyqÔgÛV$[p A_° kdN∞[p kp∑_°V$_u ApL©$r[dp¨ kO_[p, kyqÔgÛV$[p A_° kdN∞[p kp∑_°V$_u ApL©$r[dp¨ kO_[p, kyqÔgÛV$[p A_° kdN∞[p kp∑_°V$_u ApL©$r[dp¨ kO_[p, kyqÔgÛV$[p A_° kdN∞[p kp∑_°V$_u ApL©$r[dp¨ kO_[p, kyqÔgÛV$[p A_° kdN∞[p (Unity)_p° ApN∞l DrQ[ fu[° fpøep° R>°. A°_p¨ kp∑_°V$p° blz^p k¨O°X$p D[pf R>°.'_p° ApN∞l DrQ[ fu[° fpøep° R>°. A°_p¨ kp∑_°V$p° blz^p k¨O°X$p D[pf R>°.'_p° ApN∞l DrQ[ fu[° fpøep° R>°. A°_p¨ kp∑_°V$p° blz^p k¨O°X$p D[pf R>°.'_p° ApN∞l DrQ[ fu[° fpøep° R>°. A°_p¨ kp∑_°V$p° blz^p k¨O°X$p D[pf R>°.'_p° ApN∞l DrQ[ fu[° fpøep° R>°. A°_p¨ kp∑_°V$p° blz^p k¨O°X$p D[pf R>°.'
13
rdÎV$_ipB ‚pkfQ_p_u ıh[¨”[p_° hX$πTÆh\Æ ıhuL$pf° R>°. [°Z° abba acca
S>°hu AÛV$L$ `∞pk `Ÿr[ ep°S>° R>°. [° kp\° kp\° 9du `¨qL$[dp¨ cph`qfh[Æ_ gph°
R>° S>Íf. [°d_p rhi° A°hy¨ L$l°hpey¨ R>° L°$ hX$πTÆh\Æ klS> fu[° kp∑_°V$ gMu iL$[p°.
Ap A\Ædp¨ A_°L$ L$rhAp°_° _Qph_pf kp∑_°V$ ≈Z° hX$πTÆh\Æ_p lp\dp¨ _p√ey¨
R>°. hX$πTÆh\Æ `R>u kp¶]$eÆ]$iw L$rhAp°dp¨ kp∑_°V$ gM_pf L$uV$πk (Keats : B.k.
1795 - 1821) ApNm `X$[p R>°. [°d_p kS>Æ_dp¨ i°L$πsı`efipB Akf ≈°hp
16
dm° R>°. L$uV$ πk `R>u Óu B. bu. b∞pDt_N_p 'Sonnets from the
portybese', fp°T°πV$uA° 'The House of life' S>°hu kp∑_°V$dpmp fQu R>°.
[°dZ° kp∑_°V$_u ‚irı[_y¨ L$pÏe `Z gøey¨ R>°. Ap fu[° 'A sonnet is a
moment's monument' Ap D`fp¨[ kp∑_°V$ fQ_pfp L$rhAp° ıhu_b_Æ,
d°fuqX$\, i°gu, lp°`qL$fik Apq]$_° lp\° A¨N∞°∆ kprl–e_° kd©Ÿ L$f[p¨ D—d
kp∑_°V$p° d˛ep¨ R>°. "A¨N∞°∆dp¨ Ó°ÛW$ kp∑_°V$_p¨ k¨`p]$_p° `Z OZp¨ \e°gp¨ R>°"A¨N∞°∆dp¨ Ó°ÛW$ kp∑_°V$_p¨ k¨`p]$_p° `Z OZp¨ \e°gp¨ R>°"A¨N∞°∆dp¨ Ó°ÛW$ kp∑_°V$_p¨ k¨`p]$_p° `Z OZp¨ \e°gp¨ R>°"A¨N∞°∆dp¨ Ó°ÛW$ kp∑_°V$_p¨ k¨`p]$_p° `Z OZp¨ \e°gp¨ R>°"A¨N∞°∆dp¨ Ó°ÛW$ kp∑_°V$_p¨ k¨`p]$_p° `Z OZp¨ \e°gp¨ R>°
"L$g°L$ πV° $X$ kp∑_°V$kπ, Ap°ÎX$ A°fiX$ fiey' (B.k. 1880 QpÎkÆ V°$_uk_),"L$g°L$ πV° $X$ kp∑_°V$kπ, Ap°ÎX$ A°fiX$ fiey' (B.k. 1880 QpÎkÆ V°$_uk_),"L$g°L$ πV° $X$ kp∑_°V$kπ, Ap°ÎX$ A°fiX$ fiey' (B.k. 1880 QpÎkÆ V°$_uk_),"L$g°L$ πV° $X$ kp∑_°V$kπ, Ap°ÎX$ A°fiX$ fiey' (B.k. 1880 QpÎkÆ V°$_uk_),"L$g°L$ πV° $X$ kp∑_°V$kπ, Ap°ÎX$ A°fiX$ fiey' (B.k. 1880 QpÎkÆ V°$_uk_),
"b°g°X$ πk A°fiX$ kp∑_°V$ πk' (B.k. 1881 : X$u. ∆. fp°T°V$u), \∞u l°fiX≤ ° $X$"b°g°X$ πk A°fiX$ kp∑_°V$ πk' (B.k. 1881 : X$u. ∆. fp°T°V$u), \∞u l°fiX≤ ° $X$"b°g°X$ πk A°fiX$ kp∑_°V$ πk' (B.k. 1881 : X$u. ∆. fp°T°V$u), \∞u l°fiX≤ ° $X$"b°g°X$ πk A°fiX$ kp∑_°V$ πk' (B.k. 1881 : X$u. ∆. fp°T°V$u), \∞u l°fiX≤ ° $X$"b°g°X$ πk A°fiX$ kp∑_°V$ πk' (B.k. 1881 : X$u. ∆. fp°T°V$u), \∞u l°fiX≤ ° $X$
H¡gui kp∑_°V$πk (X$u. A°d. d°B_) A° V≤ ° $Tfu Ap°a H¡gui kp∑_°V$πk (X$u.H¡gui kp∑_°V$πk (X$u. A°d. d°B_) A° V≤ ° $Tfu Ap°a H¡gui kp∑_°V$πk (X$u.H¡gui kp∑_°V$πk (X$u. A°d. d°B_) A° V≤ ° $Tfu Ap°a H¡gui kp∑_°V$πk (X$u.H¡gui kp∑_°V$πk (X$u. A°d. d°B_) A° V≤ ° $Tfu Ap°a H¡gui kp∑_°V$πk (X$u.H¡gui kp∑_°V$πk (X$u. A°d. d°B_) A° V≤ ° $Tfu Ap°a H¡gui kp∑_°V$πk (X$u.
A°d. d°B_) "kp∑_°V$πk Ap°a ^uk k¢Qfu' (rhrged ip`Æ) hN°f° k¨N∞lp° [p°A°d. d°B_) "kp∑_°V$πk Ap°a ^uk k¢Qfu' (rhrged ip`Æ) hN°f° k¨N∞lp° [p°A°d. d°B_) "kp∑_°V$πk Ap°a ^uk k¢Qfu' (rhrged ip`Æ) hN°f° k¨N∞lp° [p°A°d. d°B_) "kp∑_°V$πk Ap°a ^uk k¢Qfu' (rhrged ip`Æ) hN°f° k¨N∞lp° [p°A°d. d°B_) "kp∑_°V$πk Ap°a ^uk k¢Qfu' (rhrged ip`Æ) hN°f° k¨N∞lp° [p°
M|b S> ‚øep[ R>°.'M|b S> ‚øep[ R>°.'M|b S> ‚øep[ R>°.'M|b S> ‚øep[ R>°.'M|b S> ‚øep[ R>°.'14
Ad°qfL$pdp¨ B.k. AY$pfdu k]$u_p A¨[_p A¨r[d hj°pÆdp¨ L$p°gp°_ X°$rhX$
lÁ‰° ‹pfp kp∑_°V$ ‚h°i° R>° –ep¨ ky u Ad°qfL$pdp¨ Ap ıhÍ` ]°$Mp ]°$[y _\u. g°p¨Na°gp°
(B.k. 1807 - B.k. 1882) A° BV$prge_ `Ÿr[_p kp∑_°V$p° gøep¨ `R>u
Ad°qfL$pdp¨ kp∑_°V$_p° TX$`u a°gphp° \ep°. g°p¨Na°gp°_° A_ykf[p OZp L$rhAp°A°
kp∑_°V$ ıhÍ`dp¨ rh`yg rhrh^[p ApZu l[u. gp°h°g, S>ep°S>Æ l°fifu bp°L$f, `p°g
l°rdÎV$_ l°B_u, B. A°. fp°rbfik_, A°X$_pk°fiX$ rhfikfiV$ rdg°, d°qfgd|f°,
A°g_V°$BV$ A_° B. B. L$td¡k S>°hp L$rhAp°_y¨ ‚]$p_ _°p¨^_ue f¸y¨ R>°.
"Ad°qfL$_ L$rhAp°_p ¨ kp ∑_ °V $dp ¨ X ° $huk_qaL$ _pd_p L$rh_p °"Ad°qfL$_ L$rhAp°_p ¨ kp ∑_ °V $dp ¨ X ° $huk_qaL$ _pd_p L$rh_p °"Ad°qfL$_ L$rhAp°_p ¨ kp ∑_ °V $dp ¨ X ° $huk_qaL$ _pd_p L$rh_p °"Ad°qfL$_ L$rhAp°_p ¨ kp ∑_ °V $dp ¨ X ° $huk_qaL$ _pd_p L$rh_p °"Ad°qfL$_ L$rhAp°_p ¨ kp ∑_ °V $dp ¨ X ° $huk_qaL$ _pd_p L$rh_p °
kp∑_°V$k¨N∞l kp∑_°V$k¨N∞l kp∑_°V$k¨N∞l kp∑_°V$k¨N∞l kp∑_°V$k¨N∞l 'Sonnets of a portrait painer' AÊepkuAp°A° S>AÊepkuAp°A° S>AÊepkuAp°A° S>AÊepkuAp°A° S>AÊepkuAp°A° S>ÍÍÍÍÍ fffff
≈°B g°hp S>°hp° R>°. kp∑_°V$_u "V°$L$r_L$' _p° Ly$im kdS>]$pf L$p°B Ad°qfL$_≈°B g°hp S>°hp° R>°. kp∑_°V$_u "V°$L$r_L$' _p° Ly$im kdS>]$pf L$p°B Ad°qfL$_≈°B g°hp S>°hp° R>°. kp∑_°V$_u "V°$L$r_L$' _p° Ly$im kdS>]$pf L$p°B Ad°qfL$_≈°B g°hp S>°hp° R>°. kp∑_°V$_u "V°$L$r_L$' _p° Ly$im kdS>]$pf L$p°B Ad°qfL$_≈°B g°hp S>°hp° R>°. kp∑_°V$_u "V°$L$r_L$' _p° Ly$im kdS>]$pf L$p°B Ad°qfL$_
L$rh \B Nep° lp°e [p° [° X° $rhX$ dpVÆ $_ l[p° L° $ S> °_u kp∑_°V$ lpfdpmpL$rh \B Nep° lp°e [p° [° X° $rhX$ dpVÆ $_ l[p° L° $ S> °_u kp∑_°V$ lpfdpmpL$rh \B Nep° lp°e [p° [° X° $rhX$ dpVÆ $_ l[p° L° $ S> °_u kp∑_°V$ lpfdpmpL$rh \B Nep° lp°e [p° [° X° $rhX$ dpVÆ $_ l[p° L° $ S> °_u kp∑_°V$ lpfdpmpL$rh \B Nep° lp°e [p° [° X° $rhX$ dpVÆ $_ l[p° L° $ S> °_u kp∑_°V$ lpfdpmp
'Harvest' kp∑_°V$_u "V°$L$r_L$' _u ◊$qÛV$A° Mpk S> [`pku g°hp S>°hukp∑_°V$_u "V°$L$r_L$' _u ◊$qÛV$A° Mpk S> [`pku g°hp S>°hukp∑_°V$_u "V°$L$r_L$' _u ◊$qÛV$A° Mpk S> [`pku g°hp S>°hukp∑_°V$_u "V°$L$r_L$' _u ◊$qÛV$A° Mpk S> [`pku g°hp S>°hukp∑_°V$_u "V°$L$r_L$' _u ◊$qÛV$A° Mpk S> [`pku g°hp S>°hu
R>°.'R>°.'R>°.'R>°.'R>°.'15
rkrkgu_p gp°ef rNepL$p°dp° - ]$ - g°rfiV$_p°_p lp\° kp∑_°V$_p ‚\d
‚ep°N\u iÍ \e°gu kp∑_°V$_u rhL$pkep”p L°$V$gu gp¨bu R>° [° Ap`Z° [°_p
17
rh‚hpkdp¨ ≈°ey¨. rh_p ]°$ip°dp¨ rhrh^ kS>ÆL$p° ‹pfp [°_p _|[_ k¨ıL$fZ
\[p f¸p¨, `Z [°_u Qp•]$ `¨qL$[_u `f¨`fpdp¨\u dm°gu riı[_° rh_p ]$f°L$
kS>ÆL$p°A° dpfie fpMu R>°. A°V$g° kp∑_°V$_u l°gu Ap°mM Í ° Qp•]$ ¨qL$[ A°_y ApNhy
gnZ bfiey. Qp•]$ ¨qL$[_p L$pÏe_° kp∑_°V$ L$lu iL$pe, [°\u h y L°$ Ap°R>u ¨qL$[_p
L$pÏe_° kp∑_°V$ rkhpe B—f _pd Ap`u iL$pe, `Z kp∑_°V$ [p° _rl S>. [°\u
kS>ÆL$p°_° Qp•]$ `¨qL$[_u depÆ]$pdp¨ S> ‚r[cp Ap¨L$hp_u fl°. L$gp L$epf°e b¨^_dp¨
flu _\u. [°\u ‚ep°NMp°f kS>ÆL$p° ‚pk[“h [fa L°$rfi÷[ \ep, S>°_p `qfZpdÍ`
rhrh^ ‚pk`Ÿr[Ap° dmu. rhrh^ ‚pk`Ÿr[_p° A°L$ ape]$p° cphr_Í`Z
L$fhpdp¨ \ep° [°\u kp∑_°V$_p° L$gp]°$l h y ky]$f bfiep°. [°_y Óyr[kp¶]$eÆ h¬ey. rhrh^
‚pk`Ÿr[Ap°dp¨\u S>° [° cpjp_° A_yÍ` kfm flu [° h^y øep[ b_u, bpL$u_u
A°L$ ‚ep°NÍ `° _°p¨^_ue b_u. ‚pk `Ÿr[ ‚ep°Niug[p_p `qfZpdÍ `°
_°p ¨^_ue b_u. ‚pk`Ÿr[ hX°$ ‚ep°Niug[p_p `qfZpdÍ `° kp∑_°V$_p
b∞p¸]°$ldp¨ Qp•]$ `¨qL$[_p M¨X$rhcpS>_ lp\ ApÏep. ≈° L°$ BV$prge_ `Ÿr[dp¨
8+6 S>°hu M¨X$ep°S>_p l[u, `Z `R>u\u i°L$πsı`efipB 4+4+4+2 S>°hu
rhcpS>_`Ÿr[ øep[ \e°gu A_° Ap rhcpS>__° gp°`u _pM[u km¨N Qp•]$
`¨qL$[ S>°hu rdÎV$_ipB `Ÿr[ `Z øep[ b_u. Ap¨[qfL$ ]°$ldp¨ cphr_Í`Z_p
rhjep°dp¨ `Z rhrh^[p flu. ‚ur[k¨h°]$_, ^dÆ, fpS>L$pfZ, ‚L©$r[, d•”u S>°hp
rhjep° kp∑_°V$_p Ap¨[qfL$ ]°$ldp¨ lp°hp\u kp∑_°V$ A°L$ tQ[_p°rdÆ ‚L$pf_y¨ L$pÏe
bfiey¨.
Apd kp∑_°V$_p gOy]°$l_u iqL$[ "hpd_ R>[p¨ rhfpV$' S>°hu flu R>°.
18
‚L$fZ - 2
`p]$V$u` _°p¨
1. X$pµ. rh_p°]$ ≈°iu : "kp∑_°V$', ‚. Ap. B.k.1984, Q¨÷dp•rg ‚L$p. ©.3.
2. X$pµ. cp_y‚kp]$ `¨X$ep : "kp∑_°V$-riÎ` A_° kS>Æ_' ‚.Ap. B.k. 1981
‚huZ `∞L$pi_, fpS>L$p°V$. `©. 3.
3. A°S>_ : ©. - 3, 4. :
4. -------> : Prineeton Encyclopaedia of poetryand poetics (enlarged edition A.D.1974) published by the macmillaypress L.T.D., P-781.
5. Q¨÷i¨L$f cÀ$ : "Ap`Zp¨ kp∑_°V$', "D`p°]$πOp[' [©. Ap. Ap°NÛV$ -
1990 Ap]$iÆ ‚L$pi_, `©. - 11, 12.
6. Johnfuller : The sonnet (The critical Idioun) A.D.1972 P. 1
kyf°i ]$gpg : "‚qæ$ep' ‚.Ap. B.k.1981 ‚L$p. hp°fp A°fiX$ L¨$`_u,
dy¨bB. `©. - 58)
7. X$pµ. cp_y‚kp]$ `¨X$ep : "kp∑_°V$ : riÎ` A_° kS>Æ_', ‚. Ap. B.k.1981
‚huZ ‚L$pi_, fpS>L$p°V$. `©. - 26.
8. A°S>_ : `©. - 16.
9. _fp°—d hpZ¨]$ : "kp∑_°V$' : "`fb', A°r‚. 1989, A¨L$ - 4 hjÆ : 30,
`©.- 4
19
10.Q¨÷i¨L$f cÀ$ : "Ap`Zp¨ kp∑_°V$', ‚.Ap. _h°. 1971. ‚L$p. hp°fp
A°fiX$ L¨$`_u, dy¨bB. `©. - 9, 10.
11. X$pµ. cp_y‚kp]$ `¨X$ep : "kp∑_°V$-riÎ` A_° kS>Æ_', ‚.Ap. B.k. 1981
‚huZ `∞L$pi_, fpS>L$p°V$. `©. 21.
12. X$pµ. rh_p°]$ ≈°iu : "kp∑_°V$', ‚. Ap. B.k. 1984, Q¨÷dp•rg ‚L$p.
`©. 15.
13. X$pµ. cp_y‚kp]$ `¨X$ep : "kp∑_°V$-riÎ` A_° kS>Æ_' ‚.Ap. B.k. 1981
‚huZ `∞L$pi_, fpS>L$p°V$. `©. 22.
14. du_y ]°$kpB : 'kprl–e L$kb - kp∑_°V$', ‚.Ap. B.k. 1973 ‚L$p.
NyS>Æf f–_ L$pepÆge, k|f[. `©. 132.
15. A°S>_ : ©. - 132.
20
‚L$fZ - 3
kp∑_°V$ : kprl–eıhÍ`
‚L$fZ - 3
kp∑_°V$ : kprl–eıhÍ`
hpd_ ]°$ldp¨ A°L$p]$ cph_° O|¨V$[y¨, cph_p hmp¨L$ Tug[y¨ kp∑_°V$ ]°$Mu[u
fu[° cg° _p_L$Xy$ ]°$Mpe Z [°_u l°p¨Q [p° rhfpV$ S> flu R>°. L$rh_p L$\rQ[Ïe_u
Ly$im[p kp∑_°V$_° "kp∑_°V$' b_ph° R>°, kp∑_°V$ Apd ≈°BA° [p° ErdÆfrk[ lp°hp\u
ErdÆL$pÏe_p° A°L$ cpN b_° R>°. `Z Arl [p° ErdÆ_u kp\p°-kp\p° tQ[_ `Z
cpfp°cpf lp°e R>°. kp∑_°V$ `p°[p_y¨ ApNhy¨ S> Í` ^fph° R>°, S>° ıhÍ`dp¨ b. L$.
W$pL$p°f riı[_° kpd° ^f° R>°. brlf¨N gnZÍ`° ≈°BA° [p° Qp•]$ `¨qL$[_u riı[
kp∑_°V$° ıhuL$pfu R>°. `qfZpd° "Q[y]Æ$iL$' S>°hy¨ `epÆe _pd d°mÏey¨ R>°; [p° [°_p
A¨[f¨N ]°$ldp¨ L$rh_u hmp¨L$ kcf ArcÏeqL$[ [°_° "›er_[', "ıhr_[',
"ky_u[' S>°hp Afie `epÆe _pd L$dphu Ap`° R>°, [°d R>[p¨ NyS>fp[u cpjpA° [p°
[°_° "kp∑_°V$' _pd \u S> Ap°møey¨ R>°. "kp∑_°V$ Í qY$N[ A_° ‚p•rY$N[ L$gp ıhÍ`
R>°.' Ap¨[fbp¸ riı[_y¨ `pg_ [°_° 'Mardle flower' L°$ 'A Sonnet is a
minitree' b_ph° R>°. S>°dp¨ ""`¨Mpmp Op°X$p_u S>°d [°_p¨ Nr[ A_° Ïep` b©l[π,
Nl_[p A_° KX$pZ, [°_u bmh—p A_° kO_[p kQp°V$ lp°e R>°. L$gp_u kcp_
k|T, ArcÏeqL$[_u k|ˇd[d ◊qÛV$, fQ_pk¨rh^p_ A_° dphS>[ D`f `|f°`|fu
`L$X$ A_° [°_p¨ Ap¨[fbp¸ ıhÍ` D`f_p° L$gp–dL$ L$pby Apq]$ iqL$[rhi°j
[°_p¨ kS>Æ__u Ar_hpeÆ S>Í qfep[p° R>°. [°_p aL$[ Qp•]$ `¨qL$[_p gOy]°$ldp¨
AZM|V$ [pL$p[ A_° fkp_yc|r[ Ap`hp_u A`qfd°e iqL$[ L$rh_° cfhp_u
fl° R>°; A°V$g° L°$ L$fL$kf [\p cpjp_° |fu kS>Æ_p–dL$ iqL$[ A_° rhriÛV$ Q°[_\u
k|T`|hÆL$ hp`fhp_u kS>ÆL$[p rh_p kp∑_°V$ lp\ _ Aph°.'1
Aphp L$`fp kp∑_°V$_p
A¨[f¨N [\p brlf¨N `pkp_° ≈Œep hNf kp∑_°V$_° kdS>hy¨ AOfy¨ R>° A°d L$luA°
[p° Mp°Vy¨$ _\u.
21
A¨ [ f¨ N
(1) L$\re[Ïe hmp¨L$ :
kp∑_°V$ A° rhQpf A_° k¨h°]$__p° L°$ tQ[_ A_° ErdÆ_p° S>°dp¨ kdfihe
rk¬^ \ep° lp°e [°hp° L$pÏe‚L$pf R>°. A°V$g° L$p¨ [p° ErdÆ `f tQ[__y¨ AphfZ L°$
tQ[_ `f ErdÆ_p° ‚cph A°d bfi_° q]$ipAp°_u ‚h©r—_p° Alv `|fp° k¨ch R>°.
ErdÆ L°$ tQ[__p° dfp°X$ kp∑_°V$_y¨ ∆hp_yc|[ [“h R>°. Ap dfp°X$_p L$pfZ° S> kp∑_°V$
rhi°j ‚NV°$ R>°. kp∑_°V$L$pf_° ApNhy¨ L$\re[Ïe A_° [°_p° kp∑_°V$nd dfp°X$
r_Í`hpdp¨ kpd’eÆ D`fp¨[ kp∑_°V$_p ‚–en ApL$pf_p¨ r_Í`Z_p° L$kb `Z
lı[N[ lp°hp° S>Ífu R>°. kp∑_°V$ A°V$g° A°L$ L$`fy¨ QY$pZ. Ap dyÌL°$g ıhÍ` rkŸ
L$fhp kS>ÆL$ pk°\u ıhpcprhL$ fu[° L$gpL$p•iÎe_u [°_u d°Ophu ‚r[cp_u A °np
fl° R>°. L$pfZ kp∑_°V$ rhriÛV$ kp•ÛW$h pfZ L$f[p° L$pÏe ‚L$pf R>°. Ap L$gpkp•ÛW$h_y
Afih°jZ L$fhp dpV°$ b° hı[y_u QQpÆ L$fhp_u fl°i°. A°L$ [p° A°_p ]°$l_u A°V$g° L°$
ApL$pf_u A_° bu∆ brlf¨N_u A°V$g° L°$ A°_u ¨qL$[ k¨øep_u, ¨qL$[_p dp`_u,
`¨qL$[Ap°_p rhcpN_u, gpnrZL$ ‚pkfQ_p_u A_° A°hu rhN[p°_u 14
`¨qL$[_p° ıhuL$pf L$epÆ `R>u kS>ÆL$`n° A°\ue° `Z rhi°j A`°np [p° [°_p [fa\u
fl° S> R>°. gOyL$ ]°$ldp¨ AZM|V$ [pL$p[ `|fhp A_yc|r[_° ApNhu dy÷p Ap`hu
OV$°, tQ[_ kp\° ErdÆ_° d|L$u ErdÆfrk[ rhQpf A°L$ ‚hpl b_[p kp∑_°V$ N¨cuf,
brgÛW$ [“hO_[p_u dy÷p ^pfZ L$f° R>°. X$p∂. rh_p°]$ ≈°iu L$l° R>° : "kp∑_°V$L$pf°"kp∑_°V$L$pf°"kp∑_°V$L$pf°"kp∑_°V$L$pf°"kp∑_°V$L$pf°
`p°[p_p L$\re[Ïe_u `uqW$L$p ıhuL$pfu cphL$_° k¨h°]$__u `qfr^dp¨ gphu`p°[p_p L$\re[Ïe_u `uqW$L$p ıhuL$pfu cphL$_° k¨h°]$__u `qfr^dp¨ gphu`p°[p_p L$\re[Ïe_u `uqW$L$p ıhuL$pfu cphL$_° k¨h°]$__u `qfr^dp¨ gphu`p°[p_p L$\re[Ïe_u `uqW$L$p ıhuL$pfu cphL$_° k¨h°]$__u `qfr^dp¨ gphu`p°[p_p L$\re[Ïe_u `uqW$L$p ıhuL$pfu cphL$_° k¨h°]$__u `qfr^dp¨ gphu
d|L$hp_p° R> °. cphL$_y ¨ k¨h°]$_[¨” T¨L© $[ L$fu [°_° tQ[__p° A°hp° `yV$d|L$hp_p° R> °. cphL$_y ¨ k¨h°]$_[¨” T¨L© $[ L$fu [°_° tQ[__p° A°hp° `yV$d|L$hp_p° R> °. cphL$_y ¨ k¨h°]$_[¨” T¨L© $[ L$fu [°_° tQ[__p° A°hp° `yV$d|L$hp_p° R> °. cphL$_y ¨ k¨h°]$_[¨” T¨L© $[ L$fu [°_° tQ[__p° A°hp° `yV$d|L$hp_p° R> °. cphL$_y ¨ k¨h°]$_[¨” T¨L© $[ L$fu [°_° tQ[__p° A°hp° `yV$
Ap`hp_p° R>°, L°$ S>°\u kp∑_°V$_p L$\re[Ïedp¨ fl°g A_ych_u Afie q]$ipAp°Ap`hp_p° R>°, L°$ S>°\u kp∑_°V$_p L$\re[Ïedp¨ fl°g A_ych_u Afie q]$ipAp°Ap`hp_p° R>°, L°$ S>°\u kp∑_°V$_p L$\re[Ïedp¨ fl°g A_ych_u Afie q]$ipAp°Ap`hp_p° R>°, L°$ S>°\u kp∑_°V$_p L$\re[Ïedp¨ fl°g A_ych_u Afie q]$ipAp°Ap`hp_p° R>°, L°$ S>°\u kp∑_°V$_p L$\re[Ïedp¨ fl°g A_ych_u Afie q]$ipAp°
`Z Myghp `pd°, D`fp¨[ kp∑_°V$ L$pÏe^dw `Z b_u fl°. A°V$g° L°$ _eyØ`Z Myghp `pd°, D`fp¨[ kp∑_°V$ L$pÏe^dw `Z b_u fl°. A°V$g° L°$ _eyØ`Z Myghp `pd°, D`fp¨[ kp∑_°V$ L$pÏe^dw `Z b_u fl°. A°V$g° L°$ _eyØ`Z Myghp `pd°, D`fp¨[ kp∑_°V$ L$pÏe^dw `Z b_u fl°. A°V$g° L°$ _eyØ`Z Myghp `pd°, D`fp¨[ kp∑_°V$ L$pÏe^dw `Z b_u fl°. A°V$g° L°$ _eyØ
tQ[_ L°$ L°$hm ErdÆ_u R>p°m _lv, `Z [°_y¨ kdtQ[_ L°$ L°$hm ErdÆ_u R>p°m _lv, `Z [°_y¨ kdtQ[_ L°$ L°$hm ErdÆ_u R>p°m _lv, `Z [°_y¨ kdtQ[_ L°$ L°$hm ErdÆ_u R>p°m _lv, `Z [°_y¨ kdtQ[_ L°$ L°$hm ErdÆ_u R>p°m _lv, `Z [°_y¨ kdÍÍÍÍÍ ` fkpeZ A°hu fu[°` fkpeZ A°hu fu[°` fkpeZ A°hu fu[°` fkpeZ A°hu fu[°` fkpeZ A°hu fu[°
k¨ep°≈e L°$ cphL$_° Ap_¨]$_u L$p°V$uA° gB S>hp kd\Æ b_°. kp∑_°V$dp¨ ÏeL$[k¨ep°≈e L°$ cphL$_° Ap_¨]$_u L$p°V$uA° gB S>hp kd\Æ b_°. kp∑_°V$dp¨ ÏeL$[k¨ep°≈e L°$ cphL$_° Ap_¨]$_u L$p°V$uA° gB S>hp kd\Æ b_°. kp∑_°V$dp¨ ÏeL$[k¨ep°≈e L°$ cphL$_° Ap_¨]$_u L$p°V$uA° gB S>hp kd\Æ b_°. kp∑_°V$dp¨ ÏeL$[k¨ep°≈e L°$ cphL$_° Ap_¨]$_u L$p°V$uA° gB S>hp kd\Æ b_°. kp∑_°V$dp¨ ÏeL$[
Ap dfp°X$ cphL$_° L$mphp° _ ≈°BA°, A_ychphp° ≈°BA°.'Ap dfp°X$ cphL$_° L$mphp° _ ≈°BA°, A_ychphp° ≈°BA°.'Ap dfp°X$ cphL$_° L$mphp° _ ≈°BA°, A_ychphp° ≈°BA°.'Ap dfp°X$ cphL$_° L$mphp° _ ≈°BA°, A_ychphp° ≈°BA°.'Ap dfp°X$ cphL$_° L$mphp° _ ≈°BA°, A_ychphp° ≈°BA°.'2
rhQpf L°$ tQ[__p° `yV$ A°hu fu[° dyL$pe°gp° lp°hp S>Ífu b_° R>° L°$ [° [°_°
22
kp∑_°V$ b_ph° ≈° [°dp¨ iyÛL$$[p L°$ \p°X$u _bmpB flu [p° dp” Qp•]$ `¨qL[_y¨ Mp°My¨
S> lp\ Aphi° [°_° L$pÏe L$lu k¨[p°j dp_hp_p° fl°. [°\u S> L$pÏe_u h•eqL[L$[p_p°
drldp R>°. "Ap L$gpıh"Ap L$gpıh"Ap L$gpıh"Ap L$gpıh"Ap L$gpıhÍÍÍÍÍ `_y¨ ApL$jÆZ hk° R>° _rl L°$ A°_p gV$L$ dV$L$ ccL$cf`_y¨ ApL$jÆZ hk° R>° _rl L°$ A°_p gV$L$ dV$L$ ccL$cf`_y¨ ApL$jÆZ hk° R>° _rl L°$ A°_p gV$L$ dV$L$ ccL$cf`_y¨ ApL$jÆZ hk° R>° _rl L°$ A°_p gV$L$ dV$L$ ccL$cf`_y¨ ApL$jÆZ hk° R>° _rl L°$ A°_p gV$L$ dV$L$ ccL$cf
brlf¨Ndp¨; A° [p° Ry>`pey¨ R>° A°_p ApNhu fu[° ÏeL$[ \hp dpN[p hL[Ïe_ubrlf¨Ndp¨; A° [p° Ry>`pey¨ R>° A°_p ApNhu fu[° ÏeL$[ \hp dpN[p hL[Ïe_ubrlf¨Ndp¨; A° [p° Ry>`pey¨ R>° A°_p ApNhu fu[° ÏeL$[ \hp dpN[p hL[Ïe_ubrlf¨Ndp¨; A° [p° Ry>`pey¨ R>° A°_p ApNhu fu[° ÏeL$[ \hp dpN[p hL[Ïe_ubrlf¨Ndp¨; A° [p° Ry>`pey¨ R>° A°_p ApNhu fu[° ÏeL$[ \hp dpN[p hL[Ïe_u
h•eqL$[L$[pdp¨'h•eqL$[L$[pdp¨'h•eqL$[L$[pdp¨'h•eqL$[L$[pdp¨'h•eqL$[L$[pdp¨'3
L$\re[Ïe_u ApNhu fu[° fS|>Ap[dp¨ L¨$BL$ cf[u-Ap°V$ S>°hu
Apfp°l-Ahfp°l_u Nr[ S>Ífu R>°. ErdÆfrk[ tQ[__u cphNr[_y hl°Z ku ykV$
‚hpldp_ _ fl°[p¨ L¶$L$ Oydfu g°[p¨, hmp¨L$ g°[p, Dfi_r[ kp^[p `fpL$pÛV$p_u
sı\r[A° Qp°V$ kp^u rhfd° [p° S> ^pf°gu `nu_u Ap¨M th^pe [°hy¨ ifk¨^p_
b_°. S>°hu fu[° k|eÆ_p ku^p¨ qL$fZ_° r‚Td (q”`pÔhÆL$pQ) dp¨\u kpf L$fhpdp¨
Aph[p [°_u Nr[ ku^u _ fl°[p¨ hmp¨L$de \B bu≈ kp[ f¨Ndp¨ rhcprS>[ \B
L¶$L$ _hp S> flıe_y¨ D]$πOpV$_ dm°, [°hu fu[° cphL$ kpd° A°L$ _hy¨ S> flıe MyÎgy¨
\[p¨ rhrQ” `qfrı\r[ h√Q° k¨h°]$_ A_ych° R>°. A° ]$qÛV$A° "hı[y hmp¨L$ A°hı[y hmp¨L$ A°hı[y hmp¨L$ A°hı[y hmp¨L$ A°hı[y hmp¨L$ A°
[p° kp∑_°V$_y¨ ∆hp[y¨c|[ [“h R>°.'[p° kp∑_°V$_y¨ ∆hp[y¨c|[ [“h R>°.'[p° kp∑_°V$_y¨ ∆hp[y¨c|[ [“h R>°.'[p° kp∑_°V$_y¨ ∆hp[y¨c|[ [“h R>°.'[p° kp∑_°V$_y¨ ∆hp[y¨c|[ [“h R>°.'4
ApNm h^[y¨ Ap cphNr[_y¨ hl°Z kp∑_°V$dp¨ L°$hy¨ _° L°$hu fu[° hl° R>° [°
rhi° Q¨÷i¨L$f cÀ$ L$l° R>° : "kp∑_°V$dp¨ cphNr[_y¨ hl°Z tQ[__p qL$_pfpAp°"kp∑_°V$dp¨ cphNr[_y¨ hl°Z tQ[__p qL$_pfpAp°"kp∑_°V$dp¨ cphNr[_y¨ hl°Z tQ[__p qL$_pfpAp°"kp∑_°V$dp¨ cphNr[_y¨ hl°Z tQ[__p qL$_pfpAp°"kp∑_°V$dp¨ cphNr[_y¨ hl°Z tQ[__p qL$_pfpAp°
h√Q° hl° R>° A°V$gy¨ S> _lv hl°Zdp¨ Ap°[‚p°[ lp°e R>°. Ap hl°Z_u D`f_uh√Q° hl° R>° A°V$gy¨ S> _lv hl°Zdp¨ Ap°[‚p°[ lp°e R>°. Ap hl°Z_u D`f_uh√Q° hl° R>° A°V$gy¨ S> _lv hl°Zdp¨ Ap°[‚p°[ lp°e R>°. Ap hl°Z_u D`f_uh√Q° hl° R>° A°V$gy¨ S> _lv hl°Zdp¨ Ap°[‚p°[ lp°e R>°. Ap hl°Z_u D`f_uh√Q° hl° R>° A°V$gy¨ S> _lv hl°Zdp¨ Ap°[‚p°[ lp°e R>°. Ap hl°Z_u D`f_u
k`pV$uA° Nr[ ipfi[, ^udu A_° Ap°R>u ]°$Mp[u lp°e R>°. udu gpNhp R>[p¨,k`pV$uA° Nr[ ipfi[, ^udu A_° Ap°R>u ]°$Mp[u lp°e R>°. udu gpNhp R>[p¨,k`pV$uA° Nr[ ipfi[, ^udu A_° Ap°R>u ]°$Mp[u lp°e R>°. udu gpNhp R>[p¨,k`pV$uA° Nr[ ipfi[, ^udu A_° Ap°R>u ]°$Mp[u lp°e R>°. udu gpNhp R>[p¨,k`pV$uA° Nr[ ipfi[, ^udu A_° Ap°R>u ]°$Mp[u lp°e R>°. udu gpNhp R>[p¨,
Apf¨cdp¨ L$¸y¨ [°d kp∑_°V$ Nl_, N¨cuf L$pÏeıhApf¨cdp¨ L$¸y¨ [°d kp∑_°V$ Nl_, N¨cuf L$pÏeıhApf¨cdp¨ L$¸y¨ [°d kp∑_°V$ Nl_, N¨cuf L$pÏeıhApf¨cdp¨ L$¸y¨ [°d kp∑_°V$ Nl_, N¨cuf L$pÏeıhApf¨cdp¨ L$¸y¨ [°d kp∑_°V$ Nl_, N¨cuf L$pÏeıhÍÍÍÍÍ ` lp°hp\u k`pV$u `f` lp°hp\u k`pV$u `f` lp°hp\u k`pV$u `f` lp°hp\u k`pV$u `f` lp°hp\u k`pV$u `f
]°$Mpe R>° [°_p\u A_°L$NZu h^pf° [°_u Ap¨[fNr[ lp°e R>°. Ap`Z° [°]°$Mpe R>° [°_p\u A_°L$NZu h^pf° [°_u Ap¨[fNr[ lp°e R>°. Ap`Z° [°]°$Mpe R>° [°_p\u A_°L$NZu h^pf° [°_u Ap¨[fNr[ lp°e R>°. Ap`Z° [°]°$Mpe R>° [°_p\u A_°L$NZu h^pf° [°_u Ap¨[fNr[ lp°e R>°. Ap`Z° [°]°$Mpe R>° [°_p\u A_°L$NZu h^pf° [°_u Ap¨[fNr[ lp°e R>°. Ap`Z° [°
‚dpZhu `X°$. Ap Ap¨[fNr[ S> ^uf° ^uf° D—fp°—f ‚NV$ \[u Aph° R>°. [°‚dpZhu `X°$. Ap Ap¨[fNr[ S> ^uf° ^uf° D—fp°—f ‚NV$ \[u Aph° R>°. [°‚dpZhu `X°$. Ap Ap¨[fNr[ S> ^uf° ^uf° D—fp°—f ‚NV$ \[u Aph° R>°. [°‚dpZhu `X°$. Ap Ap¨[fNr[ S> ^uf° ^uf° D—fp°—f ‚NV$ \[u Aph° R>°. [°‚dpZhu `X°$. Ap Ap¨[fNr[ S> ^uf° ^uf° D—fp°—f ‚NV$ \[u Aph° R>°. [°
`|f°`|fu k`pV$u `f Aph° R>°, ApW$du `¨qL$[A° A_° –ep¨ S> kp∑_°V$ hmp¨L$ g°`|f°`|fu k`pV$u `f Aph° R>°, ApW$du `¨qL$[A° A_° –ep¨ S> kp∑_°V$ hmp¨L$ g°`|f°`|fu k`pV$u `f Aph° R>°, ApW$du `¨qL$[A° A_° –ep¨ S> kp∑_°V$ hmp¨L$ g°`|f°`|fu k`pV$u `f Aph° R>°, ApW$du `¨qL$[A° A_° –ep¨ S> kp∑_°V$ hmp¨L$ g°`|f°`|fu k`pV$u `f Aph° R>°, ApW$du `¨qL$[A° A_° –ep¨ S> kp∑_°V$ hmp¨L$ g°
R>°. ApW$du `¨qL$[_p hmp¨L$_p° k¨b¨^ Ap fu[° kp∑_°V$_p R>°. ApW$du `¨qL$[_p hmp¨L$_p° k¨b¨^ Ap fu[° kp∑_°V$_p R>°. ApW$du `¨qL$[_p hmp¨L$_p° k¨b¨^ Ap fu[° kp∑_°V$_p R>°. ApW$du `¨qL$[_p hmp¨L$_p° k¨b¨^ Ap fu[° kp∑_°V$_p R>°. ApW$du `¨qL$[_p hmp¨L$_p° k¨b¨^ Ap fu[° kp∑_°V$_p ÍÍÍÍÍ r^fprckfZ kp\°r^fprckfZ kp\°r^fprckfZ kp\°r^fprckfZ kp\°r^fprckfZ kp\°
cph_u Ap¨[fNr[ kp\° lp°e R>°. A°V$g° hmp¨L$ L°$hm ku^u kp]$u bp¸ bpb[cph_u Ap¨[fNr[ kp\° lp°e R>°. A°V$g° hmp¨L$ L°$hm ku^u kp]$u bp¸ bpb[cph_u Ap¨[fNr[ kp\° lp°e R>°. A°V$g° hmp¨L$ L°$hm ku^u kp]$u bp¸ bpb[cph_u Ap¨[fNr[ kp\° lp°e R>°. A°V$g° hmp¨L$ L°$hm ku^u kp]$u bp¸ bpb[cph_u Ap¨[fNr[ kp\° lp°e R>°. A°V$g° hmp¨L$ L°$hm ku^u kp]$u bp¸ bpb[
_\u.'_\u.'_\u.'_\u.'_\u.'5
kp∑_°V$_p A¨[f¨N_y¨ A°L$ Ïeph[ÆL$ gnZ Apd hmp¨L$, D\gp°, `gV$p°
bfiey¨ R>°. "A_° A° ıhuL$pfuA° A°V$g° Qp•]$ guV$u_p Ap°R>pdp¨ Ap°R>p b° cpN"A_° A° ıhuL$pfuA° A°V$g° Qp•]$ guV$u_p Ap°R>pdp¨ Ap°R>p b° cpN"A_° A° ıhuL$pfuA° A°V$g° Qp•]$ guV$u_p Ap°R>pdp¨ Ap°R>p b° cpN"A_° A° ıhuL$pfuA° A°V$g° Qp•]$ guV$u_p Ap°R>pdp¨ Ap°R>p b° cpN"A_° A° ıhuL$pfuA° A°V$g° Qp•]$ guV$u_p Ap°R>pdp¨ Ap°R>p b° cpN
[p° ıhuL$pfhp S> ≈°BA°; A°V$g° d_° gpN° R>° L°$ kp∑_°V$_° rhi° (1) Qp•]$ guV$u[p° ıhuL$pfhp S> ≈°BA°; A°V$g° d_° gpN° R>° L°$ kp∑_°V$_° rhi° (1) Qp•]$ guV$u[p° ıhuL$pfhp S> ≈°BA°; A°V$g° d_° gpN° R>° L°$ kp∑_°V$_° rhi° (1) Qp•]$ guV$u[p° ıhuL$pfhp S> ≈°BA°; A°V$g° d_° gpN° R>° L°$ kp∑_°V$_° rhi° (1) Qp•]$ guV$u[p° ıhuL$pfhp S> ≈°BA°; A°V$g° d_° gpN° R>° L°$ kp∑_°V$_° rhi° (1) Qp•]$ guV$u
23
(2) A°_p b° L°$ h^y cpN A_° (3) hı[yhmp¨L$ - ApV$gp r_edp° [p° Ap`Z°(2) A°_p b° L°$ h^y cpN A_° (3) hı[yhmp¨L$ - ApV$gp r_edp° [p° Ap`Z°(2) A°_p b° L°$ h^y cpN A_° (3) hı[yhmp¨L$ - ApV$gp r_edp° [p° Ap`Z°(2) A°_p b° L°$ h^y cpN A_° (3) hı[yhmp¨L$ - ApV$gp r_edp° [p° Ap`Z°(2) A°_p b° L°$ h^y cpN A_° (3) hı[yhmp¨L$ - ApV$gp r_edp° [p° Ap`Z°
ıhuL$pfhp S> ≈°BA°.'ıhuL$pfhp S> ≈°BA°.'ıhuL$pfhp S> ≈°BA°.'ıhuL$pfhp S> ≈°BA°.'ıhuL$pfhp S> ≈°BA°.'6
Ap\u rkŸ \pe R>° L°$ hmp¨L$ A_° `¨qL$[rhcpN_p° Ap¨[fk¨b¨^ S>°
kp∑_°V$_° A°L$ _hp° S> ApL$pf A`£ R>°. `°V≤$pLÆ$b¨^_p ApW$ A_° R> dp¨ AÛV$L$dp¨
cph_u cf[u dpV°$ L°$ rhQpfp°_u ı\p`_p dpV°$ AÛV$L$ A_° jÛV$L$ h√Q° hmp¨L$
(Volta on Turn) rhQpf_p° E\gp° g°[p¨ jÛV$L$dp¨ [°_° D–L$jÆ kp^[p A¨r[d
¨qL$[A° Ap°V$ _rl Qp°V$ Í ° qfZd° R>°. [p° i°L$πsı`efipB b¨ dp¨ ‚\d Q[yÛL$dp¨
rhQpf_u dp¨X$Zu \ep R>u bu≈ Q[yÛL$dp¨ cph_° hm QY$ph[p QY$ph[p [©[ue
Q[yÛL$dp¨ cph_u cf[u QY°$ _° bpf `¨qL$[ `|fu \[p hmp¨L$ g°[p `ÎV$u Mp[p
A¨r[d ey¡dL$dp¨ qL$_pfp [fa dp°Sy>¨ Nr[ L$f[p¨ S>°d D`f EW$u_° qL$_pfp f R>X$pV$
Mpe [°d Qp°V$ kp\° rhfd°. k¨h°]$__u ^pf Apd b_° [p° S> [° ArZepmu b_° _°
[p° S> ^pf°gu Akf Ecu L$fu iL°$. A¨r[d Qp°V$ kplrS>L$[p\u `yfhpf \[u lp°hu
≈°BA°. k‚epk° d|L°$gu Qp°V$ _pV$L$ue, L©$q”d gpNi°. [°\u S> kcp_ k|T_u
A`°np kp∑_°V$kS>ÆL$ `pk° fpMhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. kcp_ k|T_p A_yk¨^p_° A°V$gy¨
L$lu iL$pe L°$ bp•rŸL$[p, cphp–dL$ fu[° kqæ$e fl°hu OV°$. Positively d|L$pe°gu
k|T_y¨ dl“h R>°. cphp°rdÆ, bp•rŸL$‚op kp\° kS>ÆL$[p h^y A°L$ kyfugu fl°hu
≈°BA°. [°dp¨ kp∑_°V$ L$pÏe^dw NyZh—p kl°S> Nag[\u Nydphu b°k°, A°\u L$rhA°
h^pf° k[LÆ$ fl°hy¨ `X°$ R>°. \p°X$pdp¨ Oœ¨ L$l°hp_u L$gp kS>ÆL$ `pk° A`°qn[ fl°[p¨
kp∑_°V$_p Anf]°$ldp¨ rb_S>Ífu b^y¨ NmpB S>B_° Apg°Mphy¨ ≈°BA°. Ag¨L$pf,
‚[uL$, L$Î`_ `Z kl°[yL$ Í`° lpS>f \[p¨ lp°hp¨ ≈°BA°. "hZÆ `Z kprc‚pe"hZÆ `Z kprc‚pe"hZÆ `Z kprc‚pe"hZÆ `Z kprc‚pe"hZÆ `Z kprc‚pe
A_° Ap¨ k¨b¨^p°_p [pZphpZp\u ‚ep°≈ep° - N|¨\pep° lp°hp° ≈°BA°. kp\°A_° Ap¨ k¨b¨^p°_p [pZphpZp\u ‚ep°≈ep° - N|¨\pep° lp°hp° ≈°BA°. kp\°A_° Ap¨ k¨b¨^p°_p [pZphpZp\u ‚ep°≈ep° - N|¨\pep° lp°hp° ≈°BA°. kp\°A_° Ap¨ k¨b¨^p°_p [pZphpZp\u ‚ep°≈ep° - N|¨\pep° lp°hp° ≈°BA°. kp\°A_° Ap¨ k¨b¨^p°_p [pZphpZp\u ‚ep°≈ep° - N|¨\pep° lp°hp° ≈°BA°. kp\°
[°_p° Ap¨[fge R>¨]$ kp\° kp¤¨[ cphk¨h°]$__u Nr[_° ‚pL$V$πe Ap`_pfp°[°_p° Ap¨[fge R>¨]$ kp\° kp¤¨[ cphk¨h°]$__u Nr[_° ‚pL$V$πe Ap`_pfp°[°_p° Ap¨[fge R>¨]$ kp\° kp¤¨[ cphk¨h°]$__u Nr[_° ‚pL$V$πe Ap`_pfp°[°_p° Ap¨[fge R>¨]$ kp\° kp¤¨[ cphk¨h°]$__u Nr[_° ‚pL$V$πe Ap`_pfp°[°_p° Ap¨[fge R>¨]$ kp\° kp¤¨[ cphk¨h°]$__u Nr[_° ‚pL$V$πe Ap`_pfp°
lp°hp° ≈°BA°. A°V$gy¨ S> _lv [°dp¨ AÎ`, A^Æ L°$ |ZÆ rhfpd; ‚Òp\Æ, D]$πNpflp°hp° ≈°BA°. A°V$gy¨ S> _lv [°dp¨ AÎ`, A^Æ L°$ |ZÆ rhfpd; ‚Òp\Æ, D]$πNpflp°hp° ≈°BA°. A°V$gy¨ S> _lv [°dp¨ AÎ`, A^Æ L°$ |ZÆ rhfpd; ‚Òp\Æ, D]$πNpflp°hp° ≈°BA°. A°V$gy¨ S> _lv [°dp¨ AÎ`, A^Æ L°$ |ZÆ rhfpd; ‚Òp\Æ, D]$πNpflp°hp° ≈°BA°. A°V$gy¨ S> _lv [°dp¨ AÎ`, A^Æ L°$ |ZÆ rhfpd; ‚Òp\Æ, D]$πNpf
rQfil L°$ X°$i (-) B–epq]$ Z A\Æk|QL$ A_° A\Æ`p°jL$ fu[° ep°S>hp ≈°BA°.rQfil L°$ X°$i (-) B–epq]$ Z A\Æk|QL$ A_° A\Æ`p°jL$ fu[° ep°S>hp ≈°BA°.rQfil L°$ X°$i (-) B–epq]$ Z A\Æk|QL$ A_° A\Æ`p°jL$ fu[° ep°S>hp ≈°BA°.rQfil L°$ X°$i (-) B–epq]$ Z A\Æk|QL$ A_° A\Æ`p°jL$ fu[° ep°S>hp ≈°BA°.rQfil L°$ X°$i (-) B–epq]$ Z A\Æk|QL$ A_° A\Æ`p°jL$ fu[° ep°S>hp ≈°BA°.
Apd [p° ]$f°L$ L$pÏeıhApd [p° ]$f°L$ L$pÏeıhApd [p° ]$f°L$ L$pÏeıhApd [p° ]$f°L$ L$pÏeıhApd [p° ]$f°L$ L$pÏeıhÍÍÍÍÍ `dp¨ Ap [“hp° Ap°R>°h—° A¨i° S>`dp¨ Ap [“hp° Ap°R>°h—° A¨i° S>`dp¨ Ap [“hp° Ap°R>°h—° A¨i° S>`dp¨ Ap [“hp° Ap°R>°h—° A¨i° S>`dp¨ Ap [“hp° Ap°R>°h—° A¨i° S>ÍÍÍÍÍ fu R>° ; `f¨[yfu R>° ; `f¨[yfu R>° ; `f¨[yfu R>° ; `f¨[yfu R>° ; `f¨[y
kp∑_°V$dp¨ [°_y¨ dl“h krhi°j R>°.'kp∑_°V$dp¨ [°_y¨ dl“h krhi°j R>°.'kp∑_°V$dp¨ [°_y¨ dl“h krhi°j R>°.'kp∑_°V$dp¨ [°_y¨ dl“h krhi°j R>°.'kp∑_°V$dp¨ [°_y¨ dl“h krhi°j R>°.'7
kO_[p_u R>p` L$fL$kf\u ArZepmu
fu[° kyOÀ$ Í`° D`khu ≈°BA°. rh‹p_p°A° [°\u S> [p° kp∑_°V$_° dyL[L$ L°$ A°r‚N∞pd
24
kp\° kfMpÏey¨ R>°. dyL[L$dp¨ `Z L¨$BL$ Aphu S> fu[° c|rdL$p bp¨^u A¨[°
A\pÆfi[ffiepk\u `qfkdpr‡[ \pe R>°.
cphNr[_p ‚hpl k¨]$c£ A°L$ A° Z f y R>° L°$ ]$f°L$ kp∑_°V$_y bp¸ dpmMy
kfMy¨ lp°hp R>[p¨ [°_p¨ Ap¨r[qfL$ dpmMpdp¨ S|>]$p`œ¨, r_fpmp`œ¨ fl° R>°.
(2) rhjer_Í`Z :
kp∑_°V$_p iÂ]$]°$ldp¨ ‚hpldp_ cphNr[_p ‚hpldp¨ A°L$ S> rhQpfL$Z,
A_ychp¨i `yfpe°gp° lp°e R>°. rhQpfL$Z L¨$BL$ k¨h°]$_nd lp°hp° ≈°BA°. A_yc|r[
`Z O|¨V$pe°gu lp°hu S>Ífu R>°. A_yc|r[L$Z_u dp¨X$Zu - hmp¨L$ - `fpL$pÛW$p-Qp°V$
≈mhu_° [°_u h•eqL[L$[p rkŸ \[u lp°e [°_p rhje k¨]$c£ `Z rhQpf L$fhp°
OV°$. kp∑_°V$_u rhL$pkf°Mp ≈°[p kp∑_°V$dp¨ dyøe–h° ‚ur[k¨h°]$_, [°_p A_yk¨^p_°
[°_u rhrh^ c|rdL$pAp°_p A¨ip°, ÏeqL[rhi°j kp\°, ÏeqL[rhi°j r_rd—° dm[u
kp∑_°V$dpmpAp° `Z dmu R>°. dp_hue gpNZu_p A[|V$ k¨b¨^_u c|rdL$p
rd”‚°d_p rhjeÍ`°, fpÛV≤$ue cph_p; ıh]°$i‚°d, ‚L©$r[_u ‚NpY$ Akf, ^dÆ-
_ur[ L°$ dp_h∆h__p k_p[_ ‚Ô_p° hN°f° rhje r_Í`Z_u kudpdp¨ flu Q|L$ep
R>°. kp∑_°V$ ErdÆ L$pÏe_p° S> A°L$ ‚L$pf lp°hp\u ErdÆL$rh[pdp¨ r_Í`pe°gp b^p
rhjep° kp∑_°V$_p `Z rhjep° bfiep R>°. [°_° gu^° kp∑_°V$ Ap–dgnu, `p”gnu,
`fgnu S>°hp¨ bfiep¨ R>°. æ$p°kg°fiX$_y d¨[Ïe R>° L°$ "kp∑_°V$ dpV°$ [° rhje D—d S>°dp¨\u
D—d kp∑_°V$ fQu iL$pe.' V|¨$L$dp¨ L$rh rhje Nd° [° g° [°_° k¨h°]$__p° A°hp° `V$
Ap`° L°$ fkk¨[`ÆL$_u rhriÛV$ c|rdL$p fQu Ap`° _° A¨[° kp∑_°V$ gp^hy¨ ≈°BA°.
b rl f¨ N
(3) ¨qL$[ k¨øep :
ÏeqL[_u `l°gu Ap°mM [°_p bp¸ ]°$Mph\u L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. h^y
Ap°mM [°_p A¨[f_° `pfMhp\u \pe R>°, `Z kp∑_°V$ [p° L$pÏe R>°. cgp L$pÏe_°
hmu bp¸ Ap°mM ? lp, kp∑_°V$_u ‚\d ‚–en ]$iÆ_ue Ap°mM [°_u Qp•]$
`¨qL$[Ap° R>°. A°V$gp dpV°$ S> _p_L$X$p ]°$l_y¨ fdZueÍ` [°_u ‚\d Ap°mM b_u
25
f¸y¨. kp∑_°V$ Qp•]$ ¨qL$[_y¨ S> lp°e A°hu L$W$p°f riı[ kp\° _pfp° X°$ [p° ıhpcprhL$
S> ‚Ô_ D]$πch° L°$ Qp•]$ ¨qL$[ S> ip dpV°$ ? bpf, [°f, kp°m, ¨]$f ¨qL$[ _ Qpg° ?
[°_° "kp∑_°V$' L$pÏe L°$d _ L$lu iL$uA° ? Ap ‚Ô__p° S>hpb d°mhhp dpV°$ [p°
_S>f_° R>°L$ kp∑_°V$_p `pfZp ky^u gB Nep hNf _ Qpg° "L$pe]$pipı”u_° lp\°"L$pe]$pipı”u_° lp\°"L$pe]$pipı”u_° lp\°"L$pe]$pipı”u_° lp\°"L$pe]$pipı”u_° lp\°
OX$pe°gy¨ Ap ıhOX$pe°gy¨ Ap ıhOX$pe°gy¨ Ap ıhOX$pe°gy¨ Ap ıhOX$pe°gy¨ Ap ıhÍÍÍÍÍ ` r_edfrl[ [p° L°$d lp°B iL°$ ?'` r_edfrl[ [p° L°$d lp°B iL°$ ?'` r_edfrl[ [p° L°$d lp°B iL°$ ?'` r_edfrl[ [p° L°$d lp°B iL°$ ?'` r_edfrl[ [p° L°$d lp°B iL°$ ?'8
[°\u S> [p° –epf\u [°
ApS> q]$_ `eØ[ Ap Qp•]$ `¨qL$[_p L$pÏe_° "kp∑_°V$' hNÆdp¨ b°kpX$hpdp¨ Aph° R>°.
kp∑_°V$_y¨ Ap A_p°My¨ A_° rhriÛV$ gnZ `pf¨`qfL$ fu[° ApS> `Z S>mhp[y¨ fl°g
R>°. S>° [°_u A°L$ "ApNhu Ap°mM' b_u R>°. [°d R>[p¨ [°_p b¨^pfZ rhi° A_°L$,
AV$L$mp° L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. Qp•]$ `¨qL$[_p OX$[fdp¨ ‚\d d|mdp¨ ApW$ `¨qL$[Ap°
l[u `R>u\u bu∆ R> `¨qL$[_° ‚h°i d˛ep° A_° Ap `¨qL$[Ap°_p° ge `Z Sy>]$p° S>
f¸p°. Apd Qp•]$ `¨qL$[_p° ]°$l bfiep° li°. A°L$ L$Î`_p A°hu `Z L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°
L°$ "N∞uL$ A°r`N∞pd_u b° guV$u L°$ ıV$p°_£gu_u b° Qpf `¨qL$[ Ap°R>u `X$hp\u"N∞uL$ A°r`N∞pd_u b° guV$u L°$ ıV$p°_£gu_u b° Qpf `¨qL$[ Ap°R>u `X$hp\u"N∞uL$ A°r`N∞pd_u b° guV$u L°$ ıV$p°_£gu_u b° Qpf `¨qL$[ Ap°R>u `X$hp\u"N∞uL$ A°r`N∞pd_u b° guV$u L°$ ıV$p°_£gu_u b° Qpf `¨qL$[ Ap°R>u `X$hp\u"N∞uL$ A°r`N∞pd_u b° guV$u L°$ ıV$p°_£gu_u b° Qpf `¨qL$[ Ap°R>u `X$hp\u
L$rhAp° ^ud° ^ud° ApW$, ]$k, bpf `¨qL$[ ky^u `l°p¨√ep li°. L$p°BL$_° bpfL$rhAp° ^ud° ^ud° ApW$, ]$k, bpf `¨qL$[ ky^u `l°p¨√ep li°. L$p°BL$_° bpfL$rhAp° ^ud° ^ud° ApW$, ]$k, bpf `¨qL$[ ky^u `l°p¨√ep li°. L$p°BL$_° bpfL$rhAp° ^ud° ^ud° ApW$, ]$k, bpf `¨qL$[ ky^u `l°p¨√ep li°. L$p°BL$_° bpfL$rhAp° ^ud° ^ud° ApW$, ]$k, bpf `¨qL$[ ky^u `l°p¨√ep li°. L$p°BL$_° bpf
`¨qL$[ `Z Ap°R>u `X$u li° [p° L$p°B_° kp°m guV$u h^pf° gpNu li°; ApMf°`¨qL$[ `Z Ap°R>u `X$u li° [p° L$p°B_° kp°m guV$u h^pf° gpNu li°; ApMf°`¨qL$[ `Z Ap°R>u `X$u li° [p° L$p°B_° kp°m guV$u h^pf° gpNu li°; ApMf°`¨qL$[ `Z Ap°R>u `X$u li° [p° L$p°B_° kp°m guV$u h^pf° gpNu li°; ApMf°`¨qL$[ `Z Ap°R>u `X$u li° [p° L$p°B_° kp°m guV$u h^pf° gpNu li°; ApMf°
Qp•]$ `¨qL$[ aphu NB li° A_° khÆdpfie b_u li°.'Qp•]$ `¨qL$[ aphu NB li° A_° khÆdpfie b_u li°.'Qp•]$ `¨qL$[ aphu NB li° A_° khÆdpfie b_u li°.'Qp•]$ `¨qL$[ aphu NB li° A_° khÆdpfie b_u li°.'Qp•]$ `¨qL$[ aphu NB li° A_° khÆdpfie b_u li°.'9
A°L$ ”u∆ L$Î`_p A°hu `Z \pe L°$ A¨[dp¨ Aph[p ‚pk_° ≈mh[p¨
≈mh[p¨ Qp•]$ `¨qL$[_y¨ dpmMy¨ bfiey¨ lp°e S>° kdp¨[f Qpg[p AfieL$pÏe\u AgN
f¸y¨ lp°e, [°_u AgN Ap°mM Ecu L$fu lp°e _° A° Ap°mM_° khÆ kS>ÆL$ ‹pfp
dpfie[p dmu _° ıhuL$pfpe lp°e `Z Nd° [° lp°e Ap Qp•]$ `¨qL$[_p riı[_°
kp∑_°V$ gM_pf L$rhA° ıhuL$pfhu `X°$ A_° A°_u `f¨`fp ≈°[p¨ ApS> ky^u_p
kp∑_°V$L$pf° [°_° E\p`u _\u. lp OZp L$rhAp° cph-r_Í `Zdp¨ L$epf°L$
Qp•]$`¨qL$[\u Ap°R>u `¨qL$[A° AV$L$ep R>° [p° OZp L$rhAp°_° Qp•]$ `¨qL[ Ap°R>u
`Z `X$u R>°. Apd Ap°R>u L°$ h^y `¨qL$[hpmp L$pÏe_° "kp∑_°V$' ip dpV°$ _ NZhy¨ ?
A°hu aqfep]$p° `Z flu R>°. My]$ hXÆ$Th\£ aqfep]$ Í`° ”Z kp∑_°V$ gMu_° Apæ$p°i
W$pgÏep° R>°. Aphu A`hp]$Í` NZp[u fQ_pAp°_p `qÚddp¨ [°dS> NyS>fp[udp¨
lp\hNp ]$ÛV$p¨[p° AhÌe dm°. d°f°qX$\_u "dp°X$_Æ_gh' L$pÏe kp°m `¨qL$[ ky^u
rhı[eyØ R>°. `°V≤$pLÆ$ A_° rdÎV$_ S>°hp L$rhAp°A° Aphu A`hp]$Í` NZp[u
26
fQ_pAp° Ap`u R>°, S>°d_° BV$prge_p° "k`y√R>' \u Ap°mM[p "kp∑_°V$L$gp_p"kp∑_°V$L$gp_p"kp∑_°V$L$gp_p"kp∑_°V$L$gp_p"kp∑_°V$L$gp_p
"k_p[_u' rldpe[u dpV°$ Alv ]$gug kpfy¨ W$uL$ W$uL$ AhL$pi R>°, A° L$lu"k_p[_u' rldpe[u dpV°$ Alv ]$gug kpfy¨ W$uL$ W$uL$ AhL$pi R>°, A° L$lu"k_p[_u' rldpe[u dpV°$ Alv ]$gug kpfy¨ W$uL$ W$uL$ AhL$pi R>°, A° L$lu"k_p[_u' rldpe[u dpV°$ Alv ]$gug kpfy¨ W$uL$ W$uL$ AhL$pi R>°, A° L$lu"k_p[_u' rldpe[u dpV°$ Alv ]$gug kpfy¨ W$uL$ W$uL$ AhL$pi R>°, A° L$lu
iL°$ L°$ kp∑_°V$ [p° A°L$ rhQpf L°$ ErdÆ_° d|[Æ L$f[y¨ A°L$d R>°. Qp•]$ guV$udp¨iL°$ L°$ kp∑_°V$ [p° A°L$ rhQpf L°$ ErdÆ_° d|[Æ L$f[y¨ A°L$d R>°. Qp•]$ guV$udp¨iL°$ L°$ kp∑_°V$ [p° A°L$ rhQpf L°$ ErdÆ_° d|[Æ L$f[y¨ A°L$d R>°. Qp•]$ guV$udp¨iL°$ L°$ kp∑_°V$ [p° A°L$ rhQpf L°$ ErdÆ_° d|[Æ L$f[y¨ A°L$d R>°. Qp•]$ guV$udp¨iL°$ L°$ kp∑_°V$ [p° A°L$ rhQpf L°$ ErdÆ_° d|[Æ L$f[y¨ A°L$d R>°. Qp•]$ guV$udp¨
A°_u `|ZpÆl}r[ \B lp°e [p° Ap `|√R> h^pfpdp¨ R>°, _ \B lp°e [p° Qp•]$A°_u `|ZpÆl}r[ \B lp°e [p° Ap `|√R> h^pfpdp¨ R>°, _ \B lp°e [p° Qp•]$A°_u `|ZpÆl}r[ \B lp°e [p° Ap `|√R> h^pfpdp¨ R>°, _ \B lp°e [p° Qp•]$A°_u `|ZpÆl}r[ \B lp°e [p° Ap `|√R> h^pfpdp¨ R>°, _ \B lp°e [p° Qp•]$A°_u `|ZpÆl}r[ \B lp°e [p° Ap `|√R> h^pfpdp¨ R>°, _ \B lp°e [p° Qp•]$
`¨qL$[dp¨ L©$r[_° A°L$d`œ¨ d˛ey¨ _\u. `Z ıhe¨-k¨`|ZÆ A°hu, ApNhy¨`¨qL$[dp¨ L©$r[_° A°L$d`œ¨ d˛ey¨ _\u. `Z ıhe¨-k¨`|ZÆ A°hu, ApNhy¨`¨qL$[dp¨ L©$r[_° A°L$d`œ¨ d˛ey¨ _\u. `Z ıhe¨-k¨`|ZÆ A°hu, ApNhy¨`¨qL$[dp¨ L©$r[_° A°L$d`œ¨ d˛ey¨ _\u. `Z ıhe¨-k¨`|ZÆ A°hu, ApNhy¨`¨qL$[dp¨ L©$r[_° A°L$d`œ¨ d˛ey¨ _\u. `Z ıhe¨-k¨`|ZÆ A°hu, ApNhy¨
Ası[–h ^fph[u L©$r[_° A¨N° ip dpV°$ ApNm L¨$BL$ rhQpf ]$ipÆhu _ iL$peAsı[–h ^fph[u L©$r[_° A¨N° ip dpV°$ ApNm L¨$BL$ rhQpf ]$ipÆhu _ iL$peAsı[–h ^fph[u L©$r[_° A¨N° ip dpV°$ ApNm L¨$BL$ rhQpf ]$ipÆhu _ iL$peAsı[–h ^fph[u L©$r[_° A¨N° ip dpV°$ ApNm L¨$BL$ rhQpf ]$ipÆhu _ iL$peAsı[–h ^fph[u L©$r[_° A¨N° ip dpV°$ ApNm L¨$BL$ rhQpf ]$ipÆhu _ iL$pe
? A°\u L$p¨B `|hÆ_u Qp•]$ `¨qL$[dp¨_p L$pÏe_y¨ ^V$L$–h _¨]$hpe S> A°hy¨ L$p¨B? A°\u L$p¨B `|hÆ_u Qp•]$ `¨qL$[dp¨_p L$pÏe_y¨ ^V$L$–h _¨]$hpe S> A°hy¨ L$p¨B? A°\u L$p¨B `|hÆ_u Qp•]$ `¨qL$[dp¨_p L$pÏe_y¨ ^V$L$–h _¨]$hpe S> A°hy¨ L$p¨B? A°\u L$p¨B `|hÆ_u Qp•]$ `¨qL$[dp¨_p L$pÏe_y¨ ^V$L$–h _¨]$hpe S> A°hy¨ L$p¨B? A°\u L$p¨B `|hÆ_u Qp•]$ `¨qL$[dp¨_p L$pÏe_y¨ ^V$L$–h _¨]$hpe S> A°hy¨ L$p¨B
_\u.'_\u.'_\u.'_\u.'_\u.'10
kyf°i ≈°iu `Z ky¨]$fdπ_p "A_y]$uL$fu' L$pÏe_p k¨]$cÆdp¨ S>Zph° R>°,
"_° lh° bu≈° hmp¨L$ - [dpf° Ap L$pÏe_° kp∑_°V$ L$l°hy¨ lp°e [p° L$l°≈°; _° [°f"_° lh° bu≈° hmp¨L$ - [dpf° Ap L$pÏe_° kp∑_°V$ L$l°hy¨ lp°e [p° L$l°≈°; _° [°f"_° lh° bu≈° hmp¨L$ - [dpf° Ap L$pÏe_° kp∑_°V$ L$l°hy¨ lp°e [p° L$l°≈°; _° [°f"_° lh° bu≈° hmp¨L$ - [dpf° Ap L$pÏe_° kp∑_°V$ L$l°hy¨ lp°e [p° L$l°≈°; _° [°f"_° lh° bu≈° hmp¨L$ - [dpf° Ap L$pÏe_° kp∑_°V$ L$l°hy¨ lp°e [p° L$l°≈°; _° [°f
S> `¨qL$[ R>°, ‚pk ep°S>_p Ïehsı\[ _\u A°V$gp S> Mp[f kp∑_°V$ _rlS> `¨qL$[ R>°, ‚pk ep°S>_p Ïehsı\[ _\u A°V$gp S> Mp[f kp∑_°V$ _rlS> `¨qL$[ R>°, ‚pk ep°S>_p Ïehsı\[ _\u A°V$gp S> Mp[f kp∑_°V$ _rlS> `¨qL$[ R>°, ‚pk ep°S>_p Ïehsı\[ _\u A°V$gp S> Mp[f kp∑_°V$ _rlS> `¨qL$[ R>°, ‚pk ep°S>_p Ïehsı\[ _\u A°V$gp S> Mp[f kp∑_°V$ _rl
L$l°ip° [p°e L$pÏe_° L$iu nr[ _\u \hp_u. A°_p° Ap–dp kp∑_°V$_p° R>° A°L$l°ip° [p°e L$pÏe_° L$iu nr[ _\u \hp_u. A°_p° Ap–dp kp∑_°V$_p° R>° A°L$l°ip° [p°e L$pÏe_° L$iu nr[ _\u \hp_u. A°_p° Ap–dp kp∑_°V$_p° R>° A°L$l°ip° [p°e L$pÏe_° L$iu nr[ _\u \hp_u. A°_p° Ap–dp kp∑_°V$_p° R>° A°L$l°ip° [p°e L$pÏe_° L$iu nr[ _\u \hp_u. A°_p° Ap–dp kp∑_°V$_p° R>° A°
_L$L$u R>° _° hmu A°_p° rhi°j A° R>° L°$ A°dp¨ hmp¨L$_u A¨]$f hmp¨L$ R>° [°_u_L$L$u R>° _° hmu A°_p° rhi°j A° R>° L°$ A°dp¨ hmp¨L$_u A¨]$f hmp¨L$ R>° [°_u_L$L$u R>° _° hmu A°_p° rhi°j A° R>° L°$ A°dp¨ hmp¨L$_u A¨]$f hmp¨L$ R>° [°_u_L$L$u R>° _° hmu A°_p° rhi°j A° R>° L°$ A°dp¨ hmp¨L$_u A¨]$f hmp¨L$ R>° [°_u_L$L$u R>° _° hmu A°_p° rhi°j A° R>° L°$ A°dp¨ hmp¨L$_u A¨]$f hmp¨L$ R>° [°_u
q‹NyZuL©$[ b¨qL$d[p h^y Apıhp¤ R>°.......'q‹NyZuL©$[ b¨qL$d[p h^y Apıhp¤ R>°.......'q‹NyZuL©$[ b¨qL$d[p h^y Apıhp¤ R>°.......'q‹NyZuL©$[ b¨qL$d[p h^y Apıhp¤ R>°.......'q‹NyZuL©$[ b¨qL$d[p h^y Apıhp¤ R>°.......'11
Ap–dp A_° ]°$l ep_° L$u
riÎ`\u kp∑_°V$_° Ap°mMhp_p¨ ‚e–_p° \ep R>°, `Z kp∑_°V$dp¨ Qp•]$ `¨qL$[ A_°
cph_p° `gV$p° L°$ hmp¨L$ bfi_° kp\° lp°hp ≈°BA°. V|¨$L$dp¨ bfi_° r_edp^u_ R>°,
kp∑_°V$ dpV°$ AphÌeL$ R>°.
NyS>fp[u kprl–edp¨ Aphp¨ A`hp]$Í` L$pÏep° gMpep¨ R>°. Ddpi¨L$f
≈°iu_p "`uRy>¨', "bm[p¨ `pZu' `¨]$f `¨qL$[_p \ep¨ R>°. "L$rh[p_°' [°f `¨qL$[_y¨
L$pÏe bfiey¨ R>° "`uRy>¨' L$pÏe_p Ap¨[qfL$ dpmMpdp¨ kp∑_°V$_p° Ap–dp R>°, R>[p¨
Qp•]$ ¨qL$[_u riı[_° hap]$pf _ lp°e kp∑_°V$ hNÆ_p Ar^L$pfu [fuL°$_u NZ_pdp¨
_\u. [°hy S> ky]$fdπ_p¨ "A_y]$uL$fu', " yŒep–dp' [°f ¨qL$[_p lp°hp\u Ap L$pÏep°_°
`Z gpNy `X°$ R>°. Óu^fpZu_y¨ "i|fiei°j' `¨]$f `¨qL$[_y¨ L$pÏe R>°. ‚ı[y[ L$pÏe_°
"ıhr_[phrg' dp¨ d|L°$gy¨ R>°, R>[p¨ 'kp∑_°V$' [fuL°$ Ap°mMu iL$pe _rl. "kp∑_°V$'
L$pÏe Apk`pk ÍqY$N[ fur[\u S>° k¨ıL$pfp° Ecp \ep R>° [°_° ApMf° Ap ıhÍ`dp¨
AÏehı\p Ecu _ \pe [° dpV°$ `Z ıhuL$pfhp OV°$. ky¨]$fdπ ‚NV$ fu[° L$l° R>° :
"kp∑_°V$_° ≈° bpf, ¨]$f L°$ kp°m-k—f guV$u_y¨ L$fhy¨ lp°e A_° ¨qL$[ depÆ]$p_u"kp∑_°V$_° ≈° bpf, ¨]$f L°$ kp°m-k—f guV$u_y¨ L$fhy¨ lp°e A_° ¨qL$[ depÆ]$p_u"kp∑_°V$_° ≈° bpf, ¨]$f L°$ kp°m-k—f guV$u_y¨ L$fhy¨ lp°e A_° ¨qL$[ depÆ]$p_u"kp∑_°V$_° ≈° bpf, ¨]$f L°$ kp°m-k—f guV$u_y¨ L$fhy¨ lp°e A_° ¨qL$[ depÆ]$p_u"kp∑_°V$_° ≈° bpf, ¨]$f L°$ kp°m-k—f guV$u_y¨ L$fhy¨ lp°e A_° ¨qL$[ depÆ]$p_u
ÍÍÍÍÍ qY$_° [S>hu lp°e [p° `R>u kp∑_°V$_p qY$_° [S>hu lp°e [p° `R>u kp∑_°V$_p qY$_° [S>hu lp°e [p° `R>u kp∑_°V$_p qY$_° [S>hu lp°e [p° `R>u kp∑_°V$_p qY$_° [S>hu lp°e [p° `R>u kp∑_°V$_p ÍÍÍÍÍ Y$ _pd_° hmNhy¨ ip dpV°$ ? A°_° dp”Y$ _pd_° hmNhy¨ ip dpV°$ ? A°_° dp”Y$ _pd_° hmNhy¨ ip dpV°$ ? A°_° dp”Y$ _pd_° hmNhy¨ ip dpV°$ ? A°_° dp”Y$ _pd_° hmNhy¨ ip dpV°$ ? A°_° dp”
27
L$pÏe L$lu_° S> L$p¨ k¨[p°j _ g°hp° ?'L$pÏe L$lu_° S> L$p¨ k¨[p°j _ g°hp° ?'L$pÏe L$lu_° S> L$p¨ k¨[p°j _ g°hp° ?'L$pÏe L$lu_° S> L$p¨ k¨[p°j _ g°hp° ?'L$pÏe L$lu_° S> L$p¨ k¨[p°j _ g°hp° ?'12
[p° kyf°i ]$gpg Qp•]$ `¨qL$[_p riÎ`_°
"gˇdZf°Mp' A_° hmp¨L$_° "rhgnZ - f°Mp' [fuL°$ Ap°mMphu, Qp•]$ `¨qL$[_°
kp∑_°V$_y r_epdL$ [“hp°dp¨_y A°L$ bp¸ kh°pÆ fu [“h [fuL°$ NZ° R>°. [°Ap° ApNm
S>Zph° R>° L°$ "kp∑_°V$ A_° Qp•]$ `¨qL$[_p° k¨b¨^ `p” A_° ‚hplu_p° _rl,"kp∑_°V$ A_° Qp•]$ `¨qL$[_p° k¨b¨^ `p” A_° ‚hplu_p° _rl,"kp∑_°V$ A_° Qp•]$ `¨qL$[_p° k¨b¨^ `p” A_° ‚hplu_p° _rl,"kp∑_°V$ A_° Qp•]$ `¨qL$[_p° k¨b¨^ `p” A_° ‚hplu_p° _rl,"kp∑_°V$ A_° Qp•]$ `¨qL$[_p° k¨b¨^ `p” A_° ‚hplu_p° _rl,
R>u` A_° dp°[u_p° _rl, t`S>f A_° `¨Mu_p° _rl `Z a}g A_° `qfdg_p°R>u` A_° dp°[u_p° _rl, t`S>f A_° `¨Mu_p° _rl `Z a}g A_° `qfdg_p°R>u` A_° dp°[u_p° _rl, t`S>f A_° `¨Mu_p° _rl `Z a}g A_° `qfdg_p°R>u` A_° dp°[u_p° _rl, t`S>f A_° `¨Mu_p° _rl `Z a}g A_° `qfdg_p°R>u` A_° dp°[u_p° _rl, t`S>f A_° `¨Mu_p° _rl `Z a}g A_° `qfdg_p°
R>°.'R>°.'R>°.'R>°.'R>°.'13
(4) ‚pk[“h :
brlNÆ[ k•p¨]$eÆ-rhfiepkdp¨ `¨qL[k¨øep, `¨qL[Ap°_p rhcpS>_ kp\°
‚pk[“h Z fl°gy R>°. "kp∑_°V$_y¨ Qp•]$ ¨qL$[ R>u_y¨ r_epdL$ [“h [° ‚pk'"kp∑_°V$_y¨ Qp•]$ ¨qL$[ R>u_y¨ r_epdL$ [“h [° ‚pk'"kp∑_°V$_y¨ Qp•]$ ¨qL$[ R>u_y¨ r_epdL$ [“h [° ‚pk'"kp∑_°V$_y¨ Qp•]$ ¨qL$[ R>u_y¨ r_epdL$ [“h [° ‚pk'"kp∑_°V$_y¨ Qp•]$ ¨qL$[ R>u_y¨ r_epdL$ [“h [° ‚pk'14
kp∑_°V$L$pfp° dpV°$ Qp•]$ `¨qL$[_p dpmMp_p `qfOdp¨ S> S>° L$p¨B L$fhp_y¨ R>° [° [°dp¨ S>
L$fhp_y¨ lp°e, ‚ep°Niug kp∑_°V$L$pfp° ‚pk[“h [fa L°$qfi÷[ bfiep li° A_° [°\u
‚pkep°S>_pdp¨ rhrh^[p ≈°hp dm° R>°. BV$prge_ kp∑_°V$ ‚\d\u S> b°
rhcpNp°dp¨ fQp[y¨ lp°e AÛV$L$ A_° jÛV$L$_u ‚pk`Ÿr[ Sy>]$u Sy>]$u flu R>°. My]$
g°rfiV$_p° A° abab abab S>°hp ‚pk AÛV$L$dp¨ [p° jÛV$L$dp¨ cde cde S>°hu
‚pk`Ÿr[_y¨ Apep°S>_ L$f°g R>°. ¡hu[p°_u AÛV$L$dp¨ a°fapf L$fu abba abba
A_° jÛV$L$dp¨ Sy>]$p - Sy>]$p ‚pk Np°W$hu kp∑_°V$_p riÎ`_° Ïehsı\[ L$f° R>°,
kp∑_°V$_p AÛV$L$_° Ap¨[qfL$ b_ph° R>°. °V≤$pLÆ$ ¡hu[p°_u_p AÛV$L$_p b¨ _° ıhuL$pf°
R>°. `Z jÛV$L$dp¨ ccd ccd [\p cde cde A°d _phufie `|fhp_p ‚e–_p°
L$epØ. `°V≤$pLÆ$ipB ‚pk`Ÿr[_u A°L$ rhi°j[p A° flu R>° L°$ [°_u [°fdu A_° Qp•]$du
`¨qL[_p ‚pk kdp_ _\u lp°[p `°V≤$pLÆ$ipB ‚pk`Ÿr[ h^y ≈Zu[u b_u R>°.
Óyr[kp¶]$eÆdp¨ Ap `Ÿr[ L¨$BL$ rhi°j h^pfp° L$f_pfu b_u lp°e A_yNpdu
kp∑_°V$L$pfp°_° dpfie flu R>°. dpglb£ `°V≤$pLÆ$ipB AÛV$L$_u ‚pk`Ÿr[ ıhuL$pfu
jÛV$L$dp¨ b° fu[° ‚pk`Ÿr[ d|L$u S>° Ap ‚dpZ° flu R>° : abba abba ccd
ede [\p abba abba ccd ced. blz AÎ` fu[° ıhuL$pfpe°g Ap
‚pkep°S>_p a°gphpdp¨ kurd[ flu R>°. A¨N∞°S> L$rhAp°A° ‚pk`Ÿr[dp¨ Apd|g
a°fapfp° L$epÆ R>°. hpeV$ abba abba AÛV$L$ `|f[u BV$prge_ ‚pkfQ_p_°
A_ykf° R>°, `Z jÛV$L$dp¨ cdd cee S>°hu ‚pkfQ_p Np°W$h° R>°. kf° [°_p\u
28
ApNm h^u_° abab cdcd ef ef gg S>°hu ”Z Q[yÛL$ A_° A¨[_u ey¡d
S>°hu ‚pk`Ÿr[ ep°∆, S>°_u kp\° ApNm S>[p¨ i°L$πsı`ef_y¨ _pd ≈°X$pey¨ R>°.
h√Q° A°X$dfiX$ ı`°fikf_u Ap¨[fkp¨L$mu S>°hu a°fapfhpmu ‚pk`Ÿr[ `Z Aphu
R>°, S>° abab bcbc cdcd ee S>°hu flu R>°. [p° qagu` rkX$_u_u rdÓ‚L$pf_u
A°V$g° L°$ BV$prge_ abba abba [\p cde dee S>°hu ‚pk`Ÿr[ Ap`u R>°.
hXÆ$Th\Æ abba acca S>°hu AÛV$L$dp¨ ‚pk`Ÿr[ Np°W$h°gu. Apd ‚pk`Ÿr[\u
L$epf°L$ kp∑_°V$ Ap¨[qfL$ bfiey¨ R>°, [p° L$epf°L$ qdÎV$_ fur[_p ıh[¨” kp∑_°V$
fQ_p_p a°gph° L$epf°L$ ‚pk[“h_° Np•Z `Z b_pÏey¨ R>° L°$ L$epf°L$ brlNÆ[ Nr[
`Z L$fu R>°.
‚pk[“h S>ep¨ klS> fu[° Np°W$hpey¨ R>° –ep¨ kS>Æ_L$p•ig [p° Mfy¨ S> `Z
kp\° kp\° cpjp_p `V° $ `Z OZp° OZp° cpN cS>Ïep° R> °. BV$prge_
‚pk`Ÿr[dp¨ kfm[p-klS>[p [°_u cpjp_° Apcpfu R>°. S>° A¨N∞°S> cpjpdp¨
L$qW$_ gp¡ey¨, [°\u A¨N°∞∆ cpjp_p L$rhAp° p°[p_u cpjpdp¨ kfm[p, A_yL|$m[p
flu [° fu[° ‚pk`Ÿr[ gpÏep.
`Z "kp∑_°V$' _° gpN° hmN° R>° –ep¨ ky^u ”Z ‚pk`Ÿr[ dyøe–h° h^y
dpaL$ A_° ıhuL©$[ flu R>°.
(1) ¡hu[p°_u `°V≤$pLÆ$ipB - BV$prge_ `Ÿr[
(f) i°L$πsı`fue_ipB - A¨N∞°S> `Ÿr[
(3) rdÎV$_ipB - ıh[¨” ‚L$pf_u `Ÿr[
"`qÚd_u ‚pkfQ_p, kp∑_°V$ dpV°$ ep°≈B R>° [° ÓhZ L$f[p¨ Ap¨M_p°"`qÚd_u ‚pkfQ_p, kp∑_°V$ dpV°$ ep°≈B R>° [° ÓhZ L$f[p¨ Ap¨M_p°"`qÚd_u ‚pkfQ_p, kp∑_°V$ dpV°$ ep°≈B R>° [° ÓhZ L$f[p¨ Ap¨M_p°"`qÚd_u ‚pkfQ_p, kp∑_°V$ dpV°$ ep°≈B R>° [° ÓhZ L$f[p¨ Ap¨M_p°"`qÚd_u ‚pkfQ_p, kp∑_°V$ dpV°$ ep°≈B R>° [° ÓhZ L$f[p¨ Ap¨M_p°
rhje rhi°j [p° gpN° R>°. AÛV$L$ - jÛV$L$_u rhcpN ep°S>_p h«>g°M L$fhprhje rhi°j [p° gpN° R>°. AÛV$L$ - jÛV$L$_u rhcpN ep°S>_p h«>g°M L$fhprhje rhi°j [p° gpN° R>°. AÛV$L$ - jÛV$L$_u rhcpN ep°S>_p h«>g°M L$fhprhje rhi°j [p° gpN° R>°. AÛV$L$ - jÛV$L$_u rhcpN ep°S>_p h«>g°M L$fhprhje rhi°j [p° gpN° R>°. AÛV$L$ - jÛV$L$_u rhcpN ep°S>_p h«>g°M L$fhp
dpV°$ D`≈h°gy ¨ A° kp^_ R>°. ‰°fiQ kp∑_°V$L$pfp° [°\u L$hrQ[ jÛV$L$_udpV°$ D`≈h°gy ¨ A° kp^_ R>°. ‰°fiQ kp∑_°V$L$pfp° [°\u L$hrQ[ jÛV$L$_udpV°$ D`≈h°gy ¨ A° kp^_ R>°. ‰°fiQ kp∑_°V$L$pfp° [°\u L$hrQ[ jÛV$L$_udpV°$ D`≈h°gy ¨ A° kp^_ R>°. ‰°fiQ kp∑_°V$L$pfp° [°\u L$hrQ[ jÛV$L$_udpV°$ D`≈h°gy ¨ A° kp^_ R>°. ‰°fiQ kp∑_°V$L$pfp° [°\u L$hrQ[ jÛV$L$_u
iiiiiÍÍÍÍÍ Ap[dp¨ S> _hdu ]$kdu `¨qL$[_p kdp_ ‚pk ep°S>° R>°. `f¨[y A¨N∞°S> L°$Ap[dp¨ S> _hdu ]$kdu `¨qL$[_p kdp_ ‚pk ep°S>° R>°. `f¨[y A¨N∞°S> L°$Ap[dp¨ S> _hdu ]$kdu `¨qL$[_p kdp_ ‚pk ep°S>° R>°. `f¨[y A¨N∞°S> L°$Ap[dp¨ S> _hdu ]$kdu `¨qL$[_p kdp_ ‚pk ep°S>° R>°. `f¨[y A¨N∞°S> L°$Ap[dp¨ S> _hdu ]$kdu `¨qL$[_p kdp_ ‚pk ep°S>° R>°. `f¨[y A¨N∞°S> L°$
‰°fiQdp¨ kp∑_°V$_u S>° rhriÛV$ ‚pk k¨L$g_p R>° [° AÛV$L$ - jÛV$L$_p rhcpNp°‰°fiQdp¨ kp∑_°V$_u S>° rhriÛV$ ‚pk k¨L$g_p R>° [° AÛV$L$ - jÛV$L$_p rhcpNp°‰°fiQdp¨ kp∑_°V$_u S>° rhriÛV$ ‚pk k¨L$g_p R>° [° AÛV$L$ - jÛV$L$_p rhcpNp°‰°fiQdp¨ kp∑_°V$_u S>° rhriÛV$ ‚pk k¨L$g_p R>° [° AÛV$L$ - jÛV$L$_p rhcpNp°‰°fiQdp¨ kp∑_°V$_u S>° rhriÛV$ ‚pk k¨L$g_p R>° [° AÛV$L$ - jÛV$L$_p rhcpNp°
]$Y$ L$fhp `|f[y¨ BV$prge_ d|mfQ_p_y¨ kam A_yL$fZ R>°. `Z ‚pk_°]$Y$ L$fhp `|f[y¨ BV$prge_ d|mfQ_p_y¨ kam A_yL$fZ R>°. `Z ‚pk_°]$Y$ L$fhp `|f[y¨ BV$prge_ d|mfQ_p_y¨ kam A_yL$fZ R>°. `Z ‚pk_°]$Y$ L$fhp `|f[y¨ BV$prge_ d|mfQ_p_y¨ kam A_yL$fZ R>°. `Z ‚pk_°]$Y$ L$fhp `|f[y¨ BV$prge_ d|mfQ_p_y¨ kam A_yL$fZ R>°. `Z ‚pk_°
29
`p°[p_° S>° A°L$ iÂ]$pg¨L$pf [fuL°$ ApNhy¨ dp^yeÆ D`≈hhp_y¨ lp°e R>° [°dp¨`p°[p_° S>° A°L$ iÂ]$pg¨L$pf [fuL°$ ApNhy¨ dp^yeÆ D`≈hhp_y¨ lp°e R>° [°dp¨`p°[p_° S>° A°L$ iÂ]$pg¨L$pf [fuL°$ ApNhy¨ dp^yeÆ D`≈hhp_y¨ lp°e R>° [°dp¨`p°[p_° S>° A°L$ iÂ]$pg¨L$pf [fuL°$ ApNhy¨ dp^yeÆ D`≈hhp_y¨ lp°e R>° [°dp¨`p°[p_° S>° A°L$ iÂ]$pg¨L$pf [fuL°$ ApNhy¨ dp^yeÆ D`≈hhp_y¨ lp°e R>° [°dp¨
L$]$pQ A° r_Ûam ≈e R>° A°d L$lu iL$pe. d|m BV$prge_ ‚pk - k¨L$g_pdp¨L$]$pQ A° r_Ûam ≈e R>° A°d L$lu iL$pe. d|m BV$prge_ ‚pk - k¨L$g_pdp¨L$]$pQ A° r_Ûam ≈e R>° A°d L$lu iL$pe. d|m BV$prge_ ‚pk - k¨L$g_pdp¨L$]$pQ A° r_Ûam ≈e R>° A°d L$lu iL$pe. d|m BV$prge_ ‚pk - k¨L$g_pdp¨L$]$pQ A° r_Ûam ≈e R>° A°d L$lu iL$pe. d|m BV$prge_ ‚pk - k¨L$g_pdp¨
A°L$ S> Óyr[_p _rl Z b° L°$ ”Z Óyr[_p ‚pk k^pe R>° A° lL$uL$[ ¬ep_dp¨A°L$ S> Óyr[_p _rl Z b° L°$ ”Z Óyr[_p ‚pk k^pe R>° A° lL$uL$[ ¬ep_dp¨A°L$ S> Óyr[_p _rl Z b° L°$ ”Z Óyr[_p ‚pk k^pe R>° A° lL$uL$[ ¬ep_dp¨A°L$ S> Óyr[_p _rl Z b° L°$ ”Z Óyr[_p ‚pk k^pe R>° A° lL$uL$[ ¬ep_dp¨A°L$ S> Óyr[_p _rl Z b° L°$ ”Z Óyr[_p ‚pk k^pe R>° A° lL$uL$[ ¬ep_dp¨
g°hp S>°hu R>°. ]$p.[. g°hp S>°hu R>°. ]$p.[. g°hp S>°hu R>°. ]$p.[. g°hp S>°hu R>°. ]$p.[. g°hp S>°hu R>°. ]$p.[. Saluta, Muta, Vestuta, Venuta A°d bÂb°A°d bÂb°A°d bÂb°A°d bÂb°A°d bÂb°
Óyr[Ap°_p ‚pk k^pe R>°, A¨N∞°∆dp¨ S>hÎg°S> b°_p k^pe R>° A_° ”Z_pÓyr[Ap°_p ‚pk k^pe R>°, A¨N∞°∆dp¨ S>hÎg°S> b°_p k^pe R>° A_° ”Z_pÓyr[Ap°_p ‚pk k^pe R>°, A¨N∞°∆dp¨ S>hÎg°S> b°_p k^pe R>° A_° ”Z_pÓyr[Ap°_p ‚pk k^pe R>°, A¨N∞°∆dp¨ S>hÎg°S> b°_p k^pe R>° A_° ”Z_pÓyr[Ap°_p ‚pk k^pe R>°, A¨N∞°∆dp¨ S>hÎg°S> b°_p k^pe R>° A_° ”Z_p
[p° _rl S>. BV$prge_p° A°L$ Óyr[_p ‚pkhpmu fQ_pAp° L$hrQ[ L$f[p,[p° _rl S>. BV$prge_p° A°L$ Óyr[_p ‚pkhpmu fQ_pAp° L$hrQ[ L$f[p,[p° _rl S>. BV$prge_p° A°L$ Óyr[_p ‚pkhpmu fQ_pAp° L$hrQ[ L$f[p,[p° _rl S>. BV$prge_p° A°L$ Óyr[_p ‚pkhpmu fQ_pAp° L$hrQ[ L$f[p,[p° _rl S>. BV$prge_p° A°L$ Óyr[_p ‚pkhpmu fQ_pAp° L$hrQ[ L$f[p,
A°hp ‚pk_° A° gp°L$p° d|L$ - dy¨Np - ‚pk L$l°[p...'A°hp ‚pk_° A° gp°L$p° d|L$ - dy¨Np - ‚pk L$l°[p...'A°hp ‚pk_° A° gp°L$p° d|L$ - dy¨Np - ‚pk L$l°[p...'A°hp ‚pk_° A° gp°L$p° d|L$ - dy¨Np - ‚pk L$l°[p...'A°hp ‚pk_° A° gp°L$p° d|L$ - dy¨Np - ‚pk L$l°[p...'15
A¨N∞°S>dp¨ rhyme \u Ap°mMpe°gp iÂ]$_p `epÆe [fuL°$ _frk¨lfph
"Afi–eedL$' [\p "edqL$[' S>°hp° iÂ]$ A`_ph° R>° L°$. l. ^∞yh "edL$' [\p
"Afi–eedL$' iÂ]$ [fuL°$ Ap°mMph° R>°, [p° fZR>p°X$cpB D]$efpd "[yL$pfi['
iÂ]$ hp`f° R>°, `Z Ap 'rhyme scheme' dpV°$ NyS>fp[udp¨ "‚pk`Ÿr['
hX°$ bfpbf fu[° Ap°mMhpdp¨ ApÏey¨ R>°.
Ap`Zu cpjpdp¨ Mbf]$pf, r_f¨S>_ cN_, dL$ffi]$ ]$h°, fpS>°fi÷ ipl_p¨
kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ ‚pk_y¨ dp^yeÆ ]$u`° R>°, `Z NyS>fp[u cpjp_° ‚pk[“h blz dpaL$
_uhX$ey¨ lp°e [°d gpN[y¨ _\u; A\hp[p° Ap`Zu NyS>fp[u cpjp_p° kp∑_°V$L$pf
A° [fa rhi°j ]$fL$pf fpM[p° lp°e [°hy¨ gpN[y¨ _\u. Óu S>e¨[ `pW$L$ Ap rhj° L$l°
R>° : "kp∑_°V$ S>°hu fQ_pdp¨ S>ep¨ cph L°$ rhQpf L¨$[p[p°, rhL$k[p° Aph[p°"kp∑_°V$ S>°hu fQ_pdp¨ S>ep¨ cph L°$ rhQpf L¨$[p[p°, rhL$k[p° Aph[p°"kp∑_°V$ S>°hu fQ_pdp¨ S>ep¨ cph L°$ rhQpf L¨$[p[p°, rhL$k[p° Aph[p°"kp∑_°V$ S>°hu fQ_pdp¨ S>ep¨ cph L°$ rhQpf L¨$[p[p°, rhL$k[p° Aph[p°"kp∑_°V$ S>°hu fQ_pdp¨ S>ep¨ cph L°$ rhQpf L¨$[p[p°, rhL$k[p° Aph[p°
lp°e –ep¨ hZ°pÆ_p lp°e –ep¨ hZ°pÆ_p lp°e –ep¨ hZ°pÆ_p lp°e –ep¨ hZ°pÆ_p lp°e –ep¨ hZ°pÆ_p ›››››hr_kpÁe_p k¨ıL$pf\u `¨qL$[Ap° kp\° A_yk¨Op_ L$fuhr_kpÁe_p k¨ıL$pf\u `¨qL$[Ap° kp\° A_yk¨Op_ L$fuhr_kpÁe_p k¨ıL$pf\u `¨qL$[Ap° kp\° A_yk¨Op_ L$fuhr_kpÁe_p k¨ıL$pf\u `¨qL$[Ap° kp\° A_yk¨Op_ L$fuhr_kpÁe_p k¨ıL$pf\u `¨qL$[Ap° kp\° A_yk¨Op_ L$fu
Ap`hp_y¨ AphÌeL$ `Z _\u A°d gpN° R>°. Nu[dp¨ A°L$ S> cph_° O|¨V$hp_p°Ap`hp_y¨ AphÌeL$ `Z _\u A°d gpN° R>°. Nu[dp¨ A°L$ S> cph_° O|¨V$hp_p°Ap`hp_y¨ AphÌeL$ `Z _\u A°d gpN° R>°. Nu[dp¨ A°L$ S> cph_° O|¨V$hp_p°Ap`hp_y¨ AphÌeL$ `Z _\u A°d gpN° R>°. Nu[dp¨ A°L$ S> cph_° O|¨V$hp_p°Ap`hp_y¨ AphÌeL$ `Z _\u A°d gpN° R>°. Nu[dp¨ A°L$ S> cph_° O|¨V$hp_p°
lp°e _° hmu hmu_° A° cph D`f Aphhp_y¨ lp°e A°V$g° A°dp¨ ‚pk_u rhi°jlp°e _° hmu hmu_° A° cph D`f Aphhp_y¨ lp°e A°V$g° A°dp¨ ‚pk_u rhi°jlp°e _° hmu hmu_° A° cph D`f Aphhp_y¨ lp°e A°V$g° A°dp¨ ‚pk_u rhi°jlp°e _° hmu hmu_° A° cph D`f Aphhp_y¨ lp°e A°V$g° A°dp¨ ‚pk_u rhi°jlp°e _° hmu hmu_° A° cph D`f Aphhp_y¨ lp°e A°V$g° A°dp¨ ‚pk_u rhi°j
AphÌeL$[p li°. ≈° L°$ A¨N∞°∆ kp∑_°V$ fQ_pdp¨ ‚pk_y¨ Qyı[`Z° `pg_ \ey¨AphÌeL$[p li°. ≈° L°$ A¨N∞°∆ kp∑_°V$ fQ_pdp¨ ‚pk_y¨ Qyı[`Z° `pg_ \ey¨AphÌeL$[p li°. ≈° L°$ A¨N∞°∆ kp∑_°V$ fQ_pdp¨ ‚pk_y¨ Qyı[`Z° `pg_ \ey¨AphÌeL$[p li°. ≈° L°$ A¨N∞°∆ kp∑_°V$ fQ_pdp¨ ‚pk_y¨ Qyı[`Z° `pg_ \ey¨AphÌeL$[p li°. ≈° L°$ A¨N∞°∆ kp∑_°V$ fQ_pdp¨ ‚pk_y¨ Qyı[`Z° `pg_ \ey¨
R>° Mfy¨; Z Ap`Z° –ep¨ kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ ‚pk R>p°X$u ]°$hp\u [p° kp•ÛV$h - k•p¨]$eÆ_°R>° Mfy¨; Z Ap`Z° –ep¨ kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ ‚pk R>p°X$u ]°$hp\u [p° kp•ÛV$h - k•p¨]$eÆ_°R>° Mfy¨; Z Ap`Z° –ep¨ kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ ‚pk R>p°X$u ]°$hp\u [p° kp•ÛV$h - k•p¨]$eÆ_°R>° Mfy¨; Z Ap`Z° –ep¨ kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ ‚pk R>p°X$u ]°$hp\u [p° kp•ÛV$h - k•p¨]$eÆ_°R>° Mfy¨; Z Ap`Z° –ep¨ kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ ‚pk R>p°X$u ]°$hp\u [p° kp•ÛV$h - k•p¨]$eÆ_°
[°d hL$π[Ïe_° L$iu lpr_ \B lp°e A°d gpN[y¨ _\u'[°d hL$π[Ïe_° L$iu lpr_ \B lp°e A°d gpN[y¨ _\u'[°d hL$π[Ïe_° L$iu lpr_ \B lp°e A°d gpN[y¨ _\u'[°d hL$π[Ïe_° L$iu lpr_ \B lp°e A°d gpN[y¨ _\u'[°d hL$π[Ïe_° L$iu lpr_ \B lp°e A°d gpN[y¨ _\u'16
Ddpi¨L$f ≈°iu_p d[°
"fk_° D`L$pfL$ _ _uhX°$ [p° ‚pk h°W$Í` R>°, ”pk R>°,' Ap`Z° –ep¨ L$pÏe_p° `pW$
L$fhp_° b]$g° N°e fQ_pAp°, AÛV$`]$uAp°, jÛV$`]$uAp°_° ‚pL©$[ - A`c∞¨i
NyS>fp[u `¤p° fQpep¨ –epf\u ‚pk_y¨ dl“h h¬ey¨ (i•gu A_° ıhÍ`, `©. 186).
30
Apd ≈°BA° [p° ‚pk "kp∑_°V$_u A¨[NÆ[ Ïepøep_p° S> A¨i R>°', k˘]$e
cphL$ [°_p hX°$ Aplπgp]$ d°mh° R>°. [°_p rhQpf[¨[y_° R>¨R>°X°$ R>° A_° A°L$ rhriÛV$
cph hgp°œ¨ fQp[p¨ _hu_ qfsı\r[dp¨\u [° kpf \pe R>°. ‚pk hX°$ S> ¨qL$[_y¨
r_ed_ \[y¨ fl° R>° L°$ `¨qL$[M¨X$p° b_[p fl° R>°. kdp_ ‚pk A°L$ ≈[_y¨ dp^yeÆ
fQ° R>°. ‚pkep°S>_p_p `X$L$pf_° DrQ[ fu[° Tugu_° L$rh kS>ÆL$ ‚r[cp_p rhfg
]$iÆ_ `Z L$fph[p° fl° R>°.
b.L$. W$pL$p°f D—d ‚pkfQ_p rhi° S>° L$l° R>° [° "]$uh° ]$uhp° ‚NV°$ A°hy¨
[–nZp°–\ Afiep°fie S>_L$–h' kp∑_°V$_p L$pÏe“h_° h^y Q°[p°lpfu, d_p°lpfu
b_ph° R>° ("rgqfL$', `© - 50).
(5) `¨qL$[Ap°_y¨ rhcpS>_ / M¨X$r_ep°S>_ :
kp∑_°V$_p Ïeph[ÆL$ Qp•]$ `¨qL$[_p¨ gnZ kp\° ‚pk[“h `R>u_p æ$d° Qp•]$
`¨qL$[_p Sy>]$u - Sy>]$u fu[_p rhcpS>_ ≈°hp dm° R>°. Apf¨cL$pgu_ kp∑_°V$dp¨ S>
Qp•]$ `¨qL$[_p b° rhcpNp° l[p, S>°dp¨ d|mdp¨ BV$prge_ `Ÿr[ AÛV$L$ (ApW$ -
octave) A_° jÛV$L$ (R>-sestet ) A°d b° rhcpNp°dp¨ kp∑_°V$_° hl°Qpe°gy¨.
Apd L$fhp pR>m_p L$pfZdp¨ kp∑_°V$L$pf_u kS>ÆL$`n° A_yc|r[_p Apg°M_ h°mp
A°L$ rhQpf_° AÛV$L$dp¨ fp°`u æ$di: ApNm h^[p rhQpf_° hgp°h[p jÛV$L$dp¨
A° cph_° gV$ph>u D–L$jÆtb]y$ ky^u l°p¨QpX$hp_y¨ f¸y¨ R>°. [°\u ¨qL$[ - rhcpS>_
`pR>m A_yc|r[_u ep°¡e ApL©$r[ fl°gu R>°. "kp∑_°V$_p `¨qL$[M¨X$p ° A_°"kp∑_°V$_p `¨qL$[M¨X$p ° A_°"kp∑_°V$_p `¨qL$[M¨X$p ° A_°"kp∑_°V$_p `¨qL$[M¨X$p ° A_°"kp∑_°V$_p `¨qL$[M¨X$p ° A_°
kp∑_°V$_u ‚pkep°S>_p h√Q° ApherhL$ k¨b¨^ R>°. `¨qL$[M¨X$p° L°$V$guL$hpfkp∑_°V$_u ‚pkep°S>_p h√Q° ApherhL$ k¨b¨^ R>°. `¨qL$[M¨X$p° L°$V$guL$hpfkp∑_°V$_u ‚pkep°S>_p h√Q° ApherhL$ k¨b¨^ R>°. `¨qL$[M¨X$p° L°$V$guL$hpfkp∑_°V$_u ‚pkep°S>_p h√Q° ApherhL$ k¨b¨^ R>°. `¨qL$[M¨X$p° L°$V$guL$hpfkp∑_°V$_u ‚pkep°S>_p h√Q° ApherhL$ k¨b¨^ R>°. `¨qL$[M¨X$p° L°$V$guL$hpf
‚pkep°S>_pdp¨ L$pfZc|[ b_° R>°, [p° L°$V$guL$hpf ‚pkep°S>_p_° L$pfZ°‚pkep°S>_pdp¨ L$pfZc|[ b_° R>°, [p° L°$V$guL$hpf ‚pkep°S>_p_° L$pfZ°‚pkep°S>_pdp¨ L$pfZc|[ b_° R>°, [p° L°$V$guL$hpf ‚pkep°S>_p_° L$pfZ°‚pkep°S>_pdp¨ L$pfZc|[ b_° R>°, [p° L°$V$guL$hpf ‚pkep°S>_p_° L$pfZ°‚pkep°S>_pdp¨ L$pfZc|[ b_° R>°, [p° L°$V$guL$hpf ‚pkep°S>_p_° L$pfZ°
`¨qL$[M¨X$p° r_erd[ \pe R>°.'`¨qL$[M¨X$p° r_erd[ \pe R>°.'`¨qL$[M¨X$p° r_erd[ \pe R>°.'`¨qL$[M¨X$p° r_erd[ \pe R>°.'`¨qL$[M¨X$p° r_erd[ \pe R>°.'17
]$pfi[°A° rhriÛV$ ‚L$pf_u fur[ A`_ph°gu, S>°dp¨ [°dZ° R> + R> + b°
A°d ”Z rhcpNp°dp¨ Qp•]$ `¨qL$[_y¨ rhcpS>_ L$f°gy¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°. D`fp¨[ Afie
kp∑_°V$kS>ÆL$p° ‹pfp S>° rhcpNuL$fZ \ey¨ R>° [° kp[ + kp[ A° ‚dpZ° R>°. R>[p¨
BV$prge_ `Ÿr[_° gpN° hmN° R>° –ep¨ ky^u h^y øepq[ `pd°g rhcpNuL$fZ
8 + 6 A° `Ÿr[_° S> ıhuL$pfpB R>°. S>epf° i°L$πsı`ef_p _pd kp\° ≈°X$pe°gu
31
`Ÿr[dp¨ M¨X$rhcpS>_ Ap ‚dpZ° ≈°hp dm° R>° : ‚\d Q[yÛL$, q‹[ue Q[yÛV$L$,
[©[ue Q[yÛL$ A_° A¨[_y¨ ey¡dL$. Ap ‚L$pf_u i°L$πrı`efipB b¨^ep°S>_pdp¨
cph_° ‚\d Q[yÛL$dp¨ fp°`u A° cph_° æ$di: ApNm ^`ph[p hm QX$ph[p
A¨r[d b° ¨qL$[dp¨ Qp°V$ kp\° rhfdphhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. S>epf° rdÎV$_° b^p b¨^_p°_°
aNphu ıh[¨” fur[_p kp∑_°V$_p° ApN∞l fpM°gp°. [°d_° rhQpf Apg°M_ dpV°$
km¨N Qp•]$ `¨qL$[ DrQ[ gpNu: rdÎV$__u Ap fur[\u kp∑_°V$ ıh[¨” bfiey¨. Ap
dpNÆ D`f `R>u\u OZp-^Zp kS>ÆL$p°A° `p°[p_u Qpg Qpgu R>°. D]$plfZ [fuL°$
≈°BA° [p° -
"M¨X$ rhcpS>_'
7 + 7 - ("D`X$u X$dZu' - cp_y‚kp]$ `¨X$ep)
4 + 4 + 3 + 3 - ("kyJ[pfp ıh‡_°' - ky¨]$fdπ)
6 + 8 - ("hk¨[[X$L$p°', "‚°d_p pW$' - Di_kπ)
5 + 4 + 3 + 2 - ("lqfepmu' - Di_kπ)
4 + 41/2 + 51/2 - ("S>W$fpr¡_' - Ddpi¨L$f ≈°iu)
2 + 6 + 51/2 + 1/2 - ("_\u r_fMhp° iiu' - ky¨]$fdπ)
6 + 6 + 2 - ("S|>_y Of Mpgu L$f[p¨' - bpgdyLy$]$ ]$h°)
2+2+2+2+2+2+2 - ("_Ïe L$rh[p' - b.L$.W$pL$p°f)
'' ("N∞uÛd'- S>e¨[ `pW$L$)
8+4+2 - ("_ lh°' - fpdQ¨÷ `V°$g)
3+4+5+2 - ("[d° ApÏep_° Ap' - dp^h fpdp_yS>)
10+4 - ("bm°gp¨ M¨X°$f' - Apq]$g dfik|fu)
2+4+4+4 - ("_dy¨' - ky¨]$fdπ)
4+4+6 - ("_' [y¨ gp¡ey¨ Aphy¨ - ^ufy `fuM)
3+4+4+3 - ("[dkp° dp' - fpS>°fi÷ ipl)
32
6+3+3+2 - ("iÂ]$”eu' - Di_πk)
2+2+2+2+2+4 - ("iiuc|Îep°' - ky¨]$fdπ)
Apd D`f dyS>b_p rhcpS>_ Í`° kp∑_°V$p° gMpep. ‚ep°Niug kS>ÆL$p°A°
rhrh^[p gphhp L°$ `p°[p_u cpjp_° A_yL|$m \hp_p ‚e–_p° L$epÆ li°.
L°$V$gp¨L$ kS>ÆL$p°A° [p° gpNZu_p Aphp r_Í`Z dpV°$ "cf[u-Ap°V$' S>°hu
k¨op\u kd≈Ïey¨ R>°. cf[uÍ` AÛV$L$ A_° Ap°V$Í`u jÛV$πL$ [p°, ”Z Q[yÛL$
A_° A°L$ ey¡dL$ fur[_° dp°≈¨ ‹pfp kd≈h°g R>°. A¨[dp¨ dp°Sy>¨, qL$_pf° Aphu
iugp kp\° `V$L$pB h°fpB ≈e [°d. Ap ≈°[p¨ gpNZu_p Apg°M_dp¨
M¨X$rhcpS>_ `Ÿr[ D`L$pfL$ flu R>°. M¨X$rhcpS>_ep°S>_p Apd [p° L$p°B
r_edhi [p° _\u, `f¨[y A_yc|r[nd A°L$ ApL$pf S> dp” R>°.
(6) R>¨]$ :
"R>¨]$ A° L$rh[pdp¨ ApNfi[yL$ A¨i _\u, `f¨[y hpZu_° A\Æ_u `°W°$"R>¨]$ A° L$rh[pdp¨ ApNfi[yL$ A¨i _\u, `f¨[y hpZu_° A\Æ_u `°W°$"R>¨]$ A° L$rh[pdp¨ ApNfi[yL$ A¨i _\u, `f¨[y hpZu_° A\Æ_u `°W°$"R>¨]$ A° L$rh[pdp¨ ApNfi[yL$ A¨i _\u, `f¨[y hpZu_° A\Æ_u `°W°$"R>¨]$ A° L$rh[pdp¨ ApNfi[yL$ A¨i _\u, `f¨[y hpZu_° A\Æ_u `°W°$
L $pÏekS> Æ__p Ïep`pfdp¨ k¨eyL$[ ıhpcprhL$ A¨i S> R> °.'L$pÏekS> Æ__p Ïep`pfdp¨ k¨eyL$[ ıhpcprhL$ A¨i S> R> °.'L$pÏekS> Æ__p Ïep`pfdp¨ k¨eyL$[ ıhpcprhL$ A¨i S> R> °.'L$pÏekS> Æ__p Ïep`pfdp¨ k¨eyL$[ ıhpcprhL$ A¨i S> R> °.'L$pÏekS> Æ__p Ïep`pfdp¨ k¨eyL$[ ıhpcprhL$ A¨i S> R> °.'18
rhriÛV$
A\ÆR>pepAp° dp_kdp¨ Tugpep `R>u A_yc|r[_° fZL$pf iÂ]$]°$l ‹pfp dm° R>°.
"L$rh[p_u cpjp A_° hp[Qu[_u - Ïehlpf_u cpjpdp¨ a°f lp°e R>°. L$rh[p_u"L$rh[p_u cpjp A_° hp[Qu[_u - Ïehlpf_u cpjpdp¨ a°f lp°e R>°. L$rh[p_u"L$rh[p_u cpjp A_° hp[Qu[_u - Ïehlpf_u cpjpdp¨ a°f lp°e R>°. L$rh[p_u"L$rh[p_u cpjp A_° hp[Qu[_u - Ïehlpf_u cpjpdp¨ a°f lp°e R>°. L$rh[p_u"L$rh[p_u cpjp A_° hp[Qu[_u - Ïehlpf_u cpjpdp¨ a°f lp°e R>°. L$rh[p_u
cpjpdp¨ L$p°B Ar_hÆQ_ue [“h_p° A_ych \pe R>°. "R>¨]$p°deu' iÂ]$ ‹pfpcpjpdp¨ L$p°B Ar_hÆQ_ue [“h_p° A_ych \pe R>°. "R>¨]$p°deu' iÂ]$ ‹pfpcpjpdp¨ L$p°B Ar_hÆQ_ue [“h_p° A_ych \pe R>°. "R>¨]$p°deu' iÂ]$ ‹pfpcpjpdp¨ L$p°B Ar_hÆQ_ue [“h_p° A_ych \pe R>°. "R>¨]$p°deu' iÂ]$ ‹pfpcpjpdp¨ L$p°B Ar_hÆQ_ue [“h_p° A_ych \pe R>°. "R>¨]$p°deu' iÂ]$ ‹pfp
Ap Ar_hÆQ_ue [“h_p° r_]£$i `Z \pe R>°'Ap Ar_hÆQ_ue [“h_p° r_]£$i `Z \pe R>°'Ap Ar_hÆQ_ue [“h_p° r_]£$i `Z \pe R>°'Ap Ar_hÆQ_ue [“h_p° r_]£$i `Z \pe R>°'Ap Ar_hÆQ_ue [“h_p° r_]£$i `Z \pe R>°'19
cpjp_y¨ ∆rh[ bm R>° ∆c,
[p° R>¨]$_y¨ ∆rh[ bm R>° L$rh[p.
kp∑_°V$_p ]°$ldp¨ tQ[_ lp°hp\u [° N¨cuf cph_y¨ hl_ L$fu iL°$ R>°. dpV°$
kp∑_°V$dp¨ R>¨]$ `Z A°hp° S> S>fyfu R>°, S>° N¨cuf cphp°_° hl_ L$fu iL°$ A_° kp\°
kp\° Nr[ `Z A`£. ≈° A°d \pe [p° Óyr[rhfiepk_y¨ A°L$ kp¶]$eÆ ‚NV°$. kp∑_°V$_u
S>fidc|rd BV$pgu lp°hp\u ‚\d BV$prge_ cpjp_p° rhQpf L$fhp° OV°$. S>° kp∑_°V$
BV$prge_ cpjpdp¨ gMpep¨ [°dp¨ `¨qL$[ dp°V°$ cpN° ArNepf Óyr[_u flu R>°, [p°
A¨N∞°∆ cpjp_p kp∑_°V$dp¨ `¨qL$[ ]$k Óyr[_u flu R>°. [°dp¨ `Z h^y D`ep°N dp°V°$
cpN° "Ape°sÁbL$ `°fiV$pduV$f' R>¨]$_p° \e°gp° R>°. [°dp¨ `p¨QNZ lp°hp\u
33
"Ape°sÁbL$ `°fiV$pduV$f' \u Ap°mMpep°. "Ape°qÁbL$' dp¨ A°L$ Óyr[ ıhfcpf
hpmu bu∆ Óyr[ ıhfcpf frl[ lp°hp\u [°_y¨ Aph[Æ_ A°L$ ‚L$pf_y¨ gekp¶]$eÆ
S>fidph° R>°. A°S> [p° A°_y¨ Sy>]$p`œ¨ R>°. Ap`Zu NyS>fp[u cpjp A_° A¨N∞°∆
cpjpdp¨ S>°_° gu^° R>¨]$dp¨ h•rh›e ≈°hp dm° R>°. ‚ı[y[ R>¨]$ gp¨bp L$pÏep°dp¨ ‚pk
fql[ `¨qL[Ap°dp¨ ep°≈[p "Âg°fiL$ hkÆ' \u Ap°mMpep°. ‰°fiQ cpjpdp¨ gMpe°gp¨
kp∑_°V$dp¨ R>¨]$ dp°V°$ cpN° bpf Óyr[_u `¨qL[Ap°hpmp f¸p R>°. Apd ]$f°L$ cpjpdp¨
`p°[`p°[p_u AgN Ïehı\p lp°hp\u L$rh‚r[cp_° S>° R>¨]$ A_yL|$m gp¡ep° [°
hpl_ [fuL°$ h^y ‚ep°≈ep°.
Sepf° NyS>fp[u cpjpdp¨ kp∑_°V$ ApÏey¨ –epf° rh‹p_p°_° S>Íf A°L$ ‚Ì_
\ep° li° L°$ NyS>fp[u cpjpdp¨ L$ep° R>¨]$ kp∑_°V$ dpV°$ h^pf° A_yL|$m fl° ? Ap`Zu
cpjpdp¨ dp”pd°m, Anfd°m D`fp¨[ ged°m S>°hp ‚Qrg[ rhipm R>¨]$p°_p° `V$
l[p°. S>°dp¨\u kp∑_°V$_° h^y Anfd°m h©—p° S> A_yL|$m f¸p R>°. [°_u `pR>m
`pW$end[p R>°, [p° N°e[p_u A`°np `Z Mfu. dp”pd°m_u ıhpcprhL$ N°e[p
kp∑_°V$_° A_yL|$m _ Aphu. Mbf]$pf° fp°mp_p° [°d_p ›hr_[dp¨ rhr_ep°N L$e°pÆ
R>°, S>°dp¨ kp° A°L$ kp∑_°V$p° S>°V$gp° apg E[e°pÆ R>°. R>[p¨ fp°mp S>°hp° R>¨]$ "›hr_[' _°
A_yL|$m ApÏep° _\u.
[°\u NyS>fp[u cpjp_p kp∑_°V$dp¨ A°hp R>¨]$ bpb[° rhQpfZp \B R>° L°$ S>°
R>¨]$ \p°X$p°L$ `∞g¨b lp°e, Apfp°l - Ahfp°l_p° gp¨bp° `\fpV$ lp°e, [°dp¨A°L$kyfugp
`œ¨ _ `Z lp°e. A° A\Ædp¨ L$rhAp°A° riMqfZu, d¨]$pæ$p¨[p [\p rhi°j `©’hu
R>¨]$ `f `p°[p_u `k¨]$Nu_p° L$mi Y$p°˝ep° R>°. Ap D`fp¨[ `Z hk¨[[rgL$p,
dprg_u, lqfZu, ip]|$Ægrhæ$uqX$[ S>°hp R>¨]$p°A° kp∑_°V$dp¨ Qpg Qpgu R>°. [°dS>
[°_p° e\pep°¡e rhr_ep°N `Z \ep° R>°. Nygb¨L$u R>¨]$_p gNp–dL$ ıhÍ`_p A°L$
kyfugp`Zp_° gu^° [° kp∑_°V$ dpV°$ A_yL|$m _ gp¡ep°. [p°V$L$, Bfi÷h≈∞,
D`°fi÷h≈∞, h¨iı\ L°$ D`≈r[ Ly$gdp¨ Ap°R>u Óyr[_° gu^° cph_° d|[Æ L$fhp kO_
fu[° D`ep°Nu _ \ep. [°\u EÎVy¨$ ˆ¡^fp R>¨]$ bpb[° bfiey¨. [°_u ]$u^Æk|”[p_°
gu^° [° A_yL|$m _ f¸p°, [°\u NyS>fp[u kp∑_°V$_° d¬ed g¨bpB ^fph[p R>¨]$p°
h^pf° apÏep R>°, "riMqfZu R>¨]$_p° Apfp°l - Ahfp°leyL[ R>¨]$p°ge cph_p"riMqfZu R>¨]$_p° Apfp°l - Ahfp°leyL[ R>¨]$p°ge cph_p"riMqfZu R>¨]$_p° Apfp°l - Ahfp°leyL[ R>¨]$p°ge cph_p"riMqfZu R>¨]$_p° Apfp°l - Ahfp°leyL[ R>¨]$p°ge cph_p"riMqfZu R>¨]$_p° Apfp°l - Ahfp°leyL[ R>¨]$p°ge cph_p
34
cf[u-Ap°V$_u ı`iÆnd A_ych L$fphhp_y ¨ kpd’eÆ ^fph° R> °.'cf[u-Ap°V$_u ı`iÆnd A_ych L$fphhp_y ¨ kpd’eÆ ^fph° R> °.'cf[u-Ap°V$_u ı`iÆnd A_ych L$fphhp_y ¨ kpd’eÆ ^fph° R> °.'cf[u-Ap°V$_u ı`iÆnd A_ych L$fphhp_y ¨ kpd’eÆ ^fph° R> °.'cf[u-Ap°V$_u ı`iÆnd A_ych L$fphhp_y ¨ kpd’eÆ ^fph° R> °.'20
[°\u
riMqfZu R>¨]$ kp∑_°V$_° dpV°$ h^pf° A_yL|$m f¸p° R>° A_° `©’hu R>¨]$ A°V$gp dpV°$
h^y D`ep°Nu f¸p° R>° L$pfZ L°$ [°dp¨ AN°e[p, ‚hplu `pW$e[p flu R>°.
"dp”pd°m R>¨]$p°_p° ‚ep°N kp∑_°V$dp¨ ldZp¨ ldZp¨ \hp dp¨X$ep° R>°."dp”pd°m R>¨]$p°_p° ‚ep°N kp∑_°V$dp¨ ldZp¨ ldZp¨ \hp dp¨X$ep° R>°."dp”pd°m R>¨]$p°_p° ‚ep°N kp∑_°V$dp¨ ldZp¨ ldZp¨ \hp dp¨X$ep° R>°."dp”pd°m R>¨]$p°_p° ‚ep°N kp∑_°V$dp¨ ldZp¨ ldZp¨ \hp dp¨X$ep° R>°."dp”pd°m R>¨]$p°_p° ‚ep°N kp∑_°V$dp¨ ldZp¨ ldZp¨ \hp dp¨X$ep° R>°.
Nygb¨L$u_p° ‚ep°N [p° R>°L$ ”uiu\u iNygb¨L$u_p° ‚ep°N [p° R>°L$ ”uiu\u iNygb¨L$u_p° ‚ep°N [p° R>°L$ ”uiu\u iNygb¨L$u_p° ‚ep°N [p° R>°L$ ”uiu\u iNygb¨L$u_p° ‚ep°N [p° R>°L$ ”uiu\u iÍÍÍÍÍ \ep° l[p°. b.L$. W$pL$p°f, Q¨. Qu. \ep° l[p°. b.L$. W$pL$p°f, Q¨. Qu. \ep° l[p°. b.L$. W$pL$p°f, Q¨. Qu. \ep° l[p°. b.L$. W$pL$p°f, Q¨. Qu. \ep° l[p°. b.L$. W$pL$p°f, Q¨. Qu.
dl°[p Apq]$_p ‚e–_p° _°p¨^`p” R>°. kp°fW$p, d_lf, kh•ep S>°hp d¬ed$dl°[p Apq]$_p ‚e–_p° _°p¨^`p” R>°. kp°fW$p, d_lf, kh•ep S>°hp d¬ed$dl°[p Apq]$_p ‚e–_p° _°p¨^`p” R>°. kp°fW$p, d_lf, kh•ep S>°hp d¬ed$dl°[p Apq]$_p ‚e–_p° _°p¨^`p” R>°. kp°fW$p, d_lf, kh•ep S>°hp d¬ed$dl°[p Apq]$_p ‚e–_p° _°p¨^`p” R>°. kp°fW$p, d_lf, kh•ep S>°hp d¬ed$
‚L$pf_p dp”pd°m R>¨]$p° A° dpV°$ M`dp¨ gpN° [°hp R>°. `Z Nygb¨L$u - d_lf‚L$pf_p dp”pd°m R>¨]$p° A° dpV°$ M`dp¨ gpN° [°hp R>°. `Z Nygb¨L$u - d_lf‚L$pf_p dp”pd°m R>¨]$p° A° dpV°$ M`dp¨ gpN° [°hp R>°. `Z Nygb¨L$u - d_lf‚L$pf_p dp”pd°m R>¨]$p° A° dpV°$ M`dp¨ gpN° [°hp R>°. `Z Nygb¨L$u - d_lf‚L$pf_p dp”pd°m R>¨]$p° A° dpV°$ M`dp¨ gpN° [°hp R>°. `Z Nygb¨L$u - d_lf
S>°hp_p° kp∑_°V$dp¨ ‚ep°N \pe –epf° [°_p¨ QfZ Ar_erd[ Óyr[_p b_° A°S>°hp_p° kp∑_°V$dp¨ ‚ep°N \pe –epf° [°_p¨ QfZ Ar_erd[ Óyr[_p b_° A°S>°hp_p° kp∑_°V$dp¨ ‚ep°N \pe –epf° [°_p¨ QfZ Ar_erd[ Óyr[_p b_° A°S>°hp_p° kp∑_°V$dp¨ ‚ep°N \pe –epf° [°_p¨ QfZ Ar_erd[ Óyr[_p b_° A°S>°hp_p° kp∑_°V$dp¨ ‚ep°N \pe –epf° [°_p¨ QfZ Ar_erd[ Óyr[_p b_° A°
_ Qpg°. M¨X$ - rhjd dp”pd°m R>¨]$p° kp∑_°V$_p A\ÆNp•fh_° bp^L$ _uhX$hp_ Qpg°. M¨X$ - rhjd dp”pd°m R>¨]$p° kp∑_°V$_p A\ÆNp•fh_° bp^L$ _uhX$hp_ Qpg°. M¨X$ - rhjd dp”pd°m R>¨]$p° kp∑_°V$_p A\ÆNp•fh_° bp^L$ _uhX$hp_ Qpg°. M¨X$ - rhjd dp”pd°m R>¨]$p° kp∑_°V$_p A\ÆNp•fh_° bp^L$ _uhX$hp_ Qpg°. M¨X$ - rhjd dp”pd°m R>¨]$p° kp∑_°V$_p A\ÆNp•fh_° bp^L$ _uhX$hp
k¨ch R>°. Ap\u S> Anfd°m R>¨]$p°_y¨ r_q[ Óyr[dp` kp∑_°V$_° A_yL|$mk¨ch R>°. Ap\u S> Anfd°m R>¨]$p°_y¨ r_q[ Óyr[dp` kp∑_°V$_° A_yL|$mk¨ch R>°. Ap\u S> Anfd°m R>¨]$p°_y¨ r_q[ Óyr[dp` kp∑_°V$_° A_yL|$mk¨ch R>°. Ap\u S> Anfd°m R>¨]$p°_y¨ r_q[ Óyr[dp` kp∑_°V$_° A_yL|$mk¨ch R>°. Ap\u S> Anfd°m R>¨]$p°_y¨ r_q[ Óyr[dp` kp∑_°V$_° A_yL|$m
f¸y¨ R>°.'f¸y¨ R>°.'f¸y¨ R>°.'f¸y¨ R>°.'f¸y¨ R>°.'21
R>¨]$p°rdÓZ_p A¨N∞°S> L$rhAp°_p ‚ep°Np°_p° A°L$ R>°X$p° NyS>fp[u kp∑_°V$
ky^u `l°p¨Q°gp° R>°. [°\u kplrS>L$ fu[° S> A°L$ ‚Ì_ D]$πch° L°$ Ap`Zu NyS>fp[u
cpjpdp¨ kp∑_°V$_° R>¨]$p°rdÓZ A_yL|$m r_hXey¨ R>° L°$ L°$d ? Aphp R>¨]$p°rdÓZ_p
`∞ep°Np° b.L$. W$pL$p°f\u S> iÍ \ep R>°. R>¨]$p°rdÓZ_u bpb[dp¨ rhi°j L$luA° [p°
Ap`Zp L$rhAp° `qd_p L$rhAp°\u Sy>]$p `X$ep¨ R>°. Ap`Zp NyS>fp[u L$rhAp°A°
kp∑_°V$dp¨ h√Q° a°fapf _ L$f[p¨ A¨r[d ey¡dL$ `f ¬ep_ L°$rfi÷[ L$eyØ _° [°dp¨ R>¨]$p° -
h•rh¬e gphhp_p ‚e–_p° L$epØ, A_° [°dp¨e [° A°L$ S> Ly$m_p R>¨]$p°_p° rhr_ep°N
\[p° lp°e [p° rhi°j A_yL|$m[p fl° R>°. hk¨[r[gL$p_u bpf`¨qL$[ `R>u A_yÛVy$`
L°$ ˆ¡^fp lp°e [p° L¨$BL$ A¨i° ip°c°, `Z ip]yÆ$grhæ$uqX$[_u bpf `¨qL$[ `R>u
A_yÛVy$` L$]$pQ _ `Z b_° A_° Aphp kp∑_°V$_p D]$plfZp° Ap`Z_° lp\hNp
S>Íf dm°. "‚p°. W$pL$p°f° [p° "cZL$pfp' (Aph©r— B.k. 1951) dp¨ `© - 210"‚p°. W$pL$p°f° [p° "cZL$pfp' (Aph©r— B.k. 1951) dp¨ `© - 210"‚p°. W$pL$p°f° [p° "cZL$pfp' (Aph©r— B.k. 1951) dp¨ `© - 210"‚p°. W$pL$p°f° [p° "cZL$pfp' (Aph©r— B.k. 1951) dp¨ `© - 210"‚p°. W$pL$p°f° [p° "cZL$pfp' (Aph©r— B.k. 1951) dp¨ `© - 210
hk¨[r[gL$p_u 13 D`f `¨qL$[ `R>u Aph[u R>°Îgu 14 du `¨qL$[dp¨ ip]|Æ$ghk¨[r[gL$p_u 13 D`f `¨qL$[ `R>u Aph[u R>°Îgu 14 du `¨qL$[dp¨ ip]|Æ$ghk¨[r[gL$p_u 13 D`f `¨qL$[ `R>u Aph[u R>°Îgu 14 du `¨qL$[dp¨ ip]|Æ$ghk¨[r[gL$p_u 13 D`f `¨qL$[ `R>u Aph[u R>°Îgu 14 du `¨qL$[dp¨ ip]|Æ$ghk¨[r[gL$p_u 13 D`f `¨qL$[ `R>u Aph[u R>°Îgu 14 du `¨qL$[dp¨ ip]|Æ$g
‚ep°S>ep ° R> °.'‚ep°S>ep ° R> °.'‚ep°S>ep ° R> °.'‚ep°S>ep ° R> °.'‚ep°S>ep ° R> °.'22
[°d_p S> "A`ÆZ' L$pÏedp¨ hk¨[r[gL$p kp\° ˆ¡^fp,
"`¨Muep°r_' _pd_p kp∑_°V$dp¨ d¨]$pæ$pfi[p kp\° ˆ¡^fp. [p° NS>°fi÷fpe byQ°
"A^|fy¨' _pd_p kp∑_°V$dp¨ riMqfZu R>¨]$ kp\° A_yÛVy$` ‚ep°S>ep° R>°. ky¨]$fdπ_p
"Alp° `©’hu d•ep' dp¨ riMqfZu kp\° ˆ¡^fp ≈°hp dm° R>°. D`°fi÷ `¨X$ep_p
35
"d•epNyS>Æfu' kp∑_°V$dp¨ [°f ¨qL$[ R>¨]$_u A_° A¨r[d ¨qL$[ ip]|Æ$grhæ$uqX$[ R>¨]$_u
≈°hp dm° R>°. [p° Nu[p `fuM_p "h©qŸ' _pd_p A°L$ S> kp∑_°V$dp¨ A_yæ$d° Qpf R>¨]$
‚ep°≈ep R>°. S>°d L°$ ‚\d b° Q[yÛL$dp¨ lqfZu_p¨, ”Z A_° Qp°\y¨ QfZ
d¨]$pæ$pfi[p, ”uSy>¨ Q[yÛL$ hk¨[r[gL$p A_° R>°Îgy¨ ey¡dL$ ˆ¡^fp_y¨ R>°. Ap D`fp¨[
b. L$. W$pL$p°f° `©’hu R>¨]$dp¨ b° dp”p h^pf° Dd°fu "`©’hu r[gL$' S>°hp° R>¨]$ L$¸p° R>°
[° `p°[p_p "ed_° r_d¨”Z' _pd_p kp∑_°V$dp¨ ‚ep°≈e°gp° ≈°hp dm° R>°. D`fp¨[
Np°rhfi]$ ıhpdu_p "hpk_p' kp∑_°V$dp¨ `Z "`©’hur[gL$' ‚ep°≈e°gp° ≈°hp dm°
R>°. "...... AfyrQL$f c¨N rhQpf‚hpl L°$ R>¨]$_u Nr[dp¨ Aph[p° _p lp°e [p°"...... AfyrQL$f c¨N rhQpf‚hpl L°$ R>¨]$_u Nr[dp¨ Aph[p° _p lp°e [p°"...... AfyrQL$f c¨N rhQpf‚hpl L°$ R>¨]$_u Nr[dp¨ Aph[p° _p lp°e [p°"...... AfyrQL$f c¨N rhQpf‚hpl L°$ R>¨]$_u Nr[dp¨ Aph[p° _p lp°e [p°"...... AfyrQL$f c¨N rhQpf‚hpl L°$ R>¨]$_u Nr[dp¨ Aph[p° _p lp°e [p°
Aphp° `gV$p° L© $r[_p A¨[ cpNdp¨ i°L$ πsı`qfe_ kp∑_°V$dp¨ A¨[° Aph[pAphp° `gV$p° L© $r[_p A¨[ cpNdp¨ i°L$ πsı`qfe_ kp∑_°V$dp¨ A¨[° Aph[pAphp° `gV$p° L© $r[_p A¨[ cpNdp¨ i°L$ πsı`qfe_ kp∑_°V$dp¨ A¨[° Aph[pAphp° `gV$p° L© $r[_p A¨[ cpNdp¨ i°L$ πsı`qfe_ kp∑_°V$dp¨ A¨[° Aph[pAphp° `gV$p° L© $r[_p A¨[ cpNdp¨ i°L$ πsı`qfe_ kp∑_°V$dp¨ A¨[° Aph[p
`¨qL$[eyNg_p S>°hp° kbm Qp°V$ ApZ_pfp° _uhX°$ R>°. R>[p¨ Aphp ‚ep°Np°`¨qL$[eyNg_p S>°hp° kbm Qp°V$ ApZ_pfp° _uhX°$ R>°. R>[p¨ Aphp ‚ep°Np°`¨qL$[eyNg_p S>°hp° kbm Qp°V$ ApZ_pfp° _uhX°$ R>°. R>[p¨ Aphp ‚ep°Np°`¨qL$[eyNg_p S>°hp° kbm Qp°V$ ApZ_pfp° _uhX°$ R>°. R>[p¨ Aphp ‚ep°Np°`¨qL$[eyNg_p S>°hp° kbm Qp°V$ ApZ_pfp° _uhX°$ R>°. R>[p¨ Aphp ‚ep°Np°
L$gp_u rhriÛV$ dpNZu `|f[p depÆq]$[ fl° [° BÛV$ R>°. kp∑_°V$dp¨ A¨[ cpNL$gp_u rhriÛV$ dpNZu `|f[p depÆq]$[ fl° [° BÛV$ R>°. kp∑_°V$dp¨ A¨[ cpNL$gp_u rhriÛV$ dpNZu `|f[p depÆq]$[ fl° [° BÛV$ R>°. kp∑_°V$dp¨ A¨[ cpNL$gp_u rhriÛV$ dpNZu `|f[p depÆq]$[ fl° [° BÛV$ R>°. kp∑_°V$dp¨ A¨[ cpNL$gp_u rhriÛV$ dpNZu `|f[p depÆq]$[ fl° [° BÛV$ R>°. kp∑_°V$dp¨ A¨[ cpN
rkhpe Afie” R>¨]$p°h•rh¬e L©$r[_u A°L$[p_° M¨qX$[ L$epÆ rkhpe cp¡e° S>rkhpe Afie” R>¨]$p°h•rh¬e L©$r[_u A°L$[p_° M¨qX$[ L$epÆ rkhpe cp¡e° S>rkhpe Afie” R>¨]$p°h•rh¬e L©$r[_u A°L$[p_° M¨qX$[ L$epÆ rkhpe cp¡e° S>rkhpe Afie” R>¨]$p°h•rh¬e L©$r[_u A°L$[p_° M¨qX$[ L$epÆ rkhpe cp¡e° S>rkhpe Afie” R>¨]$p°h•rh¬e L©$r[_u A°L$[p_° M¨qX$[ L$epÆ rkhpe cp¡e° S>
Aphu iL°$, _ S> Aphu iL°$, A° ı`ÛV$ S> R>°.'Aphu iL°$, _ S> Aphu iL°$, A° ı`ÛV$ S> R>°.'Aphu iL°$, _ S> Aphu iL°$, A° ı`ÛV$ S> R>°.'Aphu iL°$, _ S> Aphu iL°$, A° ı`ÛV$ S> R>°.'Aphu iL°$, _ S> Aphu iL°$, A° ı`ÛV$ S> R>°.'23
Ap\u L$lu iL$uA° L°$ kp∑_°V$_°
A°L$ S> R>¨]$ h^pf° dpaL$ fl°, S>°_p\u A°L$ ‚L$pf_u kO_[p D`kphu iL$pe.
kp∑_°V$dp¨ Aphy¨ R>¨]$p°rdÓZ ApS>° cygpB Ney¨ R>°. S>°_y¨ L$pfZ Aphp R>¨]$p°rdrÓ[
kp∑_°V$_p° ApN∞l Ap°R>p° \[p¨; A° `Z _ c|gphy¨ ≈°BA°. Ap\u A°V$gy¨ [p° S>Íf
L$lu iL$pe L°$ R>¨]$_p ‚ep°N_u bpb[dp¨ kS>ÆL$_u k|T S> kh°pÆ`fu lp°e L$rh_u
A_yc|r[_° S>° R>¨]$ rhi°j ep°¡e _° A_yÍ` gpN° [°dp¨ S> kS>Æ_ \[y¨ lp°e R>°.
(7) kp∑_°V$dpmp :
A°L$ S> rhje_p rhrh^ `pkp rhi° ıhe¨ `epƇ[ `p¨Q, kp[, ]$k, bpf
A°d kp∑_°V $dpmp_p dZL$p_u S>°d fQhpdp¨ Aph° R>° –epf° Ap`Z° [°_° kp∑_°V$dpmp
L$luA° R>uA°.
"kp∑_°V$dpmp' iÂ]$_p A\Æ ky^u S>[p¨ Ap`Z_° A°V$gy¨ S>Íf kd≈e L°$
"kp∑_°V$dpmp' _p kp∑_°V$ h√Q° Apd [p° dpmp_p dZL$p_u S>°d ◊Y$ b¨^_ lp°[y¨
_\u. dpmp_p° ‚–e°L$ dZL$p° A°L$ ıh[¨” A°L$d lp°e R>° A_° [° ]$f°L$_y¨ Sy>]$p`œ¨
ı`ÛV$ lp°e R>°, R>[p¨ S>epf° [° A°L$ k|”\u `fp°hpB S>[p¨ klp°`sı\r[_° gu^° [°
36
dpmpÍ` ^pfZ L$f° R>°. [°hu S> fu[° Ap`Z° ≈°BA° [p° kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ ‚–e°L$
kp∑_°V$ ıh[¨”, r_fpmy¨ lp°e R>°. A\pÆ[π a}g_° A°L$ ]$p°fpdp¨ A°L$ `R>u A°L$ `fp°h[p¨
A°L$ a}gdpmp b_°, L°$ dp°[u_° A°L$ `R>u A°L$ ]$p°fpdp¨ `fp°h[p¨ dp°[udpmp b_° [°d
kp∑_°V$_° A°L$ `R>u A°L$ æ$di: k¨OqV$[ L$fhp\u kp∑_°V$ "T|dMy¨' A\hp
"kp∑_°V$dpmp' b_° R>°. Alv A°L$ hp[ A° `Z Ap`Z° øepgdp¨ fpMhp_u R>° L°$
dp°[u_° A°L$ kp\° bp¨^_pf "]$p°f' lp°e R>°. [° "]$p°f' –ep¨ `]$p\Æ L°$ hı[y R>°, `f¨[y
kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ A°hp ]$p\Æ L°$ hı[y hX°$ k¨OqV$[ b_phu dpmp _rl b_phu iL$pe.
"kp∑_°V$dpmp' Apg°M__p° rhje R>°. [°\u _hpB gpN° L°$ Apg°M_dp¨ dpmp !
lp, Alv k¨OqV$[ L$f_pf hı[y b_° R>° rhQpf - cph - L°$ `R>u rhje, b^pdp¨
A°L$ kpdpfie [“h lp°e R>°. kNp°q”e[p rhQpf L°$ rhje_y¨ r_Í`Z L$rh A°hu
fu[° L$f° R>° L°$ A°L$ kp∑_°V$ `R>u Ap_y`|hÆdp¨ Aph[p kp∑_°V$dp¨ A°_y¨ r_Í`Z ApNm
h^pf[p° fl° _° A°d kp∑_°V$ `R>u kp∑_°V$_y¨ Apg°M_ L$f[p° ≈e A_° A°L$ ky¨]$f
kp∑_°V$dpmp b_°. rhQpf, hı[y, cph, rhje A°L$ kp∑_°V$ `R>u Aph[p bu≈
kp∑_°V$_° ≈°X$_pfy¨ [“h `Z b_u fl° R>°. kp∑_°V$dpmp_u Ap iqL$[ A_° iLe[p
rhkfhp S>°hu _\u. NyS>fp[udp¨ ApS>° "kp∑_°V$dpmp' [fuL°$ ÍY$ \e°gp Ó°rZbŸ
kp∑_°V$_p Afie `epÆep° `Z R>° : kp∑_°V$Ny√R> S>°dL°$ kp∑_°V$ ı[bL$, kp∑_°V$Ó°Zu L°$
kp∑_°V$ T|dMy¨ `Z L$l° R>°.
A¨N∞°∆dp¨ °V≤$pLÆ$ i°L$πsı`ef_p kp∑_°V$Ny√R>p° ky‚rkŸ R>°. ‚–eL°$ kp∑_°V$_p
æ$d A_° ı\p__y¨ `Z kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ dl“h R>°. ANpD S>ZpÏep ‚dpZ° L$gp
L$]$u L$p°B b¨^_dp¨ b¨^pB _\u. kp∑_°V$kS>Æ_ kp\° kp∑_°V$_p gOy]°$ldp¨ [°_u L$W$p°f
riı[ h√Q° ‚pk M¨X$r_ep°S>_ N¤_p dyL$[ gedp¨ R>¨]$r_Í`Z° NTgkp∑_°V$_p
rdÓZ; A°d kp∑_°V$_u A¨]$f blpf_u [dpd ‚ep°Ngnu iL$e[pAp°_° [pNhp_p
‚e–_p° \ep [°d kp∑_°V$ kS>Æ_ kp\° kp∑_°V$dpmp_y¨ kS>Æ_ `Z kS>ÆL$p°_° AphÌeL$
gp¡ey¨. kp∑_°V$_p Br[lpk `f _S>f _pMuA° [p° `pÚp–e kS>ÆL$p°A° kp∑_°V$Ny√R>p°
OZp gøep¨ R>°. I¡g°fiX$dp¨ A°L$ kde° kp∑_°V$dpmp_u O°gR>p gpNu l[u.
"""""From the earliest times the cycle has been usedto amplify the limited scope of the single sonnet and
37
to reflect the many facets of the chosen them amongthe most famous or note - worthy of these cyclesmay be named Dante's 'Vita Nuova', Petrach's'Canzoniere, De Bellay's, l'olive (the first non - it cycle)camoes Rimas, Sidney's 'Astrophe and, Stella' (thefirst cycle in England). Spenser's Amoretti,Shakespeare's Sonnets, Dome's holy sonnets,Wordsworth's ecclesiastical sonnet, Rossetti's 'thehouse of life', E.B. Browing's 'sonnets from theportuguese, George Henry Boker's A sequence onprofance love long fellow's Divina commedia, Arthurdivision ficke's sonnets of a portrait painter ednast.Vincent millay's fatal. Interview and Rilke's sonetteand orpheus '''''
24
Apd ≈°BA° [p° L$p°B ‚°du_° Myi L$fhp [°_p° r‚e[d kp∑_°V$dpmp gM[p°
L°$ gMph[p°, [p° L$p°B hmu fpS>epÓe d°mhhp dpV°$ kp∑_°V$dpmp_y¨ kS>Æ_ L$f[p°.
A° Nd° [° lp°e, k¨h°]$__° dpV°$ kp∑_°V$_u Qp•]$ `¨qL$[ S>epf° `epƇ[ r_hX$[u _\u
–epf° kp∑_°V$-kS>ÆL$ kp∑_°V$dpmp [fa Nr[ L$f° R>°. L°$V$gpL$ rhjep°_u Nl_[p S>
A°hu R>° L°$ S>°dp¨ k¨h°]$_p_u ‚NpY$[p ‚p‡[ \pe R>°. L$p°B rhQpf dpV°$ A°L$ kp∑_°V$
`|f[y¨ _ lp°e, depÆ]$pdp¨ kdphu _ iL$pey¨ lp°e, [°_u ApSy>bpSy>_p AÊepk
k¨]$cÆ\u `ygqL$[ L$f_pfp hp[phfZ\u L°$fi÷dp¨ `X°$gp rhQpf_° A¨qL$[ L$fhp_u
AphÌeL$[p gpNu lp°e _° [° ]$u^Æ[p [fa L$]$d DW$ph° –epf° kp∑_°V$dpmp_y¨ kS>Æ_
\pe R>°. L$rh `p°[p_p kd©Ÿ rhQpf\u blz`qfdpZ iqL$[_p° Nl_[d ı`iÆ
\pe –epf° A°L$ R>u A°L$ kp∑_°V$ kNp°q”e fu[° Apg°M° –epf° A°L$ b°_d|_ ApL©$r[_y
r_dpÆZ \pe R>° A_° [° R>° kp∑_°V$dpmp. kp∑_°V$dpmp_y ıh[¨” ıhÍ`dp¨ ApL$pfbŸ
kp∑_°V$p° kNp°q”e A°L$k|”[p\u S>epf° dm° –epf° L$p°B flıe L°$ kp¶]$eÆ_p° `]$pÆapi
\pe R>°.
38
k¨n°`dp¨ NyS>fp[udp¨ "kp∑_°V$dpmp', "kp∑_°V$Ny√R>', "kp∑_°V$ı[bL$',
"kp∑_°V$Ó°Zu', "kp∑_°V$”eu', "kp∑_°V$`¨QL$', "kp∑_°V$k‡[L$', "kp∑_°V$T|dMy¨',
"kp∑_°V$ey¡dL$' A°d rhrh^ fu[° _pdL$fZ `pd°gp [°dS> Ap°mMpe°gp Ap
ıhÍ`_u ı`ÛV$ Ap¨Nmu d|L$uiL$pe [°hu rhcph_p [fa l∆ ip°^ L$fhp_u bpL$u
fl° R>°. L°$V$gp¨L$ kS>ÆL$p°, rhh°QL$p°A° Ap q]$ipdp¨ ‚e–_ L$epÆ R>°. Alv S>ZpÏep
‚dpZ° "dpmp_p° A\Æ', A°L$ L$f[p¨ h^pf° kp∑_°V$ k¨øep k|Qhpe R>°. `Z ‚Ò [p°
A° S> fl° R>° L°$ dpmpdp¨ k|rQ[ A\Æ A°L$ L$f[p¨ h^pf° \[p° lp°e [p° dpmpdp¨ L°$V$gp¨
kp∑_°V$_u AphÌeL$[p fl° ? A°V$g° L°$ Ap°R>pdp¨ Ap°R>p L°$V$gp¨ kp∑_°V$ AphÌeL$ NZpe
? bu≈° ‚Ô_ A° `Z \pe L°$ kp∑_°V$ey¡dL$ L°$ kp∑_°V$‹e_° kp∑_°V$dpmp L$lu iL$pe
?
Ap bfi_° iÂ]$ A° ≈°qX$ep kp∑_°V$ dpV°$ h`fp[u k¨op R>°, X$p∑. cp_y‚kp]$
kd≈h° R>° L°$ "b° kp∑_°V$dp¨ ‚\d kp∑_°V$_p¨ k¨h°]$_\u ‚r[e Qpgu_° L°$"b° kp∑_°V$dp¨ ‚\d kp∑_°V$_p¨ k¨h°]$_\u ‚r[e Qpgu_° L°$"b° kp∑_°V$dp¨ ‚\d kp∑_°V$_p¨ k¨h°]$_\u ‚r[e Qpgu_° L°$"b° kp∑_°V$dp¨ ‚\d kp∑_°V$_p¨ k¨h°]$_\u ‚r[e Qpgu_° L°$"b° kp∑_°V$dp¨ ‚\d kp∑_°V$_p¨ k¨h°]$_\u ‚r[e Qpgu_° L°$
A°_p\u L¨$BL$ Sy>]°$fp° cphhmp¨L$ rkŸ L$f[y¨ A_° k¨h°]$_kp[–e ≈mh[y¨A°_p\u L¨$BL$ Sy>]°$fp° cphhmp¨L$ rkŸ L$f[y¨ A_° k¨h°]$_kp[–e ≈mh[y¨A°_p\u L¨$BL$ Sy>]°$fp° cphhmp¨L$ rkŸ L$f[y¨ A_° k¨h°]$_kp[–e ≈mh[y¨A°_p\u L¨$BL$ Sy>]°$fp° cphhmp¨L$ rkŸ L$f[y¨ A_° k¨h°]$_kp[–e ≈mh[y¨A°_p\u L¨$BL$ Sy>]°$fp° cphhmp¨L$ rkŸ L$f[y¨ A_° k¨h°]$_kp[–e ≈mh[y¨
R>[p¨ ıh[¨” A°hy¨ Afie kp∑_°V$ gMpe –epf° Dce kp∑_°V$p°, kp∑_°V$ey¡dL$R>[p¨ ıh[¨” A°hy¨ Afie kp∑_°V$ gMpe –epf° Dce kp∑_°V$p°, kp∑_°V$ey¡dL$R>[p¨ ıh[¨” A°hy¨ Afie kp∑_°V$ gMpe –epf° Dce kp∑_°V$p°, kp∑_°V$ey¡dL$R>[p¨ ıh[¨” A°hy¨ Afie kp∑_°V$ gMpe –epf° Dce kp∑_°V$p°, kp∑_°V$ey¡dL$R>[p¨ ıh[¨” A°hy¨ Afie kp∑_°V$ gMpe –epf° Dce kp∑_°V$p°, kp∑_°V$ey¡dL$
b_°.'b_°.'b_°.'b_°.'b_°.'25
‹fi‹ L°$ ≈°X$Ly$ A°L$ S> OV$L$ dpV°$ h`fp[y lp°e "kp∑_°V$ey¡dL$' L°$ "kp∑_°V$‹e'
_° kp∑_°V$dpmp L°$ kp∑_°V$Ny√R> L$lu iL$pe _rl. V|¨$L$dp¨ L$luA° [p° S>°dp¨ rhQpf L°$
cph dpV°$ aL$[ b° S> kp∑_°V$ `|f[p lp°e [°hp ey¡dL$ L°$ ≈°qX$ep kp∑_°V$ dpV°$
"kp∑_°V$ey¡dL$' L°$ "kp∑_°V$‹e' k¨op dmu R>°. S>°_p¨ D]$plfZ Í` Ddpi¨L$f_p "Nep¨
hj°pÆ -', "f¸p¨ hj°pÆ [°dp¨-' L°$ d_kyMgpg Th°fu_p "‚kfi_heh©Ÿ',
"rhjŒZheh©Ÿ' S>°hp¨ ey¡dL$p° `f\u `pdu iL$pe. L$epf°L$ Aphp¨ ey¡dL$p°_p¨
iujÆL$p° AgN AgN lp°e R>° L$epf°L$ k¨øep_p æ$d r_]£$i\u k|Qhhpdp¨ Aph[p¨
lp°e R>°. Apd kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ Ap°R>pdp¨ Ap°R>p kp∑_°V$_u k¨øep ”Z NZpe. `Z
Q¨÷i¨L$f cÀ$ dpmp_p kp∑_°V$p°_u k¨øep k¨]$c£ S>Zph[p¨ L$l° R>°, "kpdpfie fu[°"kpdpfie fu[°"kpdpfie fu[°"kpdpfie fu[°"kpdpfie fu[°
Ap°R>pdp¨ Ap°R>p¨ `p¨Q°L$ kp∑_°V$ [p° kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ A`°qn[ NZpe.'Ap°R>pdp¨ Ap°R>p¨ `p¨Q°L$ kp∑_°V$ [p° kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ A`°qn[ NZpe.'Ap°R>pdp¨ Ap°R>p¨ `p¨Q°L$ kp∑_°V$ [p° kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ A`°qn[ NZpe.'Ap°R>pdp¨ Ap°R>p¨ `p¨Q°L$ kp∑_°V$ [p° kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ A`°qn[ NZpe.'Ap°R>pdp¨ Ap°R>p¨ `p¨Q°L$ kp∑_°V$ [p° kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ A`°qn[ NZpe.'26
X$p∑.
cp_y‚kp]$ `¨X$ep `Z A°hy¨ S> kd\Æ_ Ap`° R>°, "....... `Z kp∑_°V$dpmp"....... `Z kp∑_°V$dpmp"....... `Z kp∑_°V$dpmp"....... `Z kp∑_°V$dpmp"....... `Z kp∑_°V$dpmp
dpV°$ Ap°R>pdp¨ Ap°R>p `p¨Q-R> kp∑_°V$p°_u [p° A`°np fl°. A°d \pe [p° S>dpV°$ Ap°R>pdp¨ Ap°R>p `p¨Q-R> kp∑_°V$p°_u [p° A`°np fl°. A°d \pe [p° S>dpV°$ Ap°R>pdp¨ Ap°R>p `p¨Q-R> kp∑_°V$p°_u [p° A`°np fl°. A°d \pe [p° S>dpV°$ Ap°R>pdp¨ Ap°R>p `p¨Q-R> kp∑_°V$p°_u [p° A`°np fl°. A°d \pe [p° S>dpV°$ Ap°R>pdp¨ Ap°R>p `p¨Q-R> kp∑_°V$p°_u [p° A`°np fl°. A°d \pe [p° S>
A°dp¨_p brgÛW$ - Nl_ cphk¨h°]$__° A_° tQ[_ıa}rÎg¨N_° e\p°rQ[ fu[°A°dp¨_p brgÛW$ - Nl_ cphk¨h°]$__° A_° tQ[_ıa}rÎg¨N_° e\p°rQ[ fu[°A°dp¨_p brgÛW$ - Nl_ cphk¨h°]$__° A_° tQ[_ıa}rÎg¨N_° e\p°rQ[ fu[°A°dp¨_p brgÛW$ - Nl_ cphk¨h°]$__° A_° tQ[_ıa}rÎg¨N_° e\p°rQ[ fu[°A°dp¨_p brgÛW$ - Nl_ cphk¨h°]$__° A_° tQ[_ıa}rÎg¨N_° e\p°rQ[ fu[°
39
‚NV$hp_p° Ïep` dm°'‚NV$hp_p° Ïep` dm°'‚NV$hp_p° Ïep` dm°'‚NV$hp_p° Ïep` dm°'‚NV$hp_p° Ïep` dm°'27.
S>°d Ap`Z° kp∑_°V$_p¨ rhjehı[yÍ` k¨h°]$_rhi°j_u hp[ L$fuA° R>uA°
[°d kp∑_°V$dpmp_u L°$fi÷ı\ A_yc|r[_p° rhQpf L$fhp° ≈°BA°. ‚NpY$, kd©Ÿ A_°
blz`pÆ A°hu A_yc|r[dp¨\u kp∑_°V$dpmp k≈Æe [° rhi° Ap`Z° ≈°ey¨. A¨N∞°∆dp¨
dm°gu kp∑_°V$dpmp A¨N°_u k¨opAp° `Z ≈°hp S>°hu Mfu. Ap k¨opAp° A¨N° X$p∑.
cp_y‚kp]$ ¨X$ep S>Zph° R>°, """""'Sonnet Cycle' iÂ]$ kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ kp¤¨[iÂ]$ kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ kp¤¨[iÂ]$ kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ kp¤¨[iÂ]$ kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ kp¤¨[iÂ]$ kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ kp¤¨[
Ïep`u fl°[u cph_u Qæ$pL$pf Nr[_y¨ k|Q_ L$f° R>°. bu≈° iÂ]$ Ïep`u fl°[u cph_u Qæ$pL$pf Nr[_y¨ k|Q_ L$f° R>°. bu≈° iÂ]$ Ïep`u fl°[u cph_u Qæ$pL$pf Nr[_y¨ k|Q_ L$f° R>°. bu≈° iÂ]$ Ïep`u fl°[u cph_u Qæ$pL$pf Nr[_y¨ k|Q_ L$f° R>°. bu≈° iÂ]$ Ïep`u fl°[u cph_u Qæ$pL$pf Nr[_y¨ k|Q_ L$f° R>°. bu≈° iÂ]$ 'SonnetSequence' R>°. A° kp∑_°V$dpmp_u k¨h°]$_i©¨Mgp_° A_ygn° R>° cg°R>°. A° kp∑_°V$dpmp_u k¨h°]$_i©¨Mgp_° A_ygn° R>° cg°R>°. A° kp∑_°V$dpmp_u k¨h°]$_i©¨Mgp_° A_ygn° R>° cg°R>°. A° kp∑_°V$dpmp_u k¨h°]$_i©¨Mgp_° A_ygn° R>° cg°R>°. A° kp∑_°V$dpmp_u k¨h°]$_i©¨Mgp_° A_ygn° R>° cg°
ıhe¨`epƇ[ R>[p¨ A°dp¨ k¨h°]$_kp¨L$m [p° fQp[u lp°e R>°. `|hÆh[w kp∑_°V$ıhe¨`epƇ[ R>[p¨ A°dp¨ k¨h°]$_kp¨L$m [p° fQp[u lp°e R>°. `|hÆh[w kp∑_°V$ıhe¨`epƇ[ R>[p¨ A°dp¨ k¨h°]$_kp¨L$m [p° fQp[u lp°e R>°. `|hÆh[w kp∑_°V$ıhe¨`epƇ[ R>[p¨ A°dp¨ k¨h°]$_kp¨L$m [p° fQp[u lp°e R>°. `|hÆh[w kp∑_°V$ıhe¨`epƇ[ R>[p¨ A°dp¨ k¨h°]$_kp¨L$m [p° fQp[u lp°e R>°. `|hÆh[w kp∑_°V$
kp\° ApRy>¨ `p[my¨ A_yk¨^p_ ^fph[p¨ kp∑_°V$p° Ap ‚L$pf_u kp∑_°V$Ó°Zudp¨kp\° ApRy>¨ `p[my¨ A_yk¨^p_ ^fph[p¨ kp∑_°V$p° Ap ‚L$pf_u kp∑_°V$Ó°Zudp¨kp\° ApRy>¨ `p[my¨ A_yk¨^p_ ^fph[p¨ kp∑_°V$p° Ap ‚L$pf_u kp∑_°V$Ó°Zudp¨kp\° ApRy>¨ `p[my¨ A_yk¨^p_ ^fph[p¨ kp∑_°V$p° Ap ‚L$pf_u kp∑_°V$Ó°Zudp¨kp\° ApRy>¨ `p[my¨ A_yk¨^p_ ^fph[p¨ kp∑_°V$p° Ap ‚L$pf_u kp∑_°V$Ó°Zudp¨
fQp[p¨ Aph[p¨ lp°e R>°, [°\u A°_° fQp[p¨ Aph[p¨ lp°e R>°, [°\u A°_° fQp[p¨ Aph[p¨ lp°e R>°, [°\u A°_° fQp[p¨ Aph[p¨ lp°e R>°, [°\u A°_° fQp[p¨ Aph[p¨ lp°e R>°, [°\u A°_° 'Sequence of Sonnets' L$l°hpdp¨ L$l°hpdp¨ L$l°hpdp¨ L$l°hpdp¨ L$l°hpdp¨
L$ip° hp¨^p° _\u.'L$ip° hp¨^p° _\u.'L$ip° hp¨^p° _\u.'L$ip° hp¨^p° _\u.'L$ip° hp¨^p° _\u.'28
Alv Ap`°gu k¨opAp°dp¨ 'Cycle' dp¨ Nr[-rhL$pk R>°. rhje-hı[y L°$
rhQpf_u æ$di: rhL$pkf°Mp ≈°hp dm° R>°. S>° NyS>fp[u_u k¨op "kp∑_°V$dpmp' _p
A\Æ kp\° bfpbf b°k° R>°. bu∆ k¨op R>° [°_p° A\Æ A_yæ$drZL$p lp°e [°hu
kp∑_°V$Ó°Zu `Z "kp∑_°V$dpmp' _p° `epÆe iÂ]$ S> ApMf° R>°. `Z Ap`Zu
NyS>fp[udp¨ "kp∑_°V$dpmp' A_° "kp∑_°V$Ny√R>' kpdpfie[: h^y D`ep°Nu \[u
k¨opAp° R>°. Ap bfi_° NyS>fp[u k¨opAp° L$p°BL$ Sy>]$p° S> A\Æ ]$ipÆh° R>°, A°V$g° L°$
"kp∑_°V$Ny√R>' a}g_p° A°L$ L$gNu S>°hp° Ny√R> A°V$g° L°$ [°dp¨ `yÛ`dpmp S>°hu lpf
_\u. S>epf° kp∑_°V$dpmp A°L$ yÛ`lpf S>°hu lp°e R>° S>°dp¨ ]$f°L$ a}g_° p°[p_y ıh[¨”
Ası[–h ıhuL$pfpey¨ R>°. k¨n°`dp¨ L$luA° [p° Ny√R> lp°e, T|dMy¨ lp°e L°$ dpmp lp°e
`Z dyøe[“h [p° kyN¨^ R>° A°S> dl“h_y¨ R>°. kp∑_°V$dp¨ rhjeN[ L°$ rhQpfN[
kdp_> A¨i ]$f°L$ kp∑_°V$dp¨ `X$ep lp°e A_° A°L$ k¨OV$_p b_° –epf°, `R>u [°
Ny√R> lp°e L°$ dpmp lp°e [°dp¨ Apıhp]$ [p° fl°hp_p° [° S> dl“h_u bpb[ R>°.
rhh°QL$ Ap\Æf qL$hgfL|$Q [\p æ$p°kg°fiX$_p d[ `Z [`pkhp gpeL$
R>°. kf Ap\Æf qL$hgfL|$Q_° kp∑_°V$dpmp_p° AZNdp° l[p° [°dS> [°_° kp∑_°V$dpmp
40
hp¨Q[p L¨$V$pmp° gpN° R>°, \pL$ A_ych° R>°. dpmp_u ]$u^Æ[p [°_° hp¨Qhp [fa
AZNdp° Ecp° L$f° R>°. æ$p°kg°fiX$ L°$V$guL$ A°hu ]$gugp° L$f° R>°, L°$V$gp¨L$ [pq“hL$
dy÷p Ecu L$f° R>°. [° ku^p S> L$rh [fa Ap¨Nmu Qv^° R>°. [°d_p d[° S>° L$rh A°L$
kp∑_°V$_p A_yk¨^p_dp¨ buSy>¨ kp∑_°V$ gM° R>° [° L$rh ApNm_p kp∑_°V$_u r_Ûam[p
ıhuL$pf° R>°. L$rh cph_u dphS>[ ‚\d kp∑_°V$dp¨ L$fu iL$ep° _\u dpV°$ buSy>¨ gM°
R>°. Alv ‚\d kp∑_°V$_u ıh[¨”[p_° lpr_ `l°p¨Q° R>° [°hy¨ [° dp_° R>°. [°_u bu∆
dpfie[p A°hu R>° L°$ L$rh_° L$p°B rhje A°hp° NpY$ ı`iw ≈e R>° L°$ [°_° lgph_pfp°
lp°e [° b° kp∑_°V$dp¨ f°X$pe ≈e [p° [°Z° b° kp∑_°V$ _rl `Z Qp•]$ - Qp•]$ `¨rL$[_p
M¨X$p°hpmy A°L$ S> km¨N L$pÏe f√ey NZpe. ‚ı[y[ kp∑_°V$p°, kp∑_°V$ [fuL°$ [p° r_Ûam
S> fl° R>°. `Z Alv `Z ıh[¨” A°L$d [fuL°$ kp∑_°V$_u cph dphS>[_° ApNm
L$fu R>°. [°_p° ”u≈° d[ A°hp° R>° L°$ kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ Np°W$hpe°gp kp∑_°V$_p æ$d_°
a°fhhp\u Mpk hp¨^p° Aphi° _rl. [°d_p° k¨ie Aı\p_° _\u. L$pfZ [°dZ° S>°
Arc‚pe Ap‡ep° R>° [° "kp∑_°V$Ny√R>' _° rhi°j gpNy `X°$ R>°, `Z AdyL$ ‚Ô_p°
kp∑_°V$dpmp_° A_ygnu_° \ep lp°e [p° A°L$ `Z bpb[ kp\° k¨d[ \B iL$pe
_rl.
My]$ rL$hgfL|$Q kp∑_°V$dpmp_p `ndp¨ `Z apfku i°fp°_y¨ ]π$ÛV$p¨[ Ap`°
R>°. ‚–e°L$ i°f A_° NTgp° `Z r_fpmp A\Æ_p lp°hp R>[p¨ `p¨Q kp[ i°f kp\°
Np°W$hhp dp”\u S>, L¨$BL$ _hy¨ L$l°hpe ≈e R>°. kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ ≈°L°$ A°V$gu l]°$
_rl Z AdyL$ A¨i° L¨$BL$ Aphy b_[y S>Zpe Mfy. kp∑_°V$dpmp kNp°q”e kp∑_°V$_u
A°L$ kp¨L$m R>°. Alv d›eL$pgu_ `]$dpmp [f[ ep]$ Aphi°, L$pfZ L°$ [°dp¨ `Z
`]$_y¨ ıh[¨” ÏeqL$[“h lp°hp¨ R>[p¨ A°L$ cph-hı[y_° A_ygnu gMpe°gp A°hp
`]$p°_p° kd|l kp¨L$mÍ`° N|¨\p[p° lp°e R>°. A°hy¨ S> L¨$BL$ kp∑_°V$ A_° kp∑_°V$dpmp
k¨]$c£ b_° R>°. ‚–e°L$ kp∑_°V$dp¨ kp∑_°V$dpmp A°L$ A°hy¨ ı\p`–e R>° S>° A_°L$ ıh[¨”
riÎ`p°_p k¨ep°S>_\u d¨rX$[ R>°. [°_p° rhL$pk Apg°M[p¨ hmp¨L$ d|L°$ [° hmp¨L$,
Qp°V$ [°_° ıh[¨” kp∑_°V$ b_ph° S> R>° A_° ApNhp ıhÍ`° Ap_¨]$‚]$ b_° R>°.
kp∑_°V$_p A°L$ ıhÍ`dp¨\u kp∑_°V$dpmp fQu A°L$ _hp ıhÍ`_y¨ kS>Æ_ L$fu L$rh
‚r[cpAp°A° [°_p iqL$[-iL$e[pAp°_u qnr[≈°_° rhı[pfu R>° [° Ap`Z°
41
Qp°L$L$k`Z° ıhuL$pfhy¨ S> fley¨. Óu rhÛœ‚kp]$ q”h°]$u kp∑_°V$dpmp A¨N° A°hy¨ S>
L$l° R>°. "... A°_p° L$gp]°$l A°hp° W$f°g R>° L°$ [°dp¨ k¨Qg[p_° gprg–e L$f[p¨"... A°_p° L$gp]°$l A°hp° W$f°g R>° L°$ [°dp¨ k¨Qg[p_° gprg–e L$f[p¨"... A°_p° L$gp]°$l A°hp° W$f°g R>° L°$ [°dp¨ k¨Qg[p_° gprg–e L$f[p¨"... A°_p° L$gp]°$l A°hp° W$f°g R>° L°$ [°dp¨ k¨Qg[p_° gprg–e L$f[p¨"... A°_p° L$gp]°$l A°hp° W$f°g R>° L°$ [°dp¨ k¨Qg[p_° gprg–e L$f[p¨
N¨cuf[p A_° flıede[p rhi°j ‚h°i° R>°. kp∑_°V$dpmp fQ_pf ]$f°L$ kp∑_°V$_°N¨cuf[p A_° flıede[p rhi°j ‚h°i° R>°. kp∑_°V$dpmp fQ_pf ]$f°L$ kp∑_°V$_°N¨cuf[p A_° flıede[p rhi°j ‚h°i° R>°. kp∑_°V$dpmp fQ_pf ]$f°L$ kp∑_°V$_°N¨cuf[p A_° flıede[p rhi°j ‚h°i° R>°. kp∑_°V$dpmp fQ_pf ]$f°L$ kp∑_°V$_°N¨cuf[p A_° flıede[p rhi°j ‚h°i° R>°. kp∑_°V$dpmp fQ_pf ]$f°L$ kp∑_°V$_°
ıhe¨`|ZÆ fpM° R>°, `Z gpNZu_p Sy>]$p Sy>]$p `pkp¨ L° $ gpNZu_u Nr[ıhe¨`|ZÆ fpM° R>°, `Z gpNZu_p Sy>]$p Sy>]$p `pkp¨ L° $ gpNZu_u Nr[ıhe¨`|ZÆ fpM° R>°, `Z gpNZu_p Sy>]$p Sy>]$p `pkp¨ L° $ gpNZu_u Nr[ıhe¨`|ZÆ fpM° R>°, `Z gpNZu_p Sy>]$p Sy>]$p `pkp¨ L° $ gpNZu_u Nr[ıhe¨`|ZÆ fpM° R>°, `Z gpNZu_p Sy>]$p Sy>]$p `pkp¨ L° $ gpNZu_u Nr[
]$ipÆh[p¨ kp∑_°V$dZL$pAp° A°L$ bu≈ kp\° flu rhriÛV$ Aplπgp]$ `Z Ap`u]$ipÆh[p¨ kp∑_°V$dZL$pAp° A°L$ bu≈ kp\° flu rhriÛV$ Aplπgp]$ `Z Ap`u]$ipÆh[p¨ kp∑_°V$dZL$pAp° A°L$ bu≈ kp\° flu rhriÛV$ Aplπgp]$ `Z Ap`u]$ipÆh[p¨ kp∑_°V$dZL$pAp° A°L$ bu≈ kp\° flu rhriÛV$ Aplπgp]$ `Z Ap`u]$ipÆh[p¨ kp∑_°V$dZL$pAp° A°L$ bu≈ kp\° flu rhriÛV$ Aplπgp]$ `Z Ap`u
iL°$ R>°.'iL°$ R>°.'iL°$ R>°.'iL°$ R>°.'iL°$ R>°.'29
kp∑_°V$dpmp_u k¨OV$_p rhi° Ddpi¨L$f ≈°iu_p° d[ R>° L°$ "kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨"kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨"kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨"kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨"kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨
Oœ¨ Mfy ¨ d_yÛe_p d_p°∆h__u ep”p_p¨ rcfi_ rcfi_ R>[p¨ AX$p °AX$Oœ¨ Mfy ¨ d_yÛe_p d_p°∆h__u ep”p_p¨ rcfi_ rcfi_ R>[p¨ AX$p °AX$Oœ¨ Mfy ¨ d_yÛe_p d_p°∆h__u ep”p_p¨ rcfi_ rcfi_ R>[p¨ AX$p °AX$Oœ¨ Mfy ¨ d_yÛe_p d_p°∆h__u ep”p_p¨ rcfi_ rcfi_ R>[p¨ AX$p °AX$Oœ¨ Mfy ¨ d_yÛe_p d_p°∆h__u ep”p_p¨ rcfi_ rcfi_ R>[p¨ AX$p °AX$
Np°W$h°gp¨ kp°`p__u ı\p`–efQ_p lp°e R>°. [° rkhpe, A°L$ kp∑_°V$ `R>uNp°W$h°gp¨ kp°`p__u ı\p`–efQ_p lp°e R>°. [° rkhpe, A°L$ kp∑_°V$ `R>uNp°W$h°gp¨ kp°`p__u ı\p`–efQ_p lp°e R>°. [° rkhpe, A°L$ kp∑_°V$ `R>uNp°W$h°gp¨ kp°`p__u ı\p`–efQ_p lp°e R>°. [° rkhpe, A°L$ kp∑_°V$ `R>uNp°W$h°gp¨ kp°`p__u ı\p`–efQ_p lp°e R>°. [° rkhpe, A°L$ kp∑_°V$ `R>u
buSy> ¨ gMhpdp¨ `∞\d kp∑_°V$_p OV$L$–h_u lpr__p° S> ° [pq“hL$ hp¨^p°buSy> ¨ gMhpdp¨ `∞\d kp∑_°V$_p OV$L$–h_u lpr__p° S> ° [pq“hL$ hp¨^p°buSy> ¨ gMhpdp¨ `∞\d kp∑_°V$_p OV$L$–h_u lpr__p° S> ° [pq“hL$ hp¨^p°buSy> ¨ gMhpdp¨ `∞\d kp∑_°V$_p OV$L$–h_u lpr__p° S> ° [pq“hL$ hp¨^p°buSy> ¨ gMhpdp¨ `∞\d kp∑_°V$_p OV$L$–h_u lpr__p° S> ° [pq“hL$ hp¨^p°
DW$phhpdp¨ Aph° R>°, A° Ap`Z_° dyL[L$i•gu\u V°$hpe°gpAp°_° [p° `pep]$pfDW$phhpdp¨ Aph° R>°, A° Ap`Z_° dyL[L$i•gu\u V°$hpe°gpAp°_° [p° `pep]$pfDW$phhpdp¨ Aph° R>°, A° Ap`Z_° dyL[L$i•gu\u V°$hpe°gpAp°_° [p° `pep]$pfDW$phhpdp¨ Aph° R>°, A° Ap`Z_° dyL[L$i•gu\u V°$hpe°gpAp°_° [p° `pep]$pfDW$phhpdp¨ Aph° R>°, A° Ap`Z_° dyL[L$i•gu\u V°$hpe°gpAp°_° [p° `pep]$pf
cp¡e° S> gpNi°. dyL[L$i•gu S>epf° tl]$dp¨ ‚h[Æ[u A_° dlpL$pÏe_u fQ_pcp¡e° S> gpNi°. dyL[L$i•gu S>epf° tl]$dp¨ ‚h[Æ[u A_° dlpL$pÏe_u fQ_pcp¡e° S> gpNi°. dyL[L$i•gu S>epf° tl]$dp¨ ‚h[Æ[u A_° dlpL$pÏe_u fQ_pcp¡e° S> gpNi°. dyL[L$i•gu S>epf° tl]$dp¨ ‚h[Æ[u A_° dlpL$pÏe_u fQ_pcp¡e° S> gpNi°. dyL[L$i•gu S>epf° tl]$dp¨ ‚h[Æ[u A_° dlpL$pÏe_u fQ_p
`Z Ap dyL[L$i•gu\u \[u, –epf° fOyh¨i S>°hp¨ L$pÏep° Z A° S> fu[° gMpep¨`Z Ap dyL[L$i•gu\u \[u, –epf° fOyh¨i S>°hp¨ L$pÏep° Z A° S> fu[° gMpep¨`Z Ap dyL[L$i•gu\u \[u, –epf° fOyh¨i S>°hp¨ L$pÏep° Z A° S> fu[° gMpep¨`Z Ap dyL[L$i•gu\u \[u, –epf° fOyh¨i S>°hp¨ L$pÏep° Z A° S> fu[° gMpep¨`Z Ap dyL[L$i•gu\u \[u, –epf° fOyh¨i S>°hp¨ L$pÏep° Z A° S> fu[° gMpep¨
l[p¨, L$prg]$pk_u L©$r[Ap°_p AÊepk\u S>Zpi° L°$ [°_p Ly$g Ôgp°L$p°_p° W$uL$l[p¨, L$prg]$pk_u L©$r[Ap°_p AÊepk\u S>Zpi° L°$ [°_p Ly$g Ôgp°L$p°_p° W$uL$l[p¨, L$prg]$pk_u L©$r[Ap°_p AÊepk\u S>Zpi° L°$ [°_p Ly$g Ôgp°L$p°_p° W$uL$l[p¨, L$prg]$pk_u L©$r[Ap°_p AÊepk\u S>Zpi° L°$ [°_p Ly$g Ôgp°L$p°_p° W$uL$l[p¨, L$prg]$pk_u L©$r[Ap°_p AÊepk\u S>Zpi° L°$ [°_p Ly$g Ôgp°L$p°_p° W$uL$
A°hp° cpN ıh[¨” Ası[–h Ap`hp_p° L$rh_p° ‚e–_ lp°e R°, ‚–e°L$ ıh[¨”A°hp° cpN ıh[¨” Ası[–h Ap`hp_p° L$rh_p° ‚e–_ lp°e R°, ‚–e°L$ ıh[¨”A°hp° cpN ıh[¨” Ası[–h Ap`hp_p° L$rh_p° ‚e–_ lp°e R°, ‚–e°L$ ıh[¨”A°hp° cpN ıh[¨” Ası[–h Ap`hp_p° L$rh_p° ‚e–_ lp°e R°, ‚–e°L$ ıh[¨”A°hp° cpN ıh[¨” Ası[–h Ap`hp_p° L$rh_p° ‚e–_ lp°e R°, ‚–e°L$ ıh[¨”
dyL[L$ lp°e R>°, _° b^p¨_u A°L$ R>u A°L$ hZ≈f gpN[p¨_u kp\° hı[yrhL$pkdyL[L$ lp°e R>°, _° b^p¨_u A°L$ R>u A°L$ hZ≈f gpN[p¨_u kp\° hı[yrhL$pkdyL[L$ lp°e R>°, _° b^p¨_u A°L$ R>u A°L$ hZ≈f gpN[p¨_u kp\° hı[yrhL$pkdyL[L$ lp°e R>°, _° b^p¨_u A°L$ R>u A°L$ hZ≈f gpN[p¨_u kp\° hı[yrhL$pkdyL[L$ lp°e R>°, _° b^p¨_u A°L$ R>u A°L$ hZ≈f gpN[p¨_u kp\° hı[yrhL$pk
hN°f° ı`ÛV$ \hp dp¨X°$ R>°. A°d$ L$lu iL$pe L°$ ‚–e°L$ Ôgp°L$dp¨ riÎ`L$gp A_°hN°f° ı`ÛV$ \hp dp¨X°$ R>°. A°d$ L$lu iL$pe L°$ ‚–e°L$ Ôgp°L$dp¨ riÎ`L$gp A_°hN°f° ı`ÛV$ \hp dp¨X°$ R>°. A°d$ L$lu iL$pe L°$ ‚–e°L$ Ôgp°L$dp¨ riÎ`L$gp A_°hN°f° ı`ÛV$ \hp dp¨X°$ R>°. A°d$ L$lu iL$pe L°$ ‚–e°L$ Ôgp°L$dp¨ riÎ`L$gp A_°hN°f° ı`ÛV$ \hp dp¨X°$ R>°. A°d$ L$lu iL$pe L°$ ‚–e°L$ Ôgp°L$dp¨ riÎ`L$gp A_°
[° kp\° S> kdN∞ Ôgp°L$kd|ldp¨ ı\p`–eL$gp kp^hp_u L$rh ‚r[cp_u ‚h©r—[° kp\° S> kdN∞ Ôgp°L$kd|ldp¨ ı\p`–eL$gp kp^hp_u L$rh ‚r[cp_u ‚h©r—[° kp\° S> kdN∞ Ôgp°L$kd|ldp¨ ı\p`–eL$gp kp^hp_u L$rh ‚r[cp_u ‚h©r—[° kp\° S> kdN∞ Ôgp°L$kd|ldp¨ ı\p`–eL$gp kp^hp_u L$rh ‚r[cp_u ‚h©r—[° kp\° S> kdN∞ Ôgp°L$kd|ldp¨ ı\p`–eL$gp kp^hp_u L$rh ‚r[cp_u ‚h©r—
lp°e R>°. Ap`Zp¨ ‚pQu_ d¨q]$fp°_y¨ riÎ` A_° ı\p`–e ≈°[p¨ `Z ApS>lp°e R>°. Ap`Zp¨ ‚pQu_ d¨q]$fp°_y¨ riÎ` A_° ı\p`–e ≈°[p¨ `Z ApS>lp°e R>°. Ap`Zp¨ ‚pQu_ d¨q]$fp°_y¨ riÎ` A_° ı\p`–e ≈°[p¨ `Z ApS>lp°e R>°. Ap`Zp¨ ‚pQu_ d¨q]$fp°_y¨ riÎ` A_° ı\p`–e ≈°[p¨ `Z ApS>lp°e R>°. Ap`Zp¨ ‚pQu_ d¨q]$fp°_y¨ riÎ` A_° ı\p`–e ≈°[p¨ `Z ApS>
hı[y ‚[u[ \i°. ]°$ghpX$pdp¨ iy¨ R>° ? ‚–e°L$ ApL©$r[ ıh[¨” Afier_f`°nhı[y ‚[u[ \i°. ]°$ghpX$pdp¨ iy¨ R>° ? ‚–e°L$ ApL©$r[ ıh[¨” Afier_f`°nhı[y ‚[u[ \i°. ]°$ghpX$pdp¨ iy¨ R>° ? ‚–e°L$ ApL©$r[ ıh[¨” Afier_f`°nhı[y ‚[u[ \i°. ]°$ghpX$pdp¨ iy¨ R>° ? ‚–e°L$ ApL©$r[ ıh[¨” Afier_f`°nhı[y ‚[u[ \i°. ]°$ghpX$pdp¨ iy¨ R>° ? ‚–e°L$ ApL©$r[ ıh[¨” Afier_f`°n
kp∑_°V$ R>° A_° kp• kp\° dmu_° hmu L$p°B L$Î`_p[u[ kp¶]$eÆ_° d|[Æ L$fu fl°kp∑_°V$ R>° A_° kp• kp\° dmu_° hmu L$p°B L$Î`_p[u[ kp¶]$eÆ_° d|[Æ L$fu fl°kp∑_°V$ R>° A_° kp• kp\° dmu_° hmu L$p°B L$Î`_p[u[ kp¶]$eÆ_° d|[Æ L$fu fl°kp∑_°V$ R>° A_° kp• kp\° dmu_° hmu L$p°B L$Î`_p[u[ kp¶]$eÆ_° d|[Æ L$fu fl°kp∑_°V$ R>° A_° kp• kp\° dmu_° hmu L$p°B L$Î`_p[u[ kp¶]$eÆ_° d|[Æ L$fu fl°
R>°. qL$hgf L|$Q° apfku i°fp°_p T|dMp_y¨ ]$ÛV$p¨[ Ap‡ey¨ R>°. [° L$l° R>° L°$R>°. qL$hgf L|$Q° apfku i°fp°_p T|dMp_y¨ ]$ÛV$p¨[ Ap‡ey¨ R>°. [° L$l° R>° L°$R>°. qL$hgf L|$Q° apfku i°fp°_p T|dMp_y¨ ]$ÛV$p¨[ Ap‡ey¨ R>°. [° L$l° R>° L°$R>°. qL$hgf L|$Q° apfku i°fp°_p T|dMp_y¨ ]$ÛV$p¨[ Ap‡ey¨ R>°. [° L$l° R>° L°$R>°. qL$hgf L|$Q° apfku i°fp°_p T|dMp_y¨ ]$ÛV$p¨[ Ap‡ey¨ R>°. [° L$l° R>° L°$
kp∑_°V$dpmp_p `ndp¨ ıhe¨`epƇ[ A°hu apfku i°fp°_p S|>\_° ApNm L$fukp∑_°V$dpmp_p `ndp¨ ıhe¨`epƇ[ A°hu apfku i°fp°_p S|>\_° ApNm L$fukp∑_°V$dpmp_p `ndp¨ ıhe¨`epƇ[ A°hu apfku i°fp°_p S|>\_° ApNm L$fukp∑_°V$dpmp_p `ndp¨ ıhe¨`epƇ[ A°hu apfku i°fp°_p S|>\_° ApNm L$fukp∑_°V$dpmp_p `ndp¨ ıhe¨`epƇ[ A°hu apfku i°fp°_p S|>\_° ApNm L$fu
iL$pe. [°dp¨ ]$f°L$ dyL[L$_p° `p°[p_p° ıh[¨” A\Æ lp°e R>°, `Z b^p¨ c°Np¨iL$pe. [°dp¨ ]$f°L$ dyL[L$_p° `p°[p_p° ıh[¨” A\Æ lp°e R>°, `Z b^p¨ c°Np¨iL$pe. [°dp¨ ]$f°L$ dyL[L$_p° `p°[p_p° ıh[¨” A\Æ lp°e R>°, `Z b^p¨ c°Np¨iL$pe. [°dp¨ ]$f°L$ dyL[L$_p° `p°[p_p° ıh[¨” A\Æ lp°e R>°, `Z b^p¨ c°Np¨iL$pe. [°dp¨ ]$f°L$ dyL[L$_p° `p°[p_p° ıh[¨” A\Æ lp°e R>°, `Z b^p¨ c°Np¨
Np°W$hp[p¨ L¨$BL$ Ap°f L$l°hpe ≈e R>° - L$l°hp_p° L$ip° ]°$Mu[p° ‚e–_ L$epÆNp°W$hp[p¨ L¨$BL$ Ap°f L$l°hpe ≈e R>° - L$l°hp_p° L$ip° ]°$Mu[p° ‚e–_ L$epÆNp°W$hp[p¨ L¨$BL$ Ap°f L$l°hpe ≈e R>° - L$l°hp_p° L$ip° ]°$Mu[p° ‚e–_ L$epÆNp°W$hp[p¨ L¨$BL$ Ap°f L$l°hpe ≈e R>° - L$l°hp_p° L$ip° ]°$Mu[p° ‚e–_ L$epÆNp°W$hp[p¨ L¨$BL$ Ap°f L$l°hpe ≈e R>° - L$l°hp_p° L$ip° ]°$Mu[p° ‚e–_ L$epÆ
rkhpe S>. kp∑_°V$_u D–`r— kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ S> \B R>° A° æ$p°kg°fiX$ `Zrkhpe S>. kp∑_°V$_u D–`r— kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ S> \B R>° A° æ$p°kg°fiX$ `Zrkhpe S>. kp∑_°V$_u D–`r— kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ S> \B R>° A° æ$p°kg°fiX$ `Zrkhpe S>. kp∑_°V$_u D–`r— kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ S> \B R>° A° æ$p°kg°fiX$ `Zrkhpe S>. kp∑_°V$_u D–`r— kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ S> \B R>° A° æ$p°kg°fiX$ `Z
ıhuL$pf° R>°.'ıhuL$pf° R>°.'ıhuL$pf° R>°.'ıhuL$pf° R>°.'ıhuL$pf° R>°.'30
42
kp∑_°V$_p i•gu A_° ıhÍ` rhi° k¨n°`dp¨ L$luA° [p° kp∑_°V$dpmp L$rhu
k¨h°]$_p_y¨ kp¶]$eÆ ıhÍ` R>°. Ar_e¨q”[ h°N ^fph[y¨ k¨h°]$_ S>epf° kp∑_°V$dpmp
gMhp ky^u L$rh_° gB ≈e R>° –epf° L$rh `n°\u ‚r[cp_u A`°np S>Íf fpMhu
OV°$. L$pfZ L°$ L©$r[dp¨ Ar_hpeÆ A°hu A°L$[p, kyqÔgÛV$[p, kyN∞r\[[p S> A°L$
ApL©$r[ b_ph° R>°. [°\u A_yc|r[_u rhfpV$ apm_° kp∑_°V$_u Qp•]$ ¨qL$[dp¨ |fhp_u
kp\° kp∑_°V$_u L$gpL$ue if[p°_° r_Í`Z k|T kp\° ApL©$[ L$fhp_y¨ lp°e [° S>
kS>ÆL$_u L$p•ig_u L$kp°V$u dpNu g° R>°. rhQpf A_° cph_° L$p¨[[p L$p¨[[p [°_y¨
kp[–e fpMhp_y¨ lp°e R>°. X$p∑. rh_p°]$ ≈°iu _°p¨^° R>° L°$ "L°$V$guL$hpf A°L$ kp∑_°V$"L°$V$guL$hpf A°L$ kp∑_°V$"L°$V$guL$hpf A°L$ kp∑_°V$"L°$V$guL$hpf A°L$ kp∑_°V$"L°$V$guL$hpf A°L$ kp∑_°V$
L$f[p¨ kp∑_°V$i©¨Mgp_p Apıhp]$\u `dp[p° kp¶]$eÆbp°^ h^y ‚bm lp°e [°hy¨L$f[p¨ kp∑_°V$i©¨Mgp_p Apıhp]$\u `dp[p° kp¶]$eÆbp°^ h^y ‚bm lp°e [°hy¨L$f[p¨ kp∑_°V$i©¨Mgp_p Apıhp]$\u `dp[p° kp¶]$eÆbp°^ h^y ‚bm lp°e [°hy¨L$f[p¨ kp∑_°V$i©¨Mgp_p Apıhp]$\u `dp[p° kp¶]$eÆbp°^ h^y ‚bm lp°e [°hy¨L$f[p¨ kp∑_°V$i©¨Mgp_p Apıhp]$\u `dp[p° kp¶]$eÆbp°^ h^y ‚bm lp°e [°hy¨
`Z b_u iL°$. Apd b_° –epf° a}g A_° a}g_u dpmp, b°edp¨ S>° k•p¨]$eÆ`fL$`Z b_u iL°$. Apd b_° –epf° a}g A_° a}g_u dpmp, b°edp¨ S>° k•p¨]$eÆ`fL$`Z b_u iL°$. Apd b_° –epf° a}g A_° a}g_u dpmp, b°edp¨ S>° k•p¨]$eÆ`fL$`Z b_u iL°$. Apd b_° –epf° a}g A_° a}g_u dpmp, b°edp¨ S>° k•p¨]$eÆ`fL$`Z b_u iL°$. Apd b_° –epf° a}g A_° a}g_u dpmp, b°edp¨ S>° k•p¨]$eÆ`fL$
dp”pc°]$ R>° [°_° kp∑_°V$ A_° kp∑_°V$i©¨Mgp rhj° OV$phu iL$pe.'dp”pc°]$ R>° [°_° kp∑_°V$ A_° kp∑_°V$i©¨Mgp rhj° OV$phu iL$pe.'dp”pc°]$ R>° [°_° kp∑_°V$ A_° kp∑_°V$i©¨Mgp rhj° OV$phu iL$pe.'dp”pc°]$ R>° [°_° kp∑_°V$ A_° kp∑_°V$i©¨Mgp rhj° OV$phu iL$pe.'dp”pc°]$ R>° [°_° kp∑_°V$ A_° kp∑_°V$i©¨Mgp rhj° OV$phu iL$pe.'31
kp∑_°V$dpmp rhi° ≈° V|¨$L$dp¨ L$luA° [p° kp∑_°V$dpmp_p b° kp∑_°V$ h√Q° A°L$
cphkp[–e_p° k°[y fl°gp° lp°e R>°. ‚\d kp∑_°V$_u R>°Îgu `¨qL$[ A_° `R>u_p
kp∑_°V$_u ‚\d `¨qL$[ h√Q° ApherhL$ k¨b¨^ fpMhp_p `∞ep°N `Z Ap`Z° –ep¨
\e°gp¨ R>°. NTgdp¨ S>°d rQ_y dp°]$u_u [ıbufQ_pAp°dp¨ ‚\d i°f_u `¨qL$[
A¨r[d i°fdp¨ `y_fph[Æ_ `pd° R>°. d›eL$pgu_ Apøep__p L$X$hpdp¨ D\gpdp¨
d|L$p[u `¨qL$[Ap° `R>u_p L$X$hp_p dyMb¨^dp¨ Aph° R>° [°hy¨ S> L¨$BL$ Aph[Æ_eyL[
≈°X$pZ `Z L©$r[dp¨ cphh[yÆm fQ[y¨ fl° R>°. Aphp Aphp ‚epkp° L$epf°L$ Apepk
S>°hp `Z b_° Mfp¨ A° c|ghy¨ _ ≈°BA°. fpS>°fi÷ ipl_u, "ApeyÛe_p Ahi°j°'
kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ Aphu fQ_pfur[_p° ı[y–e ‚ep°N \ep° R>°. ‚\d kp∑_°V$
"OfcZu'_u A¨r[d `¨qL$[ "ceyØ S>h l[y¨ [°_u ep]°$ k|_° Of k¨Qfy¨' `R>u
Ap_y`|hÆdp¨ Aph[p kp∑_°V$ "‚h°i' _u ‚\d `¨qL$[, "ceyØ Of l[y¨ k|_p f≈°de
‚p¨NZ°' S>°hu `¨qL$[\u DOpX$ L$fu k¨h°]$__p rhı[pf_p° DOpX$ L$e°pÆ R>°.
ıd©r[k¨h°]$__p° A°L$ gerlgp°m bu≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨ X$p°qL$ey¨ L$fph° R>°. L$epf°L$ qfÎL°$_u
kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ R>° [°hy¨ cphkp[–e_° D`L$pfL$ `yfpL$\p, L$Î`_ L°$ ‚r[L$ D`ep°Nu
r_hX$[p¨ lp°e R>°.
43
Ap`Z° ≈ZuA° R>uA° L°$ kp∑_°V$ A° L$rh[p - L$gp_u L$gNu R>°. kp∑_°V$_u
fQ_pdp¨ L$rh_p ÏeqL$[–h_p A_°L$ pkp¨ M` gpN° R>°. ]$e A_° rQ—_u rhrh^
iqL$[Ap° kp∑_°V$fQ_pdp¨ cpN cS>h° R>°. Ap L$rh_u A_yc|r[_p Apg°M__p¨
kp[–e_u ‚qæ$ep_° `Z A”° r_fMhu OV°$. L$pfZ Ap`Z° S>ZpÏey¨ R>° L°$ L$p°B
rhje_y¨ S> k¨h°]$_ A°hy¨ lp°e R>° S>° A°L$ kp∑_°V$dp¨ kdphu iL$p[y¨ _\u. [°\u h^pf°
kp∑_°V$ gMhp S>Ífu b_° R>°. ‚–e°L$ kp∑_°V$ ıh[¨”, ıhe¨`epƇ[, Afieq_f`°n
L©$r[ lp°hu ≈°BA°. R>[p¨ Aphu A_°L$ L©$r[Ap° ≈°X$p≈°X$ ı\p_ b°iL$ gB iL°$ A°
fu[° kp•dmu_° L$p°B Ar_hÆQ_ue kp¢]$eÆ `Z ‚L$V$phu fl°. kp∑_°V$_u D–`q—
kp∑_°V$dpmpÍ`° S> \B R>°, A° c|ghp_y¨ _\u. riÎ`dpmpAp°\u V°$hpe°gp Ap`Z_°
[p° kp∑_°V$dpmpAp°_p ApNhp kp¶]$eÆ_y¨ ApL$jÆZ kl°S> fl°hp_y¨; k¨h°]$__u rQ—
c|[, ‚NpY$ Akf_u hp[ L$fuA° R>uA° [p° L$rh_p rQ— `f \[u Akf L©$r[_p
kS>Æ_dp¨ L$ep¨ ky^u [°_° ]$p°fu ≈e R>° A° kdS>hy¨ f¸y¨. A°L$ fu[° ≈°BA° [p° Ap
kS>Æ_‚qæ$ep_° ≈°hp_u S> hp[ R>°. L$rh_p rQ—dp¨ ‚NpY$ ErdÆ_u A_yc|r[Ap°_p°
kpNf rlgp°mp g°[p° lp°e, k¨h°]$_p_p° k|f kpS> kS>[p° lp°e, d__u dyL$[ dp°S>
ge kp\° _©–e L$f[u lp°e –epf° Qp•]$ `¨qL$[_p¨ Ap L$pÏedp¨ kp∑_°V$ A_° L$pÏe_u
cfdpfdp¨ kp∑_°V$dpmp_p ]$iÆ_ \pe S>. kp∑_°V$dpmp A°L$u b°W$L°$ gMp[u lp°e R>°
L°$ Ad|L$ kp∑_°V$ gMpep¨ `R>u Mpkp kde bp]$ bu≈ kp∑_°V$ gMp[p¨ lp°e A°hy¨
b_° R>° ! Ap `Z A°L$ QQpÆ_p° dy]$πp° R>°. Ap k¨]$c£ Ddpi¨L$f_u "Ap–dp_p¨ M¨X°$f'
kp∑_°V$dpmp_p kp∑_°V$p°_p° fQ_pL$pm ≈°BA° [p° -
‚\d kp∑_°V$ - "ENu Djp' 2-9-1935
buSy>¨ kp∑_°V$ - "Aldπ' 6-9-1935
”uSy>¨ kp∑_°V$ - "k“h-`y¨S>' 6-9-1935
Qp°\y¨ kp∑_°V$ - "AiL$epL$p¨np !' 2-9-1935
`p¨Qdy¨ kp∑_°V$ - "]°$ `eO|¨V$, d•ep !' 26-8-1934
R>Ãz¨$ kp∑_°V$ - "Ly¨$S> Df_u' 2-9-1935
kp[dy¨ kp∑_°V$ - "AqL≠$Q_' 2-9-1935
44
ApW$dy¨ kp∑_°V$ - "k¨[p°j' Ap°NÛV$ - 1932
_hdy¨ kp∑_°V$ - "A_¨[nZ' _h°Ábf-1933
]$kdy¨ kp∑_°V$ - "kde-[©jp' 1936
ArNepfdy¨ kp∑_°V$ - "Apip-L$Zu' 2-9-1935
bpfdy¨ kp∑_°V$ - "d©–ey dp¨X°$ duV$' 3-6-1930
[°fdy¨ kp∑_°V$ - "r_ip`¨\' 9-9-1935
Qp°]$dy¨ kp∑_°V$ - "rbQpfp° d_yS>' 6-9-1935
`¨]$fdy¨ kp∑_°V$ - "]°$lS>g cgp¨' 6-9-1935
kp°mdy¨ kp∑_°V$ - "Aaf A°L$ Djp' 9-9-1935
k—fdy¨ kp∑_°V$ - "e\p\Æ S> ky`’e A°L$' 9-9-1935
D`f_p° fQ_pL$pm ≈°[p¨ kl°S> kd≈e L°$ kS>ÆL°$ Alu 2-9-1935 _p
q]$hk° A°L$u kp\° `p¨Q kp∑_°V$p° gøep¨ R>° A_° bu≈ Qpf kp∑_°V$p° 6-9-1935 _p
q]$hk° gMpep¨ R>° [p° 9-9-1935 _p q]$hk° A°L$u kp\° ”Z kp∑_°V$ gMpep¨ R>°.
bpL$u_p kp∑_°V$_u fQ_p_p S>° hjÆ R>° [°dp¨ 1930, 1932, 1933, 1934
A_° 1936 _p kdedp¨ gMpe°gu kp∑_°V$fQ_pAp° R>°. A°V$g° L°$ kS>ÆL°$ A°L$u b°W$L°$
b°ku_° `p¨Q-Qpf-”Z L©$r[Ap° S> gMu R>°. bpL$u_p kp∑_°V$ ANpD_y¨ kS>Æ_ R>°.
S>° rhje_° A_yÍ` R>° [°hp¨ kp∑_°V$p°_p° Dd°fp° \ep° R>°. kS>ÆL°$ My]°$ `Z A° ıhuL$peyØ
R>° L°$ "Ap kp∑_°V$dpmp tl]$u ifpau A_° QgZ_p AÊepk `pR>m_p ApW$-"Ap kp∑_°V$dpmp tl]$u ifpau A_° QgZ_p AÊepk `pR>m_p ApW$-"Ap kp∑_°V$dpmp tl]$u ifpau A_° QgZ_p AÊepk `pR>m_p ApW$-"Ap kp∑_°V$dpmp tl]$u ifpau A_° QgZ_p AÊepk `pR>m_p ApW$-"Ap kp∑_°V$dpmp tl]$u ifpau A_° QgZ_p AÊepk `pR>m_p ApW$-
]$k L$gpL$ `R>u_u R|>V$L$pfp_u `mp°dp¨ ”Z-Qpf q]$hkdp¨ fQpB l[u]$k L$gpL$ `R>u_u R|>V$L$pfp_u `mp°dp¨ ”Z-Qpf q]$hkdp¨ fQpB l[u]$k L$gpL$ `R>u_u R|>V$L$pfp_u `mp°dp¨ ”Z-Qpf q]$hkdp¨ fQpB l[u]$k L$gpL$ `R>u_u R|>V$L$pfp_u `mp°dp¨ ”Z-Qpf q]$hkdp¨ fQpB l[u]$k L$gpL$ `R>u_u R|>V$L$pfp_u `mp°dp¨ ”Z-Qpf q]$hkdp¨ fQpB l[u
("rhip¨r[' _u S>°dS>) L°$V$guL$ kp∑_°V$p° ApNm-`pR>m fQpe°gu R>[p¨("rhip¨r[' _u S>°dS>) L°$V$guL$ kp∑_°V$p° ApNm-`pR>m fQpe°gu R>[p¨("rhip¨r[' _u S>°dS>) L°$V$guL$ kp∑_°V$p° ApNm-`pR>m fQpe°gu R>[p¨("rhip¨r[' _u S>°dS>) L°$V$guL$ kp∑_°V$p° ApNm-`pR>m fQpe°gu R>[p¨("rhip¨r[' _u S>°dS>) L°$V$guL$ kp∑_°V$p° ApNm-`pR>m fQpe°gu R>[p¨
dpmpdp¨ kl°S>° Np°W$hp[u lp°B, dyøe hı[y_° D`L$pfL$ lp°B, h√Q° ı\p_dpmpdp¨ kl°S>° Np°W$hp[u lp°B, dyøe hı[y_° D`L$pfL$ lp°B, h√Q° ı\p_dpmpdp¨ kl°S>° Np°W$hp[u lp°B, dyøe hı[y_° D`L$pfL$ lp°B, h√Q° ı\p_dpmpdp¨ kl°S>° Np°W$hp[u lp°B, dyøe hı[y_° D`L$pfL$ lp°B, h√Q° ı\p_dpmpdp¨ kl°S>° Np°W$hp[u lp°B, dyøe hı[y_° D`L$pfL$ lp°B, h√Q° ı\p_
`pdu R>°.'`pdu R>°.'`pdu R>°.'`pdu R>°.'`pdu R>°.'32
Aphu fu[° ≈°BA° [p° L$pÏeL©$r[dp¨ D`L$pfL$ ANpD_p kS>Æ__p Aphp¨
kp∑_°V$p° ı\p_ pdu iL°$ R>°. A° km¨N ]$u^Æk¨OV$_pdp¨ Ap¨Q _ Aph° [p° S> Afie\p
kp∑_°V$dpmp_u A°L$k|”[p M¨qX$[ `Z L$f°. b° kp∑_°V$ h√Q°_p° cphk°[y [|V°$ `Z
Mfp°, A° Ap`Z° c|ghy¨ _ ≈°BA°. ]$p°f [p° ku^p° kV$ S> fpMhp° OV°$ ApX$pAhmp
45
S>hpdp¨ dpgp_u O_uc|[ Akf dp°X$u S>Íf `X°$. kp∑_°V$-fQ_p_p kde rhi°
fQ_p_u ]$qÛV$A° L$luA° [p° kp∑_°V$dpmp A°L$L$u b°W$L°$ fpS>°fi÷ ipl_u "ApeyÛe_p
Ahi°j°' gMpe _\u. Ap ‚Ò Mf°Mf [p° kS>Æ_‚qæ$ep_p° R>°. kp∑_°V$dpmp
gp¨bpNpm° `|fu \B R>°. S>°d L°$ Di_kπ_p kS>Æ_dp¨ OZu OZu kp∑_°V$dpmpAp°
R>°. [°dp¨_u AdyL$ ≈°BA° [p° [° dpmp_p kp∑_°V$p° AgN-AgN hjÆ A_° AgN-
AgN [pfuM° Apg°Mpe°g R>°. S>°d L°$ "fı[p° A_° Ql°fp', _p 20 kp∑_°V$p° 1961
_p ≈fieyApfudp¨ - b°, dpQÆdp¨-A°L$, Ap°NÛV$dp¨ - A°L$, A°r‚gdp¨ - b°, d° dp¨ -
A°L$, Sy>gpBdp¨ - A°L$ [°dS> 1963 _p ≈fiey.dp¨ - A°L$, d° dp¨- b°, S|>_dp¨ -
A°L$, Sy>gpBdp¨ - A°L$, Ap°NÛVdp¨$ - A°L$, Ap°L$V$p°bfdp¨ - b° - A°hu fu[° L$rh˘]$e_y
k¨h°]$_ Alv ”Z hjÆ ky^u Oy¨V$pey¨ R>°, L$V$L°$ L$V$L°$ Ah[fZ \[y¨ f¸y¨ R>°. Di_kπ_u
bu∆ L$pÏeL©$r[ "hmphu bp Aphu' _p ArNepf kp∑_°V$p° 14-5-65, 15-5-
65, 17-5-65 A_° 18-5-65 S>°hu A°L$u O_uc|[ Akf\u Ah[f°gp¨ R>°.
[°d_u kS>Æ_‚qæ$ep rhi° L$rh Di_kπ S>Zph° R>° "...... fQ_pnZ° Aph°N [p°"...... fQ_pnZ° Aph°N [p°"...... fQ_pnZ° Aph°N [p°"...... fQ_pnZ° Aph°N [p°"...... fQ_pnZ° Aph°N [p°
L$epf°L$ A°V$gp°b^p° L°$ A°L$pk° S> kp∑_°V$ S>°hp_y¨ AÛV$L$ `|fy ¨ \B ≈e _°L$epf°L$ A°V$gp°b^p° L°$ A°L$pk° S> kp∑_°V$ S>°hp_y¨ AÛV$L$ `|fy ¨ \B ≈e _°L$epf°L$ A°V$gp°b^p° L°$ A°L$pk° S> kp∑_°V$ S>°hp_y¨ AÛV$L$ `|fy ¨ \B ≈e _°L$epf°L$ A°V$gp°b^p° L°$ A°L$pk° S> kp∑_°V$ S>°hp_y¨ AÛV$L$ `|fy ¨ \B ≈e _°L$epf°L$ A°V$gp°b^p° L°$ A°L$pk° S> kp∑_°V$ S>°hp_y¨ AÛV$L$ `|fy ¨ \B ≈e _°
bu≈ pk° jÛV$L$; bu≈ pk° jÛV$L$; bu≈ pk° jÛV$L$; bu≈ pk° jÛV$L$; bu≈ pk° jÛV$L$; Crowing Couplet krl[ dpfu kp∑_°V$ L©$r[Ap° rhj°krl[ dpfu kp∑_°V$ L©$r[Ap° rhj°krl[ dpfu kp∑_°V$ L©$r[Ap° rhj°krl[ dpfu kp∑_°V$ L©$r[Ap° rhj°krl[ dpfu kp∑_°V$ L©$r[Ap° rhj°
L$lz ¨; d_° ApMu L©$r[ S> [°_p q”c¨Ndp¨ - ı\p`_p, hmp¨L$ A_° A¨r[dL$lz ¨; d_° ApMu L©$r[ S> [°_p q”c¨Ndp¨ - ı\p`_p, hmp¨L$ A_° A¨r[dL$lz ¨; d_° ApMu L©$r[ S> [°_p q”c¨Ndp¨ - ı\p`_p, hmp¨L$ A_° A¨r[dL$lz ¨; d_° ApMu L©$r[ S> [°_p q”c¨Ndp¨ - ı\p`_p, hmp¨L$ A_° A¨r[dL$lz ¨; d_° ApMu L©$r[ S> [°_p q”c¨Ndp¨ - ı\p`_p, hmp¨L$ A_° A¨r[d
Qp°V$_p q”c¨Ndp¨ ]°$Mpe R>°. ApR>u pR>u ıL°$rgV$p°_ Qp°V$_p q”c¨Ndp¨ ]°$Mpe R>°. ApR>u pR>u ıL°$rgV$p°_ Qp°V$_p q”c¨Ndp¨ ]°$Mpe R>°. ApR>u pR>u ıL°$rgV$p°_ Qp°V$_p q”c¨Ndp¨ ]°$Mpe R>°. ApR>u pR>u ıL°$rgV$p°_ Qp°V$_p q”c¨Ndp¨ ]°$Mpe R>°. ApR>u pR>u ıL°$rgV$p°_ ÍÍÍÍÍ `°.... R>u [p° grlep_u`°.... R>u [p° grlep_u`°.... R>u [p° grlep_u`°.... R>u [p° grlep_u`°.... R>u [p° grlep_u
dpaL$ D[pfu g°hp_y¨ S> bpL$u fl° R>°. Apdp `Z Dcfp S> Dcfp, A°V$g°dpaL$ D[pfu g°hp_y¨ S> bpL$u fl° R>°. Apdp `Z Dcfp S> Dcfp, A°V$g°dpaL$ D[pfu g°hp_y¨ S> bpL$u fl° R>°. Apdp `Z Dcfp S> Dcfp, A°V$g°dpaL$ D[pfu g°hp_y¨ S> bpL$u fl° R>°. Apdp `Z Dcfp S> Dcfp, A°V$g°dpaL$ D[pfu g°hp_y¨ S> bpL$u fl° R>°. Apdp `Z Dcfp S> Dcfp, A°V$g°
kp∑_°V$Ny√R>_° kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ `qfZpd Aph° L$epf°L$ [p° A°L$ S> b°W$L° $kp∑_°V$Ny√R>_° kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ `qfZpd Aph° L$epf°L$ [p° A°L$ S> b°W$L° $kp∑_°V$Ny√R>_° kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ `qfZpd Aph° L$epf°L$ [p° A°L$ S> b°W$L° $kp∑_°V$Ny√R>_° kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ `qfZpd Aph° L$epf°L$ [p° A°L$ S> b°W$L° $kp∑_°V$Ny√R>_° kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ `qfZpd Aph° L$epf°L$ [p° A°L$ S> b°W$L° $
kp∑_°V$dpmpe A°L$hpf [p° `|fu S> \B ≈e; `R>u k¨dpS>Æ_ L$epÆ L$fy ¨'kp∑_°V$dpmpe A°L$hpf [p° `|fu S> \B ≈e; `R>u k¨dpS>Æ_ L$epÆ L$fy ¨'kp∑_°V$dpmpe A°L$hpf [p° `|fu S> \B ≈e; `R>u k¨dpS>Æ_ L$epÆ L$fy ¨'kp∑_°V$dpmpe A°L$hpf [p° `|fu S> \B ≈e; `R>u k¨dpS>Æ_ L$epÆ L$fy ¨'kp∑_°V$dpmpe A°L$hpf [p° `|fu S> \B ≈e; `R>u k¨dpS>Æ_ L$epÆ L$fy ¨'33
"`©’huNr[_p° R>¨]$p°ge' kp∑_°V$dpmp_p √Quk kp∑_°V$p° A°L$ ]$p°Y$ drl_pdp¨ km¨N
A°L$ d|X$dp¨ gMpep¨_y¨ L$rhA° S>ZpÏey¨ R>°.
kp∑_°V$dpmp L$p°B L$\p L°$ L$\p_p A¨i_y¨ _rl Z A° L$\p kp\° k¨L$mpe°gp
`p”_u ErdÆ_y, A°_p d__p rd≈S>_y r_Í`Z \[y lp°e R>°. kp∑_°V$dpmp_u kS>Æ_
‚qæ$epdp¨ L$rh_p rQ—dp¨ L$p°B rhje_u O_uc|[ Akf \ep `R>u L$rhrQ—dp¨
k¨h°]$__y¨ S>epf° S>epf° hgp°œ¨ af° R>° –epf° L$rh [°_° A_yÍ` \B kS>Æ_ L$f° R>°.
Alv A°L$ A° `Z R>° L°$ dpmpdp¨ kp∑_°V$ kS>Æ_‚qæ$epdp¨ S>° fu[° Ap_y`|hwdp¨
46
Ah[f°gp lp°e [° S> æ$ddp¨ L$rh d|L$[p° _\u. kdpS>Æ_ L$f[u hM[° [° æ$d_° gV$ph°
R>° A°hy¨ bfiey¨ R>°. `Z A° hp[ r_qÚ[ R>° L°$ kS>Æ_‚qæ$ep AgN R>°. [° ‚\d Aph°
R>° A_° k¨h°]$__u Akf_° DW$ph[p kp∑_°V$_u Np°W$hZu S>°hu kdpS>Æ_‚qæ$ep
`R>u_u ‚qæ$ep R>°. L$pfZ k¨dpS>Æ_ hM[° L$rh h^pf° k[LÆ$ lp°e R>°. –epf° [°
L$\re[Ïe_p° S>° Apg°M b_ph° R>° - A°L$ ApL©$r[ b_ph° A\pÆ[π kS>Æ_ L$f° `R>u [°
S> ıhÍ` r_q[ lp°e, kp∑_°V$dpmp_p dZL$p_° Apıhp]$_ L$f[u hM[° [°_p°
ApNm `pR>m_p° æ$d b]$gphu iL$pe _rl.
Apd ≈°BA° [p° L$\p–dL$ \hpdp¨ _rl `Z rhQpf A_° ErdÆ_u kd[ygp
S>°dp¨ S>mhpe lp°e A°hp tQ[_p–dL$ \hpdp¨ S> kp∑_°V$_y¨ kp∑_°V$`œ¨ S>mhp[y¨ lp°e
R>°. L$epf°L$ A°hp Z kS>ÆL$p° lp°e R>°, S>°Ap° kp∑_°V$_p f¨`fpN[ ıhÍ`_° ıhuL$pepÆ
`R>u A° ÍY$ \B Ne°gp L$pÏe‚L$pfdp¨ ‚ep°N_p° ‚pZhpey `|fhp_p° ‚e–_ L$f° :
Apd ≈°BA° [p° ‚ep°N_u ◊qÛV$A° L$rh pk° blz ≈≈° AhL$pi fl°[p° _\u. A°V$g°
L°$ kp∑_°V$_u L$W$p°f riı[_u depÆ]$pdp¨ [°_° fl°hy X°$ R>°. R>[p¨ kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ dyL$pe°gp
kp∑_°V$_p M¨X$rhcpS>_dp¨ [°_° OZu R|>V$ dm° Mfu, NyS>fp[u kp∑_°V$dpmp D`f
A°L$ _S>f _pM[p¨ [°_p rhi°_p° øepg dm° R>°. "kyM]y$:M' kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ b.L$.
W$pL$p°f° dpmp_p kp∑_°V$dp¨ Ap fu[° M¨X$rhcpS>_ L$epØ R>°. ‚\d kp∑_°V$dp¨ 5+4+5,
bu≈dp¨ 4+3+4+3, ”u≈dp¨ 5+6+3, Qp°\pdp¨ 3+6+5, `p¨Qdp¨ 5+6+3,
R>Ã$pdp¨ 5+9, kp[dpdp¨ 5+3+6, ApW$dp¨-_hdpdp¨ 8+6, ]$idp¨ kp∑_°V$dp¨
4+4+6, ArNepf-bpf kp∑_°V$dp¨ 8+6 A_° A¨r[d [°fdp¨ kp∑_°V$_° 3+6+5
S>°hp M¨X$p°dp¨ rhcpS>_ L$epÆ R>°. Aphu S> fu[° kp∑_°V$dpmp_p bu≈ D]$plfZdp¨
Ddpi¨L$f ≈°iu_u "Ap–dp_p M¨X°$f' kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ ‚–e°L$ kp∑_°V$_p rhcpS>_
L$epÆ R>°. dpmp_p ‚\d R> kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ 8+6 S>°hp `°V≤$pLÆ$ipB b¨^ r_ep°S>_p lp\
^fu R>°. kp[dpdp¨ 8+4+2, ApW$dp¨ kp∑_°V$dp¨ 8+6, _hdpdp¨ 3+5+4+2,
]$idp¨ - ArNepfdp¨ kp∑_°V$_° 8+6, bpfdp¨ kp∑_°V$_° 7+7, [°fdpdp¨ 8+6, Qp•]$dp¨
- `¨]$fdp¨ kp∑_°V$_p 4+4+4+2, kp°mdp¨ kp∑_°V$_° 8+6, k—fdpdp¨ 8+4+2
S>°hp M¨X$rhcpS>_ L$epØ R>°. [°hu S> fu[° "ApeyÛe_p Ahi°j°' [\p "h_M¨X$_'
kp∑_°V$dpmpAp° fpS>°fi÷ ipl° km¨N 4+4+4+2 S>°hu i°L$πsı`efipB M¨X$
47
`¬^r[dp¨ gMu R>°. S>epf° L$rh kp∑_°V$dpmp_y¨ NW$b¨^_ L$f° R>° [° cphr_Í`Z
L$f[u hM[° kp∑_°V$dZL$pdp¨ L$rh_° e\pep°¡e fu[° S> M¨X$rhcpS>_ rhcprS>[
L$fhp_y¨ gpN[y¨ lp°e –ep¨ [° L$f° S> R>°. S|>]$u - S|>]$u `¬^r[_p M¨X$rhcpS>_dp¨
kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ L°$fi÷ı\ dZL$p_y¨ ıh[¨” Ası[–h S>mhpB fl°gy¨ lp°e S> R>°. V|¨$L$dp¨
L$luA° [p° d|m `f¨`fp_u `Ÿr[_° NyS>fp[u L$rh cp¡e° S> A_yke°pÆ R>°. [°\u
‚pk`¬^r[ Z ‚–e°L$ kp∑_°V°$ AgN AgN flu R>°. kp∑_°V$_u f¨ fpN[ Ïepøep
b]$ghp_p° hM[ Aph° A°V$gu l]°$ `Z L$epf°L$ ‚ep°Np° \[p f¸p R>°. A_° dp”
‚ep°NMp°fudp¨ fQhpMp[f _rl, `Z A° ‚ep°N ‹pfp ≈° kS>ÆL$ Ap ıhÍ`_u
iL$e[p_° h^y_° h^y [pNu iL$[p° lp°e [p° rhh°QL$p°A° ‚ep°N [fa_u D]$pku_[p
R>p°X$u ]°$hu ≈°BA°.
L$rhL$dÆ_u Ly$im[p lp°e [p° S> kp∑_°V$ep°N iL$e R>°°. k¨n°`dp¨ kp∑_°V$_°
dpV°$ Qp•]$ QfZ lp°hp ≈°BA° A_° AdyL$ QfZ° hı[yhmp¨L$ Aphhp° ≈°BA°. A° b°
bpb[p° r_qÚ[ S> R>°. L$pfZ hı[yhmp¨L$ A° kp∑_°V$_y¨ ∆hp[y c|[“h R>°.
kp∑_°V$dpmp_p kp∑_°V$dZL$pAp°dp¨ L$p°B A°L$ S> i•gu L°$ fur[_p lp°e L°$ S|>]$u S|>]$u
fur[_p ? ‚\d kp∑_°V$dp¨ BV$prge_ fur[_p° `¨qL$[rhcpN A_° A° fur[_y¨
‚pkApep°S>_ \ey¨ lp°e A_° buSy>¨ kp∑_°V$ i°L$πsı`ef ≈r[_p ”Z Q[yÛL$p° A_°
A°L$ ey¡dL$ ^fph[y¨ lp°e [p° `R>u_p kp∑_°V$p° Ar_erd[ _° ıh[¨”fur[_p
`¨qL$[rhcpN L°$ ‚pk[¨” Apq]$_p° rhr_ep°N kp^° A°hy¨ Mfy¨ ? ≈° Ap`Z°
kp∑_°V$dpmp_p ‚–e°L$ kp∑_°V$_p cphOV$L$_p° A°_p rhriÛV$ Apep°S>_\u ıh[¨”
fu[° Apıhp]$ L$fu iL$[p lp°BA° [p° `R>u Aphp ‚Ì_p°_y¨ TpTy¨ dl“h _\u. Ap
‚Ì_ Mf°Mf [p° kS>Æ_‚qæ$ep_p° R>°. cphA°L$d `p°[p_° A_yL|$m fur[dp¨ hl° R>°
[°hu fu[° fur[h•rh¬e `Z ]$f°L$ kp∑_°V$dpmp_p ‚–e°L$ kp∑_°V$dp¨ hl°hp_y¨ S> R>°.
kp∑_°V$dpmp_p kp∑_°V$ dZL$pAp°dp¨ R>¨]$ r_Í`Zdp¨ `Z h•rh¬e fl°gy¨
R>°. R>¨]$_u ]$qÛV$A° rhQpfuA° [p° kp∑_°V$dpmp_p rhrcfi_ kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ A°L$ S> R>¨]$_p°
‚ep°N `Z kp∑_°V$kS>ÆL$p°A° L$e°pÆ R>°, [p° L°$V$guL$hpf A°L$ S> kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ S|>]$p
S|>]$p R>¨]$p° `Z ‚ep°S>ep R>°. b.L$. W$pL$p°f_u kp∑_°V$dpmp "kyM]y$:M' dp¨ S> `©’hu,
ip]|Æ$grhæ$uqX$[, riMqfZu S>°hp R>¨]$p°_y¨ h•rh¬e _°p¨^`p” b_° R>°. fpS>°fi÷ ipl°
48
[°d_u kp∑_°V$dpmp "ApeyÛe_p Ahi°j°' A_° "h_M¨X$_' dp¨ km¨N lqfZuR>¨]$_p°
‚ep°N L$e°pÆ R>°. [°hu S> fu[° "Ap–dp_p M¨X°$f' kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ R> kp∑_°V$
riMqfZudp¨, `p¨Q hk¨[r[gL$pdp¨, ”Z `©’hudp¨ A_° ]$kdy¨ kp∑_°V$ lqfZu
R>¨]$dp¨, bpfdy¨ kp∑_°V$ fp°mp R>¨]$dp¨, [°fdp¨ kp∑_°V$dp¨ d¨]$pæ$pfi[p S>°hp R>¨]$p°_p ‚ep°N
Ddpi¨L$f° L$f°g R>°.
Ap`Z° –ep¨ kp∑_°V$dp¨ R>¨]$p°rdÓZ `Z \ep¨ R>°. dpZk E¨Odp¨ `X$My¨
af° A_° E¨O_° Mg°g _ `l°p¨Q° A°V$gu Apkp_u\u l°p¨riepf L$rh A°L$ R>¨]$dp¨\u
bu≈ R>¨]$dp¨ kfu S>[p° lp°e R>°. –epf° L$rh Di_k° "hmphu bp Aphu', "fı[p°
A_° Ql°fp', "A_l]$_u kfl]°$' kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ riMqfZu R>¨]$_° r_Ír`[ L$fu
`p°[p_u ‚r[cp_p° fQp° b[pÏep° R>°. A¨N∞°∆ kprl–edp¨ A°L$ S> kp∑_°V$dp¨e Ap°R>u
h^y Óyr[_p ÷z[rhg¨rb[ R>¨]$p°ge dpV°$ ≈Zu[p Ap°X$__p kp∑_°V$Ny√R>dp¨ Ap
‚L$pf_u ‚ep°Niug[p rhi°j ≈°hp dm° R>°. kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ R>¨]$p°ge_y¨ kp[–e
≈mhhp_y¨ L$p°B S>X$ r_ed_ _\u. –ep¨ `Z kp∑_°V$_p° cphı`¨]$ `p°[p_° A_yL|$m
R>¨]$p°ge ip°^u g° R>°, A° dyL[[p_p° ıhuL$pf L$fhp_p° fl°. rhjeN[ r_Í`Zdp¨
L$rh dp°V°$ cpN° dp_h∆h__° L°$fi÷ı\p_dp¨ fpMu tQ[_ fS|> L$f[p° lp°e R>°.
dp_h∆h_ A_° ‚L©$r[_p° A[|V$ kb¨^ R>°, L$epf°L$ ‚L©$r[ kp\° tQ[_ d|L$[p°
lp°e R>°. ı\m, L$gp, kpdprS>L$, fpS>L$ue, Qqf”gnu [–L$pgu_ `qfsı\r[,
^prdÆL$ k¨]$cÆgnu tQ[__u rhÔg°jZp–dL$ fS|>Ap[ kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ \[u lp°e
R>°. kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ L$rh_p k°p¨]$eÆrhjeL$, L$gprhjeL$, kprl–erhjeL$, rkŸp¨[p°
Ap`p° Ap` ÏeL$[ \pe R>°. [° L°$hu fu[° ÏeL$[ \pe R>°, ip dpV°$ \pe R>° A_° L°$V$g°
A¨i° \hp ≈°BA° [°_u QQpÆ kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ A°L$ dl“h_p° dyÿp° b_u fl° R>°. L$pfZ
L°$ [°_p D`f\u S> L$rh_y¨ ]$iÆ_ kd∆ iL$pe R>°. kp∑_°V$dp¨ ‚pf¨c A_° A¨[ L$rh
L$B fu[° kdN∞dpmp A\hp kp∑_°V$dp¨ AS>hpm° R>° [°_u ‚[ur[ Ap`Z_° \hu S>
≈°BA°. Ap fu[° S> L$rh_u L$mp_p° [\p [°_u d°^phu ‚r[cp_p° Ap`Z_° øepg
Aph° R>°. Apd kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ A_yc|r[t`X$_° L$rh A°_p rhriÛV$ L$rhL$dÆ ‹pfp
rhı[©[ agL$dp¨ ‚NV$ L$f° R>°. kdN∞ ]$qÛV$A° kp∑_°V$_p ıhÍ` rhi° QQpÆ L$fhp
b°kue° [p° k¨n°`dp¨ A°V$gy¨ S> L$rl iL$pe L°$ kp∑_°V$dpmp_p Nl_ rhje_° Ap°R>pdp¨
Ap°R>p fS|> L$fhp dpV°$ Qpf-`p¨Q kp∑_°V$ [p° AphÌeL$ S> R>° A_° [°dp¨ `Z hmu
49
kp∑_°V$dp¨ ‚–e°L$ rhjer_Í`Z_u Nr[ hmp¨L$ kp\° rkŸ \[u lp°hu ≈°BA°.
L$rh˘]$e_u k¨h°]$_p_° N–ep–dL$ tQ[_ A_° N–ep–dL$ Ap¨[fge_y¨ `Ÿr[bŸ
kp∑_°V$ıhÍ` ‚]$qiÆ[ \[y¨ lp°hy¨ ≈°BA°. S>epf° hZÆ_p–dL$ kp∑_°V$_p cph`gV$pdp¨
lpr_L$pfL$ lp°e A° bpb[° `Z ¬ep_ fpMhy¨ ≈°BA°. Ap d[_p A_yk¨Op_° Óu
kyf°i ]$gpg° Z p°[p_u fQ_p "‚qæ$ep' dp¨ ]$ipÆh°g R>° L°$ "kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ L$p°B"kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ L$p°B"kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ L$p°B"kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ L$p°B"kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ L$p°B
L$\p L°$ L$\p_p A¨i_y¨ _lv `Z A° L$\p kp\° k¨L$mpe°gp `p”_u ErdÆ_y¨,L$\p L°$ L$\p_p A¨i_y¨ _lv `Z A° L$\p kp\° k¨L$mpe°gp `p”_u ErdÆ_y¨,L$\p L°$ L$\p_p A¨i_y¨ _lv `Z A° L$\p kp\° k¨L$mpe°gp `p”_u ErdÆ_y¨,L$\p L°$ L$\p_p A¨i_y¨ _lv `Z A° L$\p kp\° k¨L$mpe°gp `p”_u ErdÆ_y¨,L$\p L°$ L$\p_p A¨i_y¨ _lv `Z A° L$\p kp\° k¨L$mpe°gp `p”_u ErdÆ_y¨,
A°_p d__p rd≈S>_y¨ r_A°_p d__p rd≈S>_y¨ r_A°_p d__p rd≈S>_y¨ r_A°_p d__p rd≈S>_y¨ r_A°_p d__p rd≈S>_y¨ r_ÍÍÍÍÍ `Z \[y¨ lp°e R>°. L$\p–dL$ \hpdp¨ _lv `Z`Z \[y¨ lp°e R>°. L$\p–dL$ \hpdp¨ _lv `Z`Z \[y¨ lp°e R>°. L$\p–dL$ \hpdp¨ _lv `Z`Z \[y¨ lp°e R>°. L$\p–dL$ \hpdp¨ _lv `Z`Z \[y¨ lp°e R>°. L$\p–dL$ \hpdp¨ _lv `Z
rhQpf A_° ErdÆ_u kd[ygp S>°dp¨ S>mhpB lp°e A°hp tQ[_p–dL$ \hpdp¨rhQpf A_° ErdÆ_u kd[ygp S>°dp¨ S>mhpB lp°e A°hp tQ[_p–dL$ \hpdp¨rhQpf A_° ErdÆ_u kd[ygp S>°dp¨ S>mhpB lp°e A°hp tQ[_p–dL$ \hpdp¨rhQpf A_° ErdÆ_u kd[ygp S>°dp¨ S>mhpB lp°e A°hp tQ[_p–dL$ \hpdp¨rhQpf A_° ErdÆ_u kd[ygp S>°dp¨ S>mhpB lp°e A°hp tQ[_p–dL$ \hpdp¨
S> kp∑_°V$_y¨ kp∑_°V$`Zy¨ S>mhp[y¨ lp°e R>°. kp∑_°V$_u kp\° L$\p–dL$ A¨ip°_p°S> kp∑_°V$_y¨ kp∑_°V$`Zy¨ S>mhp[y¨ lp°e R>°. kp∑_°V$_u kp\° L$\p–dL$ A¨ip°_p°S> kp∑_°V$_y¨ kp∑_°V$`Zy¨ S>mhp[y¨ lp°e R>°. kp∑_°V$_u kp\° L$\p–dL$ A¨ip°_p°S> kp∑_°V$_y¨ kp∑_°V$`Zy¨ S>mhp[y¨ lp°e R>°. kp∑_°V$_u kp\° L$\p–dL$ A¨ip°_p°S> kp∑_°V$_y¨ kp∑_°V$`Zy¨ S>mhp[y¨ lp°e R>°. kp∑_°V$_u kp\° L$\p–dL$ A¨ip°_p°
_ ≈°X$hp S>°hp° k¨b¨^ ≈°X$hp° A°V$g° dyL[ ApL$pidp¨ EX$[p `¨Mu_° `p°gp]$u_ ≈°X$hp S>°hp° k¨b¨^ ≈°X$hp° A°V$g° dyL[ ApL$pidp¨ EX$[p `¨Mu_° `p°gp]$u_ ≈°X$hp S>°hp° k¨b¨^ ≈°X$hp° A°V$g° dyL[ ApL$pidp¨ EX$[p `¨Mu_° `p°gp]$u_ ≈°X$hp S>°hp° k¨b¨^ ≈°X$hp° A°V$g° dyL[ ApL$pidp¨ EX$[p `¨Mu_° `p°gp]$u_ ≈°X$hp S>°hp° k¨b¨^ ≈°X$hp° A°V$g° dyL[ ApL$pidp¨ EX$[p `¨Mu_° `p°gp]$u
rhdp__u `p¨Mp° S>X$u ]°$hu. ErdÆ L°$ rhQpf_y¨ L$\_ A_° L$\p Ap bfi_°_urhdp__u `p¨Mp° S>X$u ]°$hu. ErdÆ L°$ rhQpf_y¨ L$\_ A_° L$\p Ap bfi_°_urhdp__u `p¨Mp° S>X$u ]°$hu. ErdÆ L°$ rhQpf_y¨ L$\_ A_° L$\p Ap bfi_°_urhdp__u `p¨Mp° S>X$u ]°$hu. ErdÆ L°$ rhQpf_y¨ L$\_ A_° L$\p Ap bfi_°_urhdp__u `p¨Mp° S>X$u ]°$hu. ErdÆ L°$ rhQpf_y¨ L$\_ A_° L$\p Ap bfi_°_u
_pSy>L$ c°]$f°Mp kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ cp¡e° S> S>mhpB R>°. A_° A°V$g° S> L$]$pQ_pSy>L$ c°]$f°Mp kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ cp¡e° S> S>mhpB R>°. A_° A°V$g° S> L$]$pQ_pSy>L$ c°]$f°Mp kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ cp¡e° S> S>mhpB R>°. A_° A°V$g° S> L$]$pQ_pSy>L$ c°]$f°Mp kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ cp¡e° S> S>mhpB R>°. A_° A°V$g° S> L$]$pQ_pSy>L$ c°]$f°Mp kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ cp¡e° S> S>mhpB R>°. A_° A°V$g° S> L$]$pQ
kp∑_°V$_p ‚dpZdp¨ kp∑_°V$dpmp hukfphp gpNu R>°. Ap ıhkp∑_°V$_p ‚dpZdp¨ kp∑_°V$dpmp hukfphp gpNu R>°. Ap ıhkp∑_°V$_p ‚dpZdp¨ kp∑_°V$dpmp hukfphp gpNu R>°. Ap ıhkp∑_°V$_p ‚dpZdp¨ kp∑_°V$dpmp hukfphp gpNu R>°. Ap ıhkp∑_°V$_p ‚dpZdp¨ kp∑_°V$dpmp hukfphp gpNu R>°. Ap ıhÍÍÍÍÍ `_p cp¡e° S>`_p cp¡e° S>`_p cp¡e° S>`_p cp¡e° S>`_p cp¡e° S>
dQL$ Ap`° A°hp, _ L$`pB iL°$ A°hu _pm_u S>°d S>X$pe°gp r_edp°_° Np¨WepdQL$ Ap`° A°hp, _ L$`pB iL°$ A°hu _pm_u S>°d S>X$pe°gp r_edp°_° Np¨WepdQL$ Ap`° A°hp, _ L$`pB iL°$ A°hu _pm_u S>°d S>X$pe°gp r_edp°_° Np¨WepdQL$ Ap`° A°hp, _ L$`pB iL°$ A°hu _pm_u S>°d S>X$pe°gp r_edp°_° Np¨WepdQL$ Ap`° A°hp, _ L$`pB iL°$ A°hu _pm_u S>°d S>X$pe°gp r_edp°_° Np¨Wep
L$f[p kS>ÆL$p° l¨d°ip¨ _\u lp°[p'L$f[p kS>ÆL$p° l¨d°ip¨ _\u lp°[p'L$f[p kS>ÆL$p° l¨d°ip¨ _\u lp°[p'L$f[p kS>ÆL$p° l¨d°ip¨ _\u lp°[p'L$f[p kS>ÆL$p° l¨d°ip¨ _\u lp°[p'34
kp∑_°V$dpmp_p Ahgp°L$_ bp]$ r_qÚ[`Z° Ap`Z° L$lu iL$uA° L°$ ıh[¨”
Ası[–h ^fph[p¨ dZL$p_y¨ ı\p_ [\p cphtQ[__y¨ L°$fi÷ı\p_ L$rhdsı[ÛL$_u
rifp°f°Mp R>°. S>°_p\u dpmpıhÍ`° kp∑_°V$dpmp_y¨ D`f dyS>b_y¨ ıhÍ` Ap`Z°
≈°ey¨. A¨[dp¨ L$luA° [p° Ddpi¨L$f ≈°iu_p iÂ]$p°dp¨ cp_y‚kp]$ `¨X$ep_p° d[ R>°
L°$ "kprl–edp¨ A°L$u kp\° riÎ`L$gp A_° kprl–eL$gp_p° A_ych L$fph° R>°.kprl–edp¨ A°L$u kp\° riÎ`L$gp A_° kprl–eL$gp_p° A_ych L$fph° R>°.kprl–edp¨ A°L$u kp\° riÎ`L$gp A_° kprl–eL$gp_p° A_ych L$fph° R>°.kprl–edp¨ A°L$u kp\° riÎ`L$gp A_° kprl–eL$gp_p° A_ych L$fph° R>°.kprl–edp¨ A°L$u kp\° riÎ`L$gp A_° kprl–eL$gp_p° A_ych L$fph° R>°.
kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ cg° ]$f°L$ kp∑_°V$dp¨ kp∑_°V$i•gu_y¨ _phufie - h•rh¬e fl° `Zkp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ cg° ]$f°L$ kp∑_°V$dp¨ kp∑_°V$i•gu_y¨ _phufie - h•rh¬e fl° `Zkp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ cg° ]$f°L$ kp∑_°V$dp¨ kp∑_°V$i•gu_y¨ _phufie - h•rh¬e fl° `Zkp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ cg° ]$f°L$ kp∑_°V$dp¨ kp∑_°V$i•gu_y¨ _phufie - h•rh¬e fl° `Zkp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ cg° ]$f°L$ kp∑_°V$dp¨ kp∑_°V$i•gu_y¨ _phufie - h•rh¬e fl° `Z
Óu Ddpi¨L$f A`°np fpM° R>° [° ‚dpZ° "ıh[¨” cphOV$L$–hhpmp¨ kp∑_°V$p°_pÓu Ddpi¨L$f A`°np fpM° R>° [° ‚dpZ° "ıh[¨” cphOV$L$–hhpmp¨ kp∑_°V$p°_pÓu Ddpi¨L$f A`°np fpM° R>° [° ‚dpZ° "ıh[¨” cphOV$L$–hhpmp¨ kp∑_°V$p°_pÓu Ddpi¨L$f A`°np fpM° R>° [° ‚dpZ° "ıh[¨” cphOV$L$–hhpmp¨ kp∑_°V$p°_pÓu Ddpi¨L$f A`°np fpM° R>° [° ‚dpZ° "ıh[¨” cphOV$L$–hhpmp¨ kp∑_°V$p°_p
k¨^p_\u _hy¨ S> OV$L$–h' A° rkŸ L$f° [p° A°_y¨ ıh[¨” ıhpe— ıhk¨^p_\u _hy¨ S> OV$L$–h' A° rkŸ L$f° [p° A°_y¨ ıh[¨” ıhpe— ıhk¨^p_\u _hy¨ S> OV$L$–h' A° rkŸ L$f° [p° A°_y¨ ıh[¨” ıhpe— ıhk¨^p_\u _hy¨ S> OV$L$–h' A° rkŸ L$f° [p° A°_y¨ ıh[¨” ıhpe— ıhk¨^p_\u _hy¨ S> OV$L$–h' A° rkŸ L$f° [p° A°_y¨ ıh[¨” ıhpe— ıhÍÍÍÍÍ ` ‚NV$ey¨` ‚NV$ey¨` ‚NV$ey¨` ‚NV$ey¨` ‚NV$ey¨
R>° A°d r_rhÆhp]$ fu[° L$lu iL$pe.'R>° A°d r_rhÆhp]$ fu[° L$lu iL$pe.'R>° A°d r_rhÆhp]$ fu[° L$lu iL$pe.'R>° A°d r_rhÆhp]$ fu[° L$lu iL$pe.'R>° A°d r_rhÆhp]$ fu[° L$lu iL$pe.'35
50
‚L$fZ - 3
`p]$V$u` _°p¨
1. Q¨÷i¨L$f cÀ$ : "Ap`Zp¨ kp∑_°V$', ‚.Ap._h°. 1971 ‚L$piL$
- Ap]$iÆ ‚L$pi_, `©. 24
2. X$pµ. rh_p°]$ ≈°iu : "kp∑_°V$' ‚. Ap. A°r‚g 1984, ‚L$piL$ -
Q¨÷dp•rg ‚L$pi_ `©. 19
3. Ddpi¨L$f ≈°iu : "i•gu A_° ıhÍ`', r‹.Ap.d° - 1972 ‚L$piL$
- hp°fp A°fiX$ L¨$`_u, dy¨bB, `©. 160
4. ApQpeÆ : "NyS>fp[u L$pÏe ‚L$pfp°', ‚.Ap. k‡V°$. 1964
X$p°gffpe dp¨L$X$ ‚L$piL$-N¨NpS>mp ‚L$pi_, Argepbpmp `©.
157
5. Q¨÷i¨L$f cÀ$$ : "`fb', "kp∑_°V$ rhi° rhi°j' Ap°L$V$p°. 1989 hjÆ
: 30, A¨L$ : 10, `©. 11
6. X$p°gffpe dp¨L$X$ : "NyS>fp[u L$pÏe ‚L$pfp°', ‚.Ap. 1964 ‚L$piL$
- N¨NpS>mp ‚L$pi_, `©. 157-58
7. Q¨÷i¨L$f cÀ$$ : "`fb', "kp∑_°V$ rhi° rhi°j' Ap°L$V$p°. 1989 hjÆ
: 30, A¨L$ : 10, `©. 11
8. kyf°i ]$gpg$ : "‚qæ$ep', ‚.Ap. 1981 ‚L$piL$ - hp°fp A°fiX$
L¨$`_u- dy¨bB, `©. 67
9. k¨`p. du_y ]°$kpB : "d_ujp', ‚.Ap. B.k. 1951, `©. 14 A_°
fdZcpB ipl ‚L$piL$ - "kp¨S>' h[Ædp_
L$pepÆge
51
10. Ddpi¨L$f ≈°iu : "i•gu A_° ıhÍ`', q‹.Ap.d° - 1972 ‚L$piL$
- hp°fp A°fiX$ L¨$`_u-dy¨bB, `©. 166
11. kyf°i ≈°iu$ : "NyS>fp[u L$rh[p_p° Apıhp]$', ‚.Ap. B.k.
1962, `©. 56
12. ky¨]$fdπ$ : "Ahgp°L$__p', ‚.Ap. B.k. 1965 ‚L$piL$ -
Apf.Apf. i°W$ A°fiX$ L¨$`_u-dy¨bB, `©. 108
13. kyf°i ]$gpg$ : "‚qæ$ep', ‚.Ap. B.k. 1981 ‚L$piL$ - hp°fp
A°fiX$ L¨$`_u-dy¨bB, `©. 69
14. kyf°i ]$gpg$ : "‚qæ$ep', ‚.Ap. B.k. 1981 ‚L$piL$ - hp°fp
A°fiX$ L¨$`_u-dy¨bB, `©. 73
15. Ddpi¨L$f ≈°iu : "i•gu A_° ıhÍ`', q‹.Ap.d° - 1972 ‚L$piL$
- hp°fp A°fiX$ L¨$`_u-dy¨bB, `©. 182-83
16. S>e¨[ `pW$L$$ : "b.L$.W$p. _u L$pÏe¤yr[', ‚.Ap. B.k. 1971
‚L$piL$ - b.L$. W$pL$p°f i[pÂ]$u krdr[, `©. 82
17. X$pµ. rh_p°]$ ≈°iu : "kp∑_°V$' ‚. Ap. A°r‚g 1984, ‚L$piL$ -
Q¨÷dp•rg ‚L$pi_ `©. 22
18. ky¨]$f∆ b°V$pB$ : "kyhZÆd°O', ‚.Ap. B.k. 1964 ‚L$piL$ -
Apf.Apf.i°W$ A°fiX$ L¨$`_u-dy¨bB, `©. 23
19. Q¨÷L$pfi[ i°W$$ : "L$pÏe ‚–en', ‚.Ap. k‡V°$. 1976 ‚L$piL$ -
Apf.Apf. i°W$_u L¨$`_u-dy¨bB, `©. 23
52
20. ]$np Ïepk$ : "cph-‚r[cph', ‚.Ap. Sy>gpB 1982 ‚L$piL$
- Ap]$iÆ ‚L$pi_, `©. 119
21. X$pµ. cp_y‚kp]$ ¨X$ep : "kp∑_°V : riÎ` A_° kS>Æ_$' ‚. Ap. B.k. 1981
‚L$piL$ - ‚rhZ ‚L$pi_ `©. 51
22. Di_kπ : "D`kNÆ$' ‚. Ap. d° 1973 ‚L$piL$ - kprl–e
k¨Nd, `©. 120
23. ky¨]$f∆ b°V$pB : "$kyhZÆd°O' ‚. Ap. B.k. 1964 ‚L$piL$ -
Apf.Apf. i°W$_u L¨$`_u-dy¨bB, `©. 29
24. Frank Jwarnke : Princeton Encyclopaedia of Poetry
and Poetics (A.D.1974) Page : 784.
25. X$pµ. cp_y‚kp]$ ¨X$ep : "kp∑_°V : riÎ` A_° kS>Æ_$' ‚. Ap. B.k. 1981
‚L$piL$ - ‚rhZ ‚L$pi_-fpS>L$p°V$, `©. 57
26. Q¨÷i¨L$f cÀ$ : "Ap`Zp¨ kp∑_°V$$' ‚. Ap. _h°. 1971 ‚L$piL$
- Ap]$iÆ ‚L$pi_ `©. 40
27. X$pµ. cp_y‚kp]$ ¨X$ep : "kp∑_°V : riÎ` A_° kS>Æ_$' ‚. Ap. B.k. 1981
‚L$piL$ - ‚rhZ ‚L$pi_-fpS>L$p°V$, `©. 57
28. X$pµ. cp_y‚kp]$ ¨X$ep : "kp∑_°V : riÎ` A_° kS>Æ_$' ‚. Ap. B.k. 1981
‚L$piL$ - ‚rhZ ‚L$pi_-fpS>L$p°V$, `©. 52
29. Óu rhÛœ‚kp]$ : "$ıd©r[d¨Ng `yfp°hQ_' ‚. Ap. B.k.1954
q”h°]$u ‚L$piL$ - A°_. A°d. q”`pW$u-dy¨bB, `©.
53
30. Ddpi¨L$f ≈°iu : "i•gu A_° ıhÍ`', q‹.Ap.d° - 1972 ‚L$piL$
- hp°fp A°fiX$ L¨$`_u-dy¨bB, `©. 189-90
31. X$pµ. rh_p°]$ ≈°iu : "kp∑_°V$' ‚. Ap. A°r‚g 1984, ‚L$piL$ -
Q¨÷dp•rg ‚L$pi_ `©. 21
32. Ddpi¨L$f ≈°iu : "r_iu\', q‹.Ap. B.k. 1947 ‚L$piL$ -
∆h_ kprl–e d¨q]$f, `©. 204
33. Di_kπ : "d|Îep¨L$_p°$' ‚. Ap. d° 1979 ‚L$piL$ - Ly$dLy$d
‚L$pi_, `©. 320
34. kyf°i ]$gpg : "‚qæ$ep$' ‚. Ap. B.k.1981 ‚L$piL$ - hp°fp
A°fiX$ L¨$`_u-dy¨bB, `©. 76-77
35. X$pµ. cp_y‚kp]$ `¨X$ep : "kp∑_°V : riÎ` A_° kS>Æ_$' ‚. Ap. B.k.1981
‚L$piL$ - ‚rhZ ‚L$pi_-fpS>L$p°V$ `©. 58
54
‚L$fZ - 4
NyS>fp[udp¨ kp∑_°V$_y¨
Ah[fZ
‚L$fZ - 4
NyS>fp[udp¨ kp∑_°V$_y Ah[fZ
‚pı[prhL$ :
NyS>fp[u L$rh[pA° kp∑_°V$_° cpf[_u Afie cpjpAp°_° dyL$pbg° L$]$pQ kp•\u
h^pf° gpX$ gX$pÏep¨ R>° _° p°[uL$p [m`]$p, L$pÏeıhÍ`_u S>°d A°_y gpg_-`pg_-
`p°jZ L$eyØ R>°, kp∑_°V$_p Ql°fp_u Akg f°MpAp° ≈mhu_° [°_p Ap[fW$pW$_° AL$b^
fpMu_° NyS>fp[u cpjp_p L$rhAp°A° A°_° Ah_hp OpV$-Í` Ap‡ep R>°. kp∑_°V$ A–epf°
A°L$ k]$u hV$phu_° rhL$pk_u |ZÆ[p_u d¨rTg ky u l°p¨Qu Ne°g R>°. _p_L$X$p A°hp
]°$ldp d__p A°L$p]$ fktb]y$_p cph_° O|V$[y, L$]$dp cg° _p_y lp°e; f[y [°_u DX$p_
qhfpV$ S>Íf R>°. ApS>ky^u_p¨ NyS>fp[u cpjp_p kp∑_°V$ `f ]$qÛV$`p[ L$f[p¨ dpgyd
\pe R>° L°$ kp∑_°V$_° p°[p_y "ıh'-Í` R>°. S>° ıhÍ`dp¨ ErdÆkp\° tQ[_, L$W$p°f riı[
_S>f kdn Apg°Mpe R>°. kp∑_°V$ Í qY$N[ A_° ‚p•Y$uN[ L$gp ıhÍ` R>°. ‚pÚp–e
kprl–e c|rd_p D]$f° S>fid°g kp∑_°V$, cpf[_y, NyS>fp[u cpjp_y AZdp°g rh]°$iu
_S>fpœ¨ R>°.
L$p°B Z kprl–e ıhÍ`_y ‚NV$ \hy A° kdkpdreL$[pS>fie qfrı\r[_u,
`qfZpd_u ‚qæ$ep_p° A°L$ cpN R>°. S>ep ky u kprl–eıhÍ` p°[p_p r_dpÆZ AN°_u
[p[u S>Íqfep[p Ecu _ L$fu iL°$ –ep ky u [°_y ‚pL$V$È rham R>°. kprl–edp ‚ep°N
g°M° OV$ph[y L$B`Z "Ap fu[°' L$iyL$ _hy Apfp°r`[ L$fhp_u h©r—_y _rl, f[y rhriÛV$
`qfsı\r[dp¨ Ecu \e°g AphÌeL$[p_p `qfZpd ıhÍ` lp°hy¨ ≈°BA°. kp∑_°V$_p
ıhÍ` gnZ Í`° brlf¨N Qp•]$ `¨qL$[ S>°hy¨ riı[ R>°, S>°_° L$pfZ° "Q[y]$iÆL$' S>°hy¨
`epÆe _pd d˛ey¨ R>°. [°dS> [°_p A¨[f¨N ]°$ldp¨ hmp¨L$ kcf L$rh_u ArcÏeqL$[
[°_° "›hr_[', "ıhr_[', "kyr_[' S>°hp `epÆe _pd\u _hpS>° R>°. [°d R>[p¨ `Z
Nfhu NyS>fp[u cpjpA° [p° [°_° "kp∑_°V$' _pd\u S> Ap°møey¨ R>°. kp∑_°V$dp¨ L$gp_u
kcp_ k|T, ArcÏeqL$[_u k|ˇd[d ◊qÛV$, fQ_pk¨rh^p_ A_° dphS>[ D`f
|f° |fu L$X$ [° [°_p kS>Æ__u Ar_hpeÆ S>Íqfep[p° R>°. aL$[ Qp•]$ ¨qL$[_p gOy]°$ldp¨
AZM|V$ [pL$p[ A_° fkp_yc|r[ Ap`hp_u A`qfd°e iqL$[ L$rh_° cfhp_u fl° R>°.
55
kp∑_°V$_y¨ kprl–eıhÍ` NyS>fp[udp¨ ApÏey¨ –epf° A¨N∞°∆cpjp A_°
kprl–e_p° NyS>fp[dp¨ Ïep`L$ ‚cph l[p°. `¨qX$[eyN - Np¨^ueyNdp¨ Ap
kprl–eıhÍ`_u bp°gbpgp l[u. _dÆ]$, ]$g`[ hN°f°A° d¬eL$pgu_ f¨ fpdp¨\u
cqL$[ A_° dÆ_u S>L$X$dp\u NyS>fp[u kprl–e_° L$epf_ye° dyL$[ L$fu ]$u y l[y. Apd
≈°BA° [p° [° kde° A¨N°∆ ipk_ l[y A°V$g° A¨N∞°∆ cpjp A_° kprl–e_p ‚kpf_u
`uqW$L$p `Z dS>by[ l[u. _h≈N©r—_p h°Nhp_ ‚hpldp¨ OkX$p[p kdL$pgu_
d_yÛe_u Q°[_p _hu fu[° kqæ$e \[u l[u, ]$e_u Ly¨$W$p_p° qflpf A_° Q•[rkL$
d\pdZ ÏeqL$[_p ∆hre[Ïe_u dyøe ‚h©r— b_u l[u. Aphp kde° Ap rhriÛV$
`qfsı\r[dp¨ ÏeqL$[_p Q•[fie_° ApL$pf° [°_p° A_ych ky]$iÆ_ue b_° [° fu[°
A_ph©— L$f°, L$gp_u A °npA° ‚–enuL$fZ L$fphu iL°$ [°hp L$p°B kprl–eıhÍ`_u
- dp›ed_u AphÌeL$[p Ecu \B. pÚp–e ]°$ip°dp Ap ‚L$pf_u AphÌeL$[p k¢L$X$p°
hjÆ l°gp Ecu \B i[u. AphÌeL$[p_p qfZpd ıhÍ` rh]°$i_u c|rd f ‚NV°$g
A_° ‚kf°g kp∑_°V$ NyS>fp[u cpjp_° blz S> M`dp ApÏey. NyS>fp[u L$rh[pdp kp∑_°V$_u
`p`p Ngu dX$pB A_° ApS>° ApV$gp kdep[f° kp∑_°V$ A°L$ k]$u |ZÆ L$fu_° NyS>fp[u
cpjpdp¨ dS>by[ ı\p_ pd°g R>°.
cpf[ue cpjpAp°dp¨ kp∑_°V$_y¨ kp•\u h^pf° M°X$pZ NyS>fp[u cpjpdp¨ \ey¨
R>°. NyS>fp[_p k“hiug L$rhAp°_u k`r—_° kp∑_°V$dp ‚L$V$hp_y M|b apÏey R>°. L$pfZ
L°$ NyS>fp[u cpjp_p L$rh_u ‚L©$r[ dyøe–h° ErdÆL$rh_u flu R>°. kp∑_°V$ d|m [p°
ErdÆL$pÏe_p° ‚L$pf R>°. ErdÆ_u A °npA° S> kp∑_°V$dp tQ[__y Ah[fZ iL$e b_°.
NyS>fp[u kp∑_°V$_p Ap¤ ‚ep°S>L$ : L$pfi[ L°$ b. L$. W$pL$p°f ?
Ap`Zp NyS>fp[u L$rh[pkprl–edp¨ "kp∑_°V$' rhriÛV$ ı\p_ ^fph° R>°.
NyS>fp[u cpjpdp¨ ‚\d kp∑_°V$ L$p°Z° f√ey ? b. L$. W$pL$p°f° L°$ L$pfi[° ? A° A°L$ ‚Ò R>°.
Ap rhhp]$ OZp° ≈Zu[p° R>°. Apd ≈°BA° [p° ‚pf¨cdp¨ NyS>fp[u cpjp_p QfZ° Ap
AprhÛL$pf d|L$_pf L$rh l[p bmh¨[fpe W$pL$p°f A_° kpg l[u B.k. 1888. dp”
19 hjÆ_u ApeyA° rh¤p\w ∆h_phı\pdp NyS>fp[u kp∑_°V$_y ‚\d QfZ bfpbf_y
`pX$ey¨ - "cZL$pfp' kp∑_°V$ gMu_°. S>° NyS>fp[u kprl–e_p kp∑_°V$_p Br[lpkdp¨
56
rQf¨∆hu bfiey. ‚\d kp∑_°V$° L$gp–dL$ riÎ`, ıh√R>, kyOX$, ky]$Y$ ‚hplu bp_u_p
D—d riMfp° kf L$epØ R>°. NyS>fp[u L$rh[pkprl–edp "cZL$pfp' S>°hy °V≤$pLÆ$_ fur[_y
‚\d OpV$ugy¨ kp∑_°V$, kp∑_°V$L$rh[pdp¨ b. L$. W$pL$p°f_y¨ kd©Ÿ A°hy¨ ‚]$p_ R>°. kp∑_°V$p°
Ap`u NyZh—p_u ◊qÛV$A° D—d kS>ÆL$‚r[cp_p° S>° `qfQe [°dZ° L$fpÏep° R>° A°
[°d_y rQfı\peu A ÆZ b_u fl° R>°. [ÍZ L$rh_u kS>ÆL$‚r[cp_p Ap Dfid°jp° Apfc°
S> Aphp lp°e [p° Lh kS>ÆL$‚r[cp_p Dfid°ip° ApÚeÆdp¨ NfL$ph L$fu iL°$ A°hp S>
lp°e A_° Mf°Mf bmh¨[fpe_u bpb[° A° kpQy `X$ey¨ R>°. gNcN 166 S>°V$gp¨
kp∑_°V$p° Ap`u_° Ap Apep[u ıhÍ`_° NyS>fp[u cpjpkprl–edp¨ ]$Y$ fu[° fp° u ep°¡e
rhL$pk`¨\° d|L$u _hu iqL$[ A_° bm ‚]$p_ L$fu Nr[ A`w R>°.
"L$pÏe"L$pÏe"L$pÏe"L$pÏe"L$pÏeÍÍÍÍÍ `p°dp¨ W$pL$p°f_y¨ kp•\u rhriÛV$ A`ÆZ A¨N∞°∆ kp∑_°V$_y¨ R>°.`p°dp¨ W$pL$p°f_y¨ kp•\u rhriÛV$ A`ÆZ A¨N∞°∆ kp∑_°V$_y¨ R>°.`p°dp¨ W$pL$p°f_y¨ kp•\u rhriÛV$ A`ÆZ A¨N∞°∆ kp∑_°V$_y¨ R>°.`p°dp¨ W$pL$p°f_y¨ kp•\u rhriÛV$ A`ÆZ A¨N∞°∆ kp∑_°V$_y¨ R>°.`p°dp¨ W$pL$p°f_y¨ kp•\u rhriÛV$ A`ÆZ A¨N∞°∆ kp∑_°V$_y¨ R>°.
A°d_u `l°gp¨ A°L$p]$ `pfku L$rh_° lp\° NyS>fp[udp¨ kp∑_°V$_u fQ_p \BA°d_u `l°gp¨ A°L$p]$ `pfku L$rh_° lp\° NyS>fp[udp¨ kp∑_°V$_u fQ_p \BA°d_u `l°gp¨ A°L$p]$ `pfku L$rh_° lp\° NyS>fp[udp¨ kp∑_°V$_u fQ_p \BA°d_u `l°gp¨ A°L$p]$ `pfku L$rh_° lp\° NyS>fp[udp¨ kp∑_°V$_u fQ_p \BA°d_u `l°gp¨ A°L$p]$ `pfku L$rh_° lp\° NyS>fp[udp¨ kp∑_°V$_u fQ_p \B
lp°hp_p° k¨ch R>°'lp°hp_p° k¨ch R>°'lp°hp_p° k¨ch R>°'lp°hp_p° k¨ch R>°'lp°hp_p° k¨ch R>°'1
ky]$fdπ_p ‚ı[y[ rh^p__p A_yk^p_° S>di°]$∆ _ifhp_∆
`u[u[ A_° "A°S> Afkpdp¨ A°L$ `pfku L$rh S>lp¨Nuf [pg°epfMp_° _hu_"A°S> Afkpdp¨ A°L$ `pfku L$rh S>lp¨Nuf [pg°epfMp_° _hu_"A°S> Afkpdp¨ A°L$ `pfku L$rh S>lp¨Nuf [pg°epfMp_° _hu_"A°S> Afkpdp¨ A°L$ `pfku L$rh S>lp¨Nuf [pg°epfMp_° _hu_"A°S> Afkpdp¨ A°L$ `pfku L$rh S>lp¨Nuf [pg°epfMp_° _hu_
AM[fpg°M°, bgh¨[fpe° L$f°gp ‚ep°Np°\u A≈Z Z° L$]$pQ, kp∑_°V$p° f√ep¨AM[fpg°M°, bgh¨[fpe° L$f°gp ‚ep°Np°\u A≈Z Z° L$]$pQ, kp∑_°V$p° f√ep¨AM[fpg°M°, bgh¨[fpe° L$f°gp ‚ep°Np°\u A≈Z Z° L$]$pQ, kp∑_°V$p° f√ep¨AM[fpg°M°, bgh¨[fpe° L$f°gp ‚ep°Np°\u A≈Z Z° L$]$pQ, kp∑_°V$p° f√ep¨AM[fpg°M°, bgh¨[fpe° L$f°gp ‚ep°Np°\u A≈Z Z° L$]$pQ, kp∑_°V$p° f√ep¨
R>°, S>° "Ap°]$ A_° kp°_°[p°' _pd° k¨N∞ldp¨ B.k. 1902 dp¨ R>`pep¨ R>°'R>°, S>° "Ap°]$ A_° kp°_°[p°' _pd° k¨N∞ldp¨ B.k. 1902 dp¨ R>`pep¨ R>°'R>°, S>° "Ap°]$ A_° kp°_°[p°' _pd° k¨N∞ldp¨ B.k. 1902 dp¨ R>`pep¨ R>°'R>°, S>° "Ap°]$ A_° kp°_°[p°' _pd° k¨N∞ldp¨ B.k. 1902 dp¨ R>`pep¨ R>°'R>°, S>° "Ap°]$ A_° kp°_°[p°' _pd° k¨N∞ldp¨ B.k. 1902 dp¨ R>`pep¨ R>°'2
fd°i iyL$g_p D`eÆyL$[ rh^p_° S>lp¨Nuf [prgepfMp__° ep]$ L$fhp_p fl°.
"cZL$pfp' _p Ah[fZ \ep¨ `l°gp¨ `pfku L$rh S>di°]$∆ _ifhp_∆
`u[u[° kp∑_°V$ S>°hp¨ Qp•]$ `¨qL$[_p¨ L$pÏep° "dpfu dS>°l [\p bu∆ L$rh[pAp°' dp¨
Ap‡ep¨ R>°. S>°dp¨ ‡epf_p° `p°L$pf Qp•]$ - Qp•]$ `¨qL$[_p `p¨Q M¨X$dp¨ dm° R>°, (i•gu
A_° ıhÍ`, ©. 157 p]$V$u`- 1) S>°dp¨ A¨N∞°∆ L$rh[p_u L°$V$guL$ gpnrZL$[pAp°
≈°hp dm° R>° A_° Apd°e A¨N∞°∆cpjp_p k¨kNÆdp¨ `pfkuAp° h^y f¸p R>°, `Z
L$l°hp[p "L°$mhpe°gp `pfku' Ap°A° NyS>fp[u cpjp_° `|fu r`R>p_hp [fa L°$rfi÷[
\ep _\u, [°\u [°d_u fQ_pAp° rir\g[p, _bmpB_p ‚]$iÆ_Í` flu R>°. u[u[°
Ap °gp Qp•]$ qL$[_p kp∑_°V$ S>°hp L$pÏep°dp pfku bp°gu_p° V$ [\p AN∞°∆ L$rh[p_p
A_yhp]$Í` dp” _bmp D[pfp S>°hu lp°hp\u [°dp kp∑_°V$ kp\° hmN°gp ]$Y$ L$gp–dL$
Aip° _° gnZp°_p ]$iÆ_ \[p _\u, [°\u [°_° "kp∑_°V$' L©$r[Ap° [fuL°$ L$B fu[° NZphu
iL$pe ?
57
S>lp¨Nuf [pg°epfMp_ `p°[p_p° ]$php° "]$ubpQp' dp¨ d|L°$ R>°. "Ap b°"Ap b°"Ap b°"Ap b°"Ap b°
_hu_h°idp¨ NyS>fp[u L$rh[p_° ApS>[yguL$ L$p °BA° kS>S> L$fu _\u.'_hu_h°idp¨ NyS>fp[u L$rh[p_° ApS>[yguL$ L$p °BA° kS>S> L$fu _\u.'_hu_h°idp¨ NyS>fp[u L$rh[p_° ApS>[yguL$ L$p °BA° kS>S> L$fu _\u.'_hu_h°idp¨ NyS>fp[u L$rh[p_° ApS>[yguL$ L$p °BA° kS>S> L$fu _\u.'_hu_h°idp¨ NyS>fp[u L$rh[p_° ApS>[yguL$ L$p °BA° kS>S> L$fu _\u.'3
[pg°epfMp_ Ap rh^p_ ‹pfp A°hy¨ ‚r[`p]$_ L$fhp dp¨N° R>° L°$ NyS>fp[udp¨ ‚\d
fQ_p gph_pf [°Ap° R>°. [°d_u L$l°hp[u A°L$huk fQ_pdp kp∑_°V$_p OZpMfp r_edp°
S>mhp[p¨ lp°hp¨ R>[p¨ iÂ]$p°_u cfdpf L©$r[_° rir\g[p ‚]$p_ L$f° R>°. `Z A°\ue
dl“h_y [p° A° R>° L°$ [°d_p ‚ı[y[ ]$php_° Qp°L$L$k kd\Æ_Í` Ap^pf _\u. [°d_u
fQ_pAp°_u ‚L$pri[ _°p¨ _p° Acph S>Zpe R>°. L$ep kpdpreL$dp¨, L$ep hj£ ‚rkŸ
\B [°_u kp^pf rhN[p° D`gÂ^ _\u. aL$[ [°_p ‚L$pri[ yı[L$_y¨ ‚L$pi_ hjÆ
B.k. 1902 dm° R>° S>° "cZL$pfp' \u Oœ¨ pR>m ≈e R>° A_° A°L$ kp•\u dl“h_p°
rhQpfhp S>°hp° ‚Ì_ A° R>° L°$ Ap A°L$huk fQ_p `R>u kp∑_°V$n°”° rhriÛV$ ‚]$p_
[°d_p [fa\u L°$V$gy A_° iy ? Ap ‚Ò AÊepku dpV°$ MyÎgp° fl° R>°.
Apd D`eyÆL$[ bfi_° pfku L$rhAp°_p ]$php ‚\d ı\p_ dpV°$_p fl°[p _\u.
rh‹p_p°_p d[° kp∑_°V$_p Ap¤kS>ÆL$ [p° bgh[fpe W$pL$p°f S> R>°. Z L$rh filp_pgpg°
L$¸y¨ R>° - "iyŸ Ir¡gi kp∑_°V$_p _d|_p NyS>fp[udp¨ ‚\d fp.fp. drZi¨L$f"iyŸ Ir¡gi kp∑_°V$_p _d|_p NyS>fp[udp¨ ‚\d fp.fp. drZi¨L$f"iyŸ Ir¡gi kp∑_°V$_p _d|_p NyS>fp[udp¨ ‚\d fp.fp. drZi¨L$f"iyŸ Ir¡gi kp∑_°V$_p _d|_p NyS>fp[udp¨ ‚\d fp.fp. drZi¨L$f"iyŸ Ir¡gi kp∑_°V$_p _d|_p NyS>fp[udp¨ ‚\d fp.fp. drZi¨L$f
f–_∆ cÀ°$ f√ep¨ R>°.'f–_∆ cÀ°$ f√ep¨ R>°.'f–_∆ cÀ°$ f√ep¨ R>°.'f–_∆ cÀ°$ f√ep¨ R>°.'f–_∆ cÀ°$ f√ep¨ R>°.'4
"rhep°N'_p qV$‡`Zdp¨ kp∑_°V$ A¨N°_u D`fR>gu QQpÆ L$fu
R>°, bu≈° L$ip° Ap^pf S>ZpÏep° _\u. [°\u ‚Ò_° N|QÏep° R>° S>Íf L°$ kp∑_°V$_p ‚\d
kS>ÆL$ L$p°Z ? L$p¨[ L°$ bgh¨[fpe ? Ap q]$ipdp¨ Z rhQpf L$fhp° OV°$.
L$pfi[_y¨ kp∑_°V$ "D`lpf' _p fQ_phjÆ rhi° ‚dpZc|[ yfphp_p° Acph
R>°. `Z c©Nyfpe A¨≈qfep_p d[° "ıh`pW$L$ fQ_p kde B.k. 1891 A°d"ıh`pW$L$ fQ_p kde B.k. 1891 A°d"ıh`pW$L$ fQ_p kde B.k. 1891 A°d"ıh`pW$L$ fQ_p kde B.k. 1891 A°d"ıh`pW$L$ fQ_p kde B.k. 1891 A°d
W$pL$p°f_p "eyN^dÆ' _p Ïepøep__° Ap^pf° L$l° R>°. Ap\u h^pf° r_ZpÆeL$W$pL$p°f_p "eyN^dÆ' _p Ïepøep__° Ap^pf° L$l° R>°. Ap\u h^pf° r_ZpÆeL$W$pL$p°f_p "eyN^dÆ' _p Ïepøep__° Ap^pf° L$l° R>°. Ap\u h^pf° r_ZpÆeL$W$pL$p°f_p "eyN^dÆ' _p Ïepøep__° Ap^pf° L$l° R>°. Ap\u h^pf° r_ZpÆeL$W$pL$p°f_p "eyN^dÆ' _p Ïepøep__° Ap^pf° L$l° R>°. Ap\u h^pf° r_ZpÆeL$
A_° blz ı`ÛV$ dprl[u dm[u _\u. `Z W$pL$p°f A° S> `”dp¨ ApNm gM° R>°A_° blz ı`ÛV$ dprl[u dm[u _\u. `Z W$pL$p°f A° S> `”dp¨ ApNm gM° R>°A_° blz ı`ÛV$ dprl[u dm[u _\u. `Z W$pL$p°f A° S> `”dp¨ ApNm gM° R>°A_° blz ı`ÛV$ dprl[u dm[u _\u. `Z W$pL$p°f A° S> `”dp¨ ApNm gM° R>°A_° blz ı`ÛV$ dprl[u dm[u _\u. `Z W$pL$p°f A° S> `”dp¨ ApNm gM° R>°
L°$ `Z "D`lpf' gMpB B.k. 1891 (R>°Îgp° A°L$X$p° O|¨V°$gp°) _u bu∆ ApL°$ `Z "D`lpf' gMpB B.k. 1891 (R>°Îgp° A°L$X$p° O|¨V°$gp°) _u bu∆ ApL°$ `Z "D`lpf' gMpB B.k. 1891 (R>°Îgp° A°L$X$p° O|¨V°$gp°) _u bu∆ ApL°$ `Z "D`lpf' gMpB B.k. 1891 (R>°Îgp° A°L$X$p° O|¨V°$gp°) _u bu∆ ApL°$ `Z "D`lpf' gMpB B.k. 1891 (R>°Îgp° A°L$X$p° O|¨V°$gp°) _u bu∆ Ap
V$dÆdp¨'V$dÆdp¨'V$dÆdp¨'V$dÆdp¨'V$dÆdp¨'5
. "D`lpf' kp∑_°V$_p Í`dp¨ 1892 dp¨ "op_]$iÆ_' dp¨ ‚L$pri[ \ey¨ R>°.
"B.k.1891 _p A°r‚g - d° _p q]$hkp°dp¨ L$pfi[ `|_p X°$LL$_ L$p∑g°S> ≈°hp"B.k.1891 _p A°r‚g - d° _p q]$hkp°dp¨ L$pfi[ `|_p X°$LL$_ L$p∑g°S> ≈°hp"B.k.1891 _p A°r‚g - d° _p q]$hkp°dp¨ L$pfi[ `|_p X°$LL$_ L$p∑g°S> ≈°hp"B.k.1891 _p A°r‚g - d° _p q]$hkp°dp¨ L$pfi[ `|_p X°$LL$_ L$p∑g°S> ≈°hp"B.k.1891 _p A°r‚g - d° _p q]$hkp°dp¨ L$pfi[ `|_p X°$LL$_ L$p∑g°S> ≈°hp
Aph°gp –epf° ky¨]$f _p°V$ °`f D`f kp°_°fu ipluA° "D`lpf' gMu gph°gp¨.'Aph°gp –epf° ky¨]$f _p°V$ °`f D`f kp°_°fu ipluA° "D`lpf' gMu gph°gp¨.'Aph°gp –epf° ky¨]$f _p°V$ °`f D`f kp°_°fu ipluA° "D`lpf' gMu gph°gp¨.'Aph°gp –epf° ky¨]$f _p°V$ °`f D`f kp°_°fu ipluA° "D`lpf' gMu gph°gp¨.'Aph°gp –epf° ky¨]$f _p°V$ °`f D`f kp°_°fu ipluA° "D`lpf' gMu gph°gp¨.'6
L$pfi[_u kpghpfu_u _°p¨^ c©Nyfpe A¨≈fuepA° Ap fu[° d|L$u R>°. "B.k.1891 -"B.k.1891 -"B.k.1891 -"B.k.1891 -"B.k.1891 -
58
"D`lpf' gMpey¨ (b. L$. W$pL$p°f, rhrh^ Ïepøep_p° Ny√R> bu≈°, 116),"D`lpf' gMpey¨ (b. L$. W$pL$p°f, rhrh^ Ïepøep_p° Ny√R> bu≈°, 116),"D`lpf' gMpey¨ (b. L$. W$pL$p°f, rhrh^ Ïepøep_p° Ny√R> bu≈°, 116),"D`lpf' gMpey¨ (b. L$. W$pL$p°f, rhrh^ Ïepøep_p° Ny√R> bu≈°, 116),"D`lpf' gMpey¨ (b. L$. W$pL$p°f, rhrh^ Ïepøep_p° Ny√R> bu≈°, 116),
`l°gy¨ kp∑_°V$ - "D`lpf ' L°$ "cZL$pfp' ? D`lpf ‚rkŸ \ey¨ op_]$iÆ_dp¨`l°gy¨ kp∑_°V$ - "D`lpf ' L°$ "cZL$pfp' ? D`lpf ‚rkŸ \ey¨ op_]$iÆ_dp¨`l°gy¨ kp∑_°V$ - "D`lpf ' L°$ "cZL$pfp' ? D`lpf ‚rkŸ \ey¨ op_]$iÆ_dp¨`l°gy¨ kp∑_°V$ - "D`lpf ' L°$ "cZL$pfp' ? D`lpf ‚rkŸ \ey¨ op_]$iÆ_dp¨`l°gy¨ kp∑_°V$ - "D`lpf ' L°$ "cZL$pfp' ? D`lpf ‚rkŸ \ey¨ op_]$iÆ_dp¨
`p°j B.k. 1949, `p°j drl_p° [p. 20-12-1892 \u i`p°j B.k. 1949, `p°j drl_p° [p. 20-12-1892 \u i`p°j B.k. 1949, `p°j drl_p° [p. 20-12-1892 \u i`p°j B.k. 1949, `p°j drl_p° [p. 20-12-1892 \u i`p°j B.k. 1949, `p°j drl_p° [p. 20-12-1892 \u iÍÍÍÍÍ \ep° A_° \ep° A_° \ep° A_° \ep° A_° \ep° A_°
"D`lpf' _p S>hpb "D`lpf' _p S>hpb "D`lpf' _p S>hpb "D`lpf' _p S>hpb "D`lpf' _p S>hpb ÍÍÍÍÍ `° "Nd° [p° ıhuL$pf°' - W$pL$p °f_y ¨ –ep¨ S> R>`pey ¨`° "Nd° [p° ıhuL$pf°' - W$pL$p °f_y ¨ –ep¨ S> R>`pey ¨`° "Nd° [p° ıhuL$pf°' - W$pL$p °f_y ¨ –ep¨ S> R>`pey ¨`° "Nd° [p° ıhuL$pf°' - W$pL$p °f_y ¨ –ep¨ S> R>`pey ¨`° "Nd° [p° ıhuL$pf°' - W$pL$p °f_y ¨ –ep¨ S> R>`pey ¨
"cZL$pfp', ky]$iÆ_ A°q‚g B.k. 1894 dp¨ "S>g‚hpk' (Ap^° Dcy¨ [V$"cZL$pfp', ky]$iÆ_ A°q‚g B.k. 1894 dp¨ "S>g‚hpk' (Ap^° Dcy¨ [V$"cZL$pfp', ky]$iÆ_ A°q‚g B.k. 1894 dp¨ "S>g‚hpk' (Ap^° Dcy¨ [V$"cZL$pfp', ky]$iÆ_ A°q‚g B.k. 1894 dp¨ "S>g‚hpk' (Ap^° Dcy¨ [V$"cZL$pfp', ky]$iÆ_ A°q‚g B.k. 1894 dp¨ "S>g‚hpk' (Ap^° Dcy¨ [V$
Oydk....) _° _pd° R>`pe R> °. `p°[p_p cOydk....) _° _pd° R>`pe R> °. `p°[p_p cOydk....) _° _pd° R>`pe R> °. `p°[p_p cOydk....) _° _pd° R>`pe R> °. `p°[p_p cOydk....) _° _pd° R>`pe R> °. `p°[p_p cÍÍÍÍÍ Q_p rd” A_y`fpd duW$pQ_p rd” A_y`fpd duW$pQ_p rd” A_y`fpd duW$pQ_p rd” A_y`fpd duW$pQ_p rd” A_y`fpd duW$p
]$u_b¨^y_° [°d_p "op_]$iÆ_' dp¨ kpdN∞u d°mhu Ap`hp L$pfi[ A_° bu≈]$u_b¨^y_° [°d_p "op_]$iÆ_' dp¨ kpdN∞u d°mhu Ap`hp L$pfi[ A_° bu≈]$u_b¨^y_° [°d_p "op_]$iÆ_' dp¨ kpdN∞u d°mhu Ap`hp L$pfi[ A_° bu≈]$u_b¨^y_° [°d_p "op_]$iÆ_' dp¨ kpdN∞u d°mhu Ap`hp L$pfi[ A_° bu≈]$u_b¨^y_° [°d_p "op_]$iÆ_' dp¨ kpdN∞u d°mhu Ap`hp L$pfi[ A_° bu≈
rd”p°_° L$l° R>° "cZL$pfp' L°$d dp°Xy¨$ ? ird”p°_° L$l° R>° "cZL$pfp' L°$d dp°Xy¨$ ? ird”p°_° L$l° R>° "cZL$pfp' L°$d dp°Xy¨$ ? ird”p°_° L$l° R>° "cZL$pfp' L°$d dp°Xy¨$ ? ird”p°_° L$l° R>° "cZL$pfp' L°$d dp°Xy¨$ ? iÍÍÍÍÍ Ap[_u X$pefuAp° L°$ L$pfi[-W$pL$p°f_pAp[_u X$pefuAp° L°$ L$pfi[-W$pL$p°f_pAp[_u X$pefuAp° L°$ L$pfi[-W$pL$p°f_pAp[_u X$pefuAp° L°$ L$pfi[-W$pL$p°f_pAp[_u X$pefuAp° L°$ L$pfi[-W$pL$p°f_p
`”p°dp¨ "cZL$pfp' _u QQpÆ Aph[u _\u, bu≈ W$pL$p°f_p¨ A_°L$ L$pÏep°_u`”p°dp¨ "cZL$pfp' _u QQpÆ Aph[u _\u, bu≈ W$pL$p°f_p¨ A_°L$ L$pÏep°_u`”p°dp¨ "cZL$pfp' _u QQpÆ Aph[u _\u, bu≈ W$pL$p°f_p¨ A_°L$ L$pÏep°_u`”p°dp¨ "cZL$pfp' _u QQpÆ Aph[u _\u, bu≈ W$pL$p°f_p¨ A_°L$ L$pÏep°_u`”p°dp¨ "cZL$pfp' _u QQpÆ Aph[u _\u, bu≈ W$pL$p°f_p¨ A_°L$ L$pÏep°_u
Aph° R>°. `Z filp_pgpg_p "L°$V$gp¨L$ L$pÏep° - 1' dp¨ iyŸ Bs¡g¨i kp∑_°V$_pAph° R>°. `Z filp_pgpg_p "L°$V$gp¨L$ L$pÏep° - 1' dp¨ iyŸ Bs¡g¨i kp∑_°V$_pAph° R>°. `Z filp_pgpg_p "L°$V$gp¨L$ L$pÏep° - 1' dp¨ iyŸ Bs¡g¨i kp∑_°V$_pAph° R>°. `Z filp_pgpg_p "L°$V$gp¨L$ L$pÏep° - 1' dp¨ iyŸ Bs¡g¨i kp∑_°V$_pAph° R>°. `Z filp_pgpg_p "L°$V$gp¨L$ L$pÏep° - 1' dp¨ iyŸ Bs¡g¨i kp∑_°V$_p
_d|_p ‚\d L$pfi[° f√ep¨, A° _°p¨^ hp¨Qu ‚p°. W$pL$p°f B.k. 1904 dp¨ [°dZ°_d|_p ‚\d L$pfi[° f√ep¨, A° _°p¨^ hp¨Qu ‚p°. W$pL$p°f B.k. 1904 dp¨ [°dZ°_d|_p ‚\d L$pfi[° f√ep¨, A° _°p¨^ hp¨Qu ‚p°. W$pL$p°f B.k. 1904 dp¨ [°dZ°_d|_p ‚\d L$pfi[° f√ep¨, A° _°p¨^ hp¨Qu ‚p°. W$pL$p°f B.k. 1904 dp¨ [°dZ°_d|_p ‚\d L$pfi[° f√ep¨, A° _°p¨^ hp¨Qu ‚p°. W$pL$p°f B.k. 1904 dp¨ [°dZ°
`p°[° f√ep¨ A°d ky^pfp° k|Qh° R>°. (Qp•]$ hfk_p° ıd©r[Npmp°) filp_pgpg`p°[° f√ep¨ A°d ky^pfp° k|Qh° R>°. (Qp•]$ hfk_p° ıd©r[Npmp°) filp_pgpg`p°[° f√ep¨ A°d ky^pfp° k|Qh° R>°. (Qp•]$ hfk_p° ıd©r[Npmp°) filp_pgpg`p°[° f√ep¨ A°d ky^pfp° k|Qh° R>°. (Qp•]$ hfk_p° ıd©r[Npmp°) filp_pgpg`p°[° f√ep¨ A°d ky^pfp° k|Qh° R>°. (Qp•]$ hfk_p° ıd©r[Npmp°) filp_pgpg
L$pfi[_° `|R>ph° R>°. "W$pL$p°f L$l°[p lp°e [p° [° b°iL$ kpQp'A°d L$pfi[ gM° R>°.L$pfi[_° `|R>ph° R>°. "W$pL$p°f L$l°[p lp°e [p° [° b°iL$ kpQp'A°d L$pfi[ gM° R>°.L$pfi[_° `|R>ph° R>°. "W$pL$p°f L$l°[p lp°e [p° [° b°iL$ kpQp'A°d L$pfi[ gM° R>°.L$pfi[_° `|R>ph° R>°. "W$pL$p°f L$l°[p lp°e [p° [° b°iL$ kpQp'A°d L$pfi[ gM° R>°.L$pfi[_° `|R>ph° R>°. "W$pL$p°f L$l°[p lp°e [p° [° b°iL$ kpQp'A°d L$pfi[ gM° R>°.
L$pfi[ - W$pL$p°f h√Q° Ap kde° A[X$p `”p°_p° S> k¨b¨^ l[p°, A°V$g° L$pfi[°L$pfi[ - W$pL$p°f h√Q° Ap kde° A[X$p `”p°_p° S> k¨b¨^ l[p°, A°V$g° L$pfi[°L$pfi[ - W$pL$p°f h√Q° Ap kde° A[X$p `”p°_p° S> k¨b¨^ l[p°, A°V$g° L$pfi[°L$pfi[ - W$pL$p°f h√Q° Ap kde° A[X$p `”p°_p° S> k¨b¨^ l[p°, A°V$g° L$pfi[°L$pfi[ - W$pL$p°f h√Q° Ap kde° A[X$p `”p°_p° S> k¨b¨^ l[p°, A°V$g° L$pfi[°
filp_pgpg_° S>hpb Ap‡ep° [° L$V$pnde Z lp°e iL°$'filp_pgpg_° S>hpb Ap‡ep° [° L$V$pnde Z lp°e iL°$'filp_pgpg_° S>hpb Ap‡ep° [° L$V$pnde Z lp°e iL°$'filp_pgpg_° S>hpb Ap‡ep° [° L$V$pnde Z lp°e iL°$'filp_pgpg_° S>hpb Ap‡ep° [° L$V$pnde Z lp°e iL°$'7
Óu c©Nyfpe A¨≈qfep
Alv A°hy¨ k|Qhhp d\° R>° L°$ "cZL$pfp' \u ‚\d "D`lpf' _y¨ kS>Æ_ \ey¨ R>°. Alv
A°V$gy [p° Qp°L$L$k ≈Zhp dm° R>° L°$ "S>g‚hpk' (cZL$pfp) _y ‚L$pi_ hjÆ A°r‚g
- 1894 R>° _° "D`lpf' _y¨ ‚L$pi_ hjÆ qX$k°Ábf - 1892 R>°. kp\° kp\° [°d_p
fQ_phjÆ_u _°p¨^ Z R>°, S>° B.k. 1891 hjÆ_u kpg k|Qhpe R>°. "cZL$pfp' L°$
"S>g‚hpk' _u fQ_pkpg L$B ?
[°_p dpV°$ My]$ L$[pÆ_p r_h°]$_p° [`pkhp S>°hp¨ R>°. "NyS>fp[u L$rh[p-"NyS>fp[u L$rh[p-"NyS>fp[u L$rh[p-"NyS>fp[u L$rh[p-"NyS>fp[u L$rh[p-
d¨q]$fdp¨ ‚\d `l°gp¨ kp∑_°V$ Ap (cZL$pfp) A_° "A◊qÛV$]$iÆ_' L$pfi[d¨q]$fdp¨ ‚\d `l°gp¨ kp∑_°V$ Ap (cZL$pfp) A_° "A◊qÛV$]$iÆ_' L$pfi[d¨q]$fdp¨ ‚\d `l°gp¨ kp∑_°V$ Ap (cZL$pfp) A_° "A◊qÛV$]$iÆ_' L$pfi[d¨q]$fdp¨ ‚\d `l°gp¨ kp∑_°V$ Ap (cZL$pfp) A_° "A◊qÛV$]$iÆ_' L$pfi[d¨q]$fdp¨ ‚\d `l°gp¨ kp∑_°V$ Ap (cZL$pfp) A_° "A◊qÛV$]$iÆ_' L$pfi[
(d.f.cÀ$) _p¨ "ANr[Nd_' A_° "D`lpf' Ap b° `R>u_p'(d.f.cÀ$) _p¨ "ANr[Nd_' A_° "D`lpf' Ap b° `R>u_p'(d.f.cÀ$) _p¨ "ANr[Nd_' A_° "D`lpf' Ap b° `R>u_p'(d.f.cÀ$) _p¨ "ANr[Nd_' A_° "D`lpf' Ap b° `R>u_p'(d.f.cÀ$) _p¨ "ANr[Nd_' A_° "D`lpf' Ap b° `R>u_p'8
bgh¨[fpe
W$pL$p°f° "cZL$pfp - 51' _u Aph©r—dp¨ Ap hp[_° afu\u ]$p°lfphu R>°. " "‚°d_p°" "‚°d_p°" "‚°d_p°" "‚°d_p°" "‚°d_p°
q]$hk' ^uf° ^uf° fQp[y ¨ l[y ¨, [°dp_y ¨ A°L$ kp∑_°V$ ≈°B drZcpB cÀ°$q]$hk' ^uf° ^uf° fQp[y ¨ l[y ¨, [°dp_y ¨ A°L$ kp∑_°V$ ≈°B drZcpB cÀ°$q]$hk' ^uf° ^uf° fQp[y ¨ l[y ¨, [°dp_y ¨ A°L$ kp∑_°V$ ≈°B drZcpB cÀ°$q]$hk' ^uf° ^uf° fQp[y ¨ l[y ¨, [°dp_y ¨ A°L$ kp∑_°V$ ≈°B drZcpB cÀ°$q]$hk' ^uf° ^uf° fQp[y ¨ l[y ¨, [°dp_y ¨ A°L$ kp∑_°V$ ≈°B drZcpB cÀ°$
"ANr[Nd_' kp∑_°V$ kS>Æey¨. dpfp A° kp∑_°V$_y¨ d|g_pd "‚Zeıd©r[Ap°',"ANr[Nd_' kp∑_°V$ kS>Æey¨. dpfp A° kp∑_°V$_y¨ d|g_pd "‚Zeıd©r[Ap°',"ANr[Nd_' kp∑_°V$ kS>Æey¨. dpfp A° kp∑_°V$_y¨ d|g_pd "‚Zeıd©r[Ap°',"ANr[Nd_' kp∑_°V$ kS>Æey¨. dpfp A° kp∑_°V$_y¨ d|g_pd "‚Zeıd©r[Ap°',"ANr[Nd_' kp∑_°V$ kS>Æey¨. dpfp A° kp∑_°V$_y¨ d|g_pd "‚Zeıd©r[Ap°',
fpM°gy¨ Z [° R>u d¨° a°fhu "A◊qÛV$]$iÆ_' fpøey¨. drZcpB_y¨ "ANr[Nd_'fpM°gy¨ Z [° R>u d¨° a°fhu "A◊qÛV$]$iÆ_' fpøey¨. drZcpB_y¨ "ANr[Nd_'fpM°gy¨ Z [° R>u d¨° a°fhu "A◊qÛV$]$iÆ_' fpøey¨. drZcpB_y¨ "ANr[Nd_'fpM°gy¨ Z [° R>u d¨° a°fhu "A◊qÛV$]$iÆ_' fpøey¨. drZcpB_y¨ "ANr[Nd_'fpM°gy¨ Z [° R>u d¨° a°fhu "A◊qÛV$]$iÆ_' fpøey¨. drZcpB_y¨ "ANr[Nd_'
59
‚NV$ \ey¨ [° `l°gp¨ dpfy¨ A°L$ kp∑_°V$ ≈l°fdp¨ dyL$pe°g _lv A°V$g° L°$V$gp¨L$_°‚NV$ \ey¨ [° `l°gp¨ dpfy¨ A°L$ kp∑_°V$ ≈l°fdp¨ dyL$pe°g _lv A°V$g° L°$V$gp¨L$_°‚NV$ \ey¨ [° `l°gp¨ dpfy¨ A°L$ kp∑_°V$ ≈l°fdp¨ dyL$pe°g _lv A°V$g° L°$V$gp¨L$_°‚NV$ \ey¨ [° `l°gp¨ dpfy¨ A°L$ kp∑_°V$ ≈l°fdp¨ dyL$pe°g _lv A°V$g° L°$V$gp¨L$_°‚NV$ \ey¨ [° `l°gp¨ dpfy¨ A°L$ kp∑_°V$ ≈l°fdp¨ dyL$pe°g _lv A°V$g° L°$V$gp¨L$_°
c∞d D`S>°gp° L°$ AhpÆQu_ NyS>fp[u L$rh[pdp¨ kp∑_°V$_y¨ buby¨ ‚\d `l°gy¨c∞d D`S>°gp° L°$ AhpÆQu_ NyS>fp[u L$rh[pdp¨ kp∑_°V$_y¨ buby¨ ‚\d `l°gy¨c∞d D`S>°gp° L°$ AhpÆQu_ NyS>fp[u L$rh[pdp¨ kp∑_°V$_y¨ buby¨ ‚\d `l°gy¨c∞d D`S>°gp° L°$ AhpÆQu_ NyS>fp[u L$rh[pdp¨ kp∑_°V$_y¨ buby¨ ‚\d `l°gy¨c∞d D`S>°gp° L°$ AhpÆQu_ NyS>fp[u L$rh[pdp¨ kp∑_°V$_y¨ buby¨ ‚\d `l°gy¨
D`≈h_pf drZcpB. Mfuhp[ Ap R>° L°$ Ap buby¨ ‚\d `l°gy¨ d°¨ NyS>fp[uD`≈h_pf drZcpB. Mfuhp[ Ap R>° L°$ Ap buby¨ ‚\d `l°gy¨ d°¨ NyS>fp[uD`≈h_pf drZcpB. Mfuhp[ Ap R>° L°$ Ap buby¨ ‚\d `l°gy¨ d°¨ NyS>fp[uD`≈h_pf drZcpB. Mfuhp[ Ap R>° L°$ Ap buby¨ ‚\d `l°gy¨ d°¨ NyS>fp[uD`≈h_pf drZcpB. Mfuhp[ Ap R>° L°$ Ap buby¨ ‚\d `l°gy¨ d°¨ NyS>fp[u
L$rh[p_° A`ÆZ L$eyØ R>°....'L$rh[p_° A`ÆZ L$eyØ R>°....'L$rh[p_° A`ÆZ L$eyØ R>°....'L$rh[p_° A`ÆZ L$eyØ R>°....'L$rh[p_° A`ÆZ L$eyØ R>°....'9
Alv bgh¨[fpe W$pL$p°f° fQ_p hjÆ_u hp[ _\u
L$fu, Z ‚\d f√ep_p° ]$php° ApNm L$e°pÆ R>°. ı`ÛV$ ‚L$pi_hjÆ_p° DÎg°M [°d_p
[fa\u Ap fu[° \e°gp° R>°. "A° dprkL$dp¨ rh.k¨. 1948 A_° rh.k¨. 1949 dp¨"A° dprkL$dp¨ rh.k¨. 1948 A_° rh.k¨. 1949 dp¨"A° dprkL$dp¨ rh.k¨. 1948 A_° rh.k¨. 1949 dp¨"A° dprkL$dp¨ rh.k¨. 1948 A_° rh.k¨. 1949 dp¨"A° dprkL$dp¨ rh.k¨. 1948 A_° rh.k¨. 1949 dp¨
Álpfp A_° drZi¨L$f_p kp∑_°V$ ‚\d ‚L$V$ \e°gp'Álpfp A_° drZi¨L$f_p kp∑_°V$ ‚\d ‚L$V$ \e°gp'Álpfp A_° drZi¨L$f_p kp∑_°V$ ‚\d ‚L$V$ \e°gp'Álpfp A_° drZi¨L$f_p kp∑_°V$ ‚\d ‚L$V$ \e°gp'Álpfp A_° drZi¨L$f_p kp∑_°V$ ‚\d ‚L$V$ \e°gp'10
Ap b^u QQpÆdp¨
"op_]$iÆ_', "eyN^dÆ' S>°hp dprkL$ k¨]$cÆ [fuL°$ R>°. Z A° k¨]$cÆ |ZÆ fu[° d°mhu
iL$pe [°hu sı\r[ _ lp°e A°d b. L$. W$pL$p°f° Z L$b|g L$eyØ R>°. [p° A–epf_p kdedp
L°$d d°mhhu ? R>[p W$pL$p°f° "cZL$pfp' B.k. 1888 dp fQep_p ]$php_° B.k. 1948
dp¨ ‚NV$ \e°gp¨ "rhrh^ Ïepøep_p°' dp¨ ApNm L$e°pÆ R>°.
bgh¨[fpe_p Ap ]$php_° kd\Æ_ L$f[p¨ L°$V$gp¨L$ rh‹p_p°_p¨ d¨[Ïep° ≈°hp
S>Ífu R>°. fp.rh. pW$L$ ‹pfp kd\Æ_ \ey L°$ " A° - "D`lpf' A¨N∞°∆ kp∑_°V$ _pd_u" A° - "D`lpf' A¨N∞°∆ kp∑_°V$ _pd_u" A° - "D`lpf' A¨N∞°∆ kp∑_°V$ _pd_u" A° - "D`lpf' A¨N∞°∆ kp∑_°V$ _pd_u" A° - "D`lpf' A¨N∞°∆ kp∑_°V$ _pd_u
`¤fQ_p_° A_ykf° R>°. Ap `¤fQ_p_p° kp• ‚\d ‚e–_ W$pL$p°f° L$f°gp°.`¤fQ_p_° A_ykf° R>°. Ap `¤fQ_p_p° kp• ‚\d ‚e–_ W$pL$p°f° L$f°gp°.`¤fQ_p_° A_ykf° R>°. Ap `¤fQ_p_p° kp• ‚\d ‚e–_ W$pL$p°f° L$f°gp°.`¤fQ_p_° A_ykf° R>°. Ap `¤fQ_p_p° kp• ‚\d ‚e–_ W$pL$p°f° L$f°gp°.`¤fQ_p_° A_ykf° R>°. Ap `¤fQ_p_p° kp• ‚\d ‚e–_ W$pL$p°f° L$f°gp°.
B.k. 1888 dp¨ "cZL$pfp' dp¨ A_° B.k. 1889 dp¨ "A◊qÛV$]$iÆ_' dp¨.B.k. 1888 dp¨ "cZL$pfp' dp¨ A_° B.k. 1889 dp¨ "A◊qÛV$]$iÆ_' dp¨.B.k. 1888 dp¨ "cZL$pfp' dp¨ A_° B.k. 1889 dp¨ "A◊qÛV$]$iÆ_' dp¨.B.k. 1888 dp¨ "cZL$pfp' dp¨ A_° B.k. 1889 dp¨ "A◊qÛV$]$iÆ_' dp¨.B.k. 1888 dp¨ "cZL$pfp' dp¨ A_° B.k. 1889 dp¨ "A◊qÛV$]$iÆ_' dp¨.'11
‚ı[y[ k¨]$cÆ_u `p]$V$u` _°p¨^dp¨ "drZcpB_u L$rh[p rhj° A¨N[ dprl[u'
"eyN^dÆ' yı[L$ - 4, ©ÛW$ - 274 _p° W$pL$p°f_p° g°M A_° [° D`fp¨[ ‚p°. W$pL$p°f_p
Mp_Nu ”p° R>°. L$p°B lL$uL$[ [°d_u kp\°_u hp[Qu[dp¨\u Z dm°gu R>°. fp.rh.
`pW$L°$ W$pL$p°f_p S> k]$c°pÆ_p° D`ep°N L$e°pÆ R>°. DdpiL$f ≈°iuA° Z D`eÆyL$[ W$pL$p°f_p
bep__° A_ykfu_° hp[ L$f°gu R>°. "i•gu A_° ıhÍ`' dp¨ "Ap ¤fQ_p_p° kp•\u"Ap ¤fQ_p_p° kp•\u"Ap ¤fQ_p_p° kp•\u"Ap ¤fQ_p_p° kp•\u"Ap ¤fQ_p_p° kp•\u
‚\d ‚e–_ ‚p°. W$pL$p°f° L$f°gp° - B.k. 1888 dp¨ "cZL$pfp' dp¨ A_°‚\d ‚e–_ ‚p°. W$pL$p°f° L$f°gp° - B.k. 1888 dp¨ "cZL$pfp' dp¨ A_°‚\d ‚e–_ ‚p°. W$pL$p°f° L$f°gp° - B.k. 1888 dp¨ "cZL$pfp' dp¨ A_°‚\d ‚e–_ ‚p°. W$pL$p°f° L$f°gp° - B.k. 1888 dp¨ "cZL$pfp' dp¨ A_°‚\d ‚e–_ ‚p°. W$pL$p°f° L$f°gp° - B.k. 1888 dp¨ "cZL$pfp' dp¨ A_°
B.k. 1889 dp¨ "A]$qÛV$]$iÆ_' dp¨'B.k. 1889 dp¨ "A]$qÛV$]$iÆ_' dp¨'B.k. 1889 dp¨ "A]$qÛV$]$iÆ_' dp¨'B.k. 1889 dp¨ "A]$qÛV$]$iÆ_' dp¨'B.k. 1889 dp¨ "A]$qÛV$]$iÆ_' dp¨'12
Ddpi¨L$f ≈°ju k¨]$cÆ `p]$V$u` _°p¨^dp¨
"eyN^dÆ' `y. - 4, `© - 276 `f_u W$pL$p°f_u _°p¨^_° Ap^pf [fuL°$ g° R>°. ky¨]$f∆
b°V$pB "NyS>fp[u kprl–edp kp∑_°V$' _pd_p g°Mdp S>Zph° R>°; "NyS>fp[u kprl–edp¨"NyS>fp[u kprl–edp¨"NyS>fp[u kprl–edp¨"NyS>fp[u kprl–edp¨"NyS>fp[u kprl–edp¨
kp∑_°V$ rhi° Ïehsı\[ _° rhrh^ `∞ep°Np° L$f_pf [p° [°_p Ap¤ ‚QpfL$ ‚p°.kp∑_°V$ rhi° Ïehsı\[ _° rhrh^ `∞ep°Np° L$f_pf [p° [°_p Ap¤ ‚QpfL$ ‚p°.kp∑_°V$ rhi° Ïehsı\[ _° rhrh^ `∞ep°Np° L$f_pf [p° [°_p Ap¤ ‚QpfL$ ‚p°.kp∑_°V$ rhi° Ïehsı\[ _° rhrh^ `∞ep°Np° L$f_pf [p° [°_p Ap¤ ‚QpfL$ ‚p°.kp∑_°V$ rhi° Ïehsı\[ _° rhrh^ `∞ep°Np° L$f_pf [p° [°_p Ap¤ ‚QpfL$ ‚p°.
bghfi[fpe L$. W$pL$p°f R>°. A°d_y¨ "cZL$pfp' kp∑_°V$ B.k. 1888 dp¨ _°bghfi[fpe L$. W$pL$p°f R>°. A°d_y¨ "cZL$pfp' kp∑_°V$ B.k. 1888 dp¨ _°bghfi[fpe L$. W$pL$p°f R>°. A°d_y¨ "cZL$pfp' kp∑_°V$ B.k. 1888 dp¨ _°bghfi[fpe L$. W$pL$p°f R>°. A°d_y¨ "cZL$pfp' kp∑_°V$ B.k. 1888 dp¨ _°bghfi[fpe L$. W$pL$p°f R>°. A°d_y¨ "cZL$pfp' kp∑_°V$ B.k. 1888 dp¨ _°
"A◊qÛV$]$iÆ_' B.k. 1889 dp¨ gMpey¨.'"A◊qÛV$]$iÆ_' B.k. 1889 dp¨ gMpey¨.'"A◊qÛV$]$iÆ_' B.k. 1889 dp¨ gMpey¨.'"A◊qÛV$]$iÆ_' B.k. 1889 dp¨ gMpey¨.'"A◊qÛV$]$iÆ_' B.k. 1889 dp¨ gMpey¨.'13
ky¨]$f∆ b°V$pB_p rh^p__u k¨]$cÆ
60
`p]$V$u` _°p¨ " |hpÆgp`' _p D`p°]$πOp[_u R>°, S>° A¨[° [p° W$pL$p°f_p d¨[Ïe_° Tug° R>°.
`Z r_f¨S>_ cN[ bgh¨[fpe_u ∆h_ Tfdfdp¨ _°p¨^° R>°. "B.k. 1888 dp¨"B.k. 1888 dp¨"B.k. 1888 dp¨"B.k. 1888 dp¨"B.k. 1888 dp¨
_hgfpd_p Ahkp_ A¨N° D`≈r[ R>¨]$dp¨ 20 `¨qL$[_y¨ A`|ZÆ ip°L$L$pÏe_hgfpd_p Ahkp_ A¨N° D`≈r[ R>¨]$dp¨ 20 `¨qL$[_y¨ A`|ZÆ ip°L$L$pÏe_hgfpd_p Ahkp_ A¨N° D`≈r[ R>¨]$dp¨ 20 `¨qL$[_y¨ A`|ZÆ ip°L$L$pÏe_hgfpd_p Ahkp_ A¨N° D`≈r[ R>¨]$dp¨ 20 `¨qL$[_y¨ A`|ZÆ ip°L$L$pÏe_hgfpd_p Ahkp_ A¨N° D`≈r[ R>¨]$dp¨ 20 `¨qL$[_y¨ A`|ZÆ ip°L$L$pÏe
f√ey¨ A° `|ZÆ L$fhp_p ‚e–_dp¨ AL$ıdp[ "cZL$pfp'_y¨ S>°dp¨ buS> lp°hp_p°f√ey¨ A° `|ZÆ L$fhp_p ‚e–_dp¨ AL$ıdp[ "cZL$pfp'_y¨ S>°dp¨ buS> lp°hp_p°f√ey¨ A° `|ZÆ L$fhp_p ‚e–_dp¨ AL$ıdp[ "cZL$pfp'_y¨ S>°dp¨ buS> lp°hp_p°f√ey¨ A° `|ZÆ L$fhp_p ‚e–_dp¨ AL$ıdp[ "cZL$pfp'_y¨ S>°dp¨ buS> lp°hp_p°f√ey¨ A° `|ZÆ L$fhp_p ‚e–_dp¨ AL$ıdp[ "cZL$pfp'_y¨ S>°dp¨ buS> lp°hp_p°
k¨ch R>° [° hpey, hp]$m A_° kdy÷ A¨N°_y¨ cyS>¨Nu R>¨]$dp¨ S>°_° `p°[° kp∑_°V$k¨ch R>° [° hpey, hp]$m A_° kdy÷ A¨N°_y¨ cyS>¨Nu R>¨]$dp¨ S>°_° `p°[° kp∑_°V$k¨ch R>° [° hpey, hp]$m A_° kdy÷ A¨N°_y¨ cyS>¨Nu R>¨]$dp¨ S>°_° `p°[° kp∑_°V$k¨ch R>° [° hpey, hp]$m A_° kdy÷ A¨N°_y¨ cyS>¨Nu R>¨]$dp¨ S>°_° `p°[° kp∑_°V$k¨ch R>° [° hpey, hp]$m A_° kdy÷ A¨N°_y¨ cyS>¨Nu R>¨]$dp¨ S>°_° `p°[° kp∑_°V$
L$¸y¨ R>°; [° 14 `¨qL$[_y¨ Ap_¨]$L$pÏe f√ey¨. Apd dp” Ap°NZuk hjÆ_uL$¸y¨ R>°; [° 14 `¨qL$[_y¨ Ap_¨]$L$pÏe f√ey¨. Apd dp” Ap°NZuk hjÆ_uL$¸y¨ R>°; [° 14 `¨qL$[_y¨ Ap_¨]$L$pÏe f√ey¨. Apd dp” Ap°NZuk hjÆ_uL$¸y¨ R>°; [° 14 `¨qL$[_y¨ Ap_¨]$L$pÏe f√ey¨. Apd dp” Ap°NZuk hjÆ_uL$¸y¨ R>°; [° 14 `¨qL$[_y¨ Ap_¨]$L$pÏe f√ey¨. Apd dp” Ap°NZuk hjÆ_u
eyhp_ he° `p°[p_y¨ A_° NyS>fp[u cpjp_y¨ ‚\d kp∑_°V$ "cZL$pfp' bgL°$eyhp_ he° `p°[p_y¨ A_° NyS>fp[u cpjp_y¨ ‚\d kp∑_°V$ "cZL$pfp' bgL°$eyhp_ he° `p°[p_y¨ A_° NyS>fp[u cpjp_y¨ ‚\d kp∑_°V$ "cZL$pfp' bgL°$eyhp_ he° `p°[p_y¨ A_° NyS>fp[u cpjp_y¨ ‚\d kp∑_°V$ "cZL$pfp' bgL°$eyhp_ he° `p°[p_y¨ A_° NyS>fp[u cpjp_y¨ ‚\d kp∑_°V$ "cZL$pfp' bgL°$
"cZL$pfp' _p buS>"cZL$pfp' _p buS>"cZL$pfp' _p buS>"cZL$pfp' _p buS>"cZL$pfp' _p buS>ÍÍÍÍÍ ` Ap kp∑_°V$ f√ey¨.'` Ap kp∑_°V$ f√ey¨.'` Ap kp∑_°V$ f√ey¨.'` Ap kp∑_°V$ f√ey¨.'` Ap kp∑_°V$ f√ey¨.'14
r_f¨S>_ cN[ b. L$. W$pL$p°f_u
L$rh∆h__u ”Z r[r\Ap° - B.k. 1888, B.k. 1892 A_° B.k. 1900 _p°
krhi°j drldp rhi° rhN[° S>Zph° R>°, ""A°dZ° p°[p_y ‚\d kp∑_°V$ "cZL$pfp'
B.k. 1893 L°$ [° `l°gp¨ fQpey: A°d B.k. 1917 dp¨ _°p¨¬ey¨ R>°, `Z `R>u
"cZL$pfp' _u Mfu kpg B.k. 1888 (d°) R>° A°d B.k. 1947 dp¨ ky^peyØ R>°,
"cZL$pfp' A° B.k. 1894 dp "ky]$iÆ_' dp "S>g‚hpk' iujÆL$\u S>° kp∑_°V$ ‚rk¬^
\ey¨ l[y¨ A°_y¨ pW$pfi[f R>°. B.k. 1888 _p Ap°NÛV$dp¨ A°dZ° S>° A°L$ kp∑_°V$ f√ey¨
l[y [°, "S>g‚hpk' S>°dp¨\u h©nÍ ° ‚NV$ey lp°e A°_p buS>Í` lp°e A°hy A_ydp_
bfi_° L$pÏep°dp¨ hı[yrhje_y¨ AÎ`pr[AÎ` `Z k|ˇdpr[k|ˇd S>° kpÁe R>° A°_°
L$pfZ° L$fu iL$pe. "cZL$pfp' 1917 dp¨ S>° ıhÍ`° ‚NV$ L$eyØ [° ıhÍ`° cg° B.k.
1888 dp¨ _ f√ey¨ lp°e `Z `p°[p_p A_° NyS>fp[u cpjp_p Ap ‚\d kp∑_°V$dp¨
A°_p buS>ıhÍ`° [p° f√ey¨ S> l[y¨. Apd p°[p_y¨ ∞\d kp∑_°V$ B.k. 1888 dp¨ f√ey¨
A_° NyS>fp[ucpjp_y¨ ‚\d kp∑_°V$ `p°[° f√ey¨ A° A°d_p bfi_° rh^p_p° L¨$BL$A_° NyS>fp[ucpjp_y¨ ‚\d kp∑_°V$ `p°[° f√ey¨ A° A°d_p bfi_° rh^p_p° L¨$BL$A_° NyS>fp[ucpjp_y¨ ‚\d kp∑_°V$ `p°[° f√ey¨ A° A°d_p bfi_° rh^p_p° L¨$BL$A_° NyS>fp[ucpjp_y¨ ‚\d kp∑_°V$ `p°[° f√ey¨ A° A°d_p bfi_° rh^p_p° L¨$BL$A_° NyS>fp[ucpjp_y¨ ‚\d kp∑_°V$ `p°[° f√ey¨ A° A°d_p bfi_° rh^p_p° L¨$BL$
kp^pf A_° k‚dpZ R>°.'kp^pf A_° k‚dpZ R>°.'kp^pf A_° k‚dpZ R>°.'kp^pf A_° k‚dpZ R>°.'kp^pf A_° k‚dpZ R>°.'15
Q¨÷i¨L$f cÀ$ `Z L¨$BL$ "hpı[hdp¨ L© $r[_u"hpı[hdp¨ L© $r[_u"hpı[hdp¨ L© $r[_u"hpı[hdp¨ L© $r[_u"hpı[hdp¨ L© $r[_u
fQ_pkpg A_° ‚NV$kpg Sy>]$u Sy>]$u lp°B iL°$ R>° [° cygphy¨ _ ≈°BA°......fQ_pkpg A_° ‚NV$kpg Sy>]$u Sy>]$u lp°B iL°$ R>° [° cygphy¨ _ ≈°BA°......fQ_pkpg A_° ‚NV$kpg Sy>]$u Sy>]$u lp°B iL°$ R>° [° cygphy¨ _ ≈°BA°......fQ_pkpg A_° ‚NV$kpg Sy>]$u Sy>]$u lp°B iL°$ R>° [° cygphy¨ _ ≈°BA°......fQ_pkpg A_° ‚NV$kpg Sy>]$u Sy>]$u lp°B iL°$ R>° [° cygphy¨ _ ≈°BA°......
Apd W$pL$p°f_y¨ A°L$ rh^p_ kp∑_°V$_u ‚L$pi_ kpg rhi° R>°\ S>epf° buSy>¨Apd W$pL$p°f_y¨ A°L$ rh^p_ kp∑_°V$_u ‚L$pi_ kpg rhi° R>°\ S>epf° buSy>¨Apd W$pL$p°f_y¨ A°L$ rh^p_ kp∑_°V$_u ‚L$pi_ kpg rhi° R>°\ S>epf° buSy>¨Apd W$pL$p°f_y¨ A°L$ rh^p_ kp∑_°V$_u ‚L$pi_ kpg rhi° R>°\ S>epf° buSy>¨Apd W$pL$p°f_y¨ A°L$ rh^p_ kp∑_°V$_u ‚L$pi_ kpg rhi° R>°\ S>epf° buSy>¨
[°_u fQ_pkpg rhi° R>°. W$pL$p°f_p Ap bfi_° rh^p_ Ap fu[° ≈°[p¨ [°dp¨ L$iy¨[°_u fQ_pkpg rhi° R>°. W$pL$p°f_p Ap bfi_° rh^p_ Ap fu[° ≈°[p¨ [°dp¨ L$iy¨[°_u fQ_pkpg rhi° R>°. W$pL$p°f_p Ap bfi_° rh^p_ Ap fu[° ≈°[p¨ [°dp¨ L$iy¨[°_u fQ_pkpg rhi° R>°. W$pL$p°f_p Ap bfi_° rh^p_ Ap fu[° ≈°[p¨ [°dp¨ L$iy¨[°_u fQ_pkpg rhi° R>°. W$pL$p°f_p Ap bfi_° rh^p_ Ap fu[° ≈°[p¨ [°dp¨ L$iy¨
dp°Od`œ¨ fl°[y¨ lp°e [°d S>Zp[y¨ _\u. Ap ]$qÛV$\u rhQpf[p¨ NyS>fp[udp°Od`œ¨ fl°[y¨ lp°e [°d S>Zp[y¨ _\u. Ap ]$qÛV$\u rhQpf[p¨ NyS>fp[udp°Od`œ¨ fl°[y¨ lp°e [°d S>Zp[y¨ _\u. Ap ]$qÛV$\u rhQpf[p¨ NyS>fp[udp°Od`œ¨ fl°[y¨ lp°e [°d S>Zp[y¨ _\u. Ap ]$qÛV$\u rhQpf[p¨ NyS>fp[udp°Od`œ¨ fl°[y¨ lp°e [°d S>Zp[y¨ _\u. Ap ]$qÛV$\u rhQpf[p¨ NyS>fp[u
L$rh[pdp¨ kp∑_°V$_p r`[p [fuL°$ W$pL$p°f_° r_rhÆhp]$ `Z° NZu iL$pe [°dL$rh[pdp¨ kp∑_°V$_p r`[p [fuL°$ W$pL$p°f_° r_rhÆhp]$ `Z° NZu iL$pe [°dL$rh[pdp¨ kp∑_°V$_p r`[p [fuL°$ W$pL$p°f_° r_rhÆhp]$ `Z° NZu iL$pe [°dL$rh[pdp¨ kp∑_°V$_p r`[p [fuL°$ W$pL$p°f_° r_rhÆhp]$ `Z° NZu iL$pe [°dL$rh[pdp¨ kp∑_°V$_p r`[p [fuL°$ W$pL$p°f_° r_rhÆhp]$ `Z° NZu iL$pe [°d
S>Zpe R>°.'S>Zpe R>°.'S>Zpe R>°.'S>Zpe R>°.'S>Zpe R>°.'16
61
R>[p¨e Ap k¨]$c£ [LÆ$_p L°$V$gp¨L$ [pZphpZp hZN|¨\pe°gp¨ gV$L$[p¨ fl° S>
R>°. ‚L$pi dl°[p_° [° ıhuL$peÆ _\u. ""`f¨[y W$pL$p°f_p Ap ]$php_° ıhuL$pf[p L°$V$guL$
dyÌL°$gu _X°$ A°d R>°. A°L$ [p°, Aphp° ]$php° Ad° L$pfi[_p d©–ey R>u L$e°pÆ A° _ c|ghy¨
≈°BA°. buSy>¨ NyS>fp[u kprl–edp¨ A°L$ _hp S> L$pÏeıhÍ`_p° `p°[p_° lp\° S>fid
\pe A° A•r[lprkL$ b_ph_u kpQu [pfuM W$pL$p°f S>°hp QuL$Zp A_° TuZhV$ ‚°du
rh‹p_ A_° Br[lpkL$pf_° ep]$ _ fl° A_° c|g\u A°L$_° b]$g° bu∆ [pfuM gMpB
≈e A° Nm° E[f° A°hy¨ _\u. ”uSy>¨, ≈° "cZL$pfp' B.k. 1888 dp¨ gMpey¨ A_°
"op_]$iÆ_' dp¨ ‚NV$ \ey¨ lp°e [p° `R>u R>°L$ B.k. 1894 dp¨ "ky]$iÆ'_° iy¨ [°_°
afu\u R>p‡ey ? ip dpV°$ ? pQ-R> hjÆ R>u Aphy y_dy÷Z L$fhp dpV°$_p° L$p°B Ahkf
`Z _lp°[p° Ecp° \ep°. hmu, "ky]$iÆ_' _p [¨”uA° Ap L$pÏe_y¨ `y_dyÆ÷Z L$eyØ R>°
A°hp° L$p°B Mygpkp° Z _\u L$e°pÆ. EgV$p_y [–L$pgu_ qfhpS> ‚dpZ° "dm°gy' A°hu
k¨op hp`fu R>°. Qp°\y¨ W$pL$p°f_p Apf¨cL$pm_p d¨]$pæ$pfi[p D`f L$pfi[ d¨]$pæ$pfi[p_u
R>pep Y$m°gu ≈°B iL$pe R>°. `Z bu∆ bpSy> L$pfi[_p d¨]$pæ$pfi[p `f W$pL$p°f_p
d¨]$pæ$pfi[p_u S>fp`Z Akf X°$gu ]°$Mpe R>° Mfu ? p¨Qdy "cZL$pfp' _u kp\° S>
fQpe°gp "A◊qÛV$]$iÆ_' _u Mfu fQ_p kpg L$B ? "q]$fiL$u' A°V$g° L°$ X$pefu_p° B.k.
1888 dp¨ gMpe°gp° l°gp° cpN ‚rkŸ \ep° R>°, S>° D`eyÆL$[ g°Mdp¨_p d¨[Ïe_° b°
”Z fu[° A_ydp°]$_ Ap`° R>°, Ap X$pefudp¨ "cZL$pfp' _u fQ_p_p° DÎg°M L$ep¨e
_\u.''17
∞L$pi dl°[p_p ‚Ò_p D—fÍ ° A°hp° [LÆ$ L$fu iL$uA° - 1 bgh[fpe W$pL$p°f
A_° L$pfi[_u rd”[p NpY$ l[u. rd”_p d©–ey R>u Z bgh¨[fpe rd”_p° ÷p°l L$fu
_ iL°$ A° cyghp S>°hy¨ _\u. 2 rh‹p_, Br[lpkL$pf bgh¨[fpe° [pfuM_p a°fapfp°
L$epÆ R>°, Z L$p°B Qp°L$L$k [pfuM, r[r\_u _°p^ _ L$fu lp°e –epf° ÏeqL$[A° kcrh[
[pfuM° r[r\_° klpf° ApNm h^hp_y¨ fl°. a°fapf L$fhp `pR>m_p L$pfZdp¨
Ap–dk¨[p°j _ \e° bu∆ [pfuM d|L$u lp°e Qp°L$L$k _°p¨ _p Acph°. 3 "op_]$iÆ_'
dp¨ ‚NV$ \e°g "S>g‚hpk' A_° "ky]$iÆ_' dp¨ ‚NV$ \e°g "S>g‚hpk' dp¨ L$rhA°
a°fapf L$epÆ _rl lp°e [°_u Mp[fu iu ? L$pfZ "cZL$pfp' S> A°L$ A°hy L$pÏe R>° S>°Z°
h^ydp¨ h^y b. L$. W$pL$p°f_u kS>ÆL$[p_° `X$L$pfu R>°, [°\u _hu_uL$fZ kp\°_p
62
"S>g‚hpk' _° "dm°gy¨' gøey¨ lp°e iL°$. 4 R>¨]$p°_u Akf Np•Z hp[ `f ≈e R>°.
"A◊qÛV$]$iÆ_' _u fQ_pkpg B.k. 1889 _u W$pL$p°f° b[phu S> R>°. X$pefu_u _°p¨
rhi° A°hy L$lu iL$pe L°$ L$rh[p_p L$pQp buS>Í` D[pfp_u _°p¨ fpMhu [°d_° DrQ[
_lv gpNu lp°e.
A¨[dp¨ iÍ S>ep¨\u \ey¨ R>° [° bpb[° afu rhQpfhy¨ ep°¡e gpN° R>°. Ap ‚Ò
R>°X$_pf filp_pgpg L$rh_p rh^p__° `y_: [`pkuA° [°dZ° L$f°gp rh^p_ `|h£
"""""Sonnet - kp∑_°V$ _pd_p Ap ”Z L$pÏe ‚bfi^p° R>°. A¨N∞°∆ L$rh[pdp¨ b° kp∑_°V$ _pd_p Ap ”Z L$pÏe ‚bfi^p° R>°. A¨N∞°∆ L$rh[pdp¨ b° kp∑_°V$ _pd_p Ap ”Z L$pÏe ‚bfi^p° R>°. A¨N∞°∆ L$rh[pdp¨ b° kp∑_°V$ _pd_p Ap ”Z L$pÏe ‚bfi^p° R>°. A¨N∞°∆ L$rh[pdp¨ b° kp∑_°V$ _pd_p Ap ”Z L$pÏe ‚bfi^p° R>°. A¨N∞°∆ L$rh[pdp¨ b°
≈r[_p kp∑_°V$ R>°. A°L$ [p° iyŸ H¡gui kp∑_°V$ A_° bu≈ BV$prge_ kp∑_°V$.≈r[_p kp∑_°V$ R>°. A°L$ [p° iyŸ H¡gui kp∑_°V$ A_° bu≈ BV$prge_ kp∑_°V$.≈r[_p kp∑_°V$ R>°. A°L$ [p° iyŸ H¡gui kp∑_°V$ A_° bu≈ BV$prge_ kp∑_°V$.≈r[_p kp∑_°V$ R>°. A°L$ [p° iyŸ H¡gui kp∑_°V$ A_° bu≈ BV$prge_ kp∑_°V$.≈r[_p kp∑_°V$ R>°. A°L$ [p° iyŸ H¡gui kp∑_°V$ A_° bu≈ BV$prge_ kp∑_°V$.
iyŸ H¡gui kp∑_°V$_p _d|_p ‚\d NyS>fp[udp¨ fp. drZi¨L$f f–_∆ cÀ°$iyŸ H¡gui kp∑_°V$_p _d|_p ‚\d NyS>fp[udp¨ fp. drZi¨L$f f–_∆ cÀ°$iyŸ H¡gui kp∑_°V$_p _d|_p ‚\d NyS>fp[udp¨ fp. drZi¨L$f f–_∆ cÀ°$iyŸ H¡gui kp∑_°V$_p _d|_p ‚\d NyS>fp[udp¨ fp. drZi¨L$f f–_∆ cÀ°$iyŸ H¡gui kp∑_°V$_p _d|_p ‚\d NyS>fp[udp¨ fp. drZi¨L$f f–_∆ cÀ°$
f√ep¨ R>°. Ap k¨N∞ldp¨_y¨ "[p]$p–Áe' A° i•gu_y¨ R>°. [° `Ÿr[_p kp∑_°V$dp¨f√ep¨ R>°. Ap k¨N∞ldp¨_y¨ "[p]$p–Áe' A° i•gu_y¨ R>°. [° `Ÿr[_p kp∑_°V$dp¨f√ep¨ R>°. Ap k¨N∞ldp¨_y¨ "[p]$p–Áe' A° i•gu_y¨ R>°. [° `Ÿr[_p kp∑_°V$dp¨f√ep¨ R>°. Ap k¨N∞ldp¨_y¨ "[p]$p–Áe' A° i•gu_y¨ R>°. [° `Ÿr[_p kp∑_°V$dp¨f√ep¨ R>°. Ap k¨N∞ldp¨_y¨ "[p]$p–Áe' A° i•gu_y¨ R>°. [° `Ÿr[_p kp∑_°V$dp¨
rhQpf_y¨ ‚p^pfie lp°e R>° A_° k¨Nu[ N¨cuf hl° R>°. "rhep°N' [° BV$prge_rhQpf_y¨ ‚p^pfie lp°e R>° A_° k¨Nu[ N¨cuf hl° R>°. "rhep°N' [° BV$prge_rhQpf_y¨ ‚p^pfie lp°e R>° A_° k¨Nu[ N¨cuf hl° R>°. "rhep°N' [° BV$prge_rhQpf_y¨ ‚p^pfie lp°e R>° A_° k¨Nu[ N¨cuf hl° R>°. "rhep°N' [° BV$prge_rhQpf_y¨ ‚p^pfie lp°e R>° A_° k¨Nu[ N¨cuf hl° R>°. "rhep°N' [° BV$prge_
i•gu_u kp∑_°V$ q”`yV$u R>°. [° i•gu_p¨ kp∑_°V$ Mpk L$fu_° k¨Nu[de lp°e R>°i•gu_u kp∑_°V$ q”`yV$u R>°. [° i•gu_p¨ kp∑_°V$ Mpk L$fu_° k¨Nu[de lp°e R>°i•gu_u kp∑_°V$ q”`yV$u R>°. [° i•gu_p¨ kp∑_°V$ Mpk L$fu_° k¨Nu[de lp°e R>°i•gu_u kp∑_°V$ q”`yV$u R>°. [° i•gu_p¨ kp∑_°V$ Mpk L$fu_° k¨Nu[de lp°e R>°i•gu_u kp∑_°V$ q”`yV$u R>°. [° i•gu_p¨ kp∑_°V$ Mpk L$fu_° k¨Nu[de lp°e R>°
A_° k¨Nu[ grg[ lp°e R>°.'A_° k¨Nu[ grg[ lp°e R>°.'A_° k¨Nu[ grg[ lp°e R>°.'A_° k¨Nu[ grg[ lp°e R>°.'A_° k¨Nu[ grg[ lp°e R>°.'18
‚ı[y[ _°p¨ dp¨ filp_pgpg A°L$ k¨ch ‚dpZ° kpQp R>°. L$pfZ L°$ [°dZ° S>°
_°p^ d|L$u R>° [° "rhep°N' kp∑_°V$ q” yV$u_p k]$c£ d|L$u R>°; S>°dp [°dZ° A°hy kd≈hhp_p°
‚e–_ L$e°pÆ R>° L°$ kp∑_°V$ A°V$g° iy ? kp∑_°V$_p ‚rkŸ ‚L$pfp° rhi°_u ≈ZL$pfu Ap`hp_p°
‚epk L$e°pÆ R>°. [°_u hp[ ‚dpZ° BV$prge_ `Ÿr[_p kp∑_°V$ A_° iyŸ Hq¡gi
‚L$pf_p (i°L$πsı`efipB) kp∑_°V$ AgN AgN R>°. "iyŸ Hs¡gi kp∑_°V$_p _d|_p'
`f cpf d|L$ep° R>°. BV$prge_ `Ÿr[_p kp∑_°V$_° Hr¡gi kp∑_°V$ L°$d L$l°hp ? [°e
lL$uL$[ R>°. "D`lpf' - iyŸ Hs¡gi kp∑_°V$_p° _d|_p° A°V$g° i°L$πsı`efipB kp∑_°V$p°
L°$V$gp¨ ? "S>g‚hpk' L°$ "cZL$pfp' _p Apg°M_dp¨ BV$prge_ `Ÿr[_u iL$e[p
_L$pfu iL$p[u _\u. `qfZpd° bfi_° rd”p° L$]$pQ kpQp R>°. ‚\d kp∑_°V$_p kS>ÆL$
bgh¨[fpe R>° A°hy¨ [p° L$pfi[° `Z L$byÎey¨ R>°. "W$pL$p°f L$l°[p lp°e [p° [° b°iL$"W$pL$p°f L$l°[p lp°e [p° [° b°iL$"W$pL$p°f L$l°[p lp°e [p° [° b°iL$"W$pL$p°f L$l°[p lp°e [p° [° b°iL$"W$pL$p°f L$l°[p lp°e [p° [° b°iL$
kpQp'kpQp'kpQp'kpQp'kpQp'19
A_° i°L$πsı`efipB - (iyŸ Hs¡gi) `Ÿr[_p kp∑_°V$_p ‚\d kS>ÆL$
L$pfi[, A°d A° kp∑_°V$_p fQ_prh^p__u ◊qÛV$A° kpQp R>°. Ap A¨N° Ddpi¨L$f Apd
L$l° R>° "A°L$ L$pÏe‚L$pf [fuL°$ kp∑_°V$ `l°ghl°gy¨ NyS>fp[udp¨ `pfku L$rhAp°"A°L$ L$pÏe‚L$pf [fuL°$ kp∑_°V$ `l°ghl°gy¨ NyS>fp[udp¨ `pfku L$rhAp°"A°L$ L$pÏe‚L$pf [fuL°$ kp∑_°V$ `l°ghl°gy¨ NyS>fp[udp¨ `pfku L$rhAp°"A°L$ L$pÏe‚L$pf [fuL°$ kp∑_°V$ `l°ghl°gy¨ NyS>fp[udp¨ `pfku L$rhAp°"A°L$ L$pÏe‚L$pf [fuL°$ kp∑_°V$ `l°ghl°gy¨ NyS>fp[udp¨ `pfku L$rhAp°
63
gB ApÏep [° cg°; A_° rkŸ L$rhAp°dp¨ `Z L$pfi[ L°$ bgh¨[fpe b°dp¨\ugB ApÏep [° cg°; A_° rkŸ L$rhAp°dp¨ `Z L$pfi[ L°$ bgh¨[fpe b°dp¨\ugB ApÏep [° cg°; A_° rkŸ L$rhAp°dp¨ `Z L$pfi[ L°$ bgh¨[fpe b°dp¨\ugB ApÏep [° cg°; A_° rkŸ L$rhAp°dp¨ `Z L$pfi[ L°$ bgh¨[fpe b°dp¨\ugB ApÏep [° cg°; A_° rkŸ L$rhAp°dp¨ `Z L$pfi[ L°$ bgh¨[fpe b°dp¨\u
L$p°_° lp\° `l°gy¨ A° M°X$pey¨ A° L$]$pQ R>°hV$_y¨ _L$L$u _ \B iL°$ [p°e cg°;L$p°_° lp\° `l°gy¨ A° M°X$pey¨ A° L$]$pQ R>°hV$_y¨ _L$L$u _ \B iL°$ [p°e cg°;L$p°_° lp\° `l°gy¨ A° M°X$pey¨ A° L$]$pQ R>°hV$_y¨ _L$L$u _ \B iL°$ [p°e cg°;L$p°_° lp\° `l°gy¨ A° M°X$pey¨ A° L$]$pQ R>°hV$_y¨ _L$L$u _ \B iL°$ [p°e cg°;L$p°_° lp\° `l°gy¨ A° M°X$pey¨ A° L$]$pQ R>°hV$_y¨ _L$L$u _ \B iL°$ [p°e cg°;
NyS>fp[u L$rh[p_p Br[lpkdp¨ "kp∑_°V$' iÂ]$ bgh¨[fpe W$pL$p°f_p _pdNyS>fp[u L$rh[p_p Br[lpkdp¨ "kp∑_°V$' iÂ]$ bgh¨[fpe W$pL$p°f_p _pdNyS>fp[u L$rh[p_p Br[lpkdp¨ "kp∑_°V$' iÂ]$ bgh¨[fpe W$pL$p°f_p _pdNyS>fp[u L$rh[p_p Br[lpkdp¨ "kp∑_°V$' iÂ]$ bgh¨[fpe W$pL$p°f_p _pdNyS>fp[u L$rh[p_p Br[lpkdp¨ "kp∑_°V$' iÂ]$ bgh¨[fpe W$pL$p°f_p _pd
kp\° l¨d°ip ≈°X$pe°gp° fl°i°..... kp\° l¨d°ip ≈°X$pe°gp° fl°i°..... kp\° l¨d°ip ≈°X$pe°gp° fl°i°..... kp\° l¨d°ip ≈°X$pe°gp° fl°i°..... kp\° l¨d°ip ≈°X$pe°gp° fl°i°..... ÍÍÍÍÍ X$p ‚[p` bgh¨[fpe_p. A°dZ° A° L$pÏeX$p ‚[p` bgh¨[fpe_p. A°dZ° A° L$pÏeX$p ‚[p` bgh¨[fpe_p. A°dZ° A° L$pÏeX$p ‚[p` bgh¨[fpe_p. A°dZ° A° L$pÏeX$p ‚[p` bgh¨[fpe_p. A°dZ° A° L$pÏe
‚L$pf_° NyS>fp[udp¨ fp°‡ep° _° ]$Y$d|g L$e°pÆ.'‚L$pf_° NyS>fp[udp¨ fp°‡ep° _° ]$Y$d|g L$e°pÆ.'‚L$pf_° NyS>fp[udp¨ fp°‡ep° _° ]$Y$d|g L$e°pÆ.'‚L$pf_° NyS>fp[udp¨ fp°‡ep° _° ]$Y$d|g L$e°pÆ.'‚L$pf_° NyS>fp[udp¨ fp°‡ep° _° ]$Y$d|g L$e°pÆ.'20
kp∑_°V$ : Afie crN_u cpjpAp°dp¨ A°L$ ◊qÛV$
1. b¨Npmu cpjpdp¨ :-
kp∑_°V$_u kp¶]$eÆR>V$p_° bNpmu cpjp_p kd\Æ L$rhAp°A° kp•\u ‚\d ≈Zu
l[u. –epf° kp∑_°V$_p° NyS>fp[dp¨ ‚p]y $cpÆh `Z \ep° _ l[p°. `pÚp–e
kprl–ek¨ıL$pfp°_° Tugu_° D—d A¨ip°_° ≈Zu_° ıhL$ue ‚r[cp\u `p°[p_u S>
cpjpdp ‚NV$ L$fhp_u iÍAp[ bNpmu kprl–ekS>ÆL$p°A° L°$V$gpL$ kprl–e ıhÍ`p°_u
k¨OV$_pdp¨ L$fu R>°. [° kp• ≈Z° R>° [°S> fu[° kp∑_°V$ –ep¨ fQpey A_° Ap]$f Z pÁey.
b¨Npmu cpjpdp¨ kp∑_°V$ S>°hp kyqÔgÛV$ ErdÆL$_y kp¶]$eÆ rkŸ L$fhp_u nd[p R>°. Ap
A_yk^p_° d yky]$_° kp∑_°V$_p° kN∞l "Q[y]$ÆiL$ rh[phgu' iujÆL$\u ‚NV$ L$e°pÆ. S>°dp
h^pf° kpfu fu[° BV$prge_ ≈r[_p kp∑_°V$p°_p° OpV$ E[e°pÆ R>°. Ap q]$ipdp¨ dl“h_y
‚]$p_ L$f_pf L$rhf–_p°dp¨ "]°$h°fi÷_p\', "rQ—f¨S>_', "frhfi÷_p\' A_°
"_rh_Q÷' S>°hp_° ApNmu_p h°Y°$ NZphu iL$pe. frhfi÷_p\° [p° kp∑_°V$ dpV°$ A_yL|$m
`epf R>¨]$_p° Qp•]$ dp”p_p° R>¨]$‚ep°N L$fu kp∑_°V$dp¨ A–e¨[ kam fu[° ‚ep°S>ep° A_°
`R>u\u "ıdfZ' A_° "D–kNÆ' dp¨ [p° 18 dp”p_p° ]$u Æ epf Z ep°S>ep° ! Apd
A°L$ S> kp∑_°V$dp R>]$ b]$ghp_p° ‚ep°N bNpmu L$rh _hu_Q÷° L$e°pÆ R>°. Óu DdpiL$f
≈°iuA° A°_u ep°¡e _°p¨ Z gu °gu R>°.
2. dfpW$u cpjpdp¨ :-
dfpW$u cpjpdp¨ kp∑_°V$_p° Apf¨c "cZL$pfp', "Aq◊ÛV$]$iÆ_' hN°f° R>u.
kp∑_°V$ dfpW$u cpjpdp¨ NyS>fp[u cpjp L$f[p¨ dp°Xy¨$ ‚Qpf `pÁey¨. dfpW$u L$rh[pdp¨
"Q[y]$ÆiL$', "›hr_[', "ıhr_[' A°hp epÆep° kp\° kp∑_°V$ fQpey A_° pNeyØ, Z
64
A°_p° ‚hL$[p A_° ı\p`L$ L$rh L°$ihky[ R>°. khÆ ‚\d [°dZ° "Q[y]$ÆiL$p°' f√ep¨,
`R>u\u A_°L$ L$rhAp°_° lp\° kp∑_°V$_y M°X$pZ \ey, S>°dp X$p∑. dp^hS>eyrge_ V$h Æ_°
"kyr_[' epÆe\u "[yV$g°g° ]y$h°' A_° bu≈ A°L$_u "ky_ur[L$p' S>°hu k¨op Z dm°
R>°. "[yV$g°g° ]y$h°' kp∑_°V$dpmp R>°. Ap yr_L$p°dp¨ dfpW$udp¨ th]$p L$f¨q]$L$f S>°hp L$rhAp°
`pk°\u dyL$[ i•gu_p pZu]$pf kp∑_°V$p° dm°gp¨ R>°.
3. rlfi]$u cpjpdp¨ :-
rlfi]$u L$pÏe kprl–edp¨ kp∑_°V$ `Ncf b_u iL$ey¨ _\u. Ap L$pÏe‚L$pf
rlfi]$u kprl–edp¨ |fp¨ Np¨cueÆ\u M°X$pep° S> _\u A°d L$l°hy ≈°BA°. rlfi]$u L$rh[pdp¨
AN°e ‚hplu ¤fQ_p L$f[p¨ N°e R>¨]$p°_p° ‚ep°N rhi°j[: \ep° R>°. L$]$pQ L$rhAp°_y
gˇe kp∑_°V$ fQ_p f cp¡e° S> Ney R>°. Nu[, Nu[u A_° dyL$[L$ i•gu_u pZu]$pf
fQ_pAp° rlfi]$u L$rhAp°A° Ap`u R>°. R>[p¨ `Z d•r\guifZ Ny‡[, kyrd”p_¨]$_
¨[, r_fpgp [°dS> Ao°e pk°\u D—d kp∑_°V$ L$rh[p ‚p‡[ \B iL$u _\u. rlfi]$u
kprl–edp¨ ≈°BA° [p° S>ei¨L$f ‚kp]$∆_p "Tf_p' _pd_p k¨N∞ldp¨ ”Z-Qpf
`¤fQ_pAp° Qp•]$ `¨qL$[_u dm° R>°, S>° B.k. 1918 dp¨ ‚NV$ \e°g. `f¨[y ]°$h°fi÷
idpÆ [°_° "Nu[k¨N∞l' [fuL°$ Ap°mMph° R>°.
4. E]|Æ$ cpjpdp¨ :-
E]|Æ$ cpjpdp¨ `Z kp∑_°V$ fQpep¨ R>° B.k. 1920 _u Apk`pk. Aø[f
i°fp_uA° A_° _|_du_ flui° ”uku_p kdedp¨ kp∑_°V$_° sı\f L$eyØ lp°e [°d gpN° R>°
A_° [° kp∑_°V$ [fuL°$ S> Ap°mMpe R>°. kp∑_°V$ ApS>°e E]|Æ$dp¨ gMpe R>° Mfp¨ f¨[y blz
gp°L$r‚e f¸p¨ _\u [°hu _°p¨ Agukf]$pf ≈afuA° gu °g R>°.
5. Apkpdu cpjpdp¨ :-
Apkpdu cpjpdp¨ `°V≤$pLÆ$_ ıhÍ`_° ≈mhu_° ‚\d kp∑_°V$ l°dQ¨÷
Np°ıhpduA° "r‚e[dpf rQÃ$u' (B.k. 1872 - B.k. 1928) Ap‡ey¨ A_° [°
‚NV$ \ey¨ "≈°_pL$u' dp¨ B.k. 1891 dp¨ Ap ıhÍ` iÍAp[dp¨ kp∑_°V$_° _pd° S>
Ap°mMpey. pR>m\u "Q[y]Æ$i`]$u L$rh[p' A°hy _pd L°$V$gpL$ rhh°QL$p°A° Ap‡ey.
65
6. DqX$ep cpjpdp¨ :-
DqX$ep cpjpdp¨ ku[pL$pfi[ dlp`p”A° _°p¨^ gu^°g R>° L°$ d^yky]$_ fph°
kp∑_°V$_p° ‚pfc L$e°pÆ. "_h≈[riiy ]$iÆ_°f' 18 dpQÆ, B.k. 1895 dp ‚\d kp∑_°V$
gMpey A_° "b∞p˚p°' _pd_p kpdreL$dp¨ ‚L$pri[ \ey. DqX$epdp¨ ApS>° Z kp∑_°V$
gMpe R>°.
7. [°gyNy cpjpdp¨ :-
[°gyNy cpjp rhi° Óu L°$. A°fiS>°dQygy (Ly¨$]y$[w) _°p¨^ R>° L°$ B.k. 1954 dp¨
‚\d kp∑_°V$ gMpey¨ A_° AÂbyfu fpdL©$ÛZfph-"L$gp‚`|ZÆ' A° kp∑_°V$_p° ‚pf¨c
L$e°pÆ. A°d_p rkhpe Afie L$p°BA° kp∑_°V$ gøep _\u. A_° _°p¨ `p” bpb[ A° R>° L°$
B.k. 1966 R>u [°gyNycpjpdp¨ kp∑_°V$ gMpep¨ S> _\u.
8. L$fi_X$ cpjpdp¨ :-
hu. L°$. Np°L$pL°$ _°p¨ g°[p DÎg°M L$f°g R>° L°$ L$fi_X$ cpjpdp¨ kp•‚\d kp∑_°V$
dı[u Ïe¨L$V°$i Ape¨Nf° Ap‡ey. Ap cpjpdp¨ kp∑_°V$ B.k. 1930 R>u ApÏey A_°
[° AÛV$p°jV$`]$u, Qp•]$k`]$u [fuL°$ Ap°mMpey.
9. dgepdg cpjpdp¨ :-
bu. bu. L©$ÛZhp°fuef dprl[u Ap ° R>° L°$ dgepgddp¨ ∆. i¨L$f Ly$fy ‹pfp
”uku_p Npmpdp¨ kp∑_°V$_p° ‚p]y$cpÆh \ep° A_° [°_° "Nu[L$dπ' _pd Ap °g R>°.
10. tk^u cpjpdp¨ :-
dp°l_kvO kp∑_°V$ rhi° dprl[u Ap`° R>° L°$ tk^u cpjpdp¨ `l°gy¨ kp∑_°V$
_pfpeZ "id°' gøey¨ L°$ lqf "q]$gNuf°' gøey¨ A° rhi° d[d[p¨[f R>°. Ap cpjpdp¨
1964 dp¨ kp∑_°V$_p° ‚p]y$cpÆh \ep° A_° lSy> Z kp∑_°V$ fQ_pAp°_u ‚qæ$ep Qpgy
R>°.
11. L$pÌdufu cpjpdp¨ :-
66
L$pÌdufu cpjpdp¨ Z W$uL$ L$lu iL$pe [°hu kam[p\u kp∑_°V$ gMpZp R>°.
12. [prdg cpjpdp¨ :-
A°k. L¨$]$ıhpdu _°p¨ ° R>° L°$ [prdgdp¨ kp∑_°V$ R>° f¨[y Mpk _rl. \p°X$p OZp
‚ep°Np° \e°g R>°. kp∑_°V$_p¨ ıhÍ`_p k¨ |ZÆ [pq“hL$ QQpÆ ApL©$r[dp¨ \B [°d L$l°hy
dyÌL°$g R>°.
13. k¨ıL©$[ cpjpdp¨ :-
k¨ıL©$[ cpjpdp¨ Óu Np•fu‚kp]$ Tpgp_y¨ A°L$ kp∑_°V$ "kp•cp¡edπ' A°d_p
L$pÏek¨N∞l B.k. 1955 "kyÛdp' dp¨ dm° R>°.
67
‚L$fZ - 4
`p]$V$u` _°p¨
1. ky]$fdπ : "AhpÆQu_ L$rh[p', ”u. Ap. B.k. 1965,
‚L$piL$ - NyS>fp[ rh¤pkcp, `©. 348
2. fd°i iyL$g : "A_yhpL$π$', ‚. Ap. B.k. 1976, ‚L$piL$ -
NyS>Æf N∞¨\f–_ L$pepÆge, `©. 90
3. du_y ]°$kpB : "kprl–e L$kb$', ‚. Ap. B.k. 1973, ‚L$piL$
- NyS>Æf N∞¨\f–_ L$pepÆge, `©. 138
4. filp_pgpg : "L°$V$gp¨L$ L$pÏep° cp. 1$', ”u. Ap. B.k. 1951,
‚L$piL$ - X$pµ. d_p°lf filp_pgpg L$rh, `©. 113
5. c©Nyfpe A¨≈qfep : "$L$pfi[ rhi° - c©Nyfpe A¨≈qfep', ‚. Ap. Sy>gpB
B.k. 1983, ‚L$piL$ - Apf. Apf. i°W$_u
L¨$`_u, `©. 129
6. _rg_ fphm : "$A_ycph', ‚. Ap. B.k. 1975 ‚L$piL$, -
hp°fp A°fiX$ L¨$`_u, `©. 47
7. c©Nyfpe A¨≈qfep : "$L$pfi[ rhi° - c©Nyfpe A¨≈qfep', ‚. Ap. Sy>gpB
1983, ‚L$piL$ - Apf. Apf. i°W$_u L¨$`_u, `©.
10
8. b. L$. W$pL$p°f : "Álpfp¨ kp∑_°V$$' (rhhfZ-1), 14. Ap. Ap°L$V$p°.
1935, ‚L$piL$ - b. L$. W$pL$p°f, `©. 49
9. b. L$. W$pL$p°f : "cZL$pf$' (1951), Ap. B.k. 1951
‚L$piL$ - ^u.bu.k°l_u, rbfp]$fu rgrd.$, `©.
194-95
10. b. L$. W$pL$p°f : "Álpfp¨ kp∑_°V$$' (rhhfZ-1) 14. Ap. Ap°L$V$p°.
1935, ‚L$piL$ - b. L$. W$pL$p°f, `©. 49
68
11. fp.rh.`pW$L$ k¨`p. : "`|hpÆgp`$', 11 Ap. B.k. 1974 `©. 15
12. Ddpi¨L$f ≈°iu : "i•gu A_° ıhÍ`$', bu. Ap. d°. 1972, ‚L$piL$
- hp°fp A°fiX$ L¨$`_u, `©. 157
13. ky¨]$f∆ b°V$pB : "$kyhZÆd°O', ‚. Ap. B.k. 1964 ‚L$piL$ -
Apf. Apf. i°W$_u L¨$`_u, `©. 16
14. r_f¨S>_ cN[ : "NyS>fp[u kprl–e_p° Br[lpk N∞¨\-3$', ‚. Ap.
B.k. 1978, ‚L$piL$ - NyS>fp[u kprl–e
`qfj]$, `©. 495
15. r_f¨S>_ cN[ : "NyS>fp[u kprl–e_p° Br[lpk N∞¨\-3$' ‚. Ap.
1978 ‚L$piL$ - NyS>fp[u kprl–e `qfj]$, `©.
506-507
16. Q¨÷i¨L$f cÀ$ : "$Ap`Zp¨ kp∑_°V$', ‚. Ap. _h°Ábf 1971
‚L$piL$ - hp°fp A°fiX$ L¨$`_u, `©. 13-14
17. ‚L$pi dl°[p : "$Afihur[', ‚. Ap. B.k. 1978, ‚L$piL$ -
Aip°L$ ‚L$pi_, `©. 43-44
18. filp_pgpg : "L°$V$gp¨L$ L$pÏep° cp. 1$', ”u. Ap. B.k. 1951,
‚L$piL$ - X$pµ. d_p°lf filp_pgpg L$rh, `©. 113
19. c©Nyfpe A¨≈qfep : "$L$pfi[ rhi° - c©Nyfpe A¨≈qfep', ‚. Ap. B.k.
1983, ‚L$piL$ - Apf. Apf. i°W$_u L¨$`_u, `©.
10
20. Ddpi¨L$f ≈°iu : "Álpfp¨ kp∑_°V$ b. L$. W$p.', bu. Ap. _h°. 1953,
‚L$piL$ - A°d. A°d. q”`pW$u gu., `©. 12
69
‚L$fZ - 5
NyS>fp[udp¨ kp∑_°V$ :
(dl“h_p kp∑_°V$ kS>ÆL$p°)(1) b. L$. W$pL$p°f(1) b. L$. W$pL$p°f(1) b. L$. W$pL$p°f(1) b. L$. W$pL$p°f(1) b. L$. W$pL$p°f
(2) Ddp¨iL$f ≈°ju(2) Ddp¨iL$f ≈°ju(2) Ddp¨iL$f ≈°ju(2) Ddp¨iL$f ≈°ju(2) Ddp¨iL$f ≈°ju
(3) ky¨]$fdπ(3) ky¨]$fdπ(3) ky¨]$fdπ(3) ky¨]$fdπ(3) ky¨]$fdπ
(4) fpS>°fi÷ ipl(4) fpS>°fi÷ ipl(4) fpS>°fi÷ ipl(4) fpS>°fi÷ ipl(4) fpS>°fi÷ ipl
(5) r_f¨S>_ cN[(5) r_f¨S>_ cN[(5) r_f¨S>_ cN[(5) r_f¨S>_ cN[(5) r_f¨S>_ cN[
(6) S>e¨[ `pW$L$(6) S>e¨[ `pW$L$(6) S>e¨[ `pW$L$(6) S>e¨[ `pW$L$(6) S>e¨[ `pW$L$
(7) Di_kπ(7) Di_kπ(7) Di_kπ(7) Di_kπ(7) Di_kπ
����� Afie kp∑_°V$ kS>ÆL$p°_y¨ ‚]$p_ Afie kp∑_°V$ kS>ÆL$p°_y¨ ‚]$p_ Afie kp∑_°V$ kS>ÆL$p°_y¨ ‚]$p_ Afie kp∑_°V$ kS>ÆL$p°_y¨ ‚]$p_ Afie kp∑_°V$ kS>ÆL$p°_y¨ ‚]$p_
bmh¨[fpe W$pL$p°f
‚L$fZ - 5
NyS>fp[udp¨ kp∑_°V$ : dl“h_p kp∑_°V$ kS>ÆL$p°
(1) b. L$. W$pL$p°f
`rfQe
|fy _pd : bgh¨[fpe L$ÎepZfpe W$pL$p°f
D`_pd : "k°l_u'
S>fid : 23du Ap°L$V$p°bf, 1869
d©–ey : 2∆ ≈fieyApfu, 1952
S>fid ı\m : cÍQ
r`[p : L$ÎepZfpe
dp[p : S>d_pb°_
`–_u : Q¨÷drZ
k[p_p° : `y”u - 2 : Q¨Qg, Np•fu
`y” - 3 : dyLy$fi]$, ]$u`L$, ‚bp°^
rinZ : ‚p\rdL$ rinZ cÍQdp¨, dp¬erdL$ rinZ L$pqW$ephpX$
lpBıL|$g, fpS>L$p°V$dp¨ B.k.1883 dp¨ dybB eyr_hrkÆV$u_u
d°qV≤$L$eyg°i_ qfnp kpf L$fu. B.k. 1887 dp¨ dybB_u
A°rÎafiıV$_ L$p∑g°S>dp D√Q rinZ_p° ‚pfc. B.k. 1889
dp¨ X°$LL$_ L$p∑g°S>dp¨ D√Q AÊepk. bu.A°. Br[lpk A_°
A\Æipı” rhjep° kp\° L$eyØ. a°gp° [fuL°$ X°$LL$_ L$p∑g°S>dp¨
r_dpep. B.k. 1891 dp¨ X°$LL$_ L$p∑g°S>dp¨ A°d.A°. _p°
AÊepk iÍ L$e°pÆ, `Z B.k. 1893 dp¨ AÊepk AO|fp°
R>p°X$ep°.
70
Ïehkpe : B.k. 1890 b°fpd∆ dgbpfu_p "BfiX$ue_ ı °L$V°$V$f' dp¨
klpeL$ [¨”u [fuL°$ k°hp iÍ L$fu. B.k. 1894 dp¨ [°dp¨ S>
D`[¨”u [fuL°$, S>° B.k. 1895 ky^u f¸p. B.k. 1894
dp¨ ]$qfepdlg_p _pfZ]$pk ‹pfL$p]$pk_p V$eyV$f [fuL°$
dy¨bBdp¨ L$pd L$eyØ, L$fp¨Qudp¨ X$u. S>°. tkO L$p∑g°S>dp¨
Br[lpk_p L$pdQgpD ‚p¬ep`L$ [fuL°$ 11-6-1895 \u
18-9-1895 ky^u. 6-3-1896 \u 12-10-1896
ky^u A¨N∞°∆ kprl–e, gp°∆L$ A_° dp°fg qagp°kp°au_p
L$pdQgpD `∞p¬ep`L$ [fuL°$ hX$p°]$fp L$p∑g°S>dp¨ 13-10-
1896 \u AS>d°f_u Nh_Æd°fiV$ L$p∑g°S>dp¨ Br[lpk A_°
[“hop__p ‚p¬ep`L$ b° hjÆ ky^u. A¬ep`L$ D`fp¨[
L$pdQgpD ApQpeÆ [fuL°$_u k°hp A_° d°ep° L$p∑g°S>_p
r‚sfik`pg [\p AS>d°f Áeyr_rk`prgV$u_p Q°fd°_ [fuL°$
hp°qX≠$¡V$__p k|Q_\u ”Z hjÆ k°hpAp° Ap`u. B.k. 1899
dp¨ X°$LL$_ L$p∑g°S>dp¨ Br[lpk_p L$pdQgpD A¬ep`L$ A_°
L$pdQgpD ApQpeÆ [fuL°$_u k°hp. 28-5-1902 \u
Br[lpk qagp°kp°au_p ‚p¬ep`L$ [fuL°$ afu\u AS>d°f_u
L$p∑g°S>dp¨ S>° 27-8-1904 ky^u. 28-8-1904 \u
fpS>L$p°V$_u fpS>Ly$dpf L$p∑g°S>dp k°L$fiX$ Aprk. [fuL°$, S>° B.k.
1913 dpQÆ_u ApMf ky^u k°hp r_cphu. `R>u _hdpk
L$pqW$ephpX$ A°S>fikudp A°S>eyL°$i_g Ap°qakf [fuL°$, B.k.
1914 dp¨ afu\u |_p_u X°$LL$_ L$p∑g°S>dp¨ L$pedu ‚p¬ep`L$
[fuL°$ S>° 23-10-1924 r_h©r— gu^u –ep ky u k°hp Ap`u.
r_h©r— `R>u B.k. 1927 dp¨ hX$p°]$fp_u bfp°X$p L$p∑g°S>dp¨
Br[lpk_p Ah°∆ A›ep`L$ [fuL°$, S>° B.k. 1929 ky^u
k°hpdp f¸p.
rhi°j k°hpAp° : "V$pBÁk Ap°a BrfiX$ep' [\p Afie A¨N∞°∆ - NyS>fp[u ]•$r_L$
kpdreL$p°dp¨ Ahgp°L$_ A_° L$V$pf g°M_.
71
3∆ NyS>fp[u kprl–e `qfj]$_p fpS>L$p °V$ cfpe°g
Ar^h°i_dp dyøed”u.
NyS>fp[u kprl–e qfj]$ c¨X$p°m L$rdV$u_u ı\p`_p, [°_p
d¨”u ]°$ B.k. 1925 ky u.
L$pqW$ephpX$ ]y$L$pm k¨L$V$ krdr[dp¨ d¨”u [fuL°$ B.k. 1911
ky u. gp°XÆ$lpqXØ$N d°mp krdr[ fpS>L$p°V$dp¨ d¨”u [fuL°$.
BrfiX$e_ rlıV$p°qfL$g f°L$XÆ$k L$rdi__p kÊe`]$_u _h
hjÆ_u k°hpAp°.
dybB eyr_hrkÆV$u_p a°gp° B.k. 1929 ky u.
NyS>fp[u kprl–e qfj]$ Ad]$php]$ Ar^h°i__p Br[lpk
rhcpN_p A›en.
dybB eyr_hrkÆV$u_p kp∑_°V$ kÊe [fuL°$ ]$f hjÆ_u k°hpAp°.
dy¨bB eyr_hrkÆV$u L$p∑g°S> Bfiı`°L$i_ L$rdV$u_p kÊeg°M°
”Zhpf_u k°hpAp°.
dy ¨bB A_° `R>u b_pfk - _pN`yf - L$h£ hN°f°
eyr_hrkÆV$uAp°dp KQpdp KQu qfnpAp°dp qfnL$ B.k.
1900 \u dp¨X$u_° ”Z]$peL$p\u h^pf° kde ky u.
d©–ey : dybBdp¨ 2∆ ≈fieyApfu, 1952 _p.
b. L$. W$pL$p°f_y¨ kprl–edp¨ ‚]$p_ :
L$rh[p : cZL$pfp (1) `l°gu pfp, B.k. 1917
(2) bu∆ pfp, B.k. 1928
(3) B.k. 1941 gNu_p L$pÏep°_p° kN∞l,
B.k. 1942.
(4) 1950 gNu_p¨ gOy A_° d¬edL$]$_u
L©$r[Ap°_p° kN∞l, _h°kf kp[ Ny√R>dp
72
NyrÁa[, B.k. 1951 .
Álpfp¨ kp∑_°V$ : B.k. 1935.
Np°`u˘]$e (A_yhp]$) : B.k. 1943.
_hrgL$p : "]$iÆr_ey' `l°gu Aph©r—, B.k. 1920; bu∆
Aph©r—, B.k. 1940.
_pV$L$ : "DN[u Sy>hp_u' : B.k. 1923.
g¡_dp¨ b∞˚QeÆ A\hp k¨ep°N° rhep°N : B.k. 1928
Arcop_ ipLy$fi[gdπ (A_yhp]$) B.k. 1906;
bu∆ Aph©r—, B.k. 1931.
dpgrhL$pr¡_ rd” (A_ych) B.k. 1933.
kp°rhe°V$ _hSy>hp_u (A_ych) B.k. 1935.
rhh°Q_ : L$rh[p rinZ : ‚\d Aph©r— B.k. 1925,
bu∆ Aph©r— B.k. 1946
rgqfL$ : B.k. 1928.
_rh_ L$rh[p rhi° Ïepøep_p° : B.k. 1943.
rhrh^ Ïepøep_p° (Ny√R> `l°gp°) : B.k. 1945, (Ny√R>
buš) : B.k. 1948.
cZL$pf (51) rhhfZ : B.k. 1951 ‚h°iL$p° Ny√R> -
1, B.k. 1959, Ny√R> - 2, B.k. 1961.
∆h_ Qqf” : AbpgpgcpB : B.k. 1928.
‡gyV$pLÆ$_p ∆h_Qqf[p° (A_yhp]$) : B.k. 1906.
`Qp°[°fd° (L$[pÆ_p ∆h_ rhi° L°$V$guL$ rd[pnfu _°p^) B.k.
1946.
Br[lpk : Br[lpk q]$Nπ]$iÆ_ : B.k. 1928.
73
ey_pBV°$X$ ıV°$V$πk : B.k. 1928.
`q”L$pAp° : (S>°dp¨_p gMpZp° L$p°B k¨L$g_pN∞\p°dp¨ kdphpep¨ _\u.)
rh^hp rhhpl (ı”u kdpS> rhjeL$) : B.k. 1886.
Ly$fi[u : B.k. 1907.
k¨æ$psfi[ kdedp¨ ı”uAp° (ı”u kdpS> rhjeL$) :
B.k. 1928
ifuf ıhpı’e (Ïepepd, Apfp°¡e rhjeL$) :
B.k. 1936
kprl–e k¨ı\pL$ue :
NyS>fp[u kprl–e qfj]$ rhj° ”Z Ïepøep_p° :
B.k. 1909
`qfj]$ ‚h©r—, rhcpN bu≈° A_° ”u≈° : B.k. 1928
k`p]$_ : L$pfi[dpgp (Afie klk¨`p]$L$ kp\°) : B.k. 1924.
Ap`Zu L$rh[p kd©qŸ 1gu Aph©r— B.k. 1931, f∆
Aph©r— 1939; Afie dy÷Z B.k. 1944, B.k. 1946
Np°.dp.q”. L©$[ kpnf ∆h_ (A`|ZÆ) : ‚\d Aph©r— :
B.k. 1919 _hgfpd `¨X$epL©$[ HN∞°S> gp°L$_p° k¨qˇp‡[
Br[lpk, ”u∆ Aph©r— : B.k. 1922 ”u∆ NyS>fp[u
kprl–e `qfj]$_p° Al°hpg A_° r_b¨^ k¨N∞l (kpnf
L$rdV$u_p Afie kÊep° kp\°) : B.k. 1911.
A¨N∞°∆ yı[L$p° :
An Account of the first Madhavrav Peshava: A.D. 1897
- Indian Administration to the Dawn ofResponsible Government : A.D. 1922
74
- The text of the Sakuntala : A.D. 1922
- Note to the Bombay Government Lipi
Reform Committee : A.D. 1949
dfZp°—f ‚L$pi_p° :
: d. k. rhÔh rh¤pge ‹pfp ‚L$pri[ :
L$rh[p : cZL$pf : B.k. 1951 _u Aph©r—_y k¨ip° _ ‚. y.
dy÷Z : B.k. 1968.
Álpfp¨ kp∑_°V$ : bu∆ Aph©r—_y ‚\d y. : dy÷Z :
B.k. 1962
Álpfp¨ kp∑_°V$ : bu∆ Aph©r—_y buSy> y. : dy÷Z :
B.k. 1964
r_fy—dp : B.k. 1957.
_pV$L$ : rhæ$dp°hÆiue (A_yhp]$) : B.k. 1958.
rhh°Q_ : rhrh^ Ïepøep_p° Ny√R> ”u≈° : B.k. 1956
- ‚h°iL$p° : Ny√R> l°gp° : B.k. 1960
- ‚h°iL$p° : Ny√R> bu≈° : B.k. 1961
_hu_ L$rh[p rhj° Ïepøep_p° : 1964
k`p]$_ : Ap`Zu L$rh[p kd©qŸ : 4-5-6 _p `y_: dy÷Z : B.k.
1954, B.k. 1956, 1964
- NyS>Æf fpkphgu (A°d.X$u. ]°$kpB A_° dp°]$u kp\°), : B.k.
1956.
- rhæ$dQqf”fpk : B.k. 1957.
X$pefu : q]$fiL$u cpN - 1, hjÆ 1888 - 1969
75
q]$fiL$u cpN - 2, hjÆ 1976
: Afie k¨ı\p ‹pfp ‚L$pri[ :
- Álpfp¨ kp∑_°V$ (k¨. Ddpi¨L$f ≈°iu), ky pf°gu h^pf°gu bu. Ap.
B.k. 1953.
- A¨bX$ rh¤p^f fpk : B.k. 1953.
bgh¨[fpe_u A‚rkŸ L©$r[Ap° :
`¤ : ]y$ÛL$pm, Ngu, Nyù∆, rhN∞l - L$pÏep°
N¤ : V$u °V$u °, Ahgp°L$_p°, ErdÆd|r[ÆL$gp`u, dlpL$rh L$prg]$pk
: ∆h_ A_° L$h_, t`Ng`pW$, Ag¨L$pf`pW$, cpf[ue
L$pÏedudp¨kp, eyfp°`ue L$pÏedudp¨kp, NyS>fp[u cpjp_y¨
ÏepL$fZ.
bgh¨[fpe_p A‚rkŸ A_yhp]$p° :
d°O]| $[, Nu[p, fpi°g_p° N©l–epN, ]° $icqL$[_p°
Ïep°dL$mi.
bgh¨[fpe_p A‚rkŸ k¨ p]$_p° :
Np°h Æ_fpdL©$[ A›ep–d∆h_, ‚pQu_, NyS>Æf fpkphrg,
dy¡^phbp° dπ, dp•qL$[L$dπ, dp¨X$ZL©$[ rkŸQæ$fpk A\hp
Óu`pg fp≈_p° fpk, h√R>L©$[ d©Np¨L$g°Mpfpk.
----------------
76
bgh¨[fpe L$. W$pL$p°f_p¨ kp∑_°V$
b. L$. W$pL$p°f° L$pÏe_° rQf¨∆hu b_ph_pf [“h_° ‚^p_ ı\p_ Ap`u
"rhQpf‚^p_ L$rh[p_° q‹≈°—d' L$lu. L$rh[p_p ApL$pf A_° A¨[ı[“h bpb[°
[°dZ° kO_ rhQpfZp L$fu_° A\ÆO_ fur[_p drldp_° ApNm L$e°pÆ. "L$pÏe kdN∞"L$pÏe kdN∞"L$pÏe kdN∞"L$pÏe kdN∞"L$pÏe kdN∞
`f–h°_p A°d_p Ap Ap]$iÆ A`°np - ‚ep°Np° kp∑_°V$ıh`f–h°_p A°d_p Ap Ap]$iÆ A`°np - ‚ep°Np° kp∑_°V$ıh`f–h°_p A°d_p Ap Ap]$iÆ A`°np - ‚ep°Np° kp∑_°V$ıh`f–h°_p A°d_p Ap Ap]$iÆ A`°np - ‚ep°Np° kp∑_°V$ıh`f–h°_p A°d_p Ap Ap]$iÆ A`°np - ‚ep°Np° kp∑_°V$ıhÍÍÍÍÍ ` A¨N° rhi°j` A¨N° rhi°j` A¨N° rhi°j` A¨N° rhi°j` A¨N° rhi°j
am]$peu `yfhpf \ep R>°. A°d gpN° R>° L°$ A°d_u ]$qÛV$ iqL$[ dpV°$ kp∑_°V$ S>am]$peu `yfhpf \ep R>°. A°d gpN° R>° L°$ A°d_u ]$qÛV$ iqL$[ dpV°$ kp∑_°V$ S>am]$peu `yfhpf \ep R>°. A°d gpN° R>° L°$ A°d_u ]$qÛV$ iqL$[ dpV°$ kp∑_°V$ S>am]$peu `yfhpf \ep R>°. A°d gpN° R>° L°$ A°d_u ]$qÛV$ iqL$[ dpV°$ kp∑_°V$ S>am]$peu `yfhpf \ep R>°. A°d gpN° R>° L°$ A°d_u ]$qÛV$ iqL$[ dpV°$ kp∑_°V$ S>
r_rdÆ[ n°”° l[y¨. Ap`Zp¨ kp∑_°V$k¨N∞lp°dp¨ [°\u S> A° cp[ `pX°$ A°hp° k¨N∞lr_rdÆ[ n°”° l[y¨. Ap`Zp¨ kp∑_°V$k¨N∞lp°dp¨ [°\u S> A° cp[ `pX°$ A°hp° k¨N∞lr_rdÆ[ n°”° l[y¨. Ap`Zp¨ kp∑_°V$k¨N∞lp°dp¨ [°\u S> A° cp[ `pX°$ A°hp° k¨N∞lr_rdÆ[ n°”° l[y¨. Ap`Zp¨ kp∑_°V$k¨N∞lp°dp¨ [°\u S> A° cp[ `pX°$ A°hp° k¨N∞lr_rdÆ[ n°”° l[y¨. Ap`Zp¨ kp∑_°V$k¨N∞lp°dp¨ [°\u S> A° cp[ `pX°$ A°hp° k¨N∞l
[°d_u L$gd Ap`u iL$u R>°.'[°d_u L$gd Ap`u iL$u R>°.'[°d_u L$gd Ap`u iL$u R>°.'[°d_u L$gd Ap`u iL$u R>°.'[°d_u L$gd Ap`u iL$u R>°.'1
kp∑_°V$ L$pÏe‚L$pf_° ◊Y$d|g L$e°pÆ, ]$p°Y$kp°\u h^y
kp∑_°V$p° gMu A°d_p¨ kp∑_°V$p° ‚°d, d•”u, hp ÆL$e, d©–ey, ÓŸp, L$rh[prhjeL$ S>°hp
Ap–dgnu L°$ ıhp_ycph_p L$pÏep° R>°g [p° ‚L©$r[, kdpS>, fpS>e, Br[lpk, kkpf_p
kyM: ]y$M, fd°Ôhf S>°hp khpÆ_ych - fgnu kp∑_°V$p° Z R>°.
"S|>_y r`efOf', "dp°Nfp°', "h^pdZu' S>°hp¨ kp∑_°V$p° NyS>fp[u kprl–e_p
D—d NZ_p`p” kp∑_°V$p° R>°. "¤©r[L$Zu', "≈NfZ' S>°hp rhflp_yc|r[_p ip°L$gnu;
"L$rh_y A°L$p[', "huZp˘]$e', "L$rh[p_u Adf[p', "kS>ÆL$ L$qh A_° gp°L$r‚e[p',
"kp∑_°V$ ‚isı[' S>°hp L$rh[p_° L°$fi÷dp¨ fpMu rhQpf‚^p_, ‚hplu AN°e `¤_p
k|rQ[ Bipfp "_ÏeL$rh[p' dp¨ L$rh[p_p dyM° dyL$pep R>°. "cZL$pfp' ‹pfp
L$pÏe‚cph_u kS>ÆL$ Q°[_p_° Ïe¨S>_pkl$ Apg°Mu R>°.
d•”u A°V$g° r_:ıhp\Æ k¨b¨^_u kyhpk. "OZ° OZ° hj£', "Nep° S>[y¨
Aip°L$dp¨', A°L$ rd”_y¨ cfSy>hp_udp¨ d©–ey¨ S>°hu fQ_pdp¨ rd”cph_p_° ıd©r[dp¨
A_° Sy>]$pB_p Nd_° Apg°øep R>°, h©Ÿphı\p_p ∆h_kOjÆ_° L°$fi÷dp fpM[p kp∑_°V$
b. L$. W$pL$p°f_u kp∑_°V$fpri A°L$ rhi°j[p flu R>°. "L$kp°V$u', "h©Ÿp°_u ]$ip', "A°L$
rQ”', "h©Ÿp°_y¨ dp°Vy¨$ ]y$:M', "Ar_qÚ[[p', "]y$`V$ ]y$M]$p', "S>S>Æqf[ ]°$l_°' S>°hp
kp∑_°V$dp¨ L$fyZk¨h°]$_ O|V$ey¨ R>°. ""hp^ÆL$e A_° d©–ey S>°hp S>° rhjep° `|hÆL$pgu_
L$rh[pdp¨ c–kÆ_p A_° cur[_p rhcphp° [m° ÏeL$[ \[p A° rhjep° W$pL$p°f_u
kp∑_°V$L©$r[Ap°dp¨ k¨h°]$_ A_° tQ[__p° _hp° S> ı`iÆ pd[p ≈°hp dm° R>°.'2
Alv
r_]£$Ìep dyS>b d©–eyrhjeL$ fQ_pAp° S>° dm° R>° [°dp¨ - "ed_° r_d¨”Z', "Ly$]$f[
A_° dp°[', "r_ip A_° d©–ey', "A°L$ Apip' S>°hp¨ kp∑_°V$dp¨ ‚cycqL$[, ÓŸp,
`yùjp\Æ S>°hp¨ tQ[_ kcf Apg°M_dp¨ W$pL$p°f_u Ap¬eps–dL$ ◊qÛV$_p¨ ]$iÆ_ \[p¨
fl° R>°. "ApTp]$u r]$_', "kp• ÍXy¨$ S>°_p° A¨[ ÍX$p°', "Np¨^u∆_u pqL$ı[p_° QY$pB',
"Óu S>hplfgpg _l°fy_°' Ad°qfL$p - ]y$r_ep_u dm°gu A¨S>rg\u ApNm h^[p "Óu
77
S>hplf_u L$ap°X$u sı\r[', "eyN `gV$p°' S>°hp ey¡dL$ ky^u ]°$i_u A° kde_u
`qfsı\r[_° Apg°M[u Br[lpk rhjeL$ fQ_pAp° Z dm° R>°. R>u_p æ$d° W$pL$p°f°
rhÔheyŸ rhjeL$ kp∑_°V$ Apg°øep¨ R>°.
kyM]y$:M kp∑_°V$dpmp A^|fu flu lp°hp¨ R>[p¨ [°dp¨ W$pL$p°f_u tQ[L$ L$rh_u
‚iıe R>rb D`ku R>°. ‚L©$r[_p r_Í`Zhpmu fQ_pAp°dp¨ - "Ly$]$f[ ‚[uL$ f°hp',
"Ly$]$f[_u Np°]$', "[pfp ]$iÆ_' S>°hu fQ_pAp°dp¨ ‚L©$r[_p Apg°M_ ‹pfp tQ[_
D`kpÏey R>°. "hjpÆ_u A°L$ ky]$f kpS>', "cZL$pfp' S>°hp kp∑_°V$ kd©Ÿ kp∑_°V$fpri_p
_d|_pÍ` kp∑_°V$ f¸p¨ R>°.
"L$prg]$pk', "b° L$rhhf' S>°hp ÏeqL$[ rhjeL$ "cÍQ', "Ad]$php]$',
"ıV°$rg_N∞pX°$' S>°hp ı\m rhjeL$ kp∑_°V$ `Z [°d_u kp∑_°V$ fpridp¨ R>°. "[dpLy$',
"S|>_y¨ d^' S>°hp kpdpfie Óy÷ NZp[p rhje D`f [°dZ° kp∑_°V$ gøep¨ R>°. Apd
kp∑_°V$dp¨ rhjeN[ fu[° kpdpfie\u dlp_ rhje ky^u_p r_Í`Z_° ı\p_ d˛ey¨
R>°.
rhje_° ApNhu `p°[uL$u fur[\u r_Í`Z\u dp¨X$u_° kO_ A°L$[p,
A\ÆO_[p, DqL$[gpOh, cpjp_phufie_p ‚ep°N ‹pfp L$pÏe_p A¨[f¨N - brlf¨N
Dce`n° L$gp k¨erd[ kpeySe kp^u A°L$ ‚ep°Nr‚e dp_k_p¨ ]$iÆ_ L$fpÏep¨ R>°.
[°d_u kp∑_°V$ fpridp¨\u A°L$\u rhi°j D]$plfZÍ` _d|_pAp° dmu fl°i°.
kp∑_°V$_p bp¸ gnZp°dp¨_p `¨qL[rhcpN, ‚pkd°mhZudp¨ NyS>fp[u
cpjp_° A_yÍ` fur[\u Apg°M_ L$eyØ R>°. `¨qL$[_p rhcpNuL$fZ_u `f¨`fp_u
`Ÿr[_° A`_phu R>°. °V≤$pLÆ$ipB, rdÎV$_ipB [°dS> ıh[”fur[_° A_ykepÆ R>°. [°dZ°
rdÎV$_ipB Ÿr[ [fa h^pf° n`p[ fpøep° R>°. i°L$πsı`efipB Ÿr[_p kp∑_°V$
≈°hp dm[p _\u. "_ÏeL$rh[p' dp¨ kp∑_°V$_u Qp•]$ `¨qL$[_° b°-b° ey¡dL$Í`° d|L$u
rhcpS>_ lp\ eyØ R>°. NyS>fp[u kprl–edp kp∑_°V$_p D]$πchL$pm\u S> L$rh kp∑_°V$_p
‚pk bpb[° TpTp° tQr[[ f¸p° _\u. W$pL$p°f `Z [°dp¨\u bpL$p[ f¸p _\u.
ArcÏeqL$[_° A_yL|$m klS>[p\u S>° ‚pk Ap‡ep R>° [° Ÿr[ b. L$. W$pL$p°f° A`_phu
R>°. Z A°V$gy Mfy: L°$ ‚pk L©$r[_p b¨ , kdN∞ A°L$[p, kO_[p_° d]$]$Í` f¸p¨ R>°.
kp∑_°V$_p R>¨]$p°rh^p_dp¨ dl]$πA¨i° W$pL$p°f° ©’huh©—_p° rhi°j D`ep°N L$e°pÆ
R>°. AN°e `¤_p drldp_° kpd’eÆ Ap`hp_p ‚ep°NÍ` h©—p°dp¨ a°fapf L$fhp_p
‚ep°N `Z L$epÆ R>°. `©’huh©—dp¨ h√Q° ”Z gOyÓyr[Ap° d|L$u [°Ap° "`©’hur[gL$'
78
S>°hp° R>¨]$ Adgdp¨ d|L°$ R>°. riMqfZu, d¨]$pæ$pfi[p, lqfZu, hk¨[r[gL$p,
ip]|Æ$grhæ$uqX$[, NygbL$u, A_yÛVy$` S>°hp R>]$p° A_° hk[ - ip]|Æ$grhæ$uqX$[, hk[ -
ı”¡^fp S>°hp b° R>¨]$p°_° kp\° d|L$u R>¨]$p°rdÓZ `Z L$epØ R>°. [°d_p D—d kp∑_°V$
d¨]$pæ$pfi[pdp¨ gMpep R>°. b. L$. W$pL$p°f_p¨ kp∑_°V$dp¨ cph‚q[L$p°_p° Ap•rQ–e |hÆL$_p°
D`ep°N \ep° R>°. "lhp hpOZp°', "QL$p°f', "QmL$', "lvQL$p°', "rQfyV$_p yd∞ hgep°',
"lp¨a[piy_L$', "dp°Nfp°' hN°f°.
‚ep°Nr‚e b. L$. W$pL$p°f° kp∑_°V$dp¨ Ahpf_hpf `pW$pfi[f L$epØ R>°, L$epf°L$
A° kp∑_°V$_° D`L$pfL$ f¸p¨ R>°. L$epf°L$ lp_uL$pfL$ Z f¸p R>°. NyS>fp[u kprl–edp¨
kp∑_°V$_° ‚\d Ah[fZ L$fhp_u kp\° ÷Y$ fu[° fp°r`[ L$eyØ. [°d_p rh`yg D—d
ep°N]$p_\u [°dZ° D—d kp∑_°V$L$pf_y¨ rbfy]$ d˝ey¨ R>°. "k¨øep_u ◊qÛV$A° Sy>Ap° L°$"k¨øep_u ◊qÛV$A° Sy>Ap° L°$"k¨øep_u ◊qÛV$A° Sy>Ap° L°$"k¨øep_u ◊qÛV$A° Sy>Ap° L°$"k¨øep_u ◊qÛV$A° Sy>Ap° L°$
NyZh—p_u ◊qÛV$A° [`pkp° W$pL$p°f_u kp∑_°V$kd©rŸ_° l∆ ky^u [p° L$p°B Ap¨buNyZh—p_u ◊qÛV$A° [`pkp° W$pL$p°f_u kp∑_°V$kd©rŸ_° l∆ ky^u [p° L$p°B Ap¨buNyZh—p_u ◊qÛV$A° [`pkp° W$pL$p°f_u kp∑_°V$kd©rŸ_° l∆ ky^u [p° L$p°B Ap¨buNyZh—p_u ◊qÛV$A° [`pkp° W$pL$p°f_u kp∑_°V$kd©rŸ_° l∆ ky^u [p° L$p°B Ap¨buNyZh—p_u ◊qÛV$A° [`pkp° W$pL$p°f_u kp∑_°V$kd©rŸ_° l∆ ky^u [p° L$p°B Ap¨bu
iL$ey¨ _\u. A°dZ° L°$hm kp∑_°V$ gøep¨ lp°[ [p° `Z NyS>fp[u L$rh[pdp¨iL$ey¨ _\u. A°dZ° L°$hm kp∑_°V$ gøep¨ lp°[ [p° `Z NyS>fp[u L$rh[pdp¨iL$ey¨ _\u. A°dZ° L°$hm kp∑_°V$ gøep¨ lp°[ [p° `Z NyS>fp[u L$rh[pdp¨iL$ey¨ _\u. A°dZ° L°$hm kp∑_°V$ gøep¨ lp°[ [p° `Z NyS>fp[u L$rh[pdp¨iL$ey¨ _\u. A°dZ° L°$hm kp∑_°V$ gøep¨ lp°[ [p° `Z NyS>fp[u L$rh[pdp¨
A°d_y¨ ApS>° S>° D√Q_° rhriÛV$ ı\p_ R>° [° A°dZ° ‚p‡[ L$eyØ lp°[. W$pL$p°f_uA°d_y¨ ApS>° S>° D√Q_° rhriÛV$ ı\p_ R>° [° A°dZ° ‚p‡[ L$eyØ lp°[. W$pL$p°f_uA°d_y¨ ApS>° S>° D√Q_° rhriÛV$ ı\p_ R>° [° A°dZ° ‚p‡[ L$eyØ lp°[. W$pL$p°f_uA°d_y¨ ApS>° S>° D√Q_° rhriÛV$ ı\p_ R>° [° A°dZ° ‚p‡[ L$eyØ lp°[. W$pL$p°f_uA°d_y¨ ApS>° S>° D√Q_° rhriÛV$ ı\p_ R>° [° A°dZ° ‚p‡[ L$eyØ lp°[. W$pL$p°f_u
tQ[_gnu A_° hı[y ApN∞lu L$pÏe‚r[cp dpV°$ kp∑_°V$ L$]$pQ kh°pÆ—dtQ[_gnu A_° hı[y ApN∞lu L$pÏe‚r[cp dpV°$ kp∑_°V$ L$]$pQ kh°pÆ—dtQ[_gnu A_° hı[y ApN∞lu L$pÏe‚r[cp dpV°$ kp∑_°V$ L$]$pQ kh°pÆ—dtQ[_gnu A_° hı[y ApN∞lu L$pÏe‚r[cp dpV°$ kp∑_°V$ L$]$pQ kh°pÆ—dtQ[_gnu A_° hı[y ApN∞lu L$pÏe‚r[cp dpV°$ kp∑_°V$ L$]$pQ kh°pÆ—d
dp¬ed _uhX$ey¨.'dp¬ed _uhX$ey¨.'dp¬ed _uhX$ey¨.'dp¬ed _uhX$ey¨.'dp¬ed _uhX$ey¨.'3
NyS>fp[u kprl–edp¨ ‚\d kp∑_°V$ Ap`_pf bgh¨[fpe W$pL$p°f ‚\d
kp∑_°V$dpmp Ap`u iL$ep _\u. A° lLL$ [p° "edg' _p fQre[p Q¨÷h]$_ dl°[p_°
apm° _°p¨ pep° R>°. R>[p¨ kp∑_°V$ kp\° NyS>fp[u kprl–edp¨ bgh¨[fpe_y _pd ≈°X$pe°gy
R>° [°d_p dp[bf ‚]$p_\u L$rhA° NyS>fp[udp¨ kp∑_°V$_° dpV°$_u Apbp°lhp |fu pX$u
R>°, [° kp\° NyS>fp[u kprl–e_° kp∑_°V$dpmp Ap`hp_p° ∞epk Z [°dZ° L$e°pÆ R>°,
`f¨[y [°dZ° Ap]$f°gp Ap `∞epkdp¨ ¬e°egqn[p ky^u [°Ap° `l°p¨Qu iL$ep _\u.
"‚°d_p° q]$hk', "ApTp]$u h^i° S>' A_° "kyM]y$:M' kp∑_°V$dpmp S>°hu kp∑_°V$dpmp
gMhp ‚°fpep R>°. S>°dp A°L$ Z kp∑_°V$dpmp |ZÆÍ ° Ap`u iL$ep _\u. "d|m Apie"d|m Apie"d|m Apie"d|m Apie"d|m Apie
kp∑_°V$dpmp fQhp_p° l[p°, `Z L$p°B ‚k¨N dpV°$ gp¨bu L°$ N°eL©$r[ AphÌeL$kp∑_°V$dpmp fQhp_p° l[p°, `Z L$p°B ‚k¨N dpV°$ gp¨bu L°$ N°eL©$r[ AphÌeL$kp∑_°V$dpmp fQhp_p° l[p°, `Z L$p°B ‚k¨N dpV°$ gp¨bu L°$ N°eL©$r[ AphÌeL$kp∑_°V$dpmp fQhp_p° l[p°, `Z L$p°B ‚k¨N dpV°$ gp¨bu L°$ N°eL©$r[ AphÌeL$kp∑_°V$dpmp fQhp_p° l[p°, `Z L$p°B ‚k¨N dpV°$ gp¨bu L°$ N°eL©$r[ AphÌeL$
gpN[p, dZL$p [°V$gp S> kp∑_°V$ _\u.'gpN[p, dZL$p [°V$gp S> kp∑_°V$ _\u.'gpN[p, dZL$p [°V$gp S> kp∑_°V$ _\u.'gpN[p, dZL$p [°V$gp S> kp∑_°V$ _\u.'gpN[p, dZL$p [°V$gp S> kp∑_°V$ _\u.'4
A°hy L$rhA° L$byÎey R>°, "‚°d_p° q]$hk'
L$pÏedpmp k¨]$c£. "ApTp]$u h^i° S>' kp∑_°V$dpmp_p Qpf S> dZL$p dm° R>°.
"kyM]y$:M' kp∑_°V$dpmp_p [°f dZL$p d˛ep R>°. S>epf° "‚°d_p° q]$hk' _p Ap°NZuk
dZL$pdp¨ kp∑_°V$ rkhpe_p¨ L$pÏep° (1) "A`ÆZ', (2) "`p°Y$p° `p°`V$' (3)
79
"L$fiep]$p_', (4) "R>¨]$p°d¨N°', (5) "k[u_°' bp]$ L$f[p¨ b^p¨ S> kp∑_°V$ ]°$ldp¨
Ah[f°gp¨ R>°. S>°dp¨ A°L$ rhL$pkp–dL$ Apg°M ≈°hp dm° R>°. ‚ı[y[ "‚°d_p° q]$hk' _°
L$pÏepdpmpÍ`° DÎg°M \[p° lp°e [°dS> "ApTp]$u h^i° S>' _p aL$[ Qpf S> kp∑_°V$
dm[p¨ lp°e A_° Apd°e bfi_° kp∑_°V$dpmp [fuL°$ A |ZÆ R>°.
‚°d_p° q]$hk :
bgh¨[fpe_p° d_k|bp° S>°d ‚\d kp∑_°V$ gMhp_p° l[p° [°hp° S> d_k|bp°
‚\d kp∑_°V$dpmp Ap`hp_p° l[p°. [°_p° r_]£$i [°d_p r_h°]$_dp dm° R>°. "d_k|bp°"d_k|bp°"d_k|bp°"d_k|bp°"d_k|bp°
"‚°d_p° q]$hk' ApMy¨ kp∑_°V$dpmp"‚°d_p° q]$hk' ApMy¨ kp∑_°V$dpmp"‚°d_p° q]$hk' ApMy¨ kp∑_°V$dpmp"‚°d_p° q]$hk' ApMy¨ kp∑_°V$dpmp"‚°d_p° q]$hk' ApMy¨ kp∑_°V$dpmpÍÍÍÍÍ `° fQhp_p° l[p°. `f¨[y A°dp¨_u L°$V$guL$`° fQhp_p° l[p°. `f¨[y A°dp¨_u L°$V$guL$`° fQhp_p° l[p°. `f¨[y A°dp¨_u L°$V$guL$`° fQhp_p° l[p°. `f¨[y A°dp¨_u L°$V$guL$`° fQhp_p° l[p°. `f¨[y A°dp¨_u L°$V$guL$
L©$r[ bu≈ OpV$_u L$fhu S> `X$u A°V$g° `R>u AhpÆQu_ NyS>fp[u L$rh[pdp¨L©$r[ bu≈ OpV$_u L$fhu S> `X$u A°V$g° `R>u AhpÆQu_ NyS>fp[u L$rh[pdp¨L©$r[ bu≈ OpV$_u L$fhu S> `X$u A°V$g° `R>u AhpÆQu_ NyS>fp[u L$rh[pdp¨L©$r[ bu≈ OpV$_u L$fhu S> `X$u A°V$g° `R>u AhpÆQu_ NyS>fp[u L$rh[pdp¨L©$r[ bu≈ OpV$_u L$fhu S> `X$u A°V$g° `R>u AhpÆQu_ NyS>fp[u L$rh[pdp¨
‚\d ‡l°gu kp∑_°V$dpmp ÓuQ¨÷h]$_ Ál°[p_u _°p¨^pB'‚\d ‡l°gu kp∑_°V$dpmp ÓuQ¨÷h]$_ Ál°[p_u _°p¨^pB'‚\d ‡l°gu kp∑_°V$dpmp ÓuQ¨÷h]$_ Ál°[p_u _°p¨^pB'‚\d ‡l°gu kp∑_°V$dpmp ÓuQ¨÷h]$_ Ál°[p_u _°p¨^pB'‚\d ‡l°gu kp∑_°V$dpmp ÓuQ¨÷h]$_ Ál°[p_u _°p¨^pB'5
‚ı[y[ L$pÏedpmp_p°
Apf¨c L$rhA° B.k. 1889 dp¨ `|_p dyL$pd° L$f°gp°. L$rh, b∞pDt_N_u L©$r[_u
Akf[m° gMhp ‚°fpep li° Ap AN° X$pµ. ljÆ]$ q”h°]$u S>Zph° R>°, "Ap kp∑_°V$dpmp"Ap kp∑_°V$dpmp"Ap kp∑_°V$dpmp"Ap kp∑_°V$dpmp"Ap kp∑_°V$dpmp
fQhp_u ‚°fZp [°d_° dukuT fp°bVÆ$ b∞pDt_N_p "kp∑_°V$πk ‰p°d p°√eyÆNuT'fQhp_u ‚°fZp [°d_° dukuT fp°bVÆ$ b∞pDt_N_p "kp∑_°V$πk ‰p°d p°√eyÆNuT'fQhp_u ‚°fZp [°d_° dukuT fp°bVÆ$ b∞pDt_N_p "kp∑_°V$πk ‰p°d p°√eyÆNuT'fQhp_u ‚°fZp [°d_° dukuT fp°bVÆ$ b∞pDt_N_p "kp∑_°V$πk ‰p°d p°√eyÆNuT'fQhp_u ‚°fZp [°d_° dukuT fp°bVÆ$ b∞pDt_N_p "kp∑_°V$πk ‰p°d p°√eyÆNuT'
dp¨\u dmu gpN° R>°.'dp¨\u dmu gpN° R>°.'dp¨\u dmu gpN° R>°.'dp¨\u dmu gpN° R>°.'dp¨\u dmu gpN° R>°.'6
Ap A¨N° L$rh_y bep_ Z L¶$L$ Aphy d˛ey R>°. ".... Álpfu".... Álpfu".... Álpfu".... Álpfu".... Álpfu
"‚°d_p° q]$hk' A° ErdÆNu[dpgpdp¨_p L°$V$gp¨L$ M¨X$p° b∞pDt_N_p X≤$pdqV$L$"‚°d_p° q]$hk' A° ErdÆNu[dpgpdp¨_p L°$V$gp¨L$ M¨X$p° b∞pDt_N_p X≤$pdqV$L$"‚°d_p° q]$hk' A° ErdÆNu[dpgpdp¨_p L°$V$gp¨L$ M¨X$p° b∞pDt_N_p X≤$pdqV$L$"‚°d_p° q]$hk' A° ErdÆNu[dpgpdp¨_p L°$V$gp¨L$ M¨X$p° b∞pDt_N_p X≤$pdqV$L$"‚°d_p° q]$hk' A° ErdÆNu[dpgpdp¨_p L°$V$gp¨L$ M¨X$p° b∞pDt_N_p X≤$pdqV$L$
rgqfL$p°_u rgqfL$p°_u rgqfL$p°_u rgqfL$p°_u rgqfL$p°_u (Dramatic Lyric) : A_yL©$r[Ap° NZhu lp°e [p° b°iL$ NZu A_yL©$r[Ap° NZhu lp°e [p° b°iL$ NZu A_yL©$r[Ap° NZhu lp°e [p° b°iL$ NZu A_yL©$r[Ap° NZhu lp°e [p° b°iL$ NZu A_yL©$r[Ap° NZhu lp°e [p° b°iL$ NZu
iL$pe.'iL$pe.'iL$pe.'iL$pe.'iL$pe.'7
Z r_f¨S>_ cN[ L¨$BL$ Sy>]$p° [LÆ$ fS|> L$f[p¨ L$l° R>° L°$ ‚pf¨cdp¨ ".... X$u.".... X$u.".... X$u.".... X$u.".... X$u.
∆. fp°T°V$u_u kp∑_°V$dpmp ∆. fp°T°V$u_u kp∑_°V$dpmp ∆. fp°T°V$u_u kp∑_°V$dpmp ∆. fp°T°V$u_u kp∑_°V$dpmp ∆. fp°T°V$u_u kp∑_°V$dpmp 'the house of life' "∆h__y¨ d¨q]$f'_u"∆h__y¨ d¨q]$f'_u"∆h__y¨ d¨q]$f'_u"∆h__y¨ d¨q]$f'_u"∆h__y¨ d¨q]$f'_u
‚°fZp\u kp∑_°V$dpmp‚°fZp\u kp∑_°V$dpmp‚°fZp\u kp∑_°V$dpmp‚°fZp\u kp∑_°V$dpmp‚°fZp\u kp∑_°V$dpmpÍÍÍÍÍ `° fQhp_y¨ rhQpeyØ l[y¨. `R>u B.k. 1909 dp¨ A°`° fQhp_y¨ rhQpeyØ l[y¨. `R>u B.k. 1909 dp¨ A°`° fQhp_y¨ rhQpeyØ l[y¨. `R>u B.k. 1909 dp¨ A°`° fQhp_y¨ rhQpeyØ l[y¨. `R>u B.k. 1909 dp¨ A°`° fQhp_y¨ rhQpeyØ l[y¨. `R>u B.k. 1909 dp¨ A°
rhQpf_p° –epN L$e°pÆ.'rhQpf_p° –epN L$e°pÆ.'rhQpf_p° –epN L$e°pÆ.'rhQpf_p° –epN L$e°pÆ.'rhQpf_p° –epN L$e°pÆ.'8
‚ı[y[ L$pÏedpmp B.k. 1913 dp¨ Ly$g AY$pf dZL$p
A_° `R>u\u Dd°fZ L$f°g "R>¨]$p°d¨N°' kp\° NZ[p Ly$g Ap°NZuk dZL$p kp\°
L$pÏedpmp `|ZÆ L$fu. L$pÏedpmp_u c|rdL$p S> _LL$u L$f[p¨ L$rhA° b° ”Z drl_p
`kpf L$epÆ l[p. "hpdp' _p `pep `f ≈° L$pÏedpmp fQpB lp°[ [p° L¨$BL$ Sy>]$p S>
OpV$Í`° [° dm[ A°hy¨ W$pL$p°f° _°p¨¬ey¨ R>°. ≈° b^p¨ S> kp∑_°V$ dZL$pÍ`° fQpB lp°[ [p°
ky¨]$f kp∑_°V$dpmp b_[ [°dp¨ b° d[ _ lp°B iL°$. Alv L$rhA° L$sÎ`[ - _preL$p_p
∆h__u L°$V$guL$ nZp°_p cphkcf rQ”p° Apg°øep R>°. kmN L$pÏedpmpdp cph_p
rhrh^ `gV$pAp° r_Í`pep lp°hp\u kp∑_°V$dpmp_p° OpV$ S>Íf d˛ep° R>°. _peL$-
80
_preL$p_p dyMdp¨ L$rhA° k¨hp]$p–dL$ fur[A° kp∑_°V$ dZL$p Apg°øep R>°. [°\u
_pV$ep°rdÆL$pÏep° [fuL°$ Ap°mMpÏep¨ R>°. ‚ı[y[ Ny√R> D`f Ddpi¨L$f ≈°iu L$l° R>° [°d
"A¨N[ A_ych_u dl“h_u R>pep Y$m°gu ≈°B iL$pe R>°.'"A¨N[ A_ych_u dl“h_u R>pep Y$m°gu ≈°B iL$pe R>°.'"A¨N[ A_ych_u dl“h_u R>pep Y$m°gu ≈°B iL$pe R>°.'"A¨N[ A_ych_u dl“h_u R>pep Y$m°gu ≈°B iL$pe R>°.'"A¨N[ A_ych_u dl“h_u R>pep Y$m°gu ≈°B iL$pe R>°.'9
hmu ApNm D`f
Ddpi¨L$f ≈°iuA° A°hy¨ `Z _°p¨¬ey¨ R>°. ".... [p° "cZL$pf' - ‚\d ^pfp_p".... [p° "cZL$pf' - ‚\d ^pfp_p".... [p° "cZL$pf' - ‚\d ^pfp_p".... [p° "cZL$pf' - ‚\d ^pfp_p".... [p° "cZL$pf' - ‚\d ^pfp_p
qV$‡`Zdp¨ ‚p°. W$pL$p°f° k|QÏey¨ l[y¨ [°d "‚°d_p° q]$hk' _p¨ L$pÏep° A¨N[qV$‡`Zdp¨ ‚p°. W$pL$p°f° k|QÏey¨ l[y¨ [°d "‚°d_p° q]$hk' _p¨ L$pÏep° A¨N[qV$‡`Zdp¨ ‚p°. W$pL$p°f° k|QÏey¨ l[y¨ [°d "‚°d_p° q]$hk' _p¨ L$pÏep° A¨N[qV$‡`Zdp¨ ‚p°. W$pL$p°f° k|QÏey¨ l[y¨ [°d "‚°d_p° q]$hk' _p¨ L$pÏep° A¨N[qV$‡`Zdp¨ ‚p°. W$pL$p°f° k|QÏey¨ l[y¨ [°d "‚°d_p° q]$hk' _p¨ L$pÏep° A¨N[
Ap–dgnu ErdÆAp°_u ArcÏeqL$[ L$f[p¨ _pV$ep°rdÆL$pÏep° Ap–dgnu ErdÆAp°_u ArcÏeqL$[ L$f[p¨ _pV$ep°rdÆL$pÏep° Ap–dgnu ErdÆAp°_u ArcÏeqL$[ L$f[p¨ _pV$ep°rdÆL$pÏep° Ap–dgnu ErdÆAp°_u ArcÏeqL$[ L$f[p¨ _pV$ep°rdÆL$pÏep° Ap–dgnu ErdÆAp°_u ArcÏeqL$[ L$f[p¨ _pV$ep°rdÆL$pÏep° (dramaticlyrics) [fuL°$ h^y [p° k¨ep°≈ep¨ R>°. gpNZu_y¨ kp^pfZuL$fZ \[p¨, cph[fuL°$ h^y [p° k¨ep°≈ep¨ R>°. gpNZu_y¨ kp^pfZuL$fZ \[p¨, cph[fuL°$ h^y [p° k¨ep°≈ep¨ R>°. gpNZu_y¨ kp^pfZuL$fZ \[p¨, cph[fuL°$ h^y [p° k¨ep°≈ep¨ R>°. gpNZu_y¨ kp^pfZuL$fZ \[p¨, cph[fuL°$ h^y [p° k¨ep°≈ep¨ R>°. gpNZu_y¨ kp^pfZuL$fZ \[p¨, cph
L$pÏe–h_° `pd[p¨, L$p°B L©$r[ _fu Ap–dgnu fl°hp `pd[u _\u.'L$pÏe–h_° `pd[p¨, L$p°B L©$r[ _fu Ap–dgnu fl°hp `pd[u _\u.'L$pÏe–h_° `pd[p¨, L$p°B L©$r[ _fu Ap–dgnu fl°hp `pd[u _\u.'L$pÏe–h_° `pd[p¨, L$p°B L©$r[ _fu Ap–dgnu fl°hp `pd[u _\u.'L$pÏe–h_° `pd[p¨, L$p°B L©$r[ _fu Ap–dgnu fl°hp `pd[u _\u.'10
L$rhA°
L$pÏedpmp_p° S>° Apg°M Ap‡ep° R>° [° æ$ddp¨ L$pÏep°_y kS>Æ_ \ey _\u. " ∞°d_u Djp'
- B.k. 1893 l°gp, "A◊qÛV$ ]$iÆ_' - B.k. 1890, "_preL$p_u R>°Îgu kgpd'
- B.k. 1895-96, "_peL$_y tQ[h_', "_peL$_y ‚peqÚ[-1 p¨Mp°', "_peL$_y
‚peqÚ[ - 2 dp°Nfp°', "_preL$p_p° D—f' - B.k. 1895-96, "‚p\Æ_p' - B.k.
1897, "‚°d_p° ‚p[: L$pm', "h^pdZu' - B.k. 1897, "hf hlz Ad°' - B.k.
1901, "‚°d_p° d›eplπ_' - B.k. 1895-96, "S|>_y r`ef Of' - B.k. 1898,
"hjpÆ_u A°L$ ky]$f kp¨S>' - B.k. 1899, "‚°d_y r_hpÆZ' - B.k. 1912, "hpdp'
- B.k. 1893 l°gp¨.
"‚°d_u Djp' _p° [p° Apf¨c S> ky¨]$f R>°. kp•cp¡e_p ‚[uL$ kdp° Qp¨]$gp°
|ZÆ L$f[u _preL$p A_° [°_u d_p°c|rddp¨ fp° pe°gp ‚°d_° ApX$L$[fu fu[° h__p
AX$`gp_° d|L$u DW$pÏep° R>°, –ep¨ [p° _peL$ R|>`u fu[° Aphu [°_° ApÔg°j° R>°. gS≈\u
_preL$p duW$p° W$`L$p° Ap`° R>°, "]$lpX°$ e° iy¨ ?' S>° Aph°i_° L°$hp° DÌL°$f_pfp° fl° R>°.
]°$l_u dı[u\u Ap L$pÏedpmp_p° Apf¨c \ep° R>°. `R>u_p dZL$pdp¨ cph_p
Dfidp]$cepÆ rQ”p°dp¨ _peL$_u D]$pku_[p, dgu_`œ¨ A_° depÆ]$p_y¨ cp_ \[p¨
‚peqÚ[dp qf[`[p° ‚°d rhiyŸ b_° R>°. ndp, ‚p\Æ_p A_° Ap–dp_p A•L$e ‹pfp
‚°d_p rhrh^, rhriÛV$ gV$pAp° L$pÏedpmpdp¨ Nr[ r_Í`r[ L$f° R>°. [°dp¨ d|L$pe°gp¨
Apfp°l - Ahfp°l kdu cph_u cf[u-Ap°V$ L$pÏedpmp_° kmN ky]$f ApL©$r[rh^p_
bn° R>°. Ap b^p_° L$rhA° "‚°d' _p A°L$]$p°fdp¨ fp°Ïep¨ R>°. "h^pdZu' dp¨ "Ïlpgp
Álpfp, r_iq]$_ lh° \pe TMp –ldpfu' ‹pfp _preL$p ndp L$fu A•L$e_p qfZpdÍ`
S>fid°g bpmL$_u h^pdZu Ap ° R>°, Z L°$hu fu[° "Aphu ≈°B, ]$re[ DQfp° gp°Q_°
81
L$p°Z S>°hp° ?' ‚Ò L$f° R>° L°$ bpmL$ L$p°_p S>°hp° ? `R>u d|L$pe°g "`p°Y$p° `p°`V$' kp∑_°V$
_\u "hfhlz Ad°' kp∑_°V$dp¨ c|[L$pm c|gu A•L$e_u c|rd`f kp\° `Ngp dp¨X$[p
_peL$ - _preL$p `R>u Ap¨k| Q|du afu hf-hlz Aıg br_ep¨ A_° ApNm "‚°d_p°
d›epl_' dp¨ ‚°d_y¨ A‹•[`œ¨ R>° "[° - l}}¨-l}¨-[y¨ ”yqV$frl[_y¨ ‹¨‹ A‹•[ i|¨ A° !' Ap
A_ych_° "‚°d_p r_hpÆZ' dp L°$hp [| lz ! Akg fkdp A°L$ kp°l rihp°l ! ı\|m‚°d\u
iÍ \e°gu Ap L$pÏedpmp A¨[° k| d ‚°d ky u l°p¨Q° R>°. A°dp¨ L$rh L$dÆ_p rhriÛV$
kbm pkp _S>f° X°$ R>°.
ApTp]$u h^i° S> :
"ApTp]$u h^i° S>' iujÆL$ kp\° L$rhA° "‚ı\p_' dp¨ kp∑_°V$dpmp [fuL°$
‚pf¨c L$f°gp°, S>°_p Qpf kp∑_°V$dZL$p "Álpfp kp∑_°V$' _h°. 1953 _u Aph©r—dp¨
Ddpi¨L$f ≈°iu_p k¨ p]$_ Í ° qfriÛV$dp¨ kdprhÛV$ L$epÆ R>°. S>° A°L$ukp\° gMpep¨
R>°. A°r‚g B.k. 1940 _p ‚pf¨c_p q]$hkp°dp¨ Z Nd° [° rh]$_ _X$ey¨ li° S>°\u
dpmp_p Qpf kp∑_°V$dZL$p\u ApNm h^u iL$u _\u. hmu L$rhA° k|Q_ Z L$eyØ
R>°, A° D[f[p dZL$p Álpfu L$rh[pAp°dp¨ L$p°BA° R>p`hp _lu¨ (Álpfp¨ kp∑_°V$, k¨ p.
DdpiL$f ≈°iu, Aph©r— B.k. 1953, ©ÛW$ - 8) Alv "eyfp° _p gp°L$iplu ]°$ip°_u
A°L$[p ‚Nr[ dpV°$_u L$rh_u T¨M_p ÓŸp ‚NV°$ R>°' L$rh Alv ApTp]$u dpV°$_u tQ[p
A_° tQ[_ k°h° R>°. dp_h k¨ıL©$r[_p° rh_pi L$rh ≈°B iL$[p _\u. rheyŸ_u
[pfp∆_u Akf_u c|rddp¨ Ap ]$iÆ_ L$rh_° d˛ey¨ li°. "ApTp]$u h^i° S>"ApTp]$u h^i° S>"ApTp]$u h^i° S>"ApTp]$u h^i° S>"ApTp]$u h^i° S>
kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ L°$V$guL$ fpÛV≤$‚≈Ap°_u eyŸL$pgu_ cp•r[L$ dp_rkL$ kp¨ıL$pqfL$kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ L°$V$guL$ fpÛV≤$‚≈Ap°_u eyŸL$pgu_ cp•r[L$ dp_rkL$ kp¨ıL$pqfL$kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ L°$V$guL$ fpÛV≤$‚≈Ap°_u eyŸL$pgu_ cp•r[L$ dp_rkL$ kp¨ıL$pqfL$kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ L°$V$guL$ fpÛV≤$‚≈Ap°_u eyŸL$pgu_ cp•r[L$ dp_rkL$ kp¨ıL$pqfL$kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ L°$V$guL$ fpÛV≤$‚≈Ap°_u eyŸL$pgu_ cp•r[L$ dp_rkL$ kp¨ıL$pqfL$
]$ipAp°_y¨ kdunp–dL$ Âep_ \e°gy¨ R>°. dp” ı\|m rhN[p° A_° []$πrhjeL$]$ipAp°_y¨ kdunp–dL$ Âep_ \e°gy¨ R>°. dp” ı\|m rhN[p° A_° []$πrhjeL$]$ipAp°_y¨ kdunp–dL$ Âep_ \e°gy¨ R>°. dp” ı\|m rhN[p° A_° []$πrhjeL$]$ipAp°_y¨ kdunp–dL$ Âep_ \e°gy¨ R>°. dp” ı\|m rhN[p° A_° []$πrhjeL$]$ipAp°_y¨ kdunp–dL$ Âep_ \e°gy¨ R>°. dp” ı\|m rhN[p° A_° []$πrhjeL$
kdunp A_° tQ[__p° S> k¨cpf cf°gp° lp°hp\u A°hu fQ_pAp° L$pÏe–h_ukdunp A_° tQ[__p° S> k¨cpf cf°gp° lp°hp\u A°hu fQ_pAp° L$pÏe–h_ukdunp A_° tQ[__p° S> k¨cpf cf°gp° lp°hp\u A°hu fQ_pAp° L$pÏe–h_ukdunp A_° tQ[__p° S> k¨cpf cf°gp° lp°hp\u A°hu fQ_pAp° L$pÏe–h_ukdunp A_° tQ[__p° S> k¨cpf cf°gp° lp°hp\u A°hu fQ_pAp° L$pÏe–h_u
L$p°V$u ky^u `l°p¨Q[u _\u.'L$p°V$u ky^u `l°p¨Q[u _\u.'L$p°V$u ky^u `l°p¨Q[u _\u.'L$p°V$u ky^u `l°p¨Q[u _\u.'L$p°V$u ky^u `l°p¨Q[u _\u.'11
b. L$. W$pL$p°f ‹pfp A°L$p]$ dZL$p rkhpe f]$ NZu
lp°hp\u [°_u KX$u rhN[p°dp¨ D[fhp_y dy_prkb gp¡ey _\u.
kyM]y$:M kp∑_°V$dpmp :
"ApTp]$u h^i° S>' kp∑_°V$dpmp_p A_yk¨^p_dp¨S> ≈Z° "kyM]y$:M'
kp∑_°V$dpmp fQu lp°e [°d gpN° R>°. [°d_p ‚L$pri[ L$pÏek¨N∞lp°dp¨ dp” Ddpi¨L$f
82
≈°iu_p k¨`pr]$[ "Álpfp¨ kp∑_°V$' (B.k. 1953) L$pÏek¨N∞ldp¨ "kyM]y$:M'
kp∑_°V$dpmp ‚L$pri[ \B R>°, S>° L$rh_p `pR>gp kS>Æ_dp¨\u ‚p‡[ \B R>°. L$rh_y¨
Ahkp_ \hp\u ‚ı[y[ kp∑_°V$dpmp A |fu flu S>hp pdu R>°. Alv uY$ A_ychu
_S>f° ∆h__p rhrh^ gV$pAp°_° pdhp_p° ‚e–_ \ep° R>°, [°dp¨ L$rh_u Br[lpk
[\p k¨ıL©$r[]$iÆ_ d]$]°$ ApÏep¨ R>°. rhQpf]$p_ L$rh[p_p rldpe[u L$rhA° Alv
kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ tQ[__° ‚^p_ fu[° ApNm ]$p°eyØ R>°, [°\u ErdÆ[“h_u L$ep¨L$ S> R>p¨V$
A_ychp[u lp°e [°_u DZ` kpg° R>°. "kyM]y$:M kp∑_°V$dpmp' _p [°f dZL$p S> d˛ep
R>°, Qp•]$dp kp∑_°V$_u "_ i|¨ rhje R>p°qX$ Ap lz¨ QqX$ep° Ahf L°$qX$A° ? _lv KXy¨$
rhdiÆip°.....' S>°V$gu ¨qL$[ dmu R>° _° –ep¨\u Ap kp∑_°V$dpmp A^|fu flu R>° R>[p¨
[°dp¨ rhQpf_p A°L$ km¨N k|”\u A°L$ rhriÛV$ Apg°M dm° R>°. kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨
hmpL$Í ° rhQpf_p Apg°Mdp gV$p° Aph° R>°. L$rhA° L°$fi÷dp dp_h_° gu^p° R>°, S>°_u
ApSy>bpSy> rhQpf_° tQ[_ hX°$ L$rhA° kp∑_°V$dpmp k∆Æ R>°.
dp_h_° A_yL|$g k¨h°]$_ A°V$g° kyM A_° [°_p\u rhfyŸ ‚r[L|$g, AÓ°eL$f
k¨h°]$_ A°V$g° ]y$:M. L$rhA° kyM]y$:M bpb[° ÏeqL$[N[ _ rhQpf[p kdqÛV$N[
fu[° rhQpeyØ R>° A_° [°_° kd≈hhp `p°[p_p Br[lpk]$iÆ_ k¨ıL©$r[]$iÆ_ op__°
Ïep`L$ fu[° M`dp¨ gu^y¨ R>°. kyM]y$:M kp∑_°V$dpmp_p `l°gp¨ kp[ kp∑_°V$dp¨
ÏeqL$[∆h__° L°$fi÷dp¨ fpMu kyM]y$:M_u QQpÆ L$fu R>°. bpL$u_p R> kp∑_°V$dp¨ kdN∞
dp_hLy$g_u rhL$pkNp\p_° dygh[p kyM]y$:M_u QQpÆ L$fu R>°.
kp∑_°V$dpmp_p° DOpX$ S> A°L$ ky]$f kp∑_°V$ ‹pfp \ep° R>°. kyM]y$:M_u c|rdL$p
dpV°$ ‚pf¨c_p kp∑_°V$_y dl“h Z L$rhA° ≈°ey R>°, [°\u S> [°dp¨_p L$pÏe_peL$_° S>•a
b[pÏep° R>°. ∆h__u pR>gu k›ep Y$m[u lp°e –epf° [° L$p°B A°hu nZ° hu[°g kde_°
r_lpm° S>°dp ∆h__p QY$ph D[pf_° Ahgp°L°$ - rhQpf° A_° bpfuL$ kh°]$_ A_ych°.
L$pÏe_peL$ A°L$g[p_p lvQL°$ b°ku Aph_pf dpZk_p Ql°fp hp¨Q° R>° A_° L$]$pQ
[°\u ]y$:M A_ych° R>°. _hy hjÆ lp°hp\u Y$ph°gp p° V$ dpaL$ duW$p hQ_p° S>°hy "kpg
dybpfL$' kp¨cm° R>°, [°dp¨ _fu L©$[L$[p ]°$Mpe R>°. L$p°B cph hNf_u Ap•`QpqfL$[p
`pR>m _e°pÆ ]¨$c S> `X°$gp° R>° R>[p¨ `Z `uY$ rhh°L$u_peL$ ‚–ey—fdp¨ sıd[ kp\°
Np°W$X$u Z L$f° R>°. kp∑_°V$dp¨ R>u A°L$g[p_u qfsı\r[dp¨ h©Ÿ _peL$ lvQL°$ T|g[p
83
rQÍV$ `uA° R>°. lvQL$p° Ap¨]$p°rg[ R>°. rQfyV$ r`hpe R>° [°_u kp\° rhQpf `Z Nr[
L$f° R>°. Z lvQL$p_u dpaL$ OX$u Ap [fa [p° OX$udp °gu [fa Alv _peL$_p rQ—_u
sı\r[_p° rQ[pf dm° R>°. d__u Nr[ R>°, Z ‚Nr[ _\u. [° S>g[u rQfyV$ S>°hy R>°.
S>g° R>° Z ‚L$pi _\u, hmu [°_p OydpX$p_p Np°V$p_u dpaL$ N|Qhpe R>°. kp\° kp\°
L$rhA° Ôhp__p L$Î`_ hX°$ h©Ÿ _peL$_p rQ—_p cph_° h^pf° KX$p° _° Nl_[p ce°pÆ
ı`iÆ Ap‡ep° R>°. Ly$[fy¨ [¨÷pdp¨ _ k|[y¨ L°$ _ ≈N[y¨ fı[pdp¨ `X$ey¨ R>°, [°hu S> sı\r[
d__u Z R>°. A° pf]$pf fu[° k|Qhpe Ney¨ R>°.
"fl° Qg fl° S>m¨[, `Z dp” lp¨ae° S>[|¨
e\p iyL$_ dpNÆdp¨, _ r_fM¨[ _p KO[|¨'
(kyM]y$:M - 1, Álpfp¨ kp∑_°V$)
c|rdL$p Í` kp∑_°V$dp¨ h©Ÿ_u A°L$g[p_p rQ”_° [°_u ]y$:M]$peL$ qfsı\r[
dpV°$ lvQL$p°, rQÍV$ p_ S>°hp L$Î`_p° hX°$ rhjp]$_° O°fp f¨N QY$pÏep R>°. "kyM]y$:M -
2' dp¨ S>•au ‚hpl h^hp kp\° [°_p ∞cph Z h ° R>°. L$rh [°dp¨ b¨ pB_° S>X$ \hp
_\u dp¨N[p. ∆h__p A_°L$ kyM]y$:M_p QY$ph-D[pf ≈°ep R>u - "A_ych' _y¨
"chkpL$mu' rhdiÆ[p lp\ gpN° R>°. ∆h__y kpQy kyM [p° Ap–dpdp X°$gy R>°. Alv\u
rhQpfep”p Apf¨cpe R>°. ”u≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨ L$rh k–e_p° kpnp–L$pf Ar[rhfg
A[◊qÛV$hpmp ep°Nu_° ‚p‡[ \pe S>°Ap° A°L$g`\_p ‚hpku lp°e R>°. Ap dpV°$ ∞yh_p
[pfp_y¨ ◊ÛV$p¨[ Ap`° R>°. ]y$r_ep\u Arg‡[ fl°[p Aphp A°L$gdÎg_° cpN°Xy$ L$lu
‚Ô__p NY$dp¨ `|fpBA° R>uA°. L$rh `p°[p_p k¨kpf_p ch\X°$ Ecu, tQ[_ L$fu,
D—f ip° hp ‚h©— b_° R>°. Qp°\p kp∑_°V$dp kkpfkyM rhi° hp[ L$fhp ‚h©— b_° R>°.
kyM]y$:M_° k¨kpf_p ]$iÆ_dp¨ ≈°hp_p° ‚e–_ L$f° R>°. `r[-`r–__p A•L$eÍ`
]$pÁ`–e∆h_dp¨ kplQeÆ_y¨ kyM [°d_p k¨[p_p° - Ly$Vy¨$b h√Q° fl°gy¨ R>° A°hy¨ r_]£$i
L$fu p¨Qdp¨ kp∑_°V$dp¨ Aph[p L$rh Ddf_p rhL$pk kp\° kyM]y$:M_u dp``À$u Z
af° R>° A°hy¨ L$lu bpmL$_y¨ i•ih |f|¨ \[p eyhp_ \[p ]$ip_y¨ qfh[Æ_ \pe R>°. Alv
Mpk L$fu_° ı”u_p k¨]$c£ hp[ L$fu R>°. lk[u M°g[u bprgL$p rh^hp \[p¨ L°$ AL$pm°
d©–ey_° c°V°$ A_° [°_p bpmL$p° r`ef_p Apif° R>p°X$u rh]$pe g° S>°d L$p°eg HX$p d|L$u.
Mfpb r[_° _pf° X$u k[[ dp-bp`_° Q|k[u fl°. L$p°B A`hp]$Í` L$fiep fpæ$du
b_u dp-bp`_p l•ep_° W$pf° Z Mfu. Alv L$rh k¨kpfkyM_u hp[ L$f[p¨ A_ychu
84
hpZudp¨ Ly$Vy¨$b_p ]y$:Mdp¨ ]$uL$fu L°$fi÷dp¨ lp°e A°hu QQpÆ dp¨X$u R>°. kdpS>dp¨ ı”u_u
]$ip_y¨ h°^L$ bep_ L$eyØ R>°. c|rdL$pÍ` ‚\d kp∑_°V$dp¨ h©Ÿ_u L©$[L$[p dp-bp`_p
`n° Z A_ychpe R>°. R>Ã$p kp∑_°V$dp¨ L$rh ÏeqL$[_u iqL$[\u kyM]y$:M_u kudp
Ap¨L°$ R>°. ]y$r_ep_p kS>Æ__p dyøe pepÍ` Ap]$d A_° Bh - yfyj A_° ‚L©$r[, _f
A_° _pfu S>°hp [“h_u ÏeqL$[ `fM° [°_u iqL$[_u kudpdp¨ L$rh kyM]y$:M_° d|L$u
Sy>A° R>°. ı”u k¨]$c£ [°_u h©r— f ‚L$pi pX$ep° R>°. kpdpfie fu[° qfsı\r[_° hi
h[w_° fl°[u lp°e R>°, L$p°B _hu qfsı\r[ °]$p L$f[u _\u. A°d L$lu ı”u_° _L$pfbm
S>°hu L$l° R>°. yfyj_° h°gdpaL$ hmNu_° [°_° _dph° R>°. fp^u_ ]$ipdp Z |fblpf
S>°hu Mug[u fl° R>°. S>epf° `yfyjp° _hp ‚ep°Np° A_° `qfsı\r[ B√R>° R>°. khÆ_pi
hlp°fu_° _hp ≈°Mddp¨ T¨`gph[p° lp°e R>°. Alv `yfyj_p `yfyjp\Æ_y¨ Np•fh L$rhA°
Ap¨L$ey¨ R>° [p° [°_p Nydp__° `Z b[pÏep° R>°. ÏeqL$[c°]°$, iqL$[c°]°$ kyM]y$:M_u
QQpÆ L$fu R>°. L$rhA° Alv lvQL$p dpaL$ rhQpfep”p_° Ap¨]$p°rg[ L$fu R>°. Alv\u
–ep¨ S>°hu kp[dp kp∑_°V$ f Aph[p¨ L$rh k¨≈°Np° A_° ÏeqL$[_u Sy>]$pBA° kyM]y$:M
AgN fl°hp_u hp[ L$f° R>°. d_p°f\ A_° rkqŸ h√Q° kyM]y$:M Z QX$-D[f S>°hy¨
fl° R>°. L$p°B_p b° hjÆ A°L$kfMp¨ S>[p¨ _\u A°hy L$lu d_yS>S>¨[yX$p Apip_p [p[Zp_°
hmNu flu ıh‡__u c∞pdL$ ]y$r_epdp¨\u kyM_° d°mhhp L$p°rii L$f° R>° A°hy¨ L$l° R>°.
dp_hu [°_u hpı[rhL$[p_p [°S>\u ]|$f cpN[p° f¸p° R>°. Alv L$rhA° dp_hu_u
‚L©$r[_° DOpX$u pX$u R>°.
"rhdiyÆ kdy]$pe◊qÛV$ d_yk¨O Br[lpkdp¨ -'
L$l°[p L$rh ApW$dp¨ kp∑_°V$dp¨ ÏeqL$[ `f\u ku^p S> kdy]$pe [fa ◊qÛV$
]$p°X$phu R>°. Alv\u L$rh_y Br[lpk ]$iÆ_ Z iÍ \pe R>°. L$p°B A°L$ ≈r[_° L°$fi÷dp¨
fpMu_° _lv, Z kdN∞ dp_hk¨O_u k¨ıL©$r[_p rhL$pk_u L$\p L$l°hp ‚h©— \pe
R>°. Alv L$rhA° Ïepk, lp°df, dykp_° ep]$ L$epÆ R>°. dp_h≈[_° Ly$]$f[° Ahpf_hpf
L$ku R>°. ]y$ÛL$pm, [p°ap_p°, hphpTp°X$p, ShpmpdyMu, Ar[h©qÛV$, ]$php_m, f[uL$ ,
fZ_u ]$plL$ Ap¨^u, [uX$_p¨ V$p°mp¨ A°d A_°L$ dykub[p° hX°$ dp_h≈[ D`f
r_]Æ$e[p\u Ap`r—Ap° Ly$]$f[° rh[pX$u R>°. Alv L$rh kdN∞ dp_hLy$g_p kyM]y$:M_°
rhdi£ R>°.
85
"""""Happiness is an episode in the painful dramaof life" A°hy¨ dp__pf lpX$w L°$ A°hy¨ dp__pf lpX$w L°$ A°hy¨ dp__pf lpX$w L°$ A°hy¨ dp__pf lpX$w L°$ A°hy¨ dp__pf lpX$w L°$ As flies towanton boy, are weto the God; They kill us for their sport A°hy ¨ L$l°_pfA°hy ¨ L$l°_pfA°hy ¨ L$l°_pfA°hy ¨ L$l°_pfA°hy ¨ L$l°_pf
i°L$πsı`ef_p L$vNguef_u dpaL$ ‚p°. W$pL$p°f `Z L$l° R>°.'i°L$πsı`ef_p L$vNguef_u dpaL$ ‚p°. W$pL$p°f `Z L$l° R>°.'i°L$πsı`ef_p L$vNguef_u dpaL$ ‚p°. W$pL$p°f `Z L$l° R>°.'i°L$πsı`ef_p L$vNguef_u dpaL$ ‚p°. W$pL$p°f `Z L$l° R>°.'i°L$πsı`ef_p L$vNguef_u dpaL$ ‚p°. W$pL$p°f `Z L$l° R>°.'12
"dlprh`]$ burS>e° ANZ L$pfdu ]$p°¸gu
rh[pX$u d_yk¨O_° L y $]$f[° A›e[p cfu'
(kyM]y$:M - 8, Álpfp¨ kp∑_°V$)
_hdp¨ kp∑_°V$dp¨ Br[lpkL$\p ApNm h^° R>°. A_°L$ dykub[p° Ap`r—
dp_h kl_ L$f° R>°. L$rh dp_hu_° L$gpL$pf-lzfi_f iuMu ‚huZ b_u Np\p gM[p°
\ep°. elz]$u `yfpZL$\p_p _peL$ _p°lp_° ep]$ L$e°pÆ R>° A_° A° k¨]$c£ ‚geeyN_u
L$\p Aphu R>°. S>°dp¨ cpf[hjÆdp¨ kfıh[u _]$u ‹pfp \e°gp ‚ge_u hp[ d|L$u R>°.
]$kdp¨ kp∑_°V$dp¨ dp_h_p kplkp°_° hZÆÏep¨ R>°. ArNepfdp¨ kp∑_°V$dp¨ k¨ıL©$r[_p
rhL$pk k¨]$c£ Ap°≈fp°_u ip° \B, gX$pBAp° \B, _Nf, fpÛV≤$, h° pf rh¤p, L$mp
hN°f° h›ep A_° k¨ıL©$r[_p rhL$pk kp\° kcp_ eyN_p° D]$e \ep°. bpfdp¨ kp∑_°V$dp¨
L$rh Br[lpk - k¨ıL©$r[ - ]$iÆ_ L$fpÏep R>u dp_h_p ıhcph f L°$rfi÷[ \pe R>°.
h[Ædp_dp¨ Ak¨[yÛV$ fl°[p dp_hu_° crhÛe_u tQ[p `Z fl° R>°. [°_° `qf`|ZÆ
L$fhp_p° [gkpV$ Z [°_pdp¨ A]$Áe R>°. [° c|[L$pm_p Np•fhNp_ Np[p° af° R>°. Ap
S> Akg dp_hu_p° ıhcph R>°. h[Ædp__u t_]$p A_° c|[L$pm_u ‚isı[ L$fhpdp¨
`phf^p° R>°, Z Ap A°_u S>X$[p R>°, c∞d R>°. [°_° [°_p hpı[rhL$Í`_u Mbf _\u.
dpV°$ S> rh`\ dpN£ AV$hp[p° - N|¨Qhp[p° fl° R>°. [°fdp kp∑_°V$dp¨ Aph[p L$rh Ap S>
rhQpf_° h^| ı`ÛV$ L$f° R>°. OZp¨ eyNp°\u dp_hu ]y$:Mu \[p° f¸p° R>°, L$pfZ L°$ [°_°
A[u[_° hpNp°mhp_u V°$h R>°. hX$hp_y¨ kyM ≈°B [° dygh[p° li° `Z Ap b^y¨
O|dpX$p_p Np°V$ S>°hy _eyØ lhpB R>°. ]$f°L$ eyN_u kyM kd©qŸ bu≈ eyN\u Sy>]$u fl°hp_u
Ap dpV°$ bp•ŸeyN - S>•_eyN - Ny‡[eyN - ÓuljÆeyN, S>gpgy]$u__p° eyN L°$ rihp∆_p
eyN_y ◊ÛV$p¨[ d|L$u ]$f°L$ eyN A°L$ kfMp _\u A°hy k–e D√Qpf° R>°. L$p°B Z eyN_p°
dp_h c|[L$pm_p ∆h__u cÏe dl—p_° h[Ædp_L$pmdp¨ L$]$u _ dpZu iL°$ L°$ _
∆fhu iL°$. L$pm_p rhipm V$_y A° S> [p° fd k–e R>°. kd©qŸ A_° kyM ]$f°L$ eyN°
86
AgN fl°hp_p A°hp r_]$p_ kp\° L$rh_u Ap kp∑_°V$dpmp Alv AO|fu flu S>hp pdu
R>°. Qp•]$dp¨ kp∑_°V$_u dp” ]$p°Y$ ¨qL$[ S> dmu R>°.
lvQL$p_p Tp°gp S>°hu L°$ cf[u-Ap°V$_u OV$dpm S>°hu `qfsı\r[_u S>°d
kpdkpd° R>°X°$ kyM A_° ]y$:M X$ey¨ R>°. Alv kyM A_° kd©qŸ_u QQpÆ L$f[p¨ L$rh_u
_S>fdp¨ rhi°j[: [p° ]y$:M S> kpd° ApÏey¨ R>°. kp∑_°V$dpmp_p [°f kp∑_°V$dZL$p_p
Ap[¨fk|”dp¨ dp_h A_° [°_p ‚Q¨X$ yfyjp\Æ_u L$\pdp¨ kyM]y$:M r_Í`pey R>°. S>°dp¨
A_ych, rhQpf, k¨h°]$_ kp\° ArcÏeqL$[ Z R>°.
ÏeqL$[\u ‚pfcu kdqÛV$ ky u rhı[f[u kp∑_°V$dpmp_p ‚\d kp[ kp∑_°V$dp
ÏeqL$[ A_° ÏeqL$[rhL$pkdp¨ kyM]y$:M L$ep¨ A_° L°$hy¨ lp°e R>° [° b[pÏey¨ R>°. ÏeqL$[
∆h__u ‚–e°L$ sı\r[A° kyM ]y$:M_° Ap¨L$ Sy>]$p¨ fl°hp_p. ]$p¨Á`–e_p kpeySedp¨
kyM R>° k[p_p° A_° [°_p ‚°ddp kyM R>°, [p° A° S> k[p_p° Mpk fu[° y”u_p h• Ïedp
]y$:M R>°, S>° kp\° kp\° dp-bp`_° ]y$cph_pfu b_° R>°. eyhp_udp¨ b y hi l[y S>Bau
‚hpl iÍ \[p¨ ]y$:M `Z kpd° Aph[y¨ ≈e R>°. Alv L$rh Afie `qfsı\r[S>fie
]y$:M kp\° ipfuqfL$ ]y$:M_u hp[ L$l° R>°. ÏeqL$[–hc°]°$ dm[p kyM]y$:Mdp¨ ı”u_p
_L$pfbm A_° qfsı\r[_° hi \B ∆hhpdp kyM d°mh° R>°, Z yfyj A°_p Nydp_
A_° iqL$[_p bm° ]y$:M_° kpd°\u _p°[f[p° fl° R>°. Apd L$rh L$l° R>°, kyM]y$:M_u
QY$D[f Qpgy S> fl° R>°. "kyM]y$:M - 8' \u "kyM]y$:M - 13' ky^u dp_hk¨O A_°
[°_u kıL©$r[ rhL$pk_u Np\pdp dp_h A_°L$ Ap`r— hX°$ ]y$:M\u L$kpep° R>°, lZpep°
R>° A°S> L$kp°V$u [°_° ‚Nr[ A_° kd©qŸ ky^u gB ≈e R>°, S>°dp¨ [°_p° yfyjp\Æ X$ep°
R>°. Apd kyM]y$:M_p° S>hpb ip° hp dp_h≈r[_p Br[lpk A_° kıL©$r[_p ]$iÆ_dp
L$rh gB ≈e R>°. A° kp\° dp_hıhcph_u A°L$ gpnrZL$[p Z b[phu R>°. [°_u
c|[L$pm ‚ur[_u. S>°dp L$rh_y hpı[h]$iw`œ A_° byqŸ r_ÛY$`œ D`ıey R>°. Alv
b. L$. W$pL$p°f_u A°L$ tQ[L$ [fuL°$_u Apcp ‚NV$ \B R>°. kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ tQ[__p
‚cy–h\u L$pÏeL$gp_° lp_u \B R>°. "Alv L ° $ V $g y ¨ b^y ¨ lL $ uL $[L $\_,"Alv L ° $ V $g y ¨ b^y ¨ lL $ uL $[L $\_,"Alv L ° $ V $g y ¨ b^y ¨ lL $ uL $[L $\_,"Alv L ° $ V $g y ¨ b^y ¨ lL $ uL $[L $\_,"Alv L ° $ V $g y ¨ b^y ¨ lL $ uL $[L $\_,
kdpS>r_funZ Arc‚pe]$iÆ_, ky”p°√QpfZ R>° ! ¤_p hpOp D[pfu gB_°kdpS>r_funZ Arc‚pe]$iÆ_, ky”p°√QpfZ R>° ! ¤_p hpOp D[pfu gB_°kdpS>r_funZ Arc‚pe]$iÆ_, ky”p°√QpfZ R>° ! ¤_p hpOp D[pfu gB_°kdpS>r_funZ Arc‚pe]$iÆ_, ky”p°√QpfZ R>° ! ¤_p hpOp D[pfu gB_°kdpS>r_funZ Arc‚pe]$iÆ_, ky”p°√QpfZ R>° ! ¤_p hpOp D[pfu gB_°
kp]$p N¤dp¨ d|L$uA° –epf° A_°L$ `¨qL$[Ap°dp¨_y¨ _eyØ rhQpf[“h [fu ApÏep¨kp]$p N¤dp¨ d|L$uA° –epf° A_°L$ `¨qL$[Ap°dp¨_y¨ _eyØ rhQpf[“h [fu ApÏep¨kp]$p N¤dp¨ d|L$uA° –epf° A_°L$ `¨qL$[Ap°dp¨_y¨ _eyØ rhQpf[“h [fu ApÏep¨kp]$p N¤dp¨ d|L$uA° –epf° A_°L$ `¨qL$[Ap°dp¨_y¨ _eyØ rhQpf[“h [fu ApÏep¨kp]$p N¤dp¨ d|L$uA° –epf° A_°L$ `¨qL$[Ap°dp¨_y¨ _eyØ rhQpf[“h [fu ApÏep¨
rh_p fl°[y¨ _\u. L$rh_p° dp_kÏep`pf `Z byqŸ ‚^p_ - [LÆ$ ‚^p_ R>°rh_p fl°[y¨ _\u. L$rh_p° dp_kÏep`pf `Z byqŸ ‚^p_ - [LÆ$ ‚^p_ R>°rh_p fl°[y¨ _\u. L$rh_p° dp_kÏep`pf `Z byqŸ ‚^p_ - [LÆ$ ‚^p_ R>°rh_p fl°[y¨ _\u. L$rh_p° dp_kÏep`pf `Z byqŸ ‚^p_ - [LÆ$ ‚^p_ R>°rh_p fl°[y¨ _\u. L$rh_p° dp_kÏep`pf `Z byqŸ ‚^p_ - [LÆ$ ‚^p_ R>°
A°d ]°$MpB Aph° R>°. A°L¨$]$f° Ap kdN∞ fQ_p ≈Z° `¤]°$lu r_b¨^ lp°eA°d ]°$MpB Aph° R>°. A°L¨$]$f° Ap kdN∞ fQ_p ≈Z° `¤]°$lu r_b¨^ lp°eA°d ]°$MpB Aph° R>°. A°L¨$]$f° Ap kdN∞ fQ_p ≈Z° `¤]°$lu r_b¨^ lp°eA°d ]°$MpB Aph° R>°. A°L¨$]$f° Ap kdN∞ fQ_p ≈Z° `¤]°$lu r_b¨^ lp°eA°d ]°$MpB Aph° R>°. A°L¨$]$f° Ap kdN∞ fQ_p ≈Z° `¤]°$lu r_b¨^ lp°e
87
A°hy¨ gpN° R>°.'A°hy¨ gpN° R>°.'A°hy¨ gpN° R>°.'A°hy¨ gpN° R>°.'A°hy¨ gpN° R>°.'13
L$rhA° M¨X$rhcpS>_dp¨ L$p°B A°L$ `Ÿr[ A`_phu _\u cph r_Í`Zdp¨
ep°¡e gp¡ey¨ [° fur[A° rhcpS>_ L$epÆ R>°. kp∑_°V$ - 1 dp¨ 5+4+5, bu≈dp¨
4+3+4+3, ”u≈dp 6+8, Qp°\pdp 3+6+5, pQdpdp 5+6+3, R>Ã$pdp 5+9,
kp[dpdp¨ 5+3+6, kp∑_°V$ ApW$ A_° _hdp¨ °V≤$pLÆ$ipB 8+6, ]$kdpdp¨ 4+4+6,
ArNepf, bpfdpdp¨ 8+6 A_° [°fdp¨ A¨r[d kp∑_°V$dp¨ 3+6+5 S>°hp rhcpS>_dp¨
kyM]y$:M_° d|L$ey R>°.
L$rhA° ‚pk bpb[° blz TpTu ]$fL$pf fpMu _\u. gNcN kp∑_°V$p°dp ‚pk_u
ıh[¨”[p L$rhA° ıhuL$pfu R>°. R>[p¨ L$ep¨L$ A¨[_u b° ¨qL$[Ap°dp¨ ‚pk ≈mÏep R>°.
Ap D`fp¨[ L$p°BL$ kp∑_°V$dp¨ D`f fur[_u ‚pk ≈mhZu L$fu R>° Ap f¸p [°_p
D]$plfZp° : kyM]y$:M - 1 dp¨ ‚\d M¨X$dp¨ aabbc, bu≈ M¨X$dp¨ ccdd, ”u≈
M¨X$dp¨ eefff S>°hp ‚pk ≈mÏep R>°. kyM]y$:M-2 dp¨ abab, cdc, eefg, ghhkyM]y$:M -5 dp¨ abbac, ddccef, ghh kyM]y$:M -8 dp¨ abccdede,ffgghh.
A\ÆO_ L$rh[p_p rldpe[u L$rh b. L$. W$pL$p°f_u bp_u Alv OZu d]$]$
Aphu R>°. L$pÏebp_udp¨ A°L$ ◊qÛV$ ]$p°X$ph[p¨ [° _S>f° `X$i°. L$rhA° Ag¨L$pfp°_p°
kdyrQ[ D`ep°N L$e°pÆ R>°. L$rhA° D`dp, hZÆkNpB, Í`L$, ◊ÛV$p¨[ S>°hp Ag¨L$pf_p°
D`ep°N L$e°pÆ R>°.
D`dp Ag¨L$pf :
"q]$hk° R> dNS>° rQÍV$ kd lvQL$p i|¨ \[y¨' (kyM]y$:M - 1)
"Afp°fpbyqfe°g Sep°r[ kfMp° ApO° DN° Ap\d°' (kyM]y$:M - 3)
"A°L$gdÎg d[¨N S>X$cf[ ip° A° dyL$[ q_S> ApÓd°' (kyM]y$:M - 3)
Í`L$ Ag¨L$pf :
"a}V°$ q]$_° q]$_° h ° S>_r_[p¨[ Apip¨bf°' (kyM]y$:M - 4)
88
◊ÛV$p¨[ Ag¨L$pf :
"dyL°$ fc©[u e\p ıhqL$e A¨X$ dpm° hf°' (kyM]y$:M - 5)
hZpÆ_y‚pk Ag¨L$pf :
"k_p[_, ıhe¨cy khÆÏep`L$ A_fie Ó°ep° hf¨ !' (kyM]y$:M - 2)
"A° lp° ∆h_dyqL$[, k–e[œ¨ _° k–e–hA°' (kyM]y$:M - 3)
"gp°L°$ rhıdeÍ` A° qhlqf fl° N°bu Nylp qhıde°' (kyM]y$:M - 3)
"--q”c¨N° A° ”|V$ep°, yfh qX$ep° N¨N X$M°' (kyM]y$:M - 9)
Of°gy, gp°L$bp°gu_p iÂ]$, ÍqY$‚ep°Np°, bp°gp[u cpjp_p R>V$p, gl°L$p [°d_u
L$rh[pdp¨ blz S> DrQ[ fu[° Aph[p lp°e R>°. Alv \p°X$pL$ iÂ]$p°_p° D`ep°N ≈°hp
dm° R>°.
"Np°mhp°' (kyM]y$: M - 2)
"Q°p¨‡ep' (kyM]y$: M - 3)
"bLy$bLy$qX$e' (kyM]y$: M - 4)
"hBqfZu' (kyM]y$: M - 5)
"[ZB', "[ZM' (kyM]y$: M - 6)
"hpL$X|$' (kyM]y$: M - 10)
"`fy cgy, Afpr\' rhriÛV$ ge gl°L$pÍ` iÂ]$‚ep°N Z dm° R>°. "D`pX$',
"Okpf' S>°hp rhriÛV$ iÂ]$p° ‹pfp Ly$]$f[_u Ap`r—_u ce¨L$f[p_° k|Qhu R>°. Alv
`]$b¨ _u rhrh^ R>V$pAp° ◊qÛV$Np°Qf \pe R>°. S>°dp¨ rhL$fpm[p_y d|L$rQ” MXy$ L$fu
iL$ep¨ R>°.
""]y$L$pm, Ar[h©qÛV$, c|QfX$, kp_ydp_° AN_,
‚hpl _qf gp¸_p D]$f\u ©\p_p Nl_,
Okpf S>g^u[Zp, D`pX$ q]$L$`pg_p, kykh[p dfy[ f°[_p
89
D`÷h, Ak¨øe [uX$ ce ]$q]Æ$gp Ïepq^_p;'' (kyM]y$: M - 8)
"[f¨[ S>qf k°gh|¨e, DrZlp° qV$`|¨e OqX$ S>ep¨ gNu' (kyM]y$: M - 2)
dp¨ "qV$ |e OqX$' iÂ]$ ‹pfp ky]$f kO_ rQ”p–dL$[p ÏeL$[ L$fu iL$ep¨ R>°.
B√R>p_p R>°Îgp tb]y$ ky u_p dprdÆL$ kdeph^u_° k| d[pÍ ° L°$hy fu ]$u y R>°. Alu¨
[p° ‚hpl f D]$πch[p Akøe f`p°V$p_p sı\r[hZÆ_dp L$rhA° A°L$pr^L$ qæ$ep`]$p°
‹pfp A°L$ sı\r[_y¨ `©’hu_u rhrh^ Qpgdp¨ Apg°øey¨ R>° [° Mf°Mf ky¨]$f R>°. Alv
kyM]y$:M_u qfsı\r[ Z A°L$kfMu _\u [°_y k|Q_ NrcÆ[ fu[° \B Ney R>°.
"‚hpl `f E`X°$ OqX$ V$L°$ c|¨kp[p hmu,
`fı`f rhfyŸ ÷‹¨ `f`p°V$ æ$p°X$phrg'
(kyM]y$:M - 2)
©’hu R>¨]$dp¨ W$pL$p°f L$epf°L$ Qpgy h[Ædp_L$pm hp`fhp_p° lp°e –ep¨ klpeL$
qæ$ep`]$ "R>°' _y "R>' S>°hp Í` L$f° R>° - "q]$k° R>', "h ° R>' [p° Afiedp¨ Z kp]$u fu[°
kdp¨[f qæ$epÍ`_p° D`ep°N L$f° R>°, "lg°' _u S>¡epA° "lg[' (kyM]y$:M - 1)
kdpkp°L$[ iÂ]$p°_p° h y D`ep°N W$pL$p°f_u ApNm X$[u gpnrZL$[p R>°.
"S>Bau ‚hplS>h' (kyM]y $:M - 2) "^dpÆrc^p' (kyM]y $:M - 3);
"L©$qjM_uh_p°fp__p¨' (kyM]y$:M - 11). L$ep¨L$ kdpk kp\° k¨rO_p [“h_° ≈°X°$
R>°. "_p\pif°' (kyM]y$:M - 5), "hpı[phpÁbpf', "d_p°f\pfi^pf', "cpdL$pL$pf'
(kyM]y$:M - 1), [p° kyM]y$:M - 5 dp¨ d|L$pe°g "k°hp[yg°' S>°hp° iÂ]$ AkpdprkL$
k¨r^ Í ° ApÏep° R>°.
kıL©$r[_u fkddp ≈°hp dm[u Ap¤ıhf_p° gp° L$fu gp° rQlπ_ d|L$hp_u
fur[ Alv Z ≈°hp dm° R>°.
"rh^hp' \hp¨, "dpm° hf°' (kyM]y$:M - 5)
"A_ych°' _y ch (kyM]y$:M - 2)
"kyMp°V$' - (kyM + Ap°V$) S>°hu ÏepL$fZdp¨ L$rgÛV$ gpN° [°hu k¨r^ Alv
d|L$pe°gu R>°. S>°_p° dl]$πA¨i° ky+Mp°V$ S>°hy L$fhp ggQpBA°.
90
kyM]y$:M kp∑_°V$dpmp_p [°f dZL$pdp¨ L$rhA° ©’hu_u rhrh^ Qpg Qpgu
R>°. er[, k¨r^, Ôgp°L$pq]$dp¨ W$pL$p°f° L$f°gp [p°X$ap°X$ A”° ep]$ Aph° R>°. Alv dyL$[
`¤_u ‚hprl[p dpV°$ kp•\u h^y A_yL|$m[p `©’huh©—dp¨ lp°e. `©’hu R>¨]$_y¨ dl“h
ıhuL$peyØ R>°. ‚ı[y[ dpmpdp¨ blz p ©’hu R>¨]$_p S>° kp∑_°V$p° R>° [°_p æ$d dyS>b kp∑_°V$
1, 2,4,5,6,7,8,10,11,12,13 dp” b° S> kp∑_°V$ Afie R>¨]$p°rh^p_dp¨ \ep
R>°. S>°dp_p kp∑_°V$ ”u≈dp¨ ip]|Æ$grhæ$uqX$[ A_° _hdp kp∑_°V$dp¨ riMqfZu R>¨]$_°
hlpÏep° R>°. L$rhA° " ©’hur[gL$' _p ‚ep°Np° Z A”° lp\ epØ R>°. S>°dp_p kyM]y$:M
- 2 _u `¨qL$[ 11 A_° 14, kyM]y$:M - 4 _u 7 du `¨qL$[, kyM]y$:M -3 _u ‚\d
`¨qL$[, kyM]y$:M - 6 _u 7 A_° 11 du `¨qL$[, kyM]y$:M - 7 _u A¨r[d 14du
`¨qL$[, kyM]y$:M - 8 _u 2∆ `¨qL$[, kyM]y$:M - 10 _u 7 A_° 12 du `¨qL$[,
kyM]y$:M - 12 _u 14 du `¨qL$[, kyM]y$:M - 13 _u f∆ `¨qL$[Ap°dp¨ Ap `©’hu
r[gL$_p ‚ep°N ◊qÛV$Np°Qf \ep R>°. kyM]y$:M - 8 dp¨ 11 du ¨qL$[dp¨ M¨X$ ©’hu_p°
‚ep°N ¬ep_plÆ R>°.
R>¨]$r_Í`Z° L$rhA° R|>V$ Z ıhuL$pfu R>°. kyM]y$:M - 2 _u 13 du ¨qL$[dp¨
©’huh©— [|V$[p° A_ychpe R>°. [°_u ApNm_u 12du ¨qL$[dp¨ b° gOyAp° c°Np L$fu
h©—_p° d°m Np°W$Ïep° R>°. Ap ‚L$pf_u R|>V$ A_°L$ ı\m° R>°. kyM]y$:M - 5 dp¨ 7 du
`qL$[dp "r_S>' c°Np L$fu Nyù NŒep° R>°. kyM]y$:M - 6 _u 14 du qL$[dp "[ZM'"[ZM'"[ZM'"[ZM'"[ZM',
kyM]y$:M - 8 dp¨ 9du A_° 10 du ¨qL$[dp¨ A¨[_p "AN_'"AN_'"AN_'"AN_'"AN_' A_° "Nl_'"Nl_'"Nl_'"Nl_'"Nl_' iÂ]$p°dp¨,
kyM]y$:M - 10 _u 4 \u A_° 8 du `¨qL$[dp¨ A_yæ$d° "flu'"flu'"flu'"flu'"flu' A_° "gp°f°sfike_'"gp°f°sfike_'"gp°f°sfike_'"gp°f°sfike_'"gp°f°sfike_'
S>°hp b° gOy Anfp°_° c°Np NŒep R>°. kyM]y$:M - 11 _u 7 du `¨qL$[dp¨ "L$kb',"L$kb',"L$kb',"L$kb',"L$kb',
12 du qL$[dp gX$[p;gX$[p;gX$[p;gX$[p;gX$[p; kyM]y$:M - 12 dp qL$[ 7 dp A¤t_]$p°qL$[_° kp\° NZhp
R>[p¨ gOyÍ`° NŒep° R>°, kyM]y$:M - 13 _u `du `¨qL$[dp¨ "rhS>_'"rhS>_'"rhS>_'"rhS>_'"rhS>_' A_° 12du
`¨qL[dp¨ "eyN'"eyN'"eyN'"eyN'"eyN' S>°hp¨ Anfp°_° NZu k¨eyL[Í`° NyÍ NŒep¨ R>°.
[° R>[p b. L$. W$pL$p°f blz L$rgÛW$ f¸p _\u. Ap kp∑_°V$dpmp_y dl“h [pL$[p
Q¨÷i¨L$f cÀ$ S>Zph° R>°. "rhQpf`∞^p_ L$rh[p L$f[p¨ Ap kp∑_°V$dpmp L$rh[p"rhQpf`∞^p_ L$rh[p L$f[p¨ Ap kp∑_°V$dpmp L$rh[p"rhQpf`∞^p_ L$rh[p L$f[p¨ Ap kp∑_°V$dpmp L$rh[p"rhQpf`∞^p_ L$rh[p L$f[p¨ Ap kp∑_°V$dpmp L$rh[p"rhQpf`∞^p_ L$rh[p L$f[p¨ Ap kp∑_°V$dpmp L$rh[p
kp\° tQ[__y¨ S>° _hp ArcNd\u L$pd `pX$° R>°, [°\u [°_u L$np b]$gpBkp\° tQ[__y¨ S>° _hp ArcNd\u L$pd `pX$° R>°, [°\u [°_u L$np b]$gpBkp\° tQ[__y¨ S>° _hp ArcNd\u L$pd `pX$° R>°, [°\u [°_u L$np b]$gpBkp\° tQ[__y¨ S>° _hp ArcNd\u L$pd `pX$° R>°, [°\u [°_u L$np b]$gpBkp\° tQ[__y¨ S>° _hp ArcNd\u L$pd `pX$° R>°, [°\u [°_u L$np b]$gpB
≈e R>°. L$pÏerkqŸ_u ◊qÛV$A° [°_u NyZh—p Ap°R>u NZuA° [p° `Z;≈e R>°. L$pÏerkqŸ_u ◊qÛV$A° [°_u NyZh—p Ap°R>u NZuA° [p° `Z;≈e R>°. L$pÏerkqŸ_u ◊qÛV$A° [°_u NyZh—p Ap°R>u NZuA° [p° `Z;≈e R>°. L$pÏerkqŸ_u ◊qÛV$A° [°_u NyZh—p Ap°R>u NZuA° [p° `Z;≈e R>°. L$pÏerkqŸ_u ◊qÛV$A° [°_u NyZh—p Ap°R>u NZuA° [p° `Z;
91
kp∑_°V$dpmp_p° rhje, [°_p° Ïep`, L$rh[p [fa_p° ArcNd B–epq]$ `f–h°kp∑_°V$dpmp_p° rhje, [°_p° Ïep`, L$rh[p [fa_p° ArcNd B–epq]$ `f–h°kp∑_°V$dpmp_p° rhje, [°_p° Ïep`, L$rh[p [fa_p° ArcNd B–epq]$ `f–h°kp∑_°V$dpmp_p° rhje, [°_p° Ïep`, L$rh[p [fa_p° ArcNd B–epq]$ `f–h°kp∑_°V$dpmp_p° rhje, [°_p° Ïep`, L$rh[p [fa_p° ArcNd B–epq]$ `f–h°
Ap kp∑_°V$dpmp S>° _hp¨ `qfdpZ Ap`° R>° A_° _hu q]$ipAp° DOpX°$ R>° [°Ap kp∑_°V$dpmp S>° _hp¨ `qfdpZ Ap`° R>° A_° _hu q]$ipAp° DOpX°$ R>° [°Ap kp∑_°V$dpmp S>° _hp¨ `qfdpZ Ap`° R>° A_° _hu q]$ipAp° DOpX°$ R>° [°Ap kp∑_°V$dpmp S>° _hp¨ `qfdpZ Ap`° R>° A_° _hu q]$ipAp° DOpX°$ R>° [°Ap kp∑_°V$dpmp S>° _hp¨ `qfdpZ Ap`° R>° A_° _hu q]$ipAp° DOpX°$ R>° [°
◊qÛV$A° [°_y¨ A•r[lprkL$ dl“h Oœ¨ dp°Vy ¨ $ A_° KQy¨ R>°.'◊qÛV$A° [°_y¨ A•r[lprkL$ dl“h Oœ¨ dp°Vy ¨ $ A_° KQy¨ R>°.'◊qÛV$A° [°_y¨ A•r[lprkL$ dl“h Oœ¨ dp°Vy ¨ $ A_° KQy¨ R>°.'◊qÛV$A° [°_y¨ A•r[lprkL$ dl“h Oœ¨ dp°Vy ¨ $ A_° KQy¨ R>°.'◊qÛV$A° [°_y¨ A•r[lprkL$ dl“h Oœ¨ dp°Vy ¨ $ A_° KQy¨ R>°.'14
92
Ddpi¨L$f ≈°iu
(2) Ddpi¨L$f ≈°iu : ∆h_ Tfdf
S>fid : 21du Sy>gpB, B.k.1911
(AjpY$ h]$ 10, rh.k¨. 1967)
d©–ey : 19 qX$k°Ábf, 1988
S>fid ı\m : bpdZp (rS>Îgp° : kpbfL$p¨W$p, D—f NyS>fp[)
yfy _pd : Ddpi¨L$f S>°W$pgpg ≈°iu
D`_pd : "hpkyqL$', "ÓhZ'
r`[p : S>°W$pgpg L$dm∆. d|m ipdmp∆ pk°_p gk|qX$ep Npd_p.
]°$h_u dp°fu, kpd°fp [\p lp\fp°g_p L$pd]$pf
dp[p : _hgbpB (d|m _pd _dÆ]$p) cpBi¨L$f W$pL$f_p¨ y”u.
`–_u : Sep°–k_p. Ahkp_ : B.k. 1964
k[p_p° : _¨q]$_u (S>fid : B.k. 1941) A_°
ıhpr[ (S>fid : B.k. 1948)
rinZ : ‚p\rdL$ Qpf ^p°fZ bpdZpdp¨, –epfbp]$ BX$fdp¨ flu
AÊepk L$e°pÆ. d°qV≤$L$ Ad]$php]$dp, Sep kdN∞ L°$fi÷dp ‚\d
flu B.k. 1928 dp kpf L$fu. R>u NyS>fp[ L$p∑g°S>dp B.k.
1930 ky u AÊepk B.k. 1930-40 dp¨ AÊepk R>p°X$u
k–epN∞lu [fuL°$ ıhp[¨‘e Qmhmdp¨. 1934 dp¨ AO|fp°
AÊepk dybB_u A°rÎafiıV$_ L$pµg°S>dp flu L$e°pÆ. Sep B.k.
1936 dp¨ A\Æipı” - Br[lpk rhje kp\° bu.A°.
(Ap°_kÆ) D`pq^ d°mhu. B.k. 1938 dp¨ dyøe rhje
NyS>fp[u A_° Np•Z rhje k¨ıL©$[ kp\° A°d. A°. dp¨ ∞\d
hNÆ kp\° pk \ep¨.
93
Ïehkpe : B.k. 1936 dp rhg£ pg£_u Np°L$mcpB lpBıL|$gdp rinL$
[fuL°$. B.k. 1938 \u 39 ky^u rkX$_lpd L$p∑g°S>dp¨
MX$kde_p A¬ep`L$ [fuL°$ ≈°X$pep. B.k. 1939 \u B.k.
1946 ky^u Ad]$php]$_u NyS>fp[ h_pÆL$eygf kp°kpeV$u
(NyS>fp[ rh¤pkcp) ‹pfp iÍ \[p A_yı_p[L$ A›ee_
k¨ip° _ rhcpNdp¨ A›ep`L$ [fuL°$. f∆ k‡V°$Ábf 1946
\u S|>_ 1954 ky^u A¬ep`__p kh°[_ Ïehkpedp¨\u
ıh°√R>pA° dyL$[ f¸p. S|>_ 1954 \u NyS>fp[ eyr_hrkÆV$u
(Ad]$php]$-9) dp¨ NyS>fp[u cpjpkprl–e_p ‚^p_
A›ep`L$; [° kp\° S> [°_p cpjp kprl–e ch__p dp_plÆ
‚p¬ep`L$ [°dS> A¬en `]°$\u ıh•r√R>L$ r_h©r—. 30
_h°Ábf 1966 \u 17, _h°Ábf, 1972 ky^u NyS>fp[
eyr_hrkÆV$u_p dp_plÆ Ly$g`r[ (hpBk Qpfik°gf) B.k.
1953, kZp°kfp Mp[° gp°L$cpf[u k¨ı\p_u ı\p`_pdp¨
kqæ$e fk. –ep¨ iÍAp[_p Npmpdp¨ [°d_u dygpL$p[u
A›ep`L$ [fuL°$ k°hpAp°.
rhi°j k°hpAp° : qX$k°Ábf, B.k. 1935 dp¨ L$X$u R>p”k¨d°g_dp¨ ‚dyM A_°
Ïepøep_ "d_° kp¨cf° f°' Ap‡ey. B.k. 1936 dp¨ dybBdp¨
blzcpju ‚Nr[hp]$u kprl–eL$pfp°_y¨ d¨X$m ı\p`hpdp¨
[°d_p° kqæ$e rlıkp°. A°r‚g 1944 \u [° Sy>gpB-k‡V°$Ábf
1946 ky^u "byqŸ‚L$pi' ”•dprkL$_y¨ k¨`p]$_, D`fp¨[
"k¨ıL©$r[' dprkL$ B.k. 1947 \u B.k. 1979 qX$k°Ábf
ky u QgpÏey. A_°L$ kı\pAp°_p ‚dyM`]$ [\p kÊe b_u
k°hp [°d_p [fa\u dmu R>°. S>°dp¨ `pW$e `yı[L$ krdr[,
kprl–e AL$p]$du, kprl–e `qfj]$_p 24dp A_° 19 dp
Ar^h°i__p kprl–erhcpN, ggu[L$gp AL$p]$du,
`u.B.A°_. _p 24 dp Ar^h°i_, _°i_g byL$ V≤$ıV$_u
94
kgplL$pf krdr[, L°$fi÷ue cpjp kgplL$pf krdr[;
op_`uW$ A°hp°XÆ$_u ‚hf krdr[, ArMg rlfi]$ if]$Q¨÷
S>fid i[pÂ]$u dlp°–kh krdr[, L$gL$—p, DSS>•_
Ap¨[ffpqÛV≤$e L$prg]$pk Np°qÛW$ k‡[pl_u A›en[p S>°hu
rhi°j k°hpAp° Ap`u R>°. ]$qnZ NyS>fp[ eyr_hrkÆV$u [\p
kp•fpÛV≤$ eyr_hrkÆV$u _u ı\p`_p dpV°$_u krdr[_u k°hpAp°
dyøe R>°.
‚hpkp° - dygpL$p[p° : Ddpi¨L$f ≈°iuA° kprl–e - L$gp_u S>° c°M fu l[u [°_p
A_yk¨^p_° [°dZ° OZp-OZp ‚hpkp° L$epÆ R>°, [°dZ°
cpf[_p gNcN b^p S> ‚p[ D`f qfc∞dZ L$eyØ R>°, S>°dp
Apby\u iÍ \B R>°. d÷pk, ]$qnZ cpf[, D—f‚]°$i,
rblpf, b¨Npm, Ap°qfıkp, dy¨bB, L$gL$—p, q]$Îlu,
N¨Np°”u_u ep”p, b°¨Ngp°f, Apkpd, d°Opge, drZ`yf,
Ap¨]$pdp_ V$p yAp° D`fp¨[ rh]°$idp¨ Z [°Ap°_u dygpL$p[p°
kprl–e - L$gp_p k¨]$c£ flu R>°. [°dZ° L$fp¨Qu, b°BtS>N,
Qu_, tkNp`yf, ≈hp, bpgu, dgpep, g¨L$p, Ad°qfL$p,
H¡g°fiX$, gX$_, ‰pfik, S>dÆ_u, sıhV$πTg£fiX$, BV$pgu, N∞uk,
BrS>‡[, [p°L$ep°-L$ep° [p°, lufp°iudp, friep, kAp°g
(]$qnZ L$p°qfep) [pBhp_, l¨N°fu, `|hÆ S>dÆ_u, `°qfk,
ey.A°k.A°., L°$_°X$p hN°f° ]°$ip°dp¨ cpf[_y ‚r[r_r^–h L$fu
kprl–e_u Ap]$p_‚]$p_\u dp¨X$u Ïepøep_p° Ap`u,
dygpL$p[p°_° ip°cphu R>°.
riÛeh©r—Ap° - pqf[p°qjL$p° - dp_]$πD`pr^ :
d•qV≤$L$_u `qfnp_p A_yk¨Op_° d°qfV$ ıL$p°gfiu` [\p
bpfX$p°gp°B riÛeh©r— B.k. 1939 dp¨ "N¨Np°”u' _°
fZ∆[fpd kyhZÆQ¨÷L$, B.k. 1944 dp¨ "‚pQu_p' _°
drlX$p `pqf[p°qjL$ [\p B.k. 1945 dp¨ _dÆ]$ kyhZÆ -
95
Q¨÷L$, B.k. 1963 dp¨ "dlp‚ı\p_' _° Ddp-ı_°lfsÌd
`pqf[p°qjL$ "r_iu\' _° B.k. 1935-60 ky^u_u
cpf[_u Ó°ÛW$ kS>Æ_ L©$r[ dpV°$ op_`uW$ A°hp°XÆ$, Ap k¨]$c£
dy¨bB-dfpW$u kprl–e k¨O° [°d_y¨ kfidp_ L$eyØ A_° dp_plÆ
Ap∆h_ kÊe`]$ [\p kyhZÆQ¨÷L$ Ap`u L$eyØ. "Arcop'
_° B.k. 1967 dp¨ filp_pgpg `pqf[p°qjL$ B.k. 1973
dp¨ kprl–e AL$p]$du q]$Îlu_p° yfıL$pf "L$rh_u ÓŸp' dpV°$
d˛ep°. B.k. 1976 dp¨ "frhfi÷[“hpQpeÆ'_u D`pr^
frhfi÷QQpÆ ch_ - L$gL$—p [fa\u dmu. B.k. 1979
dp kp°rhe[ g°fiX$ _°lfy A°hp°XÆ$, B.k. 1981 _p° "rhNyS>Æfu'
Np•fh `yfıL$pf, 1985 dp¨ dlpL$rh Ly$dpf_ Apip_
`pqf[p°qjL$, B.k. 1989 (dfZp°—f) ‚°dp_¨]$
kyhZÆQ¨÷L$ S>°hp rhrh^ yfıL$pfp°, pqf[p°qjL$ ‚p‡[ \ep
R>°. D`fp¨[ Sy>]$u-Sy>]$u eyr_hrkÆV$uAp° [fa\u dp_plÆ X$u.
rgV$π_u D`pr^ A`ÆZ L$fhpdp¨ Aphu R>°. S>°dp¨ A_yæ$d°
1969 dp¨ b¢¡gp°f eyr_hrkÆV$u [fa\u B.k. 1970 dp¨
≈°^`yf eyr_hrkÆV$u [fa\u B.k. 1973 dp¨ kp•fpÛV≤$
eyr_hrkÆV$u [fa\u, B.k. 1978 dp¨ kf]$pf `V°$g
eyr_hrkÆV$u [fa\u, B.k.1981 dp¨ S>bg yf eyr_hrkÆV$u
[fa\u dp_plÆ ]$hu A ÆZ L$fhpdp¨ Aphu R>°.
: kprl–e kd©qŸ :
L$pÏe : rhip¨r[ (B.k. 1931), N¨Np°”u (B.k. 1934),
r_iu\ (B.k. 1939), ‚pQu_p (B.k. 1944),
Apr[’e (B.k. 1946), hkfi[hjpÆ (B.k. 1954),
dlp‚ı\p_ (B.k. 1965), Arcop (B.k. 1967),
cp°rdeprh_p (B.k. 1973), ^pfphı” (B.k.
1981), k‡[`]$u (B.k. 1981), kdN∞L$rh[p (B.k.
96
1981)
_hgL$\p : `pfL$p¨ SŒep¨ (B.k. 1940)
_pV$L$ : kp`_pcpfp (B.k. 1936), ilu]$ (B.k. 1951),
lh°gu (B.k. 1977)
V|$L$u hp[pÆ : ÓphZu d°mp° (B.k. 1937), ”Z A^yØ b° (B.k.
1938), A¨[fpe (B.k. 1947), rhkpdp° (B.k.
1959)
g°ML°$ "”Z A yØ b°' A_° "A[fpe' kN∞ldp_u AdyL$ hp[pÆ
gB "rhkpdp°' dp¨ d|L$u Ap b° k¨N∞lp° f]$ L$epÆ R>°.
Qqf” : Np¨ uL$\p (B.k. 1969), ]$edp¨ X°$gu R>buAp° cpN :
1-2 (B.k. 1977) Bkpdyri]$p A_° Afie (B.k.
1986)
r_b^ : Np°qÛW$ (B.k. 1951), DOpX$u bpfu (B.k. 1959),
rihk¨L$Î` (B.k. 1918)
rhh°Q_ : AMp° : A°L$ A›ee_ (B.k. 1941), kdk¨h°]$_ (B.k.
1949), ArcÍrQ (B.k. 1959), i•gu A_° ıhÍ`
(B.k. 1960), r_funp (B.k. 1960), L$rh_u kp^_p
(B.k. 1961), Óu A_° kp•fc (B.k. 1967),
‚r[iÂ]$ (B.k. 1967), L$rh_u ÓŸp (B.k. 1972),
iÂ]$_u iqL$[ (B.k. 1982), kS>ÆL$ ‚r[cp 1-2 (k`p,
ıhpr[ ≈°iu - B.k. 1994) r_Ú°_p dl°gdp¨ (huk-
cS>_p°- ‚p\Æ_p L$pÏep°_y¨ Apıhp]$d|gL$ qhhfZ - B.k.
1986), An idea of Indian literafure (B.k.
1988), Indian literature : personal
encouners (B.k. 1988), Kalidas's poetic
97
voice (B.k. 1988)
rinZ : L°$mhZu_p° L$p°eX$p° (B.k. 1977)
‚L$uZÆ : kdef¨N (B.k. 1978)
kip° _ : yfpZp°dp¨ NyS>fp[ (B.k. 1946)
kip° _-k`p]$_ : L$πgpfi[ L$rh (B.k. 1942), AMp_p R>‡`p (B.k.
1953), Álpfp¨ kp∑_°V$ (b.L$.W$p. L©$[; B.k. 1953)
ky pf°gu-h^pf°gu bu∆ Aph©r—_y buSy>¨ y_dyÆ÷Z (B.k.
1964), ]$id ıL¨$^ cpN 1-2 (X$pµ. lqfhÎgc cpepZu
kp\° cpN-1; B.k. 1968, cpN-2 : B.k. 1971),
AM°Nu[p (X$pµ. fdZgpg ≈°iu kp\° : B.k. 1967)
k¨ p]$_ : Np¨ u L$pÏek¨N∞l (ı_°lfsÌd kp\° - B.k. 1937), L$pÏe
[“hrhQpf (fp.rh. pW$L$ kp\° - B.k. 1939), kprl–e
rhQpf (fp.rh. `pW$L$ kp\° B.k. 1940), rhQpfdp^yfu
cpN : 1-2 (fp.rh. pW$L$ kp\°, cpN : 1 - B.k. 1941,
cpN - 2 : B.k. 1951), kprl–e Îgh cpN : 1-2-3
(ı_°lfrÌd kp\°, - B.k. 1941) (cpN : 1, ky^pf°gu
Aph©r—, B.k. 1951-1955, cpN-2; ky pf°g Aph©r—
B.k. 1955, cpN-3 : ky^pf°g Aph©r— B.k. 1956)
q]$¡]$iÆ_ (fp.rh. `pW$L$ kp\° - B.k. 1942) ApQpeÆ
Ap_¨]$i¨L$f O∞yh ıdpfL$ N∞\ (Afie kp\° - B.k. 1944),
hfk_u Ó°ÛW$ hp[pÆAp° (B.k. 1951), d°OpZu ıd©r—N∞\
cpN : 1-2 (B.k. 1952 `y_: dy÷Z B.k. 1971),
A¨bycpB `yfpZu jqÛV$`|r[Æ Arc_¨]$_ N∞¨\ (Afie kp\°
B.k. 1955),
98
ıh‡_‚epZ (B.k. 1959), L$pg°gL$f A¬ee_ N∞¨\
(Afie kp\° B.k. 1961), kprl–e k¨QN (Afie kp\° -
B.k. 1962), q]$. b. _dÆ]$pi¨L$f dl°[p ıdpfL$ N∞¨\
(A_¨[fpe fphm [\p eip°^f dl°[p kp\° - B.k.
1968), A¨bycpB `yfpZu ıd©r[N∞¨\ (frkL$gpg R>p°.
`fuM [\p Afie kp\° - B.k. 1969), dqX$ep_y¨
d_p°fpS>e (B.k. 1970), NyS>fp[u kprl–e_p° Br[lpk,
cpN 1 \u 4 (A_¨[fpe fphm A_° eih¨[ iyL$g kp\°,
cpN-1: B.k. 1973; cpN-2 : B.k. 1976; cpN-3
: B.k. 1978; cpN-4 : B.k. 1981) L$gp`u_p¨ L$pÏep°
(Ap`Zp° kprl–hpfkp°, k¨`yV$ bu≈° - B.k. 1974)
if[Q¨÷ S>fid i[pÂ]$u N∞\ (B.k. 1977), ‚r[cp A_°
‚r[cph (B.k. 1981) kS>ÆL$_u Ap¨[fL$\p (B.k.
1984) d°lzgp° NpS>°_° dp^h _pQ° (fOyhuf Qp°^fu kp\°
B.k. 1987), ∞yS>[u ‡epgu (k•e]$ kpbf Agu byMpfu
L©$[ - B.k. 1988)
99
Ddpi¨L$f ≈°iu_u kd©Ÿ kp∑_°V$fpri
_dÆ]$\u rhL$k°gu L$rh[p_u Sy>]$u-Sy>]$u dy÷p_p° Or_ÛW$Í`dp¨ AprhÛL$pf
Ddpi¨L$f_u L$rh[pdp¨ dm° R>°. Np¨^u eyNQ°[_p `Z ‚bm[p\u Tugpe R>°.
rhb y–h_u cph_p kp\° L$rh[p kdN∞ fur[\u L$gp_p° DrQ[ ı`iÆ pdu rh[p°
dyMu b_° R>°. ky¨]$fdπ - Ddpi¨L$f S>°hp L$rhAp° ‹pfp tQ[_kcf kp∑_°V$_p rh`yg
A ÆZ ‹pfp kp∑_°V$ rhfg rkqŸA° l°pQ° R>°. ky]$fdπ_u kdp[f° DdpiL$f_y kS>Æ_L$dÆ
Qpg° R>°. Ddpi¨L$f_p° kp∑_°V$ [fa_p° gNph [°dZ° Ap`°g "Nyg°`p°gp¨X$'dp¨ p°rgi
L$rh rds–kL$ep° rhQ_p_p kp∑_°V$_p° A_yhp]$ R>°, ""i•gu A_° ıhÍ`''dp¨ "kp∑_°V$'
D`f_u ıhÍ`p–dL$ rhriÛV$[p_° Qv^[p° r_b^ d|L$ep° R>°, S>° ‚pfcdp "Nyg° p°gpX$'
dp¨ Z kdphpep° l[p°.
Ddpi¨L$f_p L$rh[pkS>Æ_dp¨ Ly$g A°L$kp° AX$[pguk S>°V$gp kp∑_°V$p° ‹pfp
tQ[_kcf dp_k_p° kycN`qfQe kp¨`X°$ R>°, fpqÛV≤$e cph_p_° ÏeL$[ L$f[p¨
"i|fk¨d°g_', "^∞yh[pfgu', "DfMpM', "dp°Mf°', "`¨\luZ`¨\', "rhL$Î`',
"Ap°f[p' kp∑_°V$p° f¸p¨ R>°. rhb¨^y–h_u cph_p_° d|[Æ L$f[p¨ "rh[p°dyMu',
"rhdp_hu' S>°hp D]$p—cph_° ÏeL$[ L$f[p¨ kp∑_°V$ f¸p¨ R>°. "‚Ô_', "Ql°fp
d_yS>_p', "˘]$etk y', "hp¨R>p' S>°hp¨ kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ dp_h[php]$u ]$e_p ]$iÆ_ \pe
R>°, [p° kpdprS>L$ rhk¨hpr]$[p ≈°B_° L$rh kdpS>hp]$u rhQpfkfZu S>°hp° b¨X$
"S>W$fpr¡_' S>°hp kp∑_°V$dp¨ gph° R>°.
""kp¶]$e°pÆ u DfTfZ Npi° R>u Ap`d°m°''
S>°hu qL$[_y Np_ L$f[p L$rh_p kp∑_°V$dp ‚L©$r[_p° ‚cphL$ Ai ‚NV$ \[p°
f¸p° R>° "_Mu kfp°hf D`f if]$`|rZÆdp', "L$p¨L$qfep', "d›eplπ_', "l[p° S>gr^
ip¨[', "NyfyriMf' S>°hp¨ kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ ‚L©$r[_p fÁe, cÏe k•p¨]$eÆ_° Apg°øey R>°.
DdpiL$f_p ‚ZerhjeL$ kp∑_°V$p°_° Ahgp°L$[p ‚\e cphdp keqd[[p,
riÛV$[p, dp^yeÆ, Ap°S>k S>°hp NyZp° EX$u_° Ap¨M° hmN° [°hp¨ R>°. "kMu d° L$Î`u'
[u', "dlu filp°[u S>epf°', "`”p°', " y_gÆ¡_', "A°L$g kp\dp hp ?', "flıep° [pfp',
"‚Zeu_u fV$Zp', "Ad° Npep Nu[p°', "‚Ze bL$' S>°hp kp∑_°V$p°dp ‚ur[_p° dy¡^
DÎgpk [°_p kpaÎe A_° D–L$jÆL$ ı`iÆ_u fie[p A_ychpe R>°. "b° |rZÆdpAp°'
dp ıhp_yc|r[_p° rhriÛV$ AhpS> R>°. ∆h_kMu ‚–e°_p Ap•]$peÆ, ‚°d_p ApqgrM[
Í`dp¨ ‚kfi_[p_p° cph ◊qÛV$Np°Qf \pe R>°. "‚Ze_u fV$Zp' A_° "d|L$ rdg_'
100
dp rhfl R>u_p cprhrdg__p fÁerQ”p°_y cphkcf Apg°M_ R>°. "`fp^u_ L$rh'
A_° "flıep° [pfp¨' S>°hp¨ kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ r‚e[dp_p ‚Ze A_° L$rh[p h√Q°_u
d\pdZ_y, [p° "‚Ze - k‡[L$' S>°hp kp∑_°V$ Ny√R>dp ]$pÁ`–ecph_° N|\[p kp∑_°V$p°
f¸p R>°. "_pfu : L°$V$gpL$ ıhÍ`p°' S>°hy kp∑_°V$ - k‡[L$ ı”u- yfyj_p kb^_° rh^rh^
ı\mL$pm h√Q° _pV$L$ S>°hu L$peÆ_u Np°W$hZuÍ ° Apg°øep¨ R>°.
∆h_ddÆ A_° tQ[__° [pL$[u "Ap–dp_p M¨X°$f' kp∑_°V$dpmp, "cg°i©Np°
KQp', "Nep hj°pÆ - f¸p¨ hj°pÆ [°dp¨', "rlkpbp° ∆Ïep_p', "Ap–dk¨[p°j',
"rhS>e', "Ap–dr_h°]$_', "L$rh^dÆ', "BÛepÆ' S>°hp kp∑_°V$p° ApNhu d|X$u kdp f¸p
R>°.
ÏeqL$[rhi°j_° A¬eÆ, A¨S>rg A`Æ[p rhc|r[h¨]$_p_p kp∑_°V$dp¨ -
"L$prg]$pk', "L$hufi÷ l°', "dlpL$rh ]$pfi[°', "frhfi÷_p\', "_dÆ]$', "Np°h^Æ_',
"ıd©r[d¨q]$f', "`pW$L$kpl°b', "AS>b yÛ`L$ dp_Ïe_y¨', "dlpd_p tgL$_' S>°hu
rhc|r[Ap°, _°[pAp°, L$rhAp° hN°f°_p¨ L$pe°pÆ [°d_u iqL$[ A_° Ap]$i°pÆ_u cph_p_°
ep]$ L$fu A¨qL$[ L$epØ R>°. "fX$p° _ dyS> d©–ey_°' S>°hy Np¨ ud©–ey_¨p L$fyZ_° [pL$[y kp∑_°V$
R>°.
lmhu L$\_i•gu_p¨ "`y_gÆ¡_', "TÊcp°', "bpmL$', "Myfiu', "A°L$gu
?', "QL$gu' S>°hp¨ iujÆL$p° fph[p kp∑_°V$ f¸p¨ R>°.
ıhÍ` `f–h° Ddpi¨L$f_p° gNph `°V≤$pLÆ$ipB b¨^ [fa_p° rhi°j f¸p° R>°.
[°d_p D—d kp∑_°V$ Ap b^dp gMpep R>°. Ap D`fp[ i°L$πsı`efpB, ıh[” fur[_p,
rdÎV°$r_L$ kp∑_°V$ d˛ep¨ R>°. "S>W$fpr¡_' S>°hp¨ kp∑_°V$dp¨ 4+41/2 + 541/2 S>°hy¨
rhcpS>_ L$eyØ R>°. ‚pkfur[dp L$rh L$p°B ep°¡e Ÿr[_° A_ykepÆ _\u. ıh[” fur[_u
‚pk`Ÿr[ [°d_° h y dpaL$ Aphu R>°. i°L$πsı`efipB fQ_pdp L$epL$ abba cddceffe gg S>°hu (cg° i©¨Np° KQp) `Ÿr[ dm° R>°. A\Æ A_° cph_° `p°jL$
‚pkk¨L$g__p Adgdp¨ d|L$u R>°.
kp∑_°V$dp¨ h©—h•rh›e Z ≈°hp dm° R>°. ©’hu R>¨]$_° rhi°j AphL$pf d˛ep°
R>°. Ap D`fp¨[ riMqfZu, d¨]$pæ$pfi[p, hk¨[r[gL$p, ¡^fp, lqfZu, D`≈r[,
ip]yÆ$grhæ$uqX$[, A_yÛVy$`, ÷z[rhg¨rb[ S>°hp k¨ıL©$[h©—p° `Z ep°Sep R>°.
"d|L$rdg_'dp¨ hk¨[r[gL$p A_° ı”¡^fp S>°hp R>¨]$rdÓZ_p ‚ep°N lp\ epÆ R>°.
h•[pgue, d_lf L°$ fp°mp S>°hp dp”pd°m R>¨]$_p ‚ep°N Z [°dZ° lp\ epÆ R>°.
DdpiL$f ≈°iu_u kNÆiqL$[_p _|[_ Dfid°j, ErdÆ, A_yc|r[_u Ncuf[p,
101
tQ[_iug[p, L$Î`_p_y¨ cÏe DX$p_, Ïe¨S>_pkcf bp_u kp∑_°V$_p ‚h[ÆL$ bm
[fuL°$ f¸p¨ R>°. Ap¨[qfL$ ‚op_p bm_u ‚r[cp kp∑_°V$ g°M_dp¨ E[fu R>°. S>°_p\u
[°Ap° A°L$ rkŸlı[ kp∑_°V$L$pf L$l°hpep R>°.
L$rhA° ArcÏeqL$[_p ‹pf_° "_Mu kfp°hf' D`f if]$`|rZÆdp S>°hy¨
kp∑_°V$L$pÏe gMu_° Mp°Îey R>°. kp∑_°V$ [fa_p rhi°j n`p[dp¨ L$]$pQ [° A°L$ L$pfZ
f¸y¨ li°. p°gp¨X$_p L$rh A°X$πd rdfikqL$e°rhQ_u kp∑_°V$dpmp "qæ$rde_ kp∑_°V$πk'
_p° "Nyg°`p°gp¨X$' iujÆL$\u A_yhp]$ Ap‡ep° R>°. kp\° - kp\° kp∑_°V$_p khÆ`pkp_°
Aphfu g°[p° [“h |ZÆ r_b^ Ap‡ep° A_° "Álpfp kp∑_°V$' _pd° b.L$.W$pL$p°f_p kp∑_°V$_y
k¨`p]$_ lp\ eyØ, S>°dp¨ L$rh_u kp∑_°V$‚ur[ AR>[u fl°[u _\u. Ap D`fp¨[ rh`yg
kp∑_°V$fpri\u kp∑_°V$ L$pÏe‚L$pf_° NyS>fp[u kprl–edp¨ A°L$ rhL$pk_u ]$p°f Ap`u R>°.
L$rh_p L$pÏek¨N∞l f ◊qÛV$ ]$p°X$ph[p [°dp¨\u Mpku A°hu L©$r[Ap° kp∑_°V$Ny√R> A_°
kp∑_°V$dpmpAp° Í ° dm° R>°. "N¨Np°”u' (B.k. 1934)dp¨ "eyN◊ÛV$p' (kp∑_°V$”eu)
[°_u ]$kdu Aph©r—dp¨ (B.k. 1980) "bpZ`\pfu' (kp∑_°V$dpmp), "r_iu\'
(B.k. 1939) dp¨ "Ap–dp_p¨ M¨X°$f' (kp∑_°V$dpmp), "Apr[’e' (B.k. 1946)
dp "‚Zek‡[L$', "Arckpf A_° rdg_' (kp∑_°V$Ny√R>) "q”iym' (kp∑_°V$”eu),
"_pfu : L°$V$gp¨L$ ıhÍ`p° - (kp∑_°V$ k‡[L$)' S>°hu L©$r[Ap° flu R>°.
eyN÷ÛV$p (kp∑_°V$”eu) :
Npd\u iÂ]$_° gB_° _uL$m°gp L$rh_u L$pÏeep”pdp L$rhA° iÂ]$_° bfpbf
`gp°V$ep° R>°, dp\° QY$pÏep° R>° A_° [°_u dl—p ı\p`u R>°. A°V$g° S> L$rh_p L$pÏe_p
rhjedp A° X$p°L$pep° R>°. L$rh[p_° Ap–dp_y Ad©[Np_ kdS>_pfp L$rhA° "eyN÷ÛV$p'
kp∑_°V$”eudp L$rh[p rhjeL$ [\p dp_hu_u dyqL$[_u hp[ dpX$u R>° L$rhA° ”Z S>y]$p
- Sy>]$p kp∑_°V$dp hpÎduqL$, h°]$Ïepk A_° ”u≈ Ah[pf g°_pf cf[ L$rh_° cphpS>rg
A`w R>°.
fpdpeZ_p fQre[p hpÎduqL$_p kdeL$pmdp¨ L$rh_p S>ZpÏep ‚dpZ°
k©qÛV$_u bpÎephı\p l[u. b y S> leyØ ceyØ l[y. Qpf° [fa dNgL$pfu hp[phfZ l[y
–epf° pfp^u_p bpZ\u Opeg æ$°p¨Q_u Ap[ÆQuk kp¨cmu,
102
‘DF lGQFFN 5|lTQ9F\ tJDUDo XF`JTLo ;DFo š
ItS|[F\RlDY]GF N[SDŸJWLo SFDDMlCTDŸ šš˜
S>°hu ip°L$_u hpZu Ôgp°L$–h `pdu. l° ÷ÛV$p, [pfp L¨$h_\u rhÔh_p¨ ]y$:Mp°
_pi pÁep. hmu fpdku[p ‹pfp dp_hLy$m_u duW$u Ly$V$ybÏehı\p_p° drldp Npep°
R>°. bu≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨ h°]$ Ïepk_° ep]$ L$fu eyŸp°dp¨ ApeÆ ‚≈ hgp°hpB l[u –epf°
dlpcpf[ L$pÏeÍ`u Ad©[Ly¨$c Akyf[“h kpd° gX$hp_u _hu iqL$[Í` bfiey¨.
L$rhA° h°]$ Ïepk dpV°$ L$f°gp kbp° _p° ‹pfp Ïepk_p ı\p__° DrQ[ fu[° KQy DW$pÏey
R>°.
"b∞ qjÆ ! q]$Ïe ÷ÛV$p ! A_y d eyNd|r[Æ ! sı\[‚o ep°Nu !' Nu[p Np_pf°
dp_hLy$m_u Ïe\p NpB R>°. Alv L$rhA° dlpcpf[_p kdephr^_p° r_]£$i L$e°pÆ R>°.
”u≈ kp∑_°V$dp kp‚[ sı\r[L$pmdp L$rhA° ‚h°i L$fpÏep° R>°. [°dp A° kde_u Ïe\p
d|L$u R>°. kıL©$r[_p _pi_p L$pm° dp_h cvk A_ych° R>° –epf° cpf[dp Ad©[hufX$u_y
_hy¨ Tfœ¨ (Np¨^u∆) a}V$ey¨ _° cpf[_p gp°L$p°A° L$f°gp ıh[¨”[p dpV°$_p ‚e–_p° _°
fpÛV≤$_u A°L$[p_° Np_pf, _° ‚°dcfu k¨hpq]$[p kp^_pf ]$f°L$ dp_h_p l•ep_p° q]$Ïe
÷ÛV$p b__pf L$p°B cf[Ly$g L$rh Ah[pf g° A°hu A°jZpAp° fpMu R>°.
kp∑_°V$”eu_° bp¨^_pf Ap¨[fk|”dp¨ L$rh[p A_° dp_hL$ÎepZ_p cph
`X$ep R>°, S>° ”Z° kp∑_°V$_° A°L$ ]$p°fdp¨ fp°h° R>°. ]$u Æ kdeph^u_° Apg°M[p¨ A¨r[d
kp∑_°V$dp¨ h[Ædp_dp¨ Ap^yr_L$ L$pm_° d|L$u kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ Aph[p hmp¨L$_° IrN[
fu[° d|L$u Ap‡ep° R>°. L$rhA° cpf[_p b° dlp_ L$pÏep°_u dl—p `Z kp\° - kp\°
b[phu R>°. L$rh[prhjeL$ L$pÏe_u bp_u DrQ[ fu[° ‚p•Y$u flu R>°, S>°dp¨ Ap°S>qıh[p
`Z cf°gu R>°. Alv ı”¡^fp S>°hp ]$u Æ h©—_p° D`ep°N L$e°pÆ R>°. ‚p•Y$ bp_u_p¨ ]$iÆ_
‚pf¨c\u S> \pe R>°.
"Ly¨$S>° _° `yÛ` `y¨S>°, rNqfhfLy$lf°, _|`yf° r_TÆfp°_p¨,
rkfi^yı”p°[° ‚Q¨X°$, S>gr^S>g[f¨N°, q]$ipA¨[fpg°,'
(eyN÷ÛV$p - 1)
Alv L$rh Ap¨[f‚pk ≈mhu rhriÛV$ ge Ecp° L$fu iL$ep R>°.
103
"S>gr^S>g[f¨N°' ‹pfp Nr[de sı\r[ b[phu Ap`u R>°.
‚pfc_p Ah[f°gp L$pÏedp L$rhA° iÂ]$p°_p ı\p_a°f [\p pW$p[f R>u_p
k¨ıL$fZh°mp ıhuL$pepÆ R>°. "eyN÷ÛV$p - 1' dp¨_u ‚\d `¨qL$[dp¨ iÂ]$_p æ$d
`gV$pÏep R>°. ‚\d `¨qL$[ Ap fu[° d|L$pe°gu - "Ly¨$S> _° `yÛ``y¨ S>°, rNqfhfL|$lf°,
r_T•fp°_p _| yf°', S>°dp Ar[d iÂ]$p°_p° ı\p_a°f° "_| yf° r_TÆfp°_p' S>°hp° æ$d ıhuL$pe°pÆ
R>°. [° S> kp∑_°V$_u ”u∆ ¨qL$[_p A¨[° "[pfL$ph©]$kf°' S>°hp° kpdprkL$ iÂ]$ l[p° [°_°
ı\p_° "ı`fi]$_° [pfL$p°_p¨' S>°hp° `pW$p¨[f `W$_dp¨ `Z DrQ[ge ≈mh° R>°.
"eyN÷ÛV$p-2' _u ApW$du ¨qL$[_p ”u≈ iÂ]$ "Tf°' R>° –ep¨ "Td°' l[y¨.
L$rhA° M¨X$rhcpS>_dp¨ eyN÷ÛV$p-1 _° i°L$πsı`efipB 4+4+4+2,
eyN÷ÛV$p-2 _° `°V≤$pLÆ$ipB 8+6 A_° eyN÷ÛV$p-3 _p ‚pf¨cdp¨ S>° 4+4+6 S>°hp¨
M¨X$rhcpS>_dp¨ l[y¨ [°_° 4+4+4+2 S>°hp i°L$πsı`efipB kp∑_°V$dp¨ qfZÁey¨ R>°.
L$rhA° ‚pk_u ≈mhZudp¨ ‚\d kp∑_°V$dp¨ abab, cdcd, eeff, gg bu≈
kp∑_°V$dp¨ AÛV$L$dp¨ ‚pk ≈mÏep _\u. jÛV$L$dp¨ aabbcc A_° A¨r[d kp∑_°V$dp¨
‚\d Q[yÛV$dp Qpf°e qL$[_p kdp_ ∞pk A_° A[_p ey¡dL$_p kdp_ ‚pk fpøep
R>°.
‚ı[y[ kp∑_°V$ hukp`yf S>°gdp¨ A_yæ$d° [pfuM 21-6-1932, 3-7-
1932, 3-7-1932 _p fQpep R>°. b° kp∑_°V$p°_u A°L$ S> [pfuM R>°. L$rhA° AÊepk
R>p°X$u ıh[¨”[p_u Qmhmdp¨ T¨ gpÏey [°\u [° kde_u Apbp°lhp ”u≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨
Aphu R>°. kp\° kp\° S>°ghpkdp [°d_° ky]$fdπ S>°hp L$rhrd”_p° c°V$p° \ep° l[p°. S>°gdp
c°Np flu_° kS>Æ_ L$f[p Ap b° kS>ÆL$p°_p rhQpfp° Z L$epf°L$ kfMp E[f[p li°.
‚ı[y[ L$pÏe_° A° k¨]$c£ L$rh ky]$fdπ_p "L$prg]$pk_°' A_° L¢$L$ A¨i° "q”d|r[Æ' kp\°
kfMphhp S>°hy R>°. ‚ı[y[ L$pÏe "Ly$dpf' dp¨ ‚rkŸ \ey l[y. Alv L$rh_y dyøe ›e°e
dp_hdyqL$[_p NyZNp_ Nphp pR>m dp_h‚°d ‚NV$ \pe R>°. kp∑_°V$dpmp_u ky]$f
ApL©$r[ dpV°$ Ap°R>pdp¨ Ap°R>p p¨Q L°$ h y kp∑_°V$_u A °np fpMhpdp¨ Aphu R>°. Alv
”Z kp∑_°V$p° R>°, [°\u L$p°B rhriÛV$ ApL©$r[_y r_dpÆZ \[y _\u. hmu kp∑_°V$”eudp¨
Apf¨c rhı[pf (d¬e), A¨[ S>°hp° Apg°M `Z dm[p° _\u. kdp¨[f S>[p¨ ”Z°
104
kp∑_°V$dp kNp°q”e[pdp L$rh[prhjeL$ A_° dp_h‚°d X$ep° R>°. L$rhA° L$pm_p ”Z
[bL$L$p_° rhriÛV$ fu[° k¨ p_ L$epØ R>°.
bpZ`\pfu (kp∑_°V$dpmp) :
"‚ı\p_' dp¨ ‚rkqŸ pd°g "bpZ`\pfu' ‚pf¨c° ]$u^ÆL$pÏeÍ`° d|L$pe°gp
"N¨Np°”u' (B.k. 1934) dp¨ Z A°S> Í ° k¨N∞lpe°gy Z [°_p ]$kdp y_dyÆ÷Z
(B.k. 1981) dp¨ kp∑_°V$dpmp_p Apg°MÍ ° k¨ıL$fZ \ey. ‚pf¨c_p OpV$ ‚dpZ°
kp∑_°V$dpmp S>°hp° OpV$ S>Íf l[p°, Z ¨qL[Ap° Ly$g 1341/2 l[u. [°_p ]$k kp∑_°V$
dZL$pÍ ° d|L$[p 51/2 ¨qL$[Ap° L$rh_° Dd°fhu X$u R>°. L$rh_y Ap A¨N°_y r_h°]$_
Ap ‚L$pf_y¨ R>° : "N¨Np°”u k¨N∞l_y¨ Ap N∞¨\dp¨, ArNepfdy¨ `y_dyÆ÷Z R>°."N¨Np°”u k¨N∞l_y¨ Ap N∞¨\dp¨, ArNepfdy¨ `y_dyÆ÷Z R>°."N¨Np°”u k¨N∞l_y¨ Ap N∞¨\dp¨, ArNepfdy¨ `y_dyÆ÷Z R>°."N¨Np°”u k¨N∞l_y¨ Ap N∞¨\dp¨, ArNepfdy¨ `y_dyÆ÷Z R>°."N¨Np°”u k¨N∞l_y¨ Ap N∞¨\dp¨, ArNepfdy¨ `y_dyÆ÷Z R>°.
"bpZ`\pfu' rkhpe L$p°B L$pÏedp¨ a°fapf L$e°pÆ _\u. d|m A° dprkL$dp¨"bpZ`\pfu' rkhpe L$p°B L$pÏedp¨ a°fapf L$e°pÆ _\u. d|m A° dprkL$dp¨"bpZ`\pfu' rkhpe L$p°B L$pÏedp¨ a°fapf L$e°pÆ _\u. d|m A° dprkL$dp¨"bpZ`\pfu' rkhpe L$p°B L$pÏedp¨ a°fapf L$e°pÆ _\u. d|m A° dprkL$dp¨"bpZ`\pfu' rkhpe L$p°B L$pÏedp¨ a°fapf L$e°pÆ _\u. d|m A° dprkL$dp¨
R>`pey¨ –epf° R>°Îgp° \p°X$p°L$ A¨i bp]$ L$f[p¨ kp∑_°V$dpmp S>°hy¨ l[y¨. ]$kdp¨R>`pey¨ –epf° R>°Îgp° \p°X$p°L$ A¨i bp]$ L$f[p¨ kp∑_°V$dpmp S>°hy¨ l[y¨. ]$kdp¨R>`pey¨ –epf° R>°Îgp° \p°X$p°L$ A¨i bp]$ L$f[p¨ kp∑_°V$dpmp S>°hy¨ l[y¨. ]$kdp¨R>`pey¨ –epf° R>°Îgp° \p°X$p°L$ A¨i bp]$ L$f[p¨ kp∑_°V$dpmp S>°hy¨ l[y¨. ]$kdp¨R>`pey¨ –epf° R>°Îgp° \p°X$p°L$ A¨i bp]$ L$f[p¨ kp∑_°V$dpmp S>°hy¨ l[y¨. ]$kdp¨
`y_dyÆ÷Z hM[° A°_° kp∑_°V$dpmp_p° ApL$pf Ap‡ep° R>°.'`y_dyÆ÷Z hM[° A°_° kp∑_°V$dpmp_p° ApL$pf Ap‡ep° R>°.'`y_dyÆ÷Z hM[° A°_° kp∑_°V$dpmp_p° ApL$pf Ap‡ep° R>°.'`y_dyÆ÷Z hM[° A°_° kp∑_°V$dpmp_p° ApL$pf Ap‡ep° R>°.'`y_dyÆ÷Z hM[° A°_° kp∑_°V$dpmp_p° ApL$pf Ap‡ep° R>°.'15
]$k kp∑_°V$ dZL$pdp¨ L$rhA° k¨[∆h_ ∆h[p `fp°`L$pf L$f[p dp_h
Ap–dpAp°_° [°d_p fp° L$pf_p b]$gpdp "Apq]$d_y S>°' iy Ap‡ey R>° A° cph_° kmN
]$k°e kp∑_°V$dp¨ N|’ep° R>°. A° S> A°_u kNp°q”e[p R>°. b_pÆXÆ$ip°A° "k¨[≈°_'dp¨ L$ y
R>° L°$ k¨[p° ∆h[p lp°e R>° –epf° A°_° dp_hp° kmNphu d|L°$ R>° _° dfu ≈e A°V$g° A°_p¨
hMpZ L$f° R>° ! A°_u `|≈ L$f° R>°. Ddpi¨L$f° ≈Z° L°$ ip°_p Ap k–e_° A`_phu
"bpZ`\pfu' iujÆL$ Ap‡ey¨ R>°. dlpcpf[dp¨ bpZ_u `\pfu cuÛd_° dm°gu, S>°
h°]$_pkcf, Akl_ue, ]y$:M kp\° L$kp°V$u L$f_pf lp°e A°hu h°]$_p\u cf |f i•ep
`f k¨[ `yfyjp°_p ∆h_ `X°$gp lp°e R>°. k¨[ `yfyjp°A° ]°$irl[, kdpS>rl[,
rhdp¨NÎe_p L$peÆ kp\° Aphu ]y$:Mcfu bpZi•ep A`_phu lp°e R>°; [°_p° ›hr_
|fu kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨\u EW°$ R>°, hmu iujÆL$ |fy cpf[ue R>°.
L©$r[_° L$rhA° ‚pk¨rNL$ L$lu R>°, S>°_p k¨]$cÆdp¨ Np¨ u∆_p D`hpkp°_u hp[
`X°$gu R>°. Np^u∆_p D`hpkp° pR>m rhfp° Í ° L$p°B kbm L$pfZ X$ey lp°e. Aphp
D`hpkp° 21-21 q]$hk S>°V$gp gp¨bp M°Qpep R>°. A° kde l[p° B.k. 1930-
105
32_u ıhp[¨‘e Qmhm_p°. Ap gX$[ ]$fÁep_ k–epN∞l ApÓddp¨ A°L$ Ly$dpqfL$p_°
bpmL$ Ah[eyØ. [°\u d_dp¨ S>mu dfu L$f°gp "A¨N[ iyqŸ dpV°$_p' A_° S>epf°
lqfS>_p°_° Sy>]$p° d[pr^L$pf Ap`u kfL$pf° [°d_° tl]y$Ap° L$f[p Sy>]$p NZ°gp [° hM[_p.
Ap •L$u bu≈ D`hpk Qpgu f¸p l[p, [° ‚kN_y Ap L$pÏe R>° _° A°V$g° S> DdpiL$f°
A°_° ‚pk¨rNL$ L$ y R>°. [°_p° DÎg°M _hdp kp∑_°V$dp¨ \e°gp° R>°. D`hpk\u Np¨ u∆
∆h_ A_° dfZ h√Q° T|gu fl°gp Í`° dm° R>°. Z ‚ı[y[ L$pÏe_y¨ ‚pk¨rNL$ |f[y¨
dl“h _ fl°[p A°_u NyZh—pdp¨ A° ‚pk¨rNL$ _\u [° A°L$ rQf Akf R>p°X$u ≈e R>°.
kp∑_°V$dpgp_p DOpX$Í` ‚\d kp∑_°V$dp¨ L$rhA° r_eq[_p° æ$d d|L$ep° R>°.
`©’hu_p qfc∞dZÍ`° Z A°S> ©’hu D`f hk[p° dp_hu L$B [fa Nr[ L$f° R>° [°
‚Nr[ _lv AhNr[-A¤p°Nr[ L$f° R>°. L$rhA° b° rhfp°^u cph\u S> kp∑_°V$dpgp
‚pf¨cu R>°. dp_h_u iy[p kpd° k[L$Z S>°hp L$p°B L$Z [f° R>°, S>°dZ° k–e eyØ R>°
S>N[ kpd° Alv byŸ_° ep]$ L$epÆ R>°, [p° bu≈ ”u≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨ Bky_p L$peÆ A_°
b]$gpdp¨ dm°gp d©–ey_° A_° Qp°\p kp∑_°V$\u Np¨^u∆ A_° [°_p L$peÆ_° A¨[ ky^u
d|L$ep R>°. Qp°\p kp∑_°V$_p° ‚pf¨c L¨$BL$ rhfp° u fS|>Ap[Í ° \ep° R>°.
"Af° ≈_° bp`y ! _S>f Ad kpdu L$fi _p !
`˛ep° ≈ [y¨ [pf°, S>NL$uQX$dp¨ `pe Of dp !'
Alv dp_h_u h©r—Ap° R>°. [°_u Of°X$ A°hu R>° L°$ DL°$gu iL$pe [°d _\u.
Np¨ u S>°hp "A°L$p¨L$u cX$' L$fu Z iy iL°$ ? dp_h_u iy[p [p° [°_° L$p°W°$ X$u NB R>°.
V°$hhi S>°hu Np^u∆_p ÏeqL$[–h_° DW$ph[p L$rhA° L$ y R>°. Bky dpV°$ gpL$X$p_p° ı\|m
æ|$k r_dpÆZ \ep° Z Np¨ uA° [p° A°hp æ|$k kpd°\u l•e° epØ R>°. S>ep¨ ]|$qf[ ]°$Mpe
[°_° lZhp [°_p L$]$d EW$ep R>°, A°V$g° S> L$l° R>° "]|$qf[ dfi° L°$ dfui lz¨' _° A° fu[°
Np¨ u_y ∆h_ "rQfæ|$kpfp°lZ kdy' bfiey. p¨Qdp kp∑_°V$dp¨ Np¨ u∆_° kpNf kp\°
kfMphu kpNf_p °V$pmdp R|>`pe°gp hX$hpr¡__° D`f [f[u lp°X$u L°$ qL$_pfp_° Mbf
_\u lp°[u [°d Np¨^u∆_p l•epdp¨ `Z Ïe\p `X$u R>° L$rhA° k–`yfyjp°_p l•ep_p
KX$pZ_p° [pN d°mhu [°d_p¨ ]y$:M_p° ]$pÆapi L$e°pÆ R>°. S>° kpdpfie dp_hu_u _S>f°
Aph[u _\u. R>Ã$p kp∑_°V$dp¨ kdy÷d¨\__y p•fprZL$ L$\p_p DÎg°M kp\° rih A_°
106
Np^u_u kfMpdZu L$fu R>°. rih [p° ]°$h l[p S>epf° Np^u [p° kpdpfie dpZk, R>[p
^ufS>\u [°dZ° S>N[_p¨ T°f_° L$p°W°$ ^epØ. Alv `Z b° rhfp°^u [“hp°_° ky¨]$f fu[°
kpdkpd° Np°W$Ïep R>°. kdy÷d¨\_h°mp Ad©[ A_° T°f [\p Qp•]$ f–_p° d˛ep. rih°
[p° T°f A`_phu Ad©[ rhj°_u [dp fpMu _lp°[u, [°d Np¨ u rhj° Z bfiey R>°. L°$hy
ÏeqL$[–h_° DW$ph]$pf b_pÏey R>° ! Np¨ u [p° T°f kpd°\u ip° u_° ]|$f L$f_pf k[ yfyj
R>° Z [°_p A°L$pL$u k]$πh©r—_p L$peÆ kpd° ]|$qf[_p ‚h°N_° d|L$ep° R>° kp[dp kp∑_°V$dp
k∆hpfp°`Z kfk fu[° Apg°øey¨ R>°. Ap rQ”_° k]$πh©r— kpd° rhfp°^dp¨ ]y$qf[_°
bqgÛW$ b[pÏey¨ R>°.
"L$f° k]$πh©r—_° d©]y$g `khpf°; ]y$qf[ –ep¨
^k[y¨ a}¨apX°$ Qlz r]$i\u - k¨kpf kOmp°,
b_u b°k° iy¨ L$p° L$Vy$ rhjL$V$p°fu rh`yg ip°.'
(bpZ`\pfu, kp∑_°V$ - 7)
]y$qf[_u brgÛW$[p\u S>N[ rhjL$V$p°fu S>°hy¨ b_° R>u Np¨^u mhpf Z
T¨`u L°$d iL°$ ? [° Nfubu h√Q° Nfub b_u uX$p[p, ]y$cp[p dpZkp°_u X$M° S>B
Ecp f¸p R>°. k–e ]y$cpey R>° –ep¨ Np¨ ul•epdp¨ Z TMd \ep° R>°. L°$V$gy k¨ p_ R>°
Np¨^u_y¨ ? A°L$p¨L$u ˘]$e S>° kl_ L$fu iL°$ A°\u A]$Ly¨$ kl_ Np¨^u l•e° L$eyØ R>° A°hp
cph ApW$dp kp∑_°V$dp¨ d|L$ep¨ R>°. Alv cuÛd_u bpZi•ep_° ep]$ L$fu cuÛd\u h y
D–L$jÆ fu[° Np¨ u_° DW$pÏep R>°.
"`\pfu S>° cuÛd° kdf buQ `|h£ fQu l[u,
k]$p Np¨^u_° [° dfZ-ifiËep `f k|hy¨ !'
(bpZ`\pfu, kp∑_°V$ - 8)
_hdp kp∑_°V$_p° DOpX$ k¨hp]$p–dL$ i•guA° L$e°pÆ R>°. Alv ge_u rhrh^[p
ky]$f fu[° Ap`u R>°. –ep¨ rhfp° u [“hp°_° kpdkpd° Np°W$Ïep R>°. Sy>Ap° :
"Af° ip_° kp^p° [ky [ky df° dp°[ ?' S>N L$l°;
h]°$ kp^y: "[p° L$p¨ [ky [ky [d° k–e R|>¨]$[p¨ ?'
(bpZ`\pfu, kp∑_°V$ - 9)
107
S>N[_u hpQpdp¨ [°_y¨ ıhp\w`œ¨, _aaV$pB ‚NV°$ R>°, [p° kp^y`yfyj_u
hpZudp¨ r_dÆm[p, k–e_u r_cÆe[p ‚NV°$ R>°. dfZ\u k–e DNfu S>i° ? A°hp
‚Ô__p S>hpbdp¨ Np¨ u L$l° R>° : dpfp d©–ey\u k–e_y l•ey dp” fyTpi° [p°e dpf° Oœ¨
R>°. L°$hu D]$p— hpZu ! k–e dpV°$ OZpA° ∆h_ d|L$ey¨ R>°. L$p°BA° d©–ey_° h¨¤y R>°.
Np¨^u b°e_u kd[ygp ≈mhu `fdk[dp¨ nZ° nZ° [°d_p ApeyÛe_p° lvQL$p°
∆h_-dfZ h√Q° Nr[ L$fu f¸p° R>°. Ar[d kp∑_°V$dp L$rh_u Ïe\p ‚NV$u R>°. l≈fp°
bu∆ L•$¨ ^f[udp¨ rhdp_hu b_hp_p° k¨L°$[ klS> fu[° Ap‡ep° R>°. L$rh Aphp
k[π yfyjp°_u Np\p Np_pf_° k|Q_ L$f° R>°, S>°dp¨ [°d_u Ïe\p ]°$Mpe R>°.
"qfbphu k¨[p°_p ˘]$e, Ly$fbp_u_u `R>u\u,
[d° Npip° Np\p, fd[ æ|$f A°hu iu]$ fdp° ?'
(bpZ`\pfu, kp∑_°V$ - 10)
Bky kp\° S>N[° L$f°gp Ïehlpf_u Np\p afu\u ]$p°lfphip° _lv, A°hp Ncuf
cph kp\° kp∑_°V$dpmp |ZÆ L$fu R>°.
L$rhA° L$pÏe g°M__u b° [pfuM ]$ipÆhu R>°, 17-5-1933 S>° ‚pf¨rcL$
km¨N L$pÏe_u lp°e iL°$. bu∆ 7-2-80 R>°, S>° kp∑_°V$dpmp_p _hk¨ıL$fZÍ ° li°.
km¨N ]$k kp∑_°V$ dZL$pdp¨ k[-Ak[ h√Q°_p ‹¨‹_° d|L$ep° R>°. k[L$Z X|$b[p°
_\u, kde°-kde° k[`yfyjdp¨ A° ∆Ïep° R>°. byŸ, Bky, rih A_° Np¨^u∆ S>°hp
d¨NgL$pfu_° [°_p L$peÆdp¨ A°_° d|L$ep° R>°. kpd° ]y$qf[[“h, iy[p, drg_[p, p`_y
‚NV$`p°[ k[\u A_°L$Nœ¨ f¸y¨ R>° [°_p° S>e [°_p bm° \[p° li°, Z A¨[° rhS>e
[p° k[_p° S> \pe R>° A°hy ∆h_]$iÆ_ Alv L$pÏedp\u ‚p‡[ \pe R>°. Np^u∆ ∆h[p
gMpe°gp L$pÏedp¨ crhÛe_u ApNplu_p° k¨L°$[ dm° R>°. Np¨ u_p d©–eydp¨ Np°X$k°_u
Np°mu S>hpb]$pf R>°. L°$hp° b]$gp° S>N[° Ap‡ep° ? A¨[_p kp∑_°V$dp¨ "_ L$pg° Np¨ u_u
∆h_brg - Np\p L$hui [y¨ !' dp¨ r_qlÆ[ \ey¨ R>°. L$rhA° A•r[lprkL$ ◊qÛV$ kp\°
dufp¨, kp°æ°$qV$k, byŸ, Bky_° ep]$ L$epÆ [p°, p•fprZL$ rd\ k¨]$c£ kdy÷d¨\_ gpÏep
R>°. km¨N kp∑_°V$dpgp N¨cuf cph_° Apg°M[u lp°e rQf¨∆hu R>p` D`kphhpdp¨
EZu D[f° R>°. L$rhA° aL$[ ”Z kp∑_°V$ byŸ - Np¨^u - dufp¨ kp°æ°$qV$k_° apmÏep,
108
bpL$u_p kp[ kp∑_°V$dp¨ Np¨^u∆ A_° [°_p ÏeqL$[–h_° DW$phhp dpV°$ apmÏep A°L$
bpSy> hS>_ h^pf_pf f¸p R>°, S>° kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ M|¨Q° R>°. Alv L$p°B rhi°j Apg°M
dm[p° _\u. km¨N k[π-Ak[_p rhfp° u cph_° N|’ep° R>° S>° [°_° A°L$ ]$p°fdp¨ Np°W$h°
R>°. Np¨^u_p L$peÆ dpV°$ S>° kp∑_°V$p° dpmpdp¨ R>° [° ApNm-`pR>m Apıhp]$u iL$pe R>°.
‚pk¨rNL$ L$pÏe lp°e L$rh_u bp_u N¨cuf flu R>°. [°dp¨ ‚p•qY$_p¨ ]$iÆ_ \pe R>°. km¨N
riMqfZu R>¨]$dp¨ kp∑_°V$dpgp Apg°Mpe lp°e ‚ep°N_y¨ A°L$ _phufie ‚NV°$ R>°.
k¨hp]$p–dL$ i•gudp¨ riMqfZu_p° ge h y Ap‡ep° R>°. S>° kp∑_°V$-4 A_° kp∑_°V$-9 _p
‚pf¨cdp¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°. L$rhA° bp_u_u fkpm[p dpV°$ hZpÆ_y‚pk, Í`L$, D`dp,
k∆hpfp° Z hN°f° Ag¨L$pfp°_p° e\p°rQ[ D`ep°N L$e°pÆ R>°.
- "rhL$pfp° h¨V$p°mu Df rhdg hvM° S> i[^p' - hZpÆ_y‚pk
- "DM°X$u °V$pmp° S>X$, ‚NqV$ep¨ L$p° Df[Zp
_hpZp°dp¨ d|Nu kdkdu flu q]$Ïe L$fyZp' - Í`L$
- "]$uk° Apey]°$pÆgp ∆h_ dfZp°dp¨ lvQL$[u' - Í`L$
- "rbR>pey¨ A° l•ey¨ Qlzq]$i hvV$pB L$a_ - iy¨' - D`dp
- "OX$ey Np¨ uA° ∆h_ rQf æy$kpfp°lZ kdy' - D`dp
- "b_u b°k° iy L$p° L$Vy$ rhjL$V$p°fu rh ygip°' - D`dp
`iy_u `iy[p_° DW$phhp L$rhA° A]$πc|[ fu[° k∆hpfp°`Zdp¨ A°
cph_° d|[Æ L$e°pÆ R>°.
- "^`u ≈[y h°N° hl_ fy^hp, lp\brmep
ifufu k—p_p A^hQ epÆ_° fZ f√ey.' (kp∑_°V$ - 2)
- "L$f° k]$πh©r—_° d©]y$g khpf°; ]|$qf[ –ep¨
Ok[y a}apX°$ Qlzq]$i\u, - k¨kpf kOmp°'
L$rhA° ]$k kp∑_°V$ dZL$pdp¨ Sy>]$u - Sy>]$u fu[° M¨X$ rhcpS>_ lp\ ^epÆ R>°.
Qp°\p, R>Ãp$ A_° _hdp kp∑_°V$dp¨ - `°V≤$pLÆ$ipB 8+6 S>°hp M¨X$dp¨ ; ‚\d, ApW$dp
109
A_° ]$kdp¨ kp∑_°V$dp¨ [°\u EÎV$u fu[° 6+8, ”u≈dp¨ 7+7; `p¨Qdpdp¨ 11+3;
kp[dpdp¨ km¨N Qp•]$ ¨qL$[_p rdÎV$_ ‚L$pf_¨y; A°d rhrh^ M¨X$ r_ep°S>_p ≈°hp
dm° R>°. ‚pfrcL$ L$pÏedp\u kp∑_°V$dpmp Í ° _hkıL$fZ \ey lp°e ‚pk kb^u ]$fL$pf
≈°hp dmu _\u. kp∑_°V$dpmpdp cphsı\r[_p° gV$p° A °qn[ lp°e [°hp° gV$p° Alv
≈°hp dm[p° _\u. ıh[¨”[p_u Apbp°lhp_p° ı`iÆ Alv A_ychpe R>°.
Ap–dp_p¨ M¨X°$f (kp∑_°V$dpmp) :
Ddpi¨L$f ≈°iu_u kd©Ÿ kp∑_°V$fpridp¨ A_° Mpk L$fu_° kp∑_°V$dpmp A_°
kp∑_°V$Ny√R>dp¨ "Ap–dp_p M¨X°$f' eiL$gNu kdp_ R>°. ‚ı[y[ L©$r[_° NyS>fp[u
kp∑_°V$dpmp_p _d|_pÍ` L©$r[ [fuL°$ NZhpdp L$p°B lfL$[ _\u. [°dp L$rh[p, tQ[_,
rhL$pkp–dL$ Apg°M, cph_p QY$ph-D[pf hN°f°_p° kdyrQ[ kdfihe \ep° R>°,
L©$r[_p L°$fi÷dp¨ dp_h A_° [°_u h©r— R>°, S>° [°_° L°$hu ‚h©r— [fa ]$p°f° R>°. –ep¨\u iy¨
gp^° R>° Ap–dh¨Q_p, Apip_p am L°$hp lp°e iL°$ _° `R>u sı\r[ `qfh[Æ_ Í °
dp_k`qfh[Æ_ iL$e b_° _° qhfqL$[cph S>fid° S>° e\p\Æ_u kdS> L°$mhhp d]$]$Npf
b_°. Ap cph-rhQpf_° L$rhA° k—f kp∑_°V$dZL$pdp¨ d|L$ep° R>°. Alπd_u
Ap–dh¨Q_p kdN∞ k©qÛV$ `f Apr^`–e, `|ZÆÍ`° Apr^`–e d°mhhp_u dl°√R>p
k°h°, Z [°_u kpd° e\p\Ædp¨ iy¨ X°$gy¨ R>° ? dp_hu_u D`°nph©r—, nZc¨Nyf[p,
depÆ]$p_u kudp A_° c¡_[p_p M¨X°$fp°. ApS> Akgu Ql°fp° R>° k©qÛV$_p°, S>°
L$pÏe_peL$_p A_ychdp¨ d|L$pe°gp° lp°hp R>[p¨ ]$f°L$ ÏeqL$[_° gpNy X°$ R>°. Ap rhQpf
- tQ[_dp¨ X°$gu A° S> [p° D]$p—[p R>°. rhQpf |f°`|fp° Ap^yr_L$ R>°.
Ap A¨N° L$rh_y¨ r_h°]$_ L¨$BL$ Aphy¨ R>° : "Alv ÏeqL$[_u Aip¨r[ L$]$pQ"Alv ÏeqL$[_u Aip¨r[ L$]$pQ"Alv ÏeqL$[_u Aip¨r[ L$]$pQ"Alv ÏeqL$[_u Aip¨r[ L$]$pQ"Alv ÏeqL$[_u Aip¨r[ L$]$pQ
rhje b_° R>°. byg¨]$ Acu‡kp_° rS>hp[p rhrh^f¨Nu ∆h__p k¨ı`iÆ\urhje b_° R>°. byg¨]$ Acu‡kp_° rS>hp[p rhrh^f¨Nu ∆h__p k¨ı`iÆ\urhje b_° R>°. byg¨]$ Acu‡kp_° rS>hp[p rhrh^f¨Nu ∆h__p k¨ı`iÆ\urhje b_° R>°. byg¨]$ Acu‡kp_° rS>hp[p rhrh^f¨Nu ∆h__p k¨ı`iÆ\urhje b_° R>°. byg¨]$ Acu‡kp_° rS>hp[p rhrh^f¨Nu ∆h__p k¨ı`iÆ\u
`l°g `X°$ R>°, A_° e\p\Æ - _epÆ e\p\Æ, L°$hm e\p\Æ_y¨ ıhpN[ L$fhpdp¨ A°`l°g `X°$ R>°, A_° e\p\Æ - _epÆ e\p\Æ, L°$hm e\p\Æ_y¨ ıhpN[ L$fhpdp¨ A°`l°g `X°$ R>°, A_° e\p\Æ - _epÆ e\p\Æ, L°$hm e\p\Æ_y¨ ıhpN[ L$fhpdp¨ A°`l°g `X°$ R>°, A_° e\p\Æ - _epÆ e\p\Æ, L°$hm e\p\Æ_y¨ ıhpN[ L$fhpdp¨ A°`l°g `X°$ R>°, A_° e\p\Æ - _epÆ e\p\Æ, L°$hm e\p\Æ_y¨ ıhpN[ L$fhpdp¨ A°
`qfZd° R>°. rhip¨r[ A_° ÏeqL$[ - Aip¨r[ A° b° rhfp°^u hı[y fl°[u`qfZd° R>°. rhip¨r[ A_° ÏeqL$[ - Aip¨r[ A° b° rhfp°^u hı[y fl°[u`qfZd° R>°. rhip¨r[ A_° ÏeqL$[ - Aip¨r[ A° b° rhfp°^u hı[y fl°[u`qfZd° R>°. rhip¨r[ A_° ÏeqL$[ - Aip¨r[ A° b° rhfp°^u hı[y fl°[u`qfZd° R>°. rhip¨r[ A_° ÏeqL$[ - Aip¨r[ A° b° rhfp°^u hı[y fl°[u
_\u. b¨_° e\p\Æ_p k°[y\u k¨^pe R>°. kp∑_°V$dpmp_p A¨[cpNdp¨ A°L$_\u. b¨_° e\p\Æ_p k°[y\u k¨^pe R>°. kp∑_°V$dpmp_p A¨[cpNdp¨ A°L$_\u. b¨_° e\p\Æ_p k°[y\u k¨^pe R>°. kp∑_°V$dpmp_p A¨[cpNdp¨ A°L$_\u. b¨_° e\p\Æ_p k°[y\u k¨^pe R>°. kp∑_°V$dpmp_p A¨[cpNdp¨ A°L$_\u. b¨_° e\p\Æ_p k°[y\u k¨^pe R>°. kp∑_°V$dpmp_p A¨[cpNdp¨ A°L$
≈[_p k¨iehp]$, r_fpiphp]$, i|fiehp]$, ≈[_p k¨iehp]$, r_fpiphp]$, i|fiehp]$, ≈[_p k¨iehp]$, r_fpiphp]$, i|fiehp]$, ≈[_p k¨iehp]$, r_fpiphp]$, i|fiehp]$, ≈[_p k¨iehp]$, r_fpiphp]$, i|fiehp]$, (Ninilisin) ıh‡_p°, Ap]$i°pÆ, ıh‡_p°, Ap]$i°pÆ, ıh‡_p°, Ap]$i°pÆ, ıh‡_p°, Ap]$i°pÆ, ıh‡_p°, Ap]$i°pÆ,
cph_pAp° A¨N°_p `fpS>ehp]$ cph_pAp° A¨N°_p `fpS>ehp]$ cph_pAp° A¨N°_p `fpS>ehp]$ cph_pAp° A¨N°_p `fpS>ehp]$ cph_pAp° A¨N°_p `fpS>ehp]$ (Defea+isn) A_° `pR>m\u Ap`Z_° A_° `pR>m\u Ap`Z_° A_° `pR>m\u Ap`Z_° A_° `pR>m\u Ap`Z_° A_° `pR>m\u Ap`Z_°
110
`pÚp–e kprl–e° A°L$pN∞`pÚp–e kprl–e° A°L$pN∞`pÚp–e kprl–e° A°L$pN∞`pÚp–e kprl–e° A°L$pN∞`pÚp–e kprl–e° A°L$pN∞ÍÍÍÍÍ `° b[ph°gp r_:kpf[php]$, `° b[ph°gp r_:kpf[php]$, `° b[ph°gp r_:kpf[php]$, `° b[ph°gp r_:kpf[php]$, `° b[ph°gp r_:kpf[php]$, (The absurd)Ası[–hhp]$Ası[–hhp]$Ası[–hhp]$Ası[–hhp]$Ası[–hhp]$ (Existen+idlisn) A° b^p_p¨ IrN[p° R>°, `Z `qfZpd°A° b^p_p¨ IrN[p° R>°, `Z `qfZpd°A° b^p_p¨ IrN[p° R>°, `Z `qfZpd°A° b^p_p¨ IrN[p° R>°, `Z `qfZpd°A° b^p_p¨ IrN[p° R>°, `Z `qfZpd°
ENf° R>° A°L$≈[_u L$p°B A°L$ ApENf° R>° A°L$≈[_u L$p°B A°L$ ApENf° R>° A°L$≈[_u L$p°B A°L$ ApENf° R>° A°L$≈[_u L$p°B A°L$ ApENf° R>° A°L$≈[_u L$p°B A°L$ Ap›››››epr–dL$ A_yc|r[. ÏeqL$[ ]$bpB, V$u`pB,epr–dL$ A_yc|r[. ÏeqL$[ ]$bpB, V$u`pB,epr–dL$ A_yc|r[. ÏeqL$[ ]$bpB, V$u`pB,epr–dL$ A_yc|r[. ÏeqL$[ ]$bpB, V$u`pB,epr–dL$ A_yc|r[. ÏeqL$[ ]$bpB, V$u`pB,
[hpB blpf Aph° R>°, `Z e\p\Æ_° dyL$[ ˘]$e° AphL$pf[u, Ap¬epr–dL$[hpB blpf Aph° R>°, `Z e\p\Æ_° dyL$[ ˘]$e° AphL$pf[u, Ap¬epr–dL$[hpB blpf Aph° R>°, `Z e\p\Æ_° dyL$[ ˘]$e° AphL$pf[u, Ap¬epr–dL$[hpB blpf Aph° R>°, `Z e\p\Æ_° dyL$[ ˘]$e° AphL$pf[u, Ap¬epr–dL$[hpB blpf Aph° R>°, `Z e\p\Æ_° dyL$[ ˘]$e° AphL$pf[u, Ap¬epr–dL$
rhS>e_u c|rdL$p R>°.'rhS>e_u c|rdL$p R>°.'rhS>e_u c|rdL$p R>°.'rhS>e_u c|rdL$p R>°.'rhS>e_u c|rdL$p R>°.'16
L$rh_y Ap tQ[_ - ]$iÆ_ "Ap–dp_p MX°$f' kp∑_°V$dpmp_p
k—f kp∑_°V$dZL$pdp¨ \fpe°gy R>°.
L$pÏe_peL$ N∞pÁe‚]°$i R>p°X$u_° Ap•¤p•rNL$ kıL©$r[_p ‚[uL$kdu dlp_Nfu
dy¨bB_p "ApeyÛe_u AZ‚uR>u d^y‚°fZp' \u "Ap¨N[yL$' Í`° Aphu QY°$ R>°.
kpNf[V$ f_u _Nf_u A°L$ V°$L$fu f S>ep\u r_lpm° R>° DjpL$pm° Apgp°qL$[ ‚L©$r[_u
gugp kp\° _Nf_u ky]|$f \fpe°gu gugp. Ap "f¨N`fpNR>pey' hp[phfZ_u R>pep¨
[°_p¨ A¨[fdp¨ D`k° R>° _° "ENu Djp' Í ° dlp–hpL$p¨np k°h° R>°.
"Ap c|rd_p° b_ui A°L$ q]$ lz rhS>°[p' (ENu Djp, r_iu\)
L$pÏe_peL$_u rQ— c|rddp¨ X°$gp Ap buS>dp¨ Aphi°, A_° f¨Nu_ ıh‡_p
k°hhp_u Ddf_p° [fhfpV$ X$ep° R>°. A¨[_u DqL$[dp¨ _peL$_p Alπd_p° X$Op° R>°,
S>° [°_° Nr[ A`ph° R>°. "lz' _p Aldπ kp\° |ZÆrhdp¨ Ïep`u S>hpdp¨ A_° S>gı\g
`f p°[p_u L$\p L¨$X$pfhp_p° D–kpl cm°gp° R>°. _p_°fp rQ—dp¨ rhL°$fi÷u b_hp_p
L$p°X$ fQpe R>°, Z S>gı\gdp¨ [°Ap°_y¨ Ly$]$f[u S> kp¶]$eÆ Adp` X$ey¨ R>°. "Aldπ'
_° L¨$BL$ Sy>]$p° S> V$p°_ R>°. Ap kp¶]$eÆ `Z lz¨ - rhZ kp• i|fie kfMp gpN° R>°. Ap
fdZpdp¨ [°_p¨ Apiphp]$_p° X$Op° kdpe°gp° R>°.
"l[y kp• : A° kpQy¨ ! l[u `fMfu lz¨_u S> dZp¨ ;
rh_p lz ¨ b∞˚p¨X°$ L$hZ L$f[° rhfdZp¨ ?'
(Aldπ , r_iu\)
"k“h yS>' dp kpNf A_° dp_hfpri_p tk y_° kpd kpd° d|L$u kfMpdZu
L$f° R>°. b¨_° `p°[`p°[p_pdp¨ dı[ R>°, kpNf A°_p N°bu [pg kp\°_p _[Æ_dp¨, [p°
dp_h dl°fpdZ e¨”_p [pg° hZ\¨cu ‚h©r—dp¨. Alv _peL$ Ly$]$f[ A_° k©qÛV$\u
`p°[p_° AgN [pfhu p°[p_u ≈[_° AgN d|L°$ R>°. p°[p_y¨ L$peÆ AgN R>°, [°_° [p°
111
k¨nyÂ^, [fg dp_hdl°fpdZ_p ∆h_dp¨ DÎgpk_u cf[u gphhp k–h yS>kdp
dlp‚°fL$ b_hp_y S>Ífu gpN° R>°. Alv L$rh_u cpjp b° kpNf_u [yg_pdp L$pWy$ L$pY$[u
gpN° R>°. dl“hpL$p¨np_p NN_dp¨ rhrh^f¨Nu d°O^_yÛep° fQpe S>°_u R>V$p Ap¨M_°
Ap¨S>_pfu b_° Z Ap–dbm_° [p° A° S>h_pfu S> fl° R>°. Alv "AiL$epL$p¨np !'
_y¨ k–e R|>`pe°gy¨ R>°. Br[lpkdp¨ `X°$gp¨ dl“hpL$p¨np `\_p rhS>°[pAp° - tkL$]$f,
bpbf, ≈°_ Ap°a ApLÆ$, L$uV$πkdp eyhp_udp Q°[__p° [ZMp° l[p°, [° p°[pdp r_lpm°
R>°. k©qÛV$_p D–L$pr[L$pm\u S> A° Q°[_\u [ZM eyNp°_p eyNp°\u h°N\u `[u A[°
d_yÛeÍ`dp¨ `Z ‚L$piu R>°, S>°_° rhL$kphu_° `p°[° ‚op`yù j b_hp S>°hu
ApL$p¨np_p bmdp¨ "lz' _p Aldπ_u bmh—f sı\r[ TmL°$ R>°. "]°$ eO|V$, d•ep !'
kp∑_°V$dp¨ ApN¨[yL$ riiylL$_u dp¨NZudp¨ Sy>]$u hp[ L$f[p° gpN° R>°. [°_° gpN° R>° L°$
S>__u\u AgN flu p°[p_p ÏeqL$[–h_p° rhL$pk AiL$e R>° dpV°$ S> ‚p\Æ_pÍ ° L$l°
R>° "\p_° gNp]$u bk ]°$ eO|V$, d•ep !' (]°$ eO|V$, d•ep / r_iu\) kp∑_°V$_p jÛV$L$dp
kdN∞ k©rÛV$_u d•epÍ`_u rhfpV$[p Nr[iug L$Î`_ ‹pfp DW$ph pdu R>°.
"fp[° k° ^X$L$ \p__u [°S> N| ¨’ep
L$dMp `| ¨W ° $ hmu q]$_° frhlufgp° [°
A¨bpf [°S> dlv R>p[u fl° Ry >`phu.'
(]°$ eO|¨V$, d•ep ! / r_iu\)
"Ly¨$S> Df_u' (kp∑_°V$ - 6) dp¨ kcf k•p¨]$eÆ_u cf°gu ‚L©$r[_u fdZue[p
`X$M° L$rhA° ApN¨[yL$_p cu[fu dp_kf_° ‚–en L$fpÏey¨ R>°. ‚L©$r[_u fdZue[p
rhLy$g_p° ‚Ze N∞lhp Apd¨”° R>°, ggQph° R>° Z [° [°dp¨ akphp dp¨N[p° _\u.
"‚Ze S>N_° A`ÆZ L$e°pÆ' A°d L$fu d_yÛep° cg° [°_° Qpl° L°$ [fR>p°X°$ [°_u `fhp
_\u. [°_° [p° Ly$]$f[\u Z Ar^L$ r‚e R>°, Ad©[\u cf°gp d_yÛe_p Df.
"d_° Ïlpgu Ïlpgu Ly$]$f[ OZu, qL≠$[y Ad©[°,
d_yÛe R>pe°gu r‚e[f d_° Ly$:S> Df_u.'
(Ly$S> Df_u, r_iu\)
Df_u kd©qŸ_u b≈f dp¨X$u b°k° R>°, [p° b y g|V$phu "AqL≠$Q_' \hp dp¨N°
R>°, Z S>N[_° A° hl°hpf L$b|g _\u. S>N[_p° [°_° ‚\d A_ych dm° R>°, dpV°$ S>
112
rh_¨[u L$f° R>° : "`u≈°, cgp¨ Z _ Q¨Qy‚lpf ]°$≈°.'‚ı[y[ kp∑_°V$dp¨ hk¨[r[gL$p
R>¨]$_u rhriÛV$ Qpg ›ep_plÆ b_u R>°. q”gp°L$_° A_ychu iL$pe Z ◊qÛV$dp¨ cfu
iL$hp_y kpd’eÆ R>° Mfy ? S>N[ V|$Ly$ _\u [°dp¨ A_°L$ ‚L$pf_p ıhcphhpmp dpZkp°
R>°, S>° b^p S> Ap¨Mdp¨ hk° R>°, Z ]$e [p° "]°$iL$pg rhr^hæ$[p' _° cp¨X$hp L$f[p¨
_∆L$ S>° R>° [°_° r_fMu g°hy¨ OV°$. Alv ApN¨[yL$_° S>N[_p A°L$ `R>u A°L$
A_ychdp¨\u kpf \B X$ep_p° ›hr_ dm° R>°. ApN¨[yL$ A_ych° A_ych kp¨L$mu
L$pm_y k–e [pfh° R>°. b^u S> mp° h[Ædp__p kp °ndp p°jp[u lp°e R>°, c|[L$pm_u
`mp° h[Ædp_dp¨ ∆hpe R>°. [p° crhÛe_u mp° ApipÍ ° D[fu h[Ædp__u mp°_°
kd©Ÿ L$f° R>°. Ap k–e A_ych° ‚p‡[ \pe R>°, "A_¨[nZ' dp¨ L$pÏe_peL$_° R>u
L$pÏe_peL$ kfh•ey dp¨X°$ R>°. hjÆcf_p Ap¨M_p gL$pfpdp¨ ÏlpZp dpŒep L°$ ≈Œep
hNf hu[u Nep R>°, [°hu S> fu[° d›eplπ_p°, duW$u d^fpq”Ap° A_° F>[yAp° b^y S>
b°Mepgu`Zpdp¨ `kpf \B Ney¨, S>°_p° l•epdp¨ S>fu kfMp° ı`iÆ `Z \ep° _\u.
"kde_u kyfp Y$v√e° fpMu Alr_Æi ‡epgudp¨' S>°_y ]y$:M R>° [°\u S> Aip¨[ bfiep° R>°.
L$pÏe_peL$ lh° kcp_phı\pdp¨ "_hu Djp' afu `pdhp_u A_° kde_u A]$Áe
rQf[©jp ∆h_kp[–e dpV°$ B√R>° R>°. Ap¨[f]$iÆ_ A_° `Úp[]$iÆ_° [°_° Ap k–e
gp ° R>°.
ArNepfdp kp∑_°V$ "Apip-L$Zu' \u kp∑_°V$dpgpdp¨ hmp¨L$ Aph° R>°. _peL$
r_fpip_p n°”dp¨ \[u ApipL$Zu_u gZZu\u b_[p S>X$ Y$Ndp¨\u `°gu
Q°[_L$Zu_u ip° L$fhp Qpl° R>°. S>°_u pR>m gp°L$p° O°gp R>°. ∆h__u Ap L°$hu dq]$fp
R>° ! f¨[y lh° [p° kde Z [°_° cvk° R>°, lkhp S>[p¨ fp°hpe ≈e R>°. S>°dp¨ cm° R>°
h•f, ]$p°j, ArkqŸ_p X$¨Mp°, ‚Zeh•aÎe S>°hy d_yÛep°_p ∆h__y ]$iÆ_. Ap [° L°$hu
d_yÛe_u rS>∆rhjp ? A°hp cph ≈N° R>°. _peL$ ]y$:M kp\° d©–ey [fa duV$ dp¨X°$ R>°.
"AiqL$[ Ap–dl–ep_u A°_° Apip L$l° S>_p° ;
d©–ey\u ”pk[p¨ [p°e° tS>]$Nu ALÆ$ d©–ey_p°.'
(Apip-L$Zu, r_iu\)
∆h_ kpd° d©–ey_u kh°pÆ`qf[p ≈°B ApN¨[yL$ cp¨Nu X°$ R>°. [°_u Ap Op°f
r_fpip pR>m ∆h__y _¡_k–e X$ey R>°. hpı[rhL$[p kpd° ApN[yL$_° gphu [°_p
113
rQ—dp¨ `qfh[Æ_ gphhp_y¨ L$rhA° klS>[p\u N|¨\u dpmp_u kO_ Akf_° h^|
O_uc|[ L$fu R>°. hpı[qhL[p_p Ap ı`i£ ApN¨[yL$ d©–ey rhi°_p [°_p øepgp° -
|_S>Æfid, q]$ÏeDjp, _|[_ ‚hpk S>°hp S|>W$p øepgp° b]$g° R>° _° d©–ey _° AphL$pf° R>°
[° S>°hp Í`dp¨ dm° [°hp Í`dp¨ A`_phhp [•epf \pe R>°.
"Aph, dp°[, k¨] ° $i bp°g [h OOÆf_p]° $;
_lv fie|_, h^y cg°, fy÷ [h Í ` ^fui [y ¨.
hæ$] ¨ $[ Ar[Q¨X$ Od¨X$ cf°g rhjp]° $ ;
dyM DOpX$ [yS>, ip¨[rQ— [h ]¨$[ NZui lz¨.'
(d©–ey dp¨X°$ duV$, r_iu\)
ApN¨[yL$ d©–ey_° ıhuL$pf° R>°, `|fu ◊Y$[p_° ^uf`\u. [°_u kpd° [°_p° k—p
ı\p`hp_p° b¨X$ _\u L$rh_y¨ d©–ey rhi°_y¨ tQ[_ [V$ı\ [pq“hL$ fu[° fS>|> \ey¨ R>°.
ApN[yL$_° [°_u iqL$[_u depÆ]$p_y |f° |fy cp_ \pe R>°. [° [|V$u X°$ R>°. cfu k©qÛV$_u
h√Q° A°L$pL$u`œ A_ych° R>°. afu [° Aphu sı\r[dp ‚L©$r[_p klpf° Apip¤pf° l°pQ°
R>°. S>N[° L$f°gp¨ hl°hpf\u R|>V$hp ≈Z° [° p°[p_u ≈[_° kdy÷_° A¨L$ k°p¨ ° R>°, Z
kdy÷ [°_° ıhuL$pf[p° _\u.
"–ep¨ [p° L$pep aNhu lX$k°gu [f¨Np° `yL$pf°;
≈f° [pf° S>N, Dce\u L¶$ _ kb¨^ dpf°.'
(r_ip`\, r_iu\)
d_yÛe [fa_u ‚L©$r[_u D °np L°$hu A]$πcy[ fu[° L$pÏedp rTgpB R>°. R>u_p
kp∑_°V$ "rbQpfp° d_yS>' iujÆL$dp¨ _peL$_u d_p°]$ip_y¨ ‚r[tbb `pX°$ R>°. tS>]$Nu
[p°X$u_° p°[p dpV°$ b_ph°gp Ál°g L°$ k|f_° dpZhp_° dpV°$ ep°¡e kde [°_u pk° L°$V$gp°
? _peL$ e\p\Æ_° ıhuL$pf[p° \B ≈e R>° [°_° Ap ‚h©r[ f°[ _uQp°hu [°g d°mhhp
S>°hu gpN° R>°.
"rbQpfp° _uQp°h° d_yS> rhr^_u f°[ Ad\p° ;
h©\p e–_° Myh° d©NS>m_ue° fÁe c∞dZp.'
(rbQpfp° d_yS>, r_iu\)
114
ApN[yL$ e\p\Æ_° ıhuL$pfu [°_p rhi° kdS> L°$mh° R>°. ud° ud° c∞d_y X$m
]|$f \ey¨ R>°. b^p S> Ap_¨]$p° Ïe\Æ R>°, - Ak[π R>°. Aph Ak[π Ap_¨]$p°_u fb fQu
dq]$fp _ Ïl¢Qp° A° L$f[p¨ [p° ]$y:M cepÆ Ap¨M° rhlf[p Ap¨ky_u e\p\Æ[p kpfu R>°,
kpQu R>°. ApN¨[yL$_p dp_kdp¨ ‚pf¨c° DW°$gu "lz¨' Ap–dh¨Q_p_p° S>° c∞d l[p° [°_y¨
r_fk_ \ey R>°. [° –ep¨ AV$L$[p° _\u, Z e\p\Æ_° ıhuL$pfu A°L$ kdS>_° rhL$kph°
R>°. X$lp°mpe°gp pZu_p° X$lp°m _uQ° b°k[p pZu ıh√R> b_° [°d _peL$_y rQ— -
r_dÆm b_° R>°. "Aaf A°L$ Djpdp¨' [°_u Ap sı\r[_p° rQ[pf dm° R>° ‚pf¨cdp¨
d|L$pe°g "ENu Djp' \u bfpbf rhfp°^u cph Apg°M[y¨ "Aaf A°L$ Djp' h√Q°
L$pÏe_peL$_p Ap¨[fdp_kdp¨ \e°gp sı\r[`qfh[Æ__p° A°L$ Apg°M dm° R>°.
‚pf¨c_p kp∑_°V$dp¨ "f¨N`fpNR>pey' hp[phfZ A_° V°$L$fu_y ◊Ìe "f¨N° cfu S>hr_L$p
kfu p¨ Z°\u' A_ych° R>° _° ‚Ô_ Z \pe R>° "f° L$ep¨ NB ‚\d_u S>_[p rhfpV$
?' S>°_p D`f rhS>e ı\p`hp_u dl°√R>p k°hu l[u [°_u S>¡epA° [°_° Ap–dp_p¨
M¨X°$fp° dm° R>° [°_° L$p°_p D`f rhS>e ı\p`hp° l[p° ? Ap dp_h[p_p Af^ c¡_,
A^pÆ Dc°g M¨X°$fp° f rhS>e_p d_p°f\ k°h[y¨ [°_y¨ Df Z M¨X°$f_u L$fyZ cujZ
Np\p Nphpdp¨ dm°gp¨ Aam_p q]$gpkp ip° ° R>°.
"Ap–dp [Zp¨ Af^c¡_ Ec°g A^pØ ;
M¨X ° $f_u S>N`V° $ `\fpB gugp.'
(Aaf A°L$ Djp, r_iu\)
A¨r[d kp∑_°V$ "e\p\Æ S> ky ’e A°L$' dp¨ _peL$_u Aam ep”p_u R>X$pV°$
Ap¨MM|gu R>°. [° cpN°Xy$ _ b_[p¨ e\p\Æ_° ıhuL$pf° R>°. L$iu fph, aqfep]$, AS>¨ p°,
iqL$[ dpV°$ k“h_u epQ_p L°$ NN_Q|¨bu Ap]$iÆ, fÁec∞psfi[ hNf e\p\Æ_p
ıhuL$pfdp¨ S> Ó°e R>°, L$ÎepZ R>°, [° S> kpQp° \ R>°, [°S> A°L$ BÛV$ R>°.
"e\p\Æ S> ky`’e A°L$, kdS>ep¨ S>hy¨ iL$e S>°;
A≈Z fdhy¨ L$iy¨ ! kdS>hy¨ qfbpBe [°.'
("e\p\Æ S> ky`’e A°L$')
Alv A_ych° ‚p‡[ \e°g op_ R>°. A¨[dp¨ L$pÏe_peL$ e\p\Æ_u kdS>
L°$mhu k¨L$Î` L$f° R>° L°$ iqL$[_u depÆ]$p_p cp_ kp\° ApNm S>hy A°dp¨ S> cgpB R>°.
115
Ap A¨N° fOyhuf Qp•^fu S>Zph° R>°, "rhıde\u ≈N[y ¨ k¨h°]$_ kdS>dp¨"rhıde\u ≈N[y ¨ k¨h°]$_ kdS>dp¨"rhıde\u ≈N[y ¨ k¨h°]$_ kdS>dp¨"rhıde\u ≈N[y ¨ k¨h°]$_ kdS>dp¨"rhıde\u ≈N[y ¨ k¨h°]$_ kdS>dp¨
understanding `qfZd° R>° L°$V$L°$V$gu L©$r[Ap°dp¨ Ddpi¨L$f kdS>_p`qfZd° R>° L°$V$L°$V$gu L©$r[Ap°dp¨ Ddpi¨L$f kdS>_p`qfZd° R>° L°$V$L°$V$gu L©$r[Ap°dp¨ Ddpi¨L$f kdS>_p`qfZd° R>° L°$V$L°$V$gu L©$r[Ap°dp¨ Ddpi¨L$f kdS>_p`qfZd° R>° L°$V$L°$V$gu L©$r[Ap°dp¨ Ddpi¨L$f kdS>_p
tb]y$_° ApMfu tb]y$ b_ph° R>° ! "Ap–dp_p¨ M¨X°$f' dp¨ A° ‚qæ$ep_p° Apg°Mtb]y$_° ApMfu tb]y$ b_ph° R>° ! "Ap–dp_p¨ M¨X°$f' dp¨ A° ‚qæ$ep_p° Apg°Mtb]y$_° ApMfu tb]y$ b_ph° R>° ! "Ap–dp_p¨ M¨X°$f' dp¨ A° ‚qæ$ep_p° Apg°Mtb]y$_° ApMfu tb]y$ b_ph° R>° ! "Ap–dp_p¨ M¨X°$f' dp¨ A° ‚qæ$ep_p° Apg°Mtb]y$_° ApMfu tb]y$ b_ph° R>° ! "Ap–dp_p¨ M¨X°$f' dp¨ A° ‚qæ$ep_p° Apg°M
◊Ìe bfiep° R>° A_° Ap A°L$ L$pÏe `Z Ddpi¨L$f_u L$rh[p_p° OZp° b^p°◊Ìe bfiep° R>° A_° Ap A°L$ L$pÏe `Z Ddpi¨L$f_u L$rh[p_p° OZp° b^p°◊Ìe bfiep° R>° A_° Ap A°L$ L$pÏe `Z Ddpi¨L$f_u L$rh[p_p° OZp° b^p°◊Ìe bfiep° R>° A_° Ap A°L$ L$pÏe `Z Ddpi¨L$f_u L$rh[p_p° OZp° b^p°◊Ìe bfiep° R>° A_° Ap A°L$ L$pÏe `Z Ddpi¨L$f_u L$rh[p_p° OZp° b^p°
`qfQe L$fphu fl° R>°.'`qfQe L$fphu fl° R>°.'`qfQe L$fphu fl° R>°.'`qfQe L$fphu fl° R>°.'`qfQe L$fphu fl° R>°.'17
‚ı[y[ kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ ∆h__u Apı\p_° Ahgp°L$[p
S>e¨[ `pW$L$ _°p¨^° R>° " "Ap–dp_p M¨X°$f' kp∑_°V$dpgpdp¨_p Aphp ÏeqL$[_p" "Ap–dp_p M¨X°$f' kp∑_°V$dpgpdp¨_p Aphp ÏeqL$[_p" "Ap–dp_p M¨X°$f' kp∑_°V$dpgpdp¨_p Aphp ÏeqL$[_p" "Ap–dp_p M¨X°$f' kp∑_°V$dpgpdp¨_p Aphp ÏeqL$[_p" "Ap–dp_p M¨X°$f' kp∑_°V$dpgpdp¨_p Aphp ÏeqL$[_p
A¨r[d D]$πNpf_° L$rh _psı[hpQL$ _rl, Ası[hpQL$, d|Îep°]$ πbp°^L$,A¨r[d D]$πNpf_° L$rh _psı[hpQL$ _rl, Ası[hpQL$, d|Îep°]$ πbp°^L$,A¨r[d D]$πNpf_° L$rh _psı[hpQL$ _rl, Ası[hpQL$, d|Îep°]$ πbp°^L$,A¨r[d D]$πNpf_° L$rh _psı[hpQL$ _rl, Ası[hpQL$, d|Îep°]$ πbp°^L$,A¨r[d D]$πNpf_° L$rh _psı[hpQL$ _rl, Ası[hpQL$, d|Îep°]$ πbp°^L$,
Ap›epr–dL$[p cZu gB S>_pf Ap–d‚[ur[_p D]$πNpf [fuL°$ Ap°mM° R>°,Ap›epr–dL$[p cZu gB S>_pf Ap–d‚[ur[_p D]$πNpf [fuL°$ Ap°mM° R>°,Ap›epr–dL$[p cZu gB S>_pf Ap–d‚[ur[_p D]$πNpf [fuL°$ Ap°mM° R>°,Ap›epr–dL$[p cZu gB S>_pf Ap–d‚[ur[_p D]$πNpf [fuL°$ Ap°mM° R>°,Ap›epr–dL$[p cZu gB S>_pf Ap–d‚[ur[_p D]$πNpf [fuL°$ Ap°mM° R>°,
S>N[ kp\°_p k¨OjÆd¨\_dp¨\u kpfh°gp _hu_[S>N[ kp\°_p k¨OjÆd¨\_dp¨\u kpfh°gp _hu_[S>N[ kp\°_p k¨OjÆd¨\_dp¨\u kpfh°gp _hu_[S>N[ kp\°_p k¨OjÆd¨\_dp¨\u kpfh°gp _hu_[S>N[ kp\°_p k¨OjÆd¨\_dp¨\u kpfh°gp _hu_[ÍÍÍÍÍ ` ]$iÆ_ [fuL°$ ≈Z° R>°;` ]$iÆ_ [fuL°$ ≈Z° R>°;` ]$iÆ_ [fuL°$ ≈Z° R>°;` ]$iÆ_ [fuL°$ ≈Z° R>°;` ]$iÆ_ [fuL°$ ≈Z° R>°;
A°\u S> "Ap–dp_p¨ M¨X°$f' L©$r[ _psı[L$[p_u ArcÏeqL$[ _lv, Z L$rh_uA°\u S> "Ap–dp_p¨ M¨X°$f' L©$r[ _psı[L$[p_u ArcÏeqL$[ _lv, Z L$rh_uA°\u S> "Ap–dp_p¨ M¨X°$f' L©$r[ _psı[L$[p_u ArcÏeqL$[ _lv, Z L$rh_uA°\u S> "Ap–dp_p¨ M¨X°$f' L©$r[ _psı[L$[p_u ArcÏeqL$[ _lv, Z L$rh_uA°\u S> "Ap–dp_p¨ M¨X°$f' L©$r[ _psı[L$[p_u ArcÏeqL$[ _lv, Z L$rh_u
∆h_-Apı\p_u ArcÏeqL$[ R>°. Alv _peL$_y¨ rQ— ıhı\ R>°, AM¨X$_°∆h_-Apı\p_u ArcÏeqL$[ R>°. Alv _peL$_y¨ rQ— ıhı\ R>°, AM¨X$_°∆h_-Apı\p_u ArcÏeqL$[ R>°. Alv _peL$_y¨ rQ— ıhı\ R>°, AM¨X$_°∆h_-Apı\p_u ArcÏeqL$[ R>°. Alv _peL$_y¨ rQ— ıhı\ R>°, AM¨X$_°∆h_-Apı\p_u ArcÏeqL$[ R>°. Alv _peL$_y¨ rQ— ıhı\ R>°, AM¨X$_°
A°L$pN∞ R>°. A°L$ fQ_p [fuL°$ ≈°Biy¨ [p° "Ap–dp_p¨ M¨X°$f' _p¨ kp∑_°V$ S>°hp¨A°L$pN∞ R>°. A°L$ fQ_p [fuL°$ ≈°Biy¨ [p° "Ap–dp_p¨ M¨X°$f' _p¨ kp∑_°V$ S>°hp¨A°L$pN∞ R>°. A°L$ fQ_p [fuL°$ ≈°Biy¨ [p° "Ap–dp_p¨ M¨X°$f' _p¨ kp∑_°V$ S>°hp¨A°L$pN∞ R>°. A°L$ fQ_p [fuL°$ ≈°Biy¨ [p° "Ap–dp_p¨ M¨X°$f' _p¨ kp∑_°V$ S>°hp¨A°L$pN∞ R>°. A°L$ fQ_p [fuL°$ ≈°Biy¨ [p° "Ap–dp_p¨ M¨X°$f' _p¨ kp∑_°V$ S>°hp¨
A°L$ S> cph - cph_p\u Asfih[ [°hp¨ dpgpdp¨ Qyı[ fu[° r_bŸ _\uA°L$ S> cph - cph_p\u Asfih[ [°hp¨ dpgpdp¨ Qyı[ fu[° r_bŸ _\uA°L$ S> cph - cph_p\u Asfih[ [°hp¨ dpgpdp¨ Qyı[ fu[° r_bŸ _\uA°L$ S> cph - cph_p\u Asfih[ [°hp¨ dpgpdp¨ Qyı[ fu[° r_bŸ _\uA°L$ S> cph - cph_p\u Asfih[ [°hp¨ dpgpdp¨ Qyı[ fu[° r_bŸ _\u
gpN[p¨. A°dp¨ Ap`Zu "A°L$ qL$Îgp_° [p°X$u `X$p[p° ≈°B_°' (kyfi]$fdπ) L°$gpN[p¨. A°dp¨ Ap`Zu "A°L$ qL$Îgp_° [p°X$u `X$p[p° ≈°B_°' (kyfi]$fdπ) L°$gpN[p¨. A°dp¨ Ap`Zu "A°L$ qL$Îgp_° [p°X$u `X$p[p° ≈°B_°' (kyfi]$fdπ) L°$gpN[p¨. A°dp¨ Ap`Zu "A°L$ qL$Îgp_° [p°X$u `X$p[p° ≈°B_°' (kyfi]$fdπ) L°$gpN[p¨. A°dp¨ Ap`Zu "A°L$ qL$Îgp_° [p°X$u `X$p[p° ≈°B_°' (kyfi]$fdπ) L°$
"A_l]$_u kfl] ° $' (Di_kπ) _° L $] $pQ "‚°d_p ° q] $hk' (W$pL $p °f)"A_l]$_u kfl] ° $' (Di_kπ) _° L $] $pQ "‚°d_p ° q] $hk' (W$pL $p °f)"A_l]$_u kfl] ° $' (Di_kπ) _° L $] $pQ "‚°d_p ° q] $hk' (W$pL $p °f)"A_l]$_u kfl] ° $' (Di_kπ) _° L $] $pQ "‚°d_p ° q] $hk' (W$pL $p °f)"A_l]$_u kfl] ° $' (Di_kπ) _° L $] $pQ "‚°d_p ° q] $hk' (W$pL $p °f)
kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ R>°, [°hu [uh∞[p _° kO_[p_p° A_ych \[p° _\u.'kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ R>°, [°hu [uh∞[p _° kO_[p_p° A_ych \[p° _\u.'kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ R>°, [°hu [uh∞[p _° kO_[p_p° A_ych \[p° _\u.'kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ R>°, [°hu [uh∞[p _° kO_[p_p° A_ych \[p° _\u.'kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ R>°, [°hu [uh∞[p _° kO_[p_p° A_ych \[p° _\u.'18
r_fS>_ cN[ "Ap–dp_p MX°$f' kp\° "_dÆV°$L$fu' _u [yg_p L$fu "Ap–dp_p
M¨X°$f' _u rhi°j[p [pfh° R>° "Ddpi¨L$f° "Ap–dp_p¨ M¨X°$f' `f S>° rhhfZ L$eyØ"Ddpi¨L$f° "Ap–dp_p¨ M¨X°$f' `f S>° rhhfZ L$eyØ"Ddpi¨L$f° "Ap–dp_p¨ M¨X°$f' `f S>° rhhfZ L$eyØ"Ddpi¨L$f° "Ap–dp_p¨ M¨X°$f' `f S>° rhhfZ L$eyØ"Ddpi¨L$f° "Ap–dp_p¨ M¨X°$f' `f S>° rhhfZ L$eyØ
R>°, A°dp¨ A°dZ° A°_p° kpf Ap‡ep° R>°. A°_u kp\° "_dÆV°$L$fu' _p Ap kpf_uR>°, A°dp¨ A°dZ° A°_p° kpf Ap‡ep° R>°. A°_u kp\° "_dÆV°$L$fu' _p Ap kpf_uR>°, A°dp¨ A°dZ° A°_p° kpf Ap‡ep° R>°. A°_u kp\° "_dÆV°$L$fu' _p Ap kpf_uR>°, A°dp¨ A°dZ° A°_p° kpf Ap‡ep° R>°. A°_u kp\° "_dÆV°$L$fu' _p Ap kpf_uR>°, A°dp¨ A°dZ° A°_p° kpf Ap‡ep° R>°. A°_u kp\° "_dÆV°$L$fu' _p Ap kpf_u
kfMpdZu L$fhp\u `Z Ap b° L$pÏeL©$r[Ap°dp¨ dp” Ap V°$L$fu_p ı\m_y¨kfMpdZu L$fhp\u `Z Ap b° L$pÏeL©$r[Ap°dp¨ dp” Ap V°$L$fu_p ı\m_y¨kfMpdZu L$fhp\u `Z Ap b° L$pÏeL©$r[Ap°dp¨ dp” Ap V°$L$fu_p ı\m_y¨kfMpdZu L$fhp\u `Z Ap b° L$pÏeL©$r[Ap°dp¨ dp” Ap V°$L$fu_p ı\m_y¨kfMpdZu L$fhp\u `Z Ap b° L$pÏeL©$r[Ap°dp¨ dp” Ap V°$L$fu_p ı\m_y¨
S> kpÁe _\u, `Z A°\u rhi°j rhje - hı[y_y¨ L¨$BL$ A¨i° kpÁe R>° A°S> kpÁe _\u, `Z A°\u rhi°j rhje - hı[y_y¨ L¨$BL$ A¨i° kpÁe R>° A°S> kpÁe _\u, `Z A°\u rhi°j rhje - hı[y_y¨ L¨$BL$ A¨i° kpÁe R>° A°S> kpÁe _\u, `Z A°\u rhi°j rhje - hı[y_y¨ L¨$BL$ A¨i° kpÁe R>° A°S> kpÁe _\u, `Z A°\u rhi°j rhje - hı[y_y¨ L¨$BL$ A¨i° kpÁe R>° A°
ı`ÛV$ \pe R>°. D`fp¨[ Ap b° L$pÏeL©$r[Ap°dp¨ tQ[_p–dL$ ErdÆL$rh[p_y¨ı`ÛV$ \pe R>°. D`fp¨[ Ap b° L$pÏeL©$r[Ap°dp¨ tQ[_p–dL$ ErdÆL$rh[p_y¨ı`ÛV$ \pe R>°. D`fp¨[ Ap b° L$pÏeL©$r[Ap°dp¨ tQ[_p–dL$ ErdÆL$rh[p_y¨ı`ÛV$ \pe R>°. D`fp¨[ Ap b° L$pÏeL©$r[Ap°dp¨ tQ[_p–dL$ ErdÆL$rh[p_y¨ı`ÛV$ \pe R>°. D`fp¨[ Ap b° L$pÏeL©$r[Ap°dp¨ tQ[_p–dL$ ErdÆL$rh[p_y¨
`Z kpÁe R>°. Agb— Ap b° L$pÏeL©$r[Ap°dp¨ tQ[_p–dL$ ErdÆL$rh[p_y¨`Z kpÁe R>°. Agb— Ap b° L$pÏeL©$r[Ap°dp¨ tQ[_p–dL$ ErdÆL$rh[p_y¨`Z kpÁe R>°. Agb— Ap b° L$pÏeL©$r[Ap°dp¨ tQ[_p–dL$ ErdÆL$rh[p_y¨`Z kpÁe R>°. Agb— Ap b° L$pÏeL©$r[Ap°dp¨ tQ[_p–dL$ ErdÆL$rh[p_y¨`Z kpÁe R>°. Agb— Ap b° L$pÏeL©$r[Ap°dp¨ tQ[_p–dL$ ErdÆL$rh[p_y¨
`Z kpÁe R>°. Agb— Ap b° L$pÏeL©$r[Ap°dp¨ kpÁe\u AkpÁe rhi°j R>°,`Z kpÁe R>°. Agb— Ap b° L$pÏeL©$r[Ap°dp¨ kpÁe\u AkpÁe rhi°j R>°,`Z kpÁe R>°. Agb— Ap b° L$pÏeL©$r[Ap°dp¨ kpÁe\u AkpÁe rhi°j R>°,`Z kpÁe R>°. Agb— Ap b° L$pÏeL©$r[Ap°dp¨ kpÁe\u AkpÁe rhi°j R>°,`Z kpÁe R>°. Agb— Ap b° L$pÏeL©$r[Ap°dp¨ kpÁe\u AkpÁe rhi°j R>°,
"_dÆV°$L$fu' _p° L$pÏe_peL$ A°_p ]y$:M A_° Aip¨r[_p A_ych_° A¨[° Ap"_dÆV°$L$fu' _p° L$pÏe_peL$ A°_p ]y$:M A_° Aip¨r[_p A_ych_° A¨[° Ap"_dÆV°$L$fu' _p° L$pÏe_peL$ A°_p ]y$:M A_° Aip¨r[_p A_ych_° A¨[° Ap"_dÆV°$L$fu' _p° L$pÏe_peL$ A°_p ]y$:M A_° Aip¨r[_p A_ych_° A¨[° Ap"_dÆV°$L$fu' _p° L$pÏe_peL$ A°_p ]y$:M A_° Aip¨r[_p A_ych_° A¨[° Ap
V°$L$fu`f Aph° R>°, S>epf° "Ap–dp_p¨ M¨X°$f' _p° L$pÏe_peL$ Ap V°$L$fu `fV°$L$fu`f Aph° R>°, S>epf° "Ap–dp_p¨ M¨X°$f' _p° L$pÏe_peL$ Ap V°$L$fu `fV°$L$fu`f Aph° R>°, S>epf° "Ap–dp_p¨ M¨X°$f' _p° L$pÏe_peL$ Ap V°$L$fu `fV°$L$fu`f Aph° R>°, S>epf° "Ap–dp_p¨ M¨X°$f' _p° L$pÏe_peL$ Ap V°$L$fu `fV°$L$fu`f Aph° R>°, S>epf° "Ap–dp_p¨ M¨X°$f' _p° L$pÏe_peL$ Ap V°$L$fu `f
Aph° R>° `R>u A°_p ]y$:M A_° Aip¨r[_p A_ych_p° Apf¨c \pe R>° A°d ApAph° R>° `R>u A°_p ]y$:M A_° Aip¨r[_p A_ych_p° Apf¨c \pe R>° A°d ApAph° R>° `R>u A°_p ]y$:M A_° Aip¨r[_p A_ych_p° Apf¨c \pe R>° A°d ApAph° R>° `R>u A°_p ]y$:M A_° Aip¨r[_p A_ych_p° Apf¨c \pe R>° A°d ApAph° R>° `R>u A°_p ]y$:M A_° Aip¨r[_p A_ych_p° Apf¨c \pe R>° A°d Ap
b° L$pÏeL©$r[Ap°_p Apf¨c° S> A°L$ kpÁe R>°. i•gu-ıhb° L$pÏeL©$r[Ap°_p Apf¨c° S> A°L$ kpÁe R>°. i•gu-ıhb° L$pÏeL©$r[Ap°_p Apf¨c° S> A°L$ kpÁe R>°. i•gu-ıhb° L$pÏeL©$r[Ap°_p Apf¨c° S> A°L$ kpÁe R>°. i•gu-ıhb° L$pÏeL©$r[Ap°_p Apf¨c° S> A°L$ kpÁe R>°. i•gu-ıhÍÍÍÍÍ `_y¨ AkpÁe [p° R>°`_y¨ AkpÁe [p° R>°`_y¨ AkpÁe [p° R>°`_y¨ AkpÁe [p° R>°`_y¨ AkpÁe [p° R>°
116
S>, Z kp•\u dp°Vy¨$ AkpÁe [p° L$pÏerkrŸ_y¨ R>°. ≈° L$° "_dÆV°$L$fu' _u L°$V$guL$S>, Z kp•\u dp°Vy¨$ AkpÁe [p° L$pÏerkrŸ_y¨ R>°. ≈° L$° "_dÆV°$L$fu' _u L°$V$guL$S>, Z kp•\u dp°Vy¨$ AkpÁe [p° L$pÏerkrŸ_y¨ R>°. ≈° L$° "_dÆV°$L$fu' _u L°$V$guL$S>, Z kp•\u dp°Vy¨$ AkpÁe [p° L$pÏerkrŸ_y¨ R>°. ≈° L$° "_dÆV°$L$fu' _u L°$V$guL$S>, Z kp•\u dp°Vy¨$ AkpÁe [p° L$pÏerkrŸ_y¨ R>°. ≈° L$° "_dÆV°$L$fu' _u L°$V$guL$
`|h°pÆqL$[ - `¨qL$[Ap° S>°hu `¨qL$[Ap°dp¨ L$pÏerkqŸ `Z R>° A_° A° L$pfZ° A°`|h°pÆqL$[ - `¨qL$[Ap° S>°hu `¨qL$[Ap°dp¨ L$pÏerkqŸ `Z R>° A_° A° L$pfZ° A°`|h°pÆqL$[ - `¨qL$[Ap° S>°hu `¨qL$[Ap°dp¨ L$pÏerkqŸ `Z R>° A_° A° L$pfZ° A°`|h°pÆqL$[ - `¨qL$[Ap° S>°hu `¨qL$[Ap°dp¨ L$pÏerkqŸ `Z R>° A_° A° L$pfZ° A°`|h°pÆqL$[ - `¨qL$[Ap° S>°hu `¨qL$[Ap°dp¨ L$pÏerkqŸ `Z R>° A_° A° L$pfZ° A°
`¨qL$[Ap° ‚rkŸ `Z R>°, `Z S>°dp¨ L$gpL©$r[dp¨ Ar_hpeÆ A°hu A°L$[p lp°e`¨qL$[Ap° ‚rkŸ `Z R>°, `Z S>°dp¨ L$gpL©$r[dp¨ Ar_hpeÆ A°hu A°L$[p lp°e`¨qL$[Ap° ‚rkŸ `Z R>°, `Z S>°dp¨ L$gpL©$r[dp¨ Ar_hpeÆ A°hu A°L$[p lp°e`¨qL$[Ap° ‚rkŸ `Z R>°, `Z S>°dp¨ L$gpL©$r[dp¨ Ar_hpeÆ A°hu A°L$[p lp°e`¨qL$[Ap° ‚rkŸ `Z R>°, `Z S>°dp¨ L$gpL©$r[dp¨ Ar_hpeÆ A°hu A°L$[p lp°e
A°hu A°L$ kyqÔgÛV$, kyN∞r\[ L$gpL©$r[ [fuL°$_u S>° L$pÏerkqŸ, L$gprkqŸ,A°hu A°L$ kyqÔgÛV$, kyN∞r\[ L$gpL©$r[ [fuL°$_u S>° L$pÏerkqŸ, L$gprkqŸ,A°hu A°L$ kyqÔgÛV$, kyN∞r\[ L$gpL©$r[ [fuL°$_u S>° L$pÏerkqŸ, L$gprkqŸ,A°hu A°L$ kyqÔgÛV$, kyN∞r\[ L$gpL©$r[ [fuL°$_u S>° L$pÏerkqŸ, L$gprkqŸ,A°hu A°L$ kyqÔgÛV$, kyN∞r\[ L$gpL©$r[ [fuL°$_u S>° L$pÏerkqŸ, L$gprkqŸ,
"Ap–dp_p¨ M¨X°$f' dp¨ R>° (A_° A°\uı[p° A°_y¨ kp∑_°V$dpgp_y¨ ıh"Ap–dp_p¨ M¨X°$f' dp¨ R>° (A_° A°\uı[p° A°_y¨ kp∑_°V$dpgp_y¨ ıh"Ap–dp_p¨ M¨X°$f' dp¨ R>° (A_° A°\uı[p° A°_y¨ kp∑_°V$dpgp_y¨ ıh"Ap–dp_p¨ M¨X°$f' dp¨ R>° (A_° A°\uı[p° A°_y¨ kp∑_°V$dpgp_y¨ ıh"Ap–dp_p¨ M¨X°$f' dp¨ R>° (A_° A°\uı[p° A°_y¨ kp∑_°V$dpgp_y¨ ıhÍÍÍÍÍ ` R>°) [°` R>°) [°` R>°) [°` R>°) [°` R>°) [°
"_dÆV°$L$fu' dp¨ _\u S> _\u.'"_dÆV°$L$fu' dp¨ _\u S> _\u.'"_dÆV°$L$fu' dp¨ _\u S> _\u.'"_dÆV°$L$fu' dp¨ _\u S> _\u.'"_dÆV°$L$fu' dp¨ _\u S> _\u.'19
"Ap–dp_p MX°$f' kp∑_°V$dpgp_p k—f kp∑_°V$dZL$p_u fQ_pkpg [`pk[p
kp∑_°V$dpgp_p bpf dZL$p A°L$ S> hjÆ_u A°L$ S> drl_p_u ”Z Sy>]$u - Sy>]$u [pfuM
A_yæ$d° [p. 2-9-1935, 6-9-1935 A_° 9-9-1935 _p fQpep R>°. S>°dp¨
[p. 2-9-1935 _p q]$hk° "ENu Djp' (kp∑_°V$ - 1 gy) "AiL$epL$pnp ?' (kp∑_°V$
- 4 \y), "Ly$S> Df_u' (kp∑_°V$ - 6 è$y), "AqL≠$Q_' (kp∑_°V$° - 7 dy), "Apip-L$Zu'
(kp∑_°V$ - 11 dy>¨), [p. 6-9-1935 _p q]$hk° "Aldπ', (kp∑_°V$ - 2 Sy>¨),
"k[h yS>', (kp∑_°V$ - 3 Sy>), "rbQpfp° d_yS>', (kp∑_°V$ - 14 dy), "◊NS>g cgp'
(kp∑_°V$ - 15 dy¨); [p. 9-9-1935 _p q]$hk° "r_ip`¨\', (kp∑_°V$ - 13 dy¨),
"Aaf A°L$ Djp' (kp∑_°V$ - 16 dy¨), "e\p\Æ S> ky`’e A°L$' (kp∑_°V$° - 17 dy¨).
Alv L$rh_p dp_kdp¨ k¨h°]$__u O_uc|[ Akf_p° Apg°M ‚ı[y[ ”Z r]$hk_p
V|$L$pNpmpdp¨ h y ≈°hp dm° R>° A_° –epf° L$rh dp” Qp°huk hjÆ_u Jdf_p l[p. Ap
A¨N° L$rh S>Zph° R>°, "Ap kp∑_°V$dpgp tl]$u ifpau A_° QgZ_p AÊepk"Ap kp∑_°V$dpgp tl]$u ifpau A_° QgZ_p AÊepk"Ap kp∑_°V$dpgp tl]$u ifpau A_° QgZ_p AÊepk"Ap kp∑_°V$dpgp tl]$u ifpau A_° QgZ_p AÊepk"Ap kp∑_°V$dpgp tl]$u ifpau A_° QgZ_p AÊepk
`pR>m_p ApW$-]$i L$gpL$ `R>u_u R|>V$L$pfp_u `mp°dp¨ ”Z-Qpf q]$hkdp¨`pR>m_p ApW$-]$i L$gpL$ `R>u_u R|>V$L$pfp_u `mp°dp¨ ”Z-Qpf q]$hkdp¨`pR>m_p ApW$-]$i L$gpL$ `R>u_u R|>V$L$pfp_u `mp°dp¨ ”Z-Qpf q]$hkdp¨`pR>m_p ApW$-]$i L$gpL$ `R>u_u R|>V$L$pfp_u `mp°dp¨ ”Z-Qpf q]$hkdp¨`pR>m_p ApW$-]$i L$gpL$ `R>u_u R|>V$L$pfp_u `mp°dp¨ ”Z-Qpf q]$hkdp¨
fQpB l[u ("rhip¨r[' _u S>°dS>). L°$V$guL$ kp∑_°V$p° ApNm-`pR>m fQpe°gufQpB l[u ("rhip¨r[' _u S>°dS>). L°$V$guL$ kp∑_°V$p° ApNm-`pR>m fQpe°gufQpB l[u ("rhip¨r[' _u S>°dS>). L°$V$guL$ kp∑_°V$p° ApNm-`pR>m fQpe°gufQpB l[u ("rhip¨r[' _u S>°dS>). L°$V$guL$ kp∑_°V$p° ApNm-`pR>m fQpe°gufQpB l[u ("rhip¨r[' _u S>°dS>). L°$V$guL$ kp∑_°V$p° ApNm-`pR>m fQpe°gu
R>[p¨ dpmpdp¨ kl°S>° Np°W$hp[u lp°B, dyøe hı[y_° D`L$pfL$ lp°B, h√Q° ı\p_R>[p¨ dpmpdp¨ kl°S>° Np°W$hp[u lp°B, dyøe hı[y_° D`L$pfL$ lp°B, h√Q° ı\p_R>[p¨ dpmpdp¨ kl°S>° Np°W$hp[u lp°B, dyøe hı[y_° D`L$pfL$ lp°B, h√Q° ı\p_R>[p¨ dpmpdp¨ kl°S>° Np°W$hp[u lp°B, dyøe hı[y_° D`L$pfL$ lp°B, h√Q° ı\p_R>[p¨ dpmpdp¨ kl°S>° Np°W$hp[u lp°B, dyøe hı[y_° D`L$pfL$ lp°B, h√Q° ı\p_
`pdu R>°.'`pdu R>°.'`pdu R>°.'`pdu R>°.'`pdu R>°.'20
L$rhA° rhhfZdp¨ Afie D`L$pfL$ kp∑_°V$p°_° kdpÏep_u S>° hp[ L$fu R>°,
[°dp¨ `p¨Q kp∑_°V$ "d©–ey dp¨X°$ duV$' (kp∑_°V$ - 12 dy¨) Ap°NÛV$ - 1930; "k¨[p°j'
(kp∑_°V$ - 8 dy) Ap°NÛV$ - 1932; "A_[ nZ' (kp∑_°V$° - 9 dy) _h°Ábf - 1933;
"`eO|V$ d•ep !' (kp∑_°V$ - 5 dy) [p. 26-8-1934; S>°hp ANpD_p kS>Æ__p kp∑_°V$
R>°, "kde-[©jp' (kp∑_°V$ - 10 dy¨) B.k. 1936 _u kpgdp¨ fQpe°gy¨ R>°. Ap A¨N°
S>e¨[ `pW$L$ _°p¨^° R>°, "kp∑_°V$dpgp_u ‚–e°L$ L©$r[ A°L$ A°L$d [fuL°$ AgN"kp∑_°V$dpgp_u ‚–e°L$ L©$r[ A°L$ A°L$d [fuL°$ AgN"kp∑_°V$dpgp_u ‚–e°L$ L©$r[ A°L$ A°L$d [fuL°$ AgN"kp∑_°V$dpgp_u ‚–e°L$ L©$r[ A°L$ A°L$d [fuL°$ AgN"kp∑_°V$dpgp_u ‚–e°L$ L©$r[ A°L$ A°L$d [fuL°$ AgN
L$fu_° `|fu Apıhp]$u iL$pe A°hu fQhp_u lp°e R>°, A°V$g° L$rh_° A°dp¨ A°_uL$fu_° `|fu Apıhp]$u iL$pe A°hu fQhp_u lp°e R>°, A°V$g° L$rh_° A°dp¨ A°_uL$fu_° `|fu Apıhp]$u iL$pe A°hu fQhp_u lp°e R>°, A°V$g° L$rh_° A°dp¨ A°_uL$fu_° `|fu Apıhp]$u iL$pe A°hu fQhp_u lp°e R>°, A°V$g° L$rh_° A°dp¨ A°_uL$fu_° `|fu Apıhp]$u iL$pe A°hu fQhp_u lp°e R>°, A°V$g° L$rh_° A°dp¨ A°_u
117
kS>Æ_ gugp_p b^p Dfid°jp°_° rhL$kphhp - rhgkphhp_u [L$ dm° R>°.kS>Æ_ gugp_p b^p Dfid°jp°_° rhL$kphhp - rhgkphhp_u [L$ dm° R>°.kS>Æ_ gugp_p b^p Dfid°jp°_° rhL$kphhp - rhgkphhp_u [L$ dm° R>°.kS>Æ_ gugp_p b^p Dfid°jp°_° rhL$kphhp - rhgkphhp_u [L$ dm° R>°.kS>Æ_ gugp_p b^p Dfid°jp°_° rhL$kphhp - rhgkphhp_u [L$ dm° R>°.
A°_u kS>ÆL$[p_° fdZp_u h^y dp°L$mpi fl° R>°. hmu A°dp¨ A°L$ bu≈° gpcA°_u kS>ÆL$[p_° fdZp_u h^y dp°L$mpi fl° R>°. hmu A°dp¨ A°L$ bu≈° gpcA°_u kS>ÆL$[p_° fdZp_u h^y dp°L$mpi fl° R>°. hmu A°dp¨ A°L$ bu≈° gpcA°_u kS>ÆL$[p_° fdZp_u h^y dp°L$mpi fl° R>°. hmu A°dp¨ A°L$ bu≈° gpcA°_u kS>ÆL$[p_° fdZp_u h^y dp°L$mpi fl° R>°. hmu A°dp¨ A°L$ bu≈° gpc
L°$ kNhX$ NZp° [p° A° R>° L°$ ApNm-`pR>m Sy>]$p kdeNpmpdp¨ fQpe°gu,L°$ kNhX$ NZp° [p° A° R>° L°$ ApNm-`pR>m Sy>]$p kdeNpmpdp¨ fQpe°gu,L°$ kNhX$ NZp° [p° A° R>° L°$ ApNm-`pR>m Sy>]$p kdeNpmpdp¨ fQpe°gu,L°$ kNhX$ NZp° [p° A° R>° L°$ ApNm-`pR>m Sy>]$p kdeNpmpdp¨ fQpe°gu,L°$ kNhX$ NZp° [p° A° R>° L°$ ApNm-`pR>m Sy>]$p kdeNpmpdp¨ fQpe°gu,
`Z ‚ı[y[ rhje L°$ cph kp\° L$p°B fu[° kb¨^ lp°e [°hu L©$r[Ap°_° `Z,`Z ‚ı[y[ rhje L°$ cph kp\° L$p°B fu[° kb¨^ lp°e [°hu L©$r[Ap°_° `Z,`Z ‚ı[y[ rhje L°$ cph kp\° L$p°B fu[° kb¨^ lp°e [°hu L©$r[Ap°_° `Z,`Z ‚ı[y[ rhje L°$ cph kp\° L$p°B fu[° kb¨^ lp°e [°hu L©$r[Ap°_° `Z,`Z ‚ı[y[ rhje L°$ cph kp\° L$p°B fu[° kb¨^ lp°e [°hu L©$r[Ap°_° `Z,
r_r_r_r_r_ÍÍÍÍÍ `Zdp¨ DrQ[ ı\p_° kdphu, Np°W$hu iL$pe R>°. Agb— Aphp dp°L$mpi`Zdp¨ DrQ[ ı\p_° kdphu, Np°W$hu iL$pe R>°. Agb— Aphp dp°L$mpi`Zdp¨ DrQ[ ı\p_° kdphu, Np°W$hu iL$pe R>°. Agb— Aphp dp°L$mpi`Zdp¨ DrQ[ ı\p_° kdphu, Np°W$hu iL$pe R>°. Agb— Aphp dp°L$mpi`Zdp¨ DrQ[ ı\p_° kdphu, Np°W$hu iL$pe R>°. Agb— Aphp dp°L$mpi
_° kNhX$_p gpc_° gu^° L$]$pQ dpgpdp¨ km¨N ]$u^Æ L©$r[dp¨ \pe [°hu ky◊Y$_° kNhX$_p gpc_° gu^° L$]$pQ dpgpdp¨ km¨N ]$u^Æ L©$r[dp¨ \pe [°hu ky◊Y$_° kNhX$_p gpc_° gu^° L$]$pQ dpgpdp¨ km¨N ]$u^Æ L©$r[dp¨ \pe [°hu ky◊Y$_° kNhX$_p gpc_° gu^° L$]$pQ dpgpdp¨ km¨N ]$u^Æ L©$r[dp¨ \pe [°hu ky◊Y$_° kNhX$_p gpc_° gu^° L$]$pQ dpgpdp¨ km¨N ]$u^Æ L©$r[dp¨ \pe [°hu ky◊Y$
k¨L$g_p rkŸ _ \pe, b° dZL$p h√Q° S>Np fl° A°hy¨ b_hp_p° k¨ch L$Î`uk¨L$g_p rkŸ _ \pe, b° dZL$p h√Q° S>Np fl° A°hy¨ b_hp_p° k¨ch L$Î`uk¨L$g_p rkŸ _ \pe, b° dZL$p h√Q° S>Np fl° A°hy¨ b_hp_p° k¨ch L$Î`uk¨L$g_p rkŸ _ \pe, b° dZL$p h√Q° S>Np fl° A°hy¨ b_hp_p° k¨ch L$Î`uk¨L$g_p rkŸ _ \pe, b° dZL$p h√Q° S>Np fl° A°hy¨ b_hp_p° k¨ch L$Î`u
iL$pe. kpd° gˇe_° S> [pL$[u ku^u L°$X$uA° Qpghpdp¨ _° gˇe_° _S>f kpd°iL$pe. kpd° gˇe_° S> [pL$[u ku^u L°$X$uA° Qpghpdp¨ _° gˇe_° _S>f kpd°iL$pe. kpd° gˇe_° S> [pL$[u ku^u L°$X$uA° Qpghpdp¨ _° gˇe_° _S>f kpd°iL$pe. kpd° gˇe_° S> [pL$[u ku^u L°$X$uA° Qpghpdp¨ _° gˇe_° _S>f kpd°iL$pe. kpd° gˇe_° S> [pL$[u ku^u L°$X$uA° Qpghpdp¨ _° gˇe_° _S>f kpd°
fpMu_° hp¨L$hmp¨L$hpmu L°$X$uA° Qpghpdp¨ S>°hp° a°f [°hp° a°f L$]$pQ Apdp¨fpMu_° hp¨L$hmp¨L$hpmu L°$X$uA° Qpghpdp¨ S>°hp° a°f [°hp° a°f L$]$pQ Apdp¨fpMu_° hp¨L$hmp¨L$hpmu L°$X$uA° Qpghpdp¨ S>°hp° a°f [°hp° a°f L$]$pQ Apdp¨fpMu_° hp¨L$hmp¨L$hpmu L°$X$uA° Qpghpdp¨ S>°hp° a°f [°hp° a°f L$]$pQ Apdp¨fpMu_° hp¨L$hmp¨L$hpmu L°$X$uA° Qpghpdp¨ S>°hp° a°f [°hp° a°f L$]$pQ Apdp¨
Mfp°.'Mfp°.'Mfp°.'Mfp°.'Mfp°.'21
kp∑_°V$dpgpdp¨ Np°W$h°gp kp∑_°V$dZL$pdp¨ ApNm - pR>m fQpe°gp R>° A°
fu[° d|L$ep R>°, S>°dp¨ k¨dpS>Æ__u ‚qæ$ep L$f[u hM[° L$rhA° k¨h°]$_rhQpf_p
rhL$pkp–dL$ Apg°M_° ›ep_dp fpMu Np°W$hhp_p \[p lp°e [°_° ep°¡eæ$d L$rh Ap`[p°
lp°e R>°. L$rh –epf° |f° |fp° kcp_ lp°e R>°. [°Z° S>° æ$d r_e[ L$epÆ lp°e [° æ$d ‚dpZ°
S> Apıhp]$hp_p fl°, ApNm-`pR>m _lv. S>° ‚ı[y[ kp∑_°V$dpgpdp¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°.
L$rhA° k—f kp∑_°V$ dZL$pdp¨ R>¨]$_y¨ h•rh¬e ıhuL$peyØ R>°. `p¨Q kp∑_°V$
hk¨[r[gL$pdp¨ R>°. (kp∑_°V$ - 1, 3, 5, 7, 16) ; R> kp∑_°V$ riMqfZu R>¨]$dp¨ R>°
(kp∑_°V$ - 2, 4, 6, 11, 14, 15) ; ”Z kp∑_°V$ ©’hu R>¨]$dp¨ R>° (kp∑_°V$ - 8, 9,
17) ; lqfZu R>¨]$dp¨ kp∑_°V$ - 10 dy¨, d¨]$pæ$pfi[p R>¨]$dp¨ kp∑_°V$ - 13 dy¨ A_°
fp°mph©—dp¨ kp∑_°V$ - 12 dy, kp∑_°V$ - 11 dp¨ riMqfZu R>¨]$ kp\° A¨[_u b° ¨qL$[dp¨
A_yÛVy$` d|L$u R>¨]$rdÓZ_p° ‚ep°N L$e°pÆ R>°. hmu Alv Anfd°m A_° dp”pd°m_p
‚ep°N ›ep_ M°¨Q° [°hp R>°. hk¨[r[gL$p_u rhrh^ R>À$pAp°dp¨ L$rh_y¨ cpjp_y¨ `p°[
h^y MuÎey¨ R>°. ErdÆ A_° rhQpf_u kyd°mcfu fS|>Ap[dp¨ L$rh_u cpjp Ïehlpfy
A_° bp°gQpg ‚L$pf_u flu R>°. `∞L©$r[_p kycN rQ”p°dp¨ cpjp_u Ap°S>sıh[p_p
]$iÆ_ S>Íf A_ychpe R>°. L$rhA° Ag¨L$pf_p° `Z e\p°rQ— D`ep°N L$e°pÆ R>°.
hZÆkNpB, k∆hpfp°`Z, D`dp, Í`L$ S>°hp Ag¨L$pf cph_° DW$phhp kl°S>
Np°W$hpB_° ApÏep R>°. Ap f¸p [°_p D]$plfZp° :
hZÆkNpB Ag¨L$pf :
118
"hfkcf_p hu–ep ÏlpZp¨ hu–ep¨ `gL$pfdp¨'
"`y_S>Æfid_y¨ `yŒe V$lfp°X$ lh° V$p ° a}V$i°,
q]$Ïe Djp_u `yr_[ r`fp°∆ `p¨M° `kfi°.'
k∆hpfp° Z Ag¨L$pf :
"_uQ°, DR>pmu S>fu a°r_g L° $ihpmu,
Oyfp ÆV$[p ° rh[fu ≈°d `yfpZ tk^y.'
"hæ$] ¨ $[ Ar[Q¨X$ Od¨X$ cf°g rhjp]° $,
dyM DOpX$ [yS>, ip¨[rQ— [h]¨$[ NZui lz¨.'
S>°d k∆hpfp° Zdp¨ ‚\ddp¨ kpNf_° kphS>_y Í` A`pey R>° [p° bu≈dp¨
d©–ey_° rhL$fpm iy S>°hp¨ Í`dp¨ d|L$ey R>°. hmu Alv ¨qL$[dp¨ A_yıhpf_p° D`ep°N
A°L$ rhriÛV$ ge Ecp° L$f° R>° _° ∆h¨[rQ” Ecy¨ L$f° R>°.
D`dp Ag¨L$pf :
"T|L$u iip¨L$ _cd›e R>V$p\u S> °hp °,
ApL$jÆ kycN kpefhpqf KQ°.'
"rhipm° _p_p° ip° S>NagL$ BıL¨$]$f OyÁep°,
`¨Mu kdy ¨ Df g`pB L$luL$ b°W y ¨ $.'
Í`L$ Ag¨L$pf :
"kde_u kyfp, Y$v√e° fpMu Alr_Æi‡epgudp¨'
"S>_p° hp¨R>° O°gp; ∆h_[Zu Ap [° iu dr]$fp !'
L$rhA° cph_° r_Í`hp M¨X$rhcpS>_dp¨ dl]$ A¨i° `°V≤$pLÆ$ipB `Ÿr[ h^y
dpaL$ Aphu R> °. dpgp_p ArNepf kp∑_°V$ A° ‚L$pf_p R> °. (kp∑_°V$ -
1,2,3,4,5,6,8,10,11,13,16); b° kp∑_°V$ i°L$πsı`efipB `Ÿr[_p
M¨X$rhcpS>_dp¨ R>°. (kp∑_°V$ - 14 A_° 15) ; b° kp∑_°V$dp¨ 8+4+2 (kp∑_°V$ - 7
A_° 17) ; A°L$ kp∑_°V$ 3+5+4+2 (kp∑_°V$ - 9) A_° kp∑_°V$ - 12 dpdp¨ 7+7
S>°hu Ar_erd[ fur[_p M¨X$ rhcpS>_ L$epØ R>°. ‚pk bpb[° L$rhA° TpTu tQ[p
119
k°hu _\u, AdyL$ kp∑_°V$dp¨ ≈mÏep R>°. "Aldπ' dp¨ abba cddc efgh ii "_hu
Djp' dp¨ aabb cdcd efgh ii, "Apip-L$Zu' dp¨ aa bc dd ef gghhii,"d©–ey dp¨X°$ duV$' dp¨ aabb ccdd eefgfh, "r_ip ¨\' dp¨ A¨[_p ‚pk ≈mÏep
R>°.
L$rhA° AdyL$ kp∑_°V$dp¨ pW$p¨[f L$epØ R>°. kp∑_°V$ - 6 "Ly¨$S> Df_u' dp¨ ]$kdu
¨qL$[_p¨ A¨[dp¨ "akphy Í`p°dp¨', ∞ZeS>N_° peS> e°pÆ l[y, S>°dp¨ "S>N_° peS>
^epÆ' _° b]$g° "S>N_° A ÆZ L$e°pÆ' d|L$hp\u cph S|>]$p° _° kO_[p |hÆL$ A_ychpe
R>°. ApS> kp∑_°V$_u bpfdu `¨qL$[dp¨ "d_yS> Df_p Dfkfkp' _u S>¡epA° "˘]$e
kfkp, kp• d_yS>_p' d|L$hp\u A°L$ ge S>mhpep° R>°. "AqL≠$Q_' kp∑_°V$dp¨ _hdu
¨qL$[dp¨ "h°Q_pfp°' l[y, –ep¨ "g|V$ph_pfp°' d|L°$g R>°. "_hu Djp' kp∑_°V$_u ApW$du
¨qL$[dp¨ iÂ]$a°f L$e°pÆ R>°. "_ı`iÆ L¨$B \ep°' kfm hpL$e_° "\ep° _h ı`iÆL$p°' S>°hp
a°fapf\u rhriÛV$ ge d˛ep° R>°.
km¨N k—f kp∑_°V$dp¨ ApN¨[yL$dp¨\u op[p ky^u S>hp_p rhL$pkdp¨ ]$f°L$
kp∑_°V$_p kyep°rS>[ k¨ep°S>_, L©$r[_° kyqÔgÛV$ b_ph° R>°. ‚ı[y[ L©$r[ Ddpi¨L$f
≈°iu_p kS>Æ_dp¨ D—d L©$r[ [fuL°$_p ı\p__u lL$L$]$pf flu R>°.
‚Ze - k‡[L$ ("Apr[’e') :
iujÆL$dp¨ S> kp∑_°V$_u k¨øep `l°g°\u S> ≈Zhp dm° R>°, _° kp\° kp\°
rhje_u dprl[u Z. L$rhA° ‚Ze - rhjeL$ kp[ kp∑_°V$p°_° kp\° d|L$ep R>°. Alv
‚Ze_y Í` AN[ R>°, A°hy L$rhA° r_h°]$_dp S>ZpÏey R>°. [°\u ıhp_ycph_° L$pÏe_p
L°$fi÷dp d|L$ep° R>°. ‚Zer_Í`Z_p L$rh_p L$pÏep° [`pk[p ErdÆfrk[ ‚ZL$pÏep°_p°
ApR>°fp° kmhmpV$ [p° R>°X°$ "N¨Np°”u' dp¨ d|L$pe°gp "‚Ô_', "Dfksfi^', "A°L$g,
kp\dp¨ hp ?' S>°hp L$pÏep°dp¨ A_ychpe R>°. "‚Zeu_u fV$Zp' dp¨ dy¡^ ‚ur[_p
]$iÆ_ gp ° "‚Ze_p Nu[p°', "‚Ze bL$', "b° S>Z' dp¨ ‚Zedp¨ _hp°fid°j[p,
dy¡^[p`œ¨ ≈°hp dm° - A°d rhrh^ fur[_p cph_p kyQpù[pcepÆ Apg°M_dp¨
L$rh_u ‚Ze - r_Í`Z fur[_u rhriÛV$[p ]°$Mpep hNf fl°[u _\u. ‚\e
r_Í`Zdp¨ iyrQ[p, r_Mpgk[p [fhf° R>°. Api¨L$p, h•aÎe_u - cur[, c¡_[p
120
S>°hp rhrh^ cphp°_p r_Í`Zdp¨ Dfidp]$, h°hgpB, Apæ¨$]$ ≈°hp dm[p _\u, Z
A°L$≈[_u _pNqfL$[p, Aprc≈–e, `|ZÆ k¨ıL$pqf[p ≈°hp dm° R>°. A° S> [p° R>°
ip¨[ KX$p kfp°hf_p pZu S>°hu ‚kfl[p, r_dÆm[p, _rl L°$ kpNf_u cf[u-Ap°V$
S>°hu Dfidpq]$[p.
"‚Ze - k‡[L$', "Apr[’e' L$pÏekN∞ldp kN∞lpe°gy R>° "r_iu\' R>u_p
A_yNpdu kN∞l [fuL°$ "Apr[’e' Aph[p° lp°e "r_iu\' dp \e°gp ‚Zer_Í`Z_y
ku y S> A_yk¨ p_ ≈mh° R>°. "‚Ze-k‡[L$_y ‚\d kp∑_°V$', "r‚e° ”p° [pfp' [p°
"r_iu\'_p kdeNpmpdp¨ S> kS>Æ_ \ey¨ R>°. ‚ı[y[ k‡[L$dp¨ ]$pÁ`–e ‚Ze_y¨
kpaÎe, ‚kfi_[p [\p d¨Nm[p S>°hp cph N|\pep R>°.
kp∑_°V$Ny√R>_p DOpX$dp _peL$L$rh_p° rh‚gc cph d|[Æ \ep° R>°. kbp° _dp
S> r‚ep_p ”p°_u rhN[_u hp[ d|L$pe R>°. r‚ep_p ”p° - "d©]$y ]$e_p° dp•_ drldp'
b_° R>°. jÛV$L$dp¨ "k]°$l° rdg_' \u `”_u H[≈fu h^y "DÎgpkglfu' S>°hu R>°,
S>°dp¨ "ıa}f° S>° Ap°tQ[u bL$ Dfdp¨, ” dm[p¨' S>°hp° fp°dp¨Q cm°gp° R>°. ‚Ze_u
Arc≈[ ^X$L$_ A_° d©]y$[p ErdÆ_u d^yf[p kvQ_pfp bfiep R>°. r‚ep_u kp\°
rh[ph°gu nZp°_° rhflucph kp\° L$rh "L$p¨L$qfep' ı\m f ıd©r[dp¨ hpNp°m° R>°.
rhflucph b° kp∑_°V$_p° k°[y bfiep° R>°. "Ahi[p' dp¨ L$rh Afie kp¶]$eÆh[u _pfu
kp\° r‚ep_u kfMpdZu L$fu R>°. L$]$pQ r‚ep\u Afie _pfu Í`°, NyZ°, S>N[_p
hl°hpfdp, kyrh_edp QqY$ep[u R>°, S>°dp Jdf° _p_u-dp°V$u A°hu _pfuAp°dp\u r‚ep_°
Sy>]$u pX$_pfy b_° R>°. Apd L$rh Afie _pfu_u dyMpL©$r[dp\u r‚ep_u dyMpL©$r[ AgN
[pfh° R>° _° `R>u L$byg° R>°, [pfp hNf rQ—_° kyM _\u. `R>u_p jÛV$πL$dp¨ r‚ep_u
Np•fæ$psfi[, [°_p k•p¨]$eÆ_p hZÆ_dp¨ r‚ep_° Afie\u A]$L°$fy¨ k•p¨]$eÆ d˛ey¨ R>°, A°_p°
NrcÆ[ r_]£$i dm° R>°. Qp°\p kp∑_°V$ "L$]$f' dp¨ AÛV$L$dp¨ r_Íq`[ eyŸ_u [pfp∆dp¨
eyNk¨]$cÆ c˛ep_p° A¨]°$ip° S>Íf dm° R>°. Qpf° [fa_u AfpS>L$[p, tlkp, c|øep_p
Ap[Æ_p]$ h√Q° p°[° ‚Ze_u bu_ b≈h° R>° [° [°_° Nd[y _\u. ÏeqL$[ L$f[p kdqÛV$
[fa[y¨ ApL$jÆZ S>° Afie L$pÏedp¨ R>° [° Alv Z X$p°L$pey¨ R>°. "b° ıh‡_p¨' kp∑_°V$dp¨
k¨h°]$__u Sy>]$u gL$uf ]$p°fpe R>° "l[p¨ b° ıh‡_p¨' c|[L$pm_° h[Ædp__p kp`°n°
‚ep°≈e R>°. Alv b° Ncfy Df\u D]$πch°gp b° ıh‡_p¨_° p¨Mp° kp¨ X$[p hZ L$¸p¨
NN_dp¨ rhlf° R>°. S>°dp¨ DX$p__p° _ip° Z cm°gp° R>°. [°_° S>N[_u kudpAp° _X$[u
121
_\u. Alv b° ‚Zeu Df_p L$Î`_p°Õ$__° d|[Æ L$eyØ R>°. Ap kp∑_°V$ cph_u h•rh›e[p
k|Qh_pfy bfiey R>°. R>u_p b° kp∑_°V$ "k◊e_e_p°' A_° "Nl_ _e_p°' dp ‚Zeu_u
AgN-AgN A_yc|r[ Apg°Mpe R>°. S>N[cf_p DÎgpkp°_u gpgkp ]$edp¨ gB
A_° Ap¨Mp°_p¨ M|Z°M|Zpdp¨ d]$cfu fkpm[p kp\° r‚ep kdn ‚NV$ \[p¨ _peL$
A °np k°h° R>° A °np R>° - "k¬e_e_p° [pf° ]°$hu k]$p fhp¨ OV°$.' R>u_p jÛV$πL$dp¨
^fie[p_p cph qæ$ep`]$_p fkpm ‚pkdp¨ L°$hp d|L$pep¨ R>° ?
"AY$mL$ Alp° ‚pZ° ‚pZp° [œ¨ Y$mL$u S>hy¨,
S>fuL$ - S>fudp¨ R>p[u_y¨ S>° S>fp dgL$u S>hy¨,
Ad\y¨ Ad\y¨ ı_°l° _°”p° [œ¨ R>gL$u S>hy¨,
‹e ˘]$e_y¨ kprfi_¬e° A° Alp° `qf[`Æhy¨ !'
(k›e _e_p°, Apr[’e)
"Nl_ _e_p°' _° KX$p¨-KX$p kfp°hf_u D`dp ‹pfp _e_p°_y¨ k•p¨]$eÆ,
"if]$^hgp¨ ApL$pip°' \u [°_u ıh√R>[p, r_dÆm[p - hZÆhu [°_° kcf cf°gp L$¸p¨
R>°, [°hp _e_p° huS>mu_p TbL$pf °W°$ hjpÆF>[ydp¨ cvS>hu ≈e R>°. ]$e_° hgp°hu
≈e R>°. S>° S>fidcf l•epdp¨ A°L$ nZ dpV°$ `Z AmNp¨ f¸p¨ _\u. Ap¨Mp°
‚Zec|rcÆ_p¨ _L$ip Apg°M° R>°, L$rhA° gıep¨, lıep¨, Mıep¨ S>°hp A¨[_p ‚pk
‹pfp cph_u [fg[p d|L$u R>°. _peL$ A°hp _e_p°_u buX$dp¨ q‹Op A_ych° R>°. [°_°
kdS> X$[u _\u L°$ [°dp hp–kÎe_u glfu R>° L°$ ‚Zep[yf[p_u ? ‚Zeu_p fL$[dp
A° Ap¨Mp°_u ¤yr[ cmu ≈e R>°. R>u L$b|g° R>° :
"Nl_ _e_p° ! kp°lp° R>p° S>° dyM°\u S>g° ı\g°,
_uføey¨ _rl A°, [p° e° rkqŸ ]$uW$p_u dmu NB.'
_peL$_u kcp_ sı\r[ dl°k|k \pe R>°.
rhflu cph\u iÍ \e°gp "‚Ze - k‡[L$' dp¨ ‚Zek¨h°]$__p rhrh^
ıhp_ycph_° Apg°øep¨ R>°. Alv cph_u rhrh^[p R>°, `Z [°dp¨ `gV$pAp° ≈°hp
dm[p _\u. k‡[L$dp r‚ep_° k]°$l° ‚–en L$fu _\u, Z _peL$_p kh°]$_ Ïep`dp
A° S>Íf D`sı\[ \B R>°. S>° b^p\u Sy>]y¨$ X°$ R>° [°hy¨ S> L¨$BL$ "b° ıh‡_p¨'_y¨ f¸y¨ R>°.
122
A¨[_p b° kp∑_°V$p° A°L$ Sy>]$p° k°[y bp¨ ° R>°. Alv rhL$pkp–dL$ fur[_y cphpg°M_ \ey
_\u [°\u "‚Ze-k‡[L$' _° kp∑_°V$Ny√R> [fuL°$ k¨bp° hy ep°¡e fl°i°.
Arckpf A_° rdg_ : ("Apq[’e') :
L©$r[_p iujÆL$ _uQ° L$•pkdp "AL$ - 2, fpS> |[ L$gd_u A°L$ rQ”L©$r[ ≈°B_°'
A°hy gMu L$rhA° A°L$ ı`ÛV$[p L$fu R>° L°$ ‚ı[y[ L©$r[_y ‚°fZpı\p_ A°L$ rQ”L©$r[ R>°
A_° [° "fpS>`|[ L$gd' _u R>°. cpf[ue rQ”i•gu_u rhL$pkf°Mpdp¨ S>•_ i•gu R>u
d›eeyNdp¨ gNcN ¨]$fdu k]$udp¨ Ap i•gu (fpS>`|[ L$gd) _p° rhL$pk \ep° R>°.
h¨i`f¨`fpN[ fu[° E[fu Aph°gu i•gu_° ≈mh[p rQ”L$pfp° d|m NyS>fp[, `R>u
fpS>ı\p_, `R>u `¨≈b, L$pÌduf A_° rldpge ky^u ı\mp¨[f L$f[p¨ [°dp¨ Sy>]$u-
Sy>]$u rhi°j[p cm[u NB A_° Sy>]$p-Sy>]$p _pd dm[p Nep. `lpX$u i•gu, L$pNfp
L$gd, ≈°^`yfu - qL$i_NY$u hN°f° fpS>`|[ L$gd (i•gu) _p S> Ap b^p ap¨V$p f¸p
R>°. fpS>`|[ L$gddp¨ gp°L$∆h_ A_° L©$ÛZ∆h__p rQ”p° [\p _preL$pc°]$, i©¨Npf
fk_p¨ rQ”p° A_° Sy>]$u - Sy>]$u fpN-fprNZu_p¨ rQ”p° ≈°hp dm° R>°. Alv "Arckpf
A_° rdg_' _y¨ iujÆL$ lp°e ı”u-`yfyj_p kpr_›e_° hjpÆF>[y_p hp[phfZ kp\°
rQ”L$pf° Apg°øey li°.
Arckpf k¨]$c£ ‚\d kp∑_°V$dp¨ rk^y¨ S> ˘]$e_° k¨bp°^_ \ey¨ R>° _° `R>u
˘]$e_preL$p kp\° k¨hp]°$ A°hy r_Í`Z Alv \ey R>°. _preL$p_u Arckpf_u sı\r[
A¨[dp¨ ı`ÛV$ \pe R>°. _pfu_y ]$e A_° [° Z L$]$u ‚ZeO°gy lp°e R>u iy iy rh[°
A° [p° d_dp¨ S>Zpe R>°. bu≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨ Arckpf A\£ _uL$m°gu _pfu_p Qp°V$gpdp¨
N|¨\°gp a}g\u k`Æ M¢QpB_° –ep¨ Aph° R>° A°hy¨ hZÆ_ L$fu _preL$p_p kp¶]$eÆ_° h^y
Ap°` Ap`hp i©¨Npf L$epÆ_p° Al°kpk dm° R>°. Ap\u Arckpfdp¨ Nr[ cm° R>°.
rh¤y[_p QdL$pf° _preL$p_u flu klu ufS> X$N° R>°. bu∆ bpSy> [° Ap ‚L$pidp¨ b°
TpX$_° ky]$f cy≈Ap° a°gphu c°V°$gp Sy>A° R>°. [° ≈°B _preL$p rhQpf° R>° TpX$ dmu iL°$
[p° dp_h L°$d _rl ? _preL$p_u sı\r[ kp\° [°_p dp_k_p° rQ[pf `Z Alv\u
‚p‡[ \pe R>°, [p° kpd° n° r‚ep_u fkkdpr^dp rhfl A_ych[p _peL$_u sı\r[_°
kp∑_°V$-3 dp¨ Apg°Mu R>°. rhflu rı\r[_p hZÆ_dp¨ cpjp_y¨ p°[ rhi°j MuÎey¨ R>°.
jÛV$πL$dp rdg__y i©Npf frk[ rQ” d|L$pey R>°. Qp°\p kp∑_°V$dp rhep°N A_° rdg__u
rı\r[dp¨ \[p¨ k¨[p` A_° Ap_¨]$_p cph_° hZÆh[p L$rh kpfÍ` [pfh° R>°. ‚u[
123
b_° [p° L$fhu _lv `Z ≈° ‚ur[ \B ≈e [p° rhep°N A\hp ep°N° [° ∆h_cfu
∆fhhu. p¨Qdp¨ kp∑_°V$dp¨ S>N_u S>¨≈mp° A_° S>qV$g S>N[_u fur[Ap° S>°hp i[-
i[ S>¨Ngp° hV$phu b° ‚Zeu_y kpeyS>e \pe R>°. pR>m b^u Ly$qV$g_y R>gbg X$ey
fl° R>°. A[° [p° rhS>e Mfu ‚ur[_p° S> \pe R>°. Aphu ‚ur[ rdg__° ‚L©$r[_p° AphL$pf
`Z ‚p‡[ \pe R>°. ‚L©$r[_p AphL$pf_p hZÆ_dp¨ L$rh_u cpjp Mugu R>°.
‚ı[y[ p¨Q kp∑_°V$dp¨ Arckpf° _uL$m°gu _preL$p ‚\d kp∑_°V$dp¨ Df kp\°
k¨hp]$ kp^° R>°. bu≈dp¨ F>[y k¨]$c£, ‚L©$r[_p A¨N A°hp [fy_p A•L$e_p ◊Ìe\u
Arckpf_p cphdp¨ D◊πu`_ rhcph cm° R>°. [°_° p°j_pf bfiep R>° ”u≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨
_peL$_u sı\r[ d|L$pe°gu R>° A_° rdg__u sı\r[ `Z Alv ky^u A°L$ km¨N
cphrhL$pk _S>f° X°$ R>°. Qp°\y kp∑_°V$ kpfÍ` - kgpl - k|Q_ Ap`_pfy lp°e cph_p
kp[–e_u N|\Zudp rhi°j D`L$pfL$ _\u. A[_y kp∑_°V$ ky]$f fu[° rdg__p cph_°
DW$ph_pfy f y R>°.
‚ı[y[ `p¨Q kp∑_°V$dp¨ L$rhA° km¨N riMqfZu R>¨]$ ‚ep°S>ep° R>°. S>° A°L$
‚ep°N [fuL°$ NZu iL$pe. M¨X$ r_ep°S>_dp¨ Qpf kp∑_°V$dp¨ (1,2,3,5) °V≤$pLÆ$ipB
8+6 _p fpøep R>°. Qp°\p kp∑_°V$_° 6+6+2 S>°hp¨ M¨X$rhcpS>_dp¨ hl¢√ey R>°, ‚pkdp¨
dp” Qp°\p kp∑_°V$_° bp]$ L$f[p¨ b^pdp¨ aabbccdd, eeffgg S>°hp fpøep¨ R>°.
Qp°\p kp∑_°V$dp¨ aaaabb, cc, ddee, ffgg S>°hp dm° R>°. Apg°M_ h°mp A°L$ S>
O_uc|[ Akf[m° fQpe°gp R>° A° A°_u fQ_p hjÆ ≈°[p¨ øepg Aph° R>°. S>°dp¨ 25-
4-1944, 24-4-1944, 22-4-1944, 24-4-1944, 29-4-1944
A_yæ$d° kp∑_°V$_p kS>Æ__u [pfuMp° flu R>°. cpjp [–kdN¨ u flu R>°. ‚L©$r[_p ky]$f
rQ”p°dp¨ cpjp rhi°j bmh—f ]°$Mpe R>°. L$rhA° ‚ı[y[ L©$r[_° kp∑_°V$Ny√R> [fuL°$
NZphu R>°.
"riiybp°g' (`p¨Q L$pÏep°) A_° "q”i|m' (”Z L$pÏep°) - (Apr[’e) :
"riiybp°g' A_° "q”i|m' iujÆL$ kp\°_p L$pÏeT|dMpdp¨ "riiybp°g'dp¨
”Z A_° "q”i|m' dp¨ b° kp∑_°V$ L©$q[Ap° R>°. "riiybp°g' ≈° km¨N kp∑_°V$L©$r[Ap°\u
bfiey lp°e [p° DW$ph_pf L$pWy$ L$pY°$ [°hu L©$r[ fQpe°gu R>°. _p_u bpmL$u_u r`[p kp\°_u
L$pguO°gu hp[p°dp¨ hp–kÎecph, bpgklS> rS>opkp A_° ErdÆ kp\° tQ[_ Z
d|L$pey¨ R>°. ∆h__u L$fyZ - d^yf rhjd[p bpmL$u_u bpgklS> hpZu\u ≈Zhp
124
dm° R>°. ‚ı[y[ "riiybp°g' _p p¨Q L$pÏep°dp¨\u S>° ”Z kp∑_°V$L©$r[Ap° R>° [° "`–_u
A_° bpmL$', "A°L$gu ?' A_° "cZ[f' iujÆL$ kp\°_u R>°. ‚\d L©$r[dp¨ khpf°
]¨$`r[_u kyNp°qÛW$ h°mpA° "`fp°Y$-∆h_-`fp°Y$'_p ıh‡_\u r[ l•ey Ohpe R>° A_°
Ap¨M° Ap¨ky\u Tp¨e hm° R>°. ∆h_k¨rN_u –_u_° [°_u Mbf _\u A°hy _peL$ dp_°
R>°, Z lL$uL$[° –_u r[_p Df_p A°L°$A°L$ cph\u kyo R>°. Z kp∑_°V$_u A¨r[d
¨qL$[dp¨ cph_u Qd–L©$r[ bpmL$u_p bp°g\u k^pe R>°. ApS>° L$]$pQ –_u r[_u
Ap¨M° hm°gu Tp¨e_° L$pfZ° S>° _ pdu iL$u [° bpmL$u pdu ≈e R>°.
"r`[p∆, L$ed Ap¨Mdp¨ _\u lz¨ ApS> ]°$Mp[u f° ?'
`R>u_p A_yk¨ p_° d|L$pe°gu L©$r[ "\Bi [yS> S>°hX$u' - kp∑_°V$L©$r[\u ”u∆
L©$r[ "A°L$gu ?' kp∑_°V$L©$r[ R>°. bpmL$p°_p L|$[ylg ‚Ô_p° L$epf°L$ dp-bp`_° q‹Opdp¨
d|L$u ]°$[p lp°e R>°. dp-bp` kpQp° D—f Ap`u iL$[p¨ _\u. r[-`–_u af[p¨-af[p¨
S>° Ofdp¨ ‚\d `l°gp¨ fl°[p¨ l[p¨ –epf\u `kpf \pe R>° A_° klS> hp[Qu[dp¨\u
bpmL$u_p rQ—dp AqL$[ \e°g rQ”_° hpQp dm° R>°. bu∆hpf klLy$Vy$b S>epf° –ep\u
`kpf \pe R>° _° klkp bpmL$u bp°g° R>°..... "Sy>Ap° bp y, Of Ap f°' / "fl°[p¨ S>ep¨
bp _° [d° b°, A°L$gu l[u lz¨ S>epf°.' bpmL$u_° kd≈hhp r`[pA° `l°gu hM[
|R>pe°gp ‚Ô__p D—fdp "cNhp__° Of°' l[u A°hp° S>hpb pW$h°gp° S>° bu∆hpfdp
L°$hy¨ L$pÍŒe Ecy¨ L$f° R>° [°_u Ap A°L$g[pdp¨, Qp°\y¨ A_yk¨^p_° Aph[y¨ L$pÏe kp∑_°V$
L$pÏe ‚L$pf_y _\u. R>°Îgy pQdy "cZ[f' kp∑_°V$ ‚L$pf_y R>°. S>°dp kpdprS>L$ rhjd[p
‚NV°$ R>°. kpnf[p_° dl“h Ap`[p Ap kp∑_°V$dp¨ cZ[f_p d|Îe_° bpmL$u_u
L$pguO°gu bp°gu\u rhi°jpÏey R>°.
"q”i|m' T|dMpdp¨ dp” b° S> kp∑_°V$L©$r[Ap° R>°. S>°dp¨ R>°Îgu L©$r[ kp∑_°V$L©$r[
_\u. L$rh AqcÏeqL$[_° kp°m ¨qL$[ ky u gB Nep R>° A_° r_Í`Z lmhu i•gu_y
R>°. ‚ı[y[ bfi_° "riiybp°g' A_° "q”i|m'L©$r[_° kp∑_°V$dpmp\u AgN [pfhu R>°.
_pfu : L°$V$gp¨L$ ıhÍ`p° ("Apr[’e') :
‚ZeL$pÏep°dp¨ "‚Ze - k‡[L$' kp\° _pfu : L°$V$gp¨L$ ıhÍ`p° - kp∑_°V$ -
k‡[L$_y A_yk^p_ ≈°B iL$pe R>°. L$rhA° ‚ı[y[ L©$r[_° rb_AN[ NZu "‚Ze-
k‡[L$' \u [°_° AgN [pfhu R>°. khp]$p–dL$ i•gu\u DOpX$ \[p Ap k‡[L$_p ‚\d
125
kp∑_°V$ "ı”u' dp¨ `yfyjp°qL$[Í`° ı”u_p b° ıhÍ`p°_u hp[ L$fu R>°, S>°dp¨ ‚\d Í`_°
yfyj AphL$pf° R>°, [p° bu≈ S>fW$ c|X$pÍ`_° AhNZ° R>°. _pfu_p Í`_p Ap b°, l°gy_°
[–kd A_° Ïehlpfy¨ cpjp\u ‚NV$ L$epØ R>°. bfi_°_u kp\° kyd°mcfu Np°W$hZdp¨
L$rhL$dÆ_u rhi°j[p ‚NV$u R>°. A¨[dp¨ kp∑_°V$ Qd–L©$r[ kp^° R>°. ı”u_p k¨hp]$dp¨
"Alv [p° L$p°B _\u' lz S> Ry>¨ Z yfyj_p° Qp[yfuce°pÆ S>hpb kp∑_°V$_° DW$ph° R>°. "lp
! æ$d\u [y¨ S> b¨_° b_u flu !' `R>u_p kp∑_°V$dp¨ `Z ı”u_p b° ıhÍ` "ky^p A_°
hpfyZu' _u hp[ L$fu R>°. S>°dp¨ _pfu_y ky pÍ` yfyj_p Df_° cvS>hu fp°d°fp°d rhı[f°
R>°. kylpNkcf kp•Áe∆h__p° A° S> [p° fkÓu`V$ R>°. [p° _pfu_y hpfyZuÍ` yfyj_°
AZ[©r‡[_u f[pi`X$[u ‚cpdp¨ ‚Ze_u R>pL$\u L°$au _ip° QY$ph° R>°. fp°d°rfiV$L$
rd≈S>cfu L$rh_u bp_u_p _hp S> pkp_p° qfQe dm° R>°. "BjpÆ' dp frkL$ ‚Zeu
`yfyj kp\° r‚e[dp_p° ‚ur[fk hlpÏep° R>°. [°dp¨ `Z ≈° r‚e lk° [p° BÛepÆ fS>
`Z OV$[u _\u, bgL°$ h^° R>°. _pfu_° A°V$g° S> BjpÆmy L$lu li° ? A°hp° ‚Ô_ S>Íf
D]$πch°. "Arc_e' kp∑_°V$dp¨ yfyj_u _S>f\u _pfu_° Ahgp°L$hpdp¨ Aphu R>°. S>°dp¨
fdZu_p Afie kp\°_p Arc_edp¨ [°_u [fg[p, Ly$qV$g[p _S>f° `X°$ R>°, `Z [°
R>[p¨ _peL$ [p° fuT° R>° [°_p Ap Arc_e\u. S> [° A°V$g° ky u L°$ [°_p f Ap°mOp°m
\hp Qpl° R>°. "`yfyj‹°j' dp¨ _preL$p `yfyj A_° Ncfy kMu_p ˘]$e_u hp[ hp[p°
L$fphu L$Y$phu g° R>° _° A°d yfyj A_° Ncfy kMu_p Df_° pdu g° R>°. Ap S> AS>b
`yfyj‹°j R>° _pfu_p°. `R>u_p kp∑_°V$ "l[u [°e° kfi¬ep' dp¨ `yfyjDqL$[ ‹pfp ‚Ze
r_Ûam[p d|L$u R>°. Alv ‚L©$r[_p k¨]$c£ A° L$l°hpey¨ R>°. A¨r[d kp∑_°V$ "Alp° ip
ÏeqL$[–h°' dp¨ _pfu_p ‚°fZp]$peu ÏeqL$[–h_u f°Mpdp¨ kp]$pB V$`L°$ R>°, kp•Áe`œ¨
r_[f° R>°. _pfu_p bp¸]°$l_y hZÆ_ - Arc≈[ ceyØ f y R>°.
R>¨]$r_Í`Zdp¨ L$rhA° "ky p A_° hpfyZu' dp¨ ©’hu R>¨]$ A_° bpL$u b^p¨ S>
kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ riMqfZu R>¨]$ ‚ep°Sep° R>°. M¨X$r_ep°S>_dp¨ ‚\d A_° bu≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨
6+6+2 bpL$u_p `p¨Q°e kp∑_°V$dp¨ 8+6 S>°hu `°V≤$pLÆ$ipB `Ÿr[ D`ep°Ndp¨ gu^u
R>°. ‚pk bpb[° ‚\d kp∑_°V$dp¨ abbacc deedee ff, bu≈dp¨ ababcbdedecd ee ; ”u≈, Qp°\p A_° p¨Qdp¨ kp∑_°V$dp¨ bÂb° ¨qL[_p ‚pk ≈mÏep
R>°. aabbccdd eeffgg; A¨r[d kp∑_°V$dp¨ aabc dded ffgghh S>°hp ‚pkp°
d°mÏep R>°.
126
Alv "_pfu : L°$V$gp¨L$ ıhÍ`p°' r_rd—° _pfu_p ıhcph, NyZ A_° depÆ]$p_y
]$iÆ_ L$fpÏey¨ R>°. S>° _pfu_p `yfyj kp\°_p Ïehlpf - h[Æ_dp¨\u [pfh°gp R>°. _pfu
ky^p R>°, [p° hpfyZu `Z R>°. [°dp¨ BjpÆ R>°, [p° `yfyj‹°j `Z. Arc_e S>°hu L$gp
`Z [°_pdp¨ r_rl[ `X$u R>°, [p° _pfu_p ky¨]$f _dZp Í`dp¨ `yfyj AS>b ip[p
A_ych° R>°. dl]$πA¨i° Ap ıhÍ`p°_° `yfyj _S>f°\u Ahgp°L$hpdp¨ ApÏep¨ R>°. L$rh
_pfu_p Df_p KX$pZ ky u l°p√ep _\u A°hp° Al°kpk S>Íf \pe R>°. ‚ı[y[ L©$r[_p
kp∑_°V$p°_° ApNm-`pR>m Apıhp]$u iL$pe R>°. V|$L$dp cphq_Í`Z_p° rhriÛV$ Apg°M
b_[p° _\u. cph_u AgN-AgN dy÷p _pfu_p Í`_u AgN[pdp¨ S>Íf dm°, Z
k¨OV$_p_p° Acph L©$r[_° kp∑_°V$ dpmpdp¨\u bp]$ L$f° R>°. kNp°q”e[p S>Íf R>°, Z
[° Ny√R>Í °_u R>°. kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ rhje_p° rhL$pk A °qn[ R>°, [° Alv _\u.
127
ky]$fπd
(3) ky¨]$fdπ_p° `qfQe
|fy _pd : q”cyh_]$pk yùjp°—d]$pk gylpf
D`_pd : ky]$fdπ
S>fid : 22-3-1908
d©–ey : B.k. 1991 dp¨
S>fid ı\m : cÍQ rS>Îgp_p Apdp°]$ [pgyL$p_y dp[f - rdep¨dp[pf
r`[p : yùjp°—d]$pk (r`[p, ]$p]$p_p° Ïehkpe gylpf_p° [°dS>
^uf^pf_p°)
`–_u : d¨Nmpbl°_ (_h hjÆ_u Jdf° d¨Nmpbl°_ kp\° g¡_)
rinZ : kp[ Qp° X$u ky u dp[f_u gp°L$g bp°XÆ$_u ipmpdp AÊepk
L$e°pÆ. R>u AN∞°∆ pQ p°fZ ky u Apdp°]$_u ipmpdp A_°
A°L$ hfk cÍQ_u R>p°Vy$cpB yfpZu_u fpqÛV≤$e fiey C¨s¡gi
ıL|$gdp¨ Npmu, cÍQdp¨\u rh_u[ \B B.k. 1929 dp¨
kıL©$[ A_° AN∞°∆ rhjep° kp\° "cpjp rhipf]$' _u D`pr^
‚p‡[ L$fu. NyS>fp[ rh¤p`uW$dp¨\u ı_p[L$ \ep¨.
Ïehkpe : B.k. 1929 \u kp∑_NY$ NyfyLy$mdp¨ A›ep`_. B.k.
1935 \u B.k. 1945 ky^u Ad]$php]$_u ı”u k¨ı\p
ƒep°r[ k¨Odp¨ L$peÆL$[pÆ [fuL°$. B.k. 1945 \u Óu Afth]$
ApÓd, °p¨qX$Q°fudp¨ klLy$Vy$b ı\peu r_hpk ıhuL$pe°pÆ.
rhi°j - k°hpAp° : 15du Ap°NÛV$ 1947 \u "]$qnZp'_p [¨”u B.k. 1970
dp¨ S|>_pNY$dp¨ dm°gu NyS>fp[u kprl–e `qfj]$_p ‚dyM.
B.k. 1967 \u < yfu_u _Nf fQ_pdp¨ L$peÆf[.
yfıL$pfp° : B.k. 1975 dp¨ kf]$pf `V°$g eyr_hrkÆV$u, hÎgc-
rh¤p_Nf [fa\u X$pµºV$f Ap°a rgV$f°Qf_u dp_]$π D`pr^.
B.k. 1934 dp¨ fZrS>[fpd kyhZÆQ¨÷L$.
B.k. 1946 dp¨ "AhpÆQu_ L$rh[p' rhh°Q_N∞¨\ dpV°$
drlX$p pqf[p°qjL$.
128
B.k. 1955 dp "ep”p' L$pÏekN∞l dpV°$ _dÆ]$ kyhZÆQ÷L$.
B.k. 1968 dp¨ "Ahgp°L$_p' dpV°$ kprl–e AL$p]$du_y¨
`pqf[p°qjL$ ‚p‡[ \e°gy.
‚hpk : B.k. 1934 dp¨ ]$qnZ cpf[_p° ‚hpk.
B.k. 1974 dp¨ Apq‰L$p - Tp¨rbep, L°$fiep, dp°f°Ìek_p°
‚hpk.
kprl–edp¨ ‚]$p_
L$rh[p : "L$p°ep cN[_u L$X$hu hpZu A_° Nfubp°_p¨ Nu[p°' (B.k.
1933), "L$pÏed¨Ngp' (B.k. 1933), "f¨Nf¨N
hp]$rmep' (bpmL$pÏep°) (B.k. 1939), "hky p' (B.k.
1939), "ep”p' (B.k. 1951), "hf]$p' (B.k.
1992), "dyr]$[p' (B.k. 1992), "D–L¨$W$p' (B.k.
1992).
V|$L$u hp[pÆ : "lufpL$Zu A_° bu∆ hp[p°' (B.k. 1938), "Mp°gL$u A_°
_pNqfL$p' (B.k. 1939), "r`epku' (B.k. 1940),
"Dfi_e_' (B.k. 1945).
‚hpk : "]$qnZpe_' (B.k. 1942).
rhh°Q_ : "AhpÆQu_ L$rh[p' (B.k. 1946), "Ahgp°L$_p¨' (B.k.
1965).
‚L$uZÆ : "rQ]¨$bfp' (B.k. 1968).
Qqf” : "Óu Afth]$ dlpep°Nu' (B.k. 1950).
A_yhp]$ : "cNh]$SSy>L$ue' (B.k. 1940), "d©√R>L$qV$L$' (B.k.
1944), "L$pep`gV$' (B.k. 1961), "S>_[p A_° S>_'
(B.k. 1955), "kprh”u' (B.k. 1956) A_° Óu
Afth]$ [\p Óudp[p∆_p¨ yı[L$p°.
129
ky¨]$fdπ_p rh`yg kp∑_°V$ kS>Æ_\u kp∑_°V$dp¨ Op°X$p`|f :
Np¨ ucph_p_u R>pep, kdpS>hp]$u rhQpfkfZu, Óufhufi÷_p\ V$pNp°f,
Óu Afth]$_p° ‚cph S>°hp ”uku_u L$rh[p_p ‚°fL$bmp°_p `∞\d `|ZÆ kdN∞ fu[°
]$iÆ_ \ep¨ ky]$fdπ_u L$rh[pdp¨ L$rh[p. hpı[hgnu A_° e\p\Ægnu b_° R>°. ≈Z°
L$rh[p ‚cy_y¨ dyM b_u_° Ah[fhp d\° R>°. fpÛV≤$cqL$[, A›ep–dcph, Afth]$
A_° dp[p∆_u qagk|au, ‚Ze ‚L©$r[ S>°hp rhjedp ArcÏeqL$[ ‚bm fu[° AqL$[
\e°gu R>°. "L$pÏed¨Ngp', "hky^p', "ep”p', "hf]$p', "dyq]$[p', "D–L¨$W$p'dp¨ Ly$g
kS>Æ__p `p¨Qdp cpN D`f_p kp∑_°V$p° dm° R>°. R> S>°V$gp kp∑_°V$ey¡dL$p° A_° b°
kp∑_°V$dpmpAp° kS>Æ_fpridp¨ dm° R>°.
fpÛV≤$cqL$[_p cphÍ ° "kpaÎeV$pœ', "rS>]$Nu_p _hpZ°', "_\u r_fMhp°
iiu' dp [yfNdp L°$]$ \e°gp L°$]$u_° r‚ep ı`iÆ_y kyM _\u dm[y A°hp rhflu cph_°
fpÛV≤$cqL$[_p f¨N QX$pÏep R>°. Atlkp_p bp°^_° "q”d|r[Æ' kp∑_°V$ ‹pfp L$’ep° R>°.
ilu]$u_p cph r_Í`[p "S>hp_ q]$g' kp∑_°V$dp¨ ‚°fZp_° hlphu R>°.
ky]$fdπ_p¨ ‚ZerhjeL$ kp∑_°V$p°_° Ahgp°L$[p¨ "L$pÏed¨Ngp' \u "dyq]$[p'
ky udp ‚Ze_y E›hwL$fZ \[y A_ychpe R>°. ‚pfcdp ıd©r[_p Ïep°ddp rhlf[p
L$rh_p cp¡e° kpaÎe_p° Ap_¨]$ Ap°R>p° R>°. ‚°d_u Apf[, r_fpip_p k|f ‚bm R>°.
S>°_p D]$plfZÍ` "]$ip cp¡e_u', "L$p¨ _p Qlz¨ ?', "L$dg]$gdp¨', "Djp filp°[u
≈Nu', "kyD [pfp ıh‡_°', "≈hp |h£ ', "NB cg°' S>°hp kp∑_°V$p° NZphu iL$uA°.
"ep”p' L$pÏek¨N∞l_p ‚ZerhjeL$ kp∑_°V$dp¨ ‚Ze _u[epÆ _uf S>°hp° bfiep° R>°. [°
"S>BA°', " |ZÆ de¨L$', "ErdÆ A_° rigp' hN°f° kp∑_°V$dp¨ ≈°B iL$pe R>°.
L$pÏed¨Ngp_p "A°L$p¨i ]°$' \u ‚cy [fa_p° cph d|L$pep° R>°, S>° Afth]$_p
∞cph_u hpZu_p° X$Op° R>°, S>° ApNm "hf]$p', "dyr]$[p' ky u S>[p¨ Ïep`L$ \e°gp°
R>°. ÓŸp, Acu‡kp, rS>opkp_p bm° kp^L$hpZu b_° R>°. "A°L$p¨i ]°$',
"k–edπ rihdπ ky¨]$fdπ', "Alp° `©’hu d•ep', "_dy¨', "‚r[`]$p', "hkp° KQ°',
130
"fk DN∞[p', "flp° kcf [©‡[', "_p°L$p', "`\rhc°]'$ (kp∑_°V$ey¡d), "Óu Afth]$',
"N∞l-NZ-Nyqa[' S>°hp kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ Sy>]$p Sy>]$p cphÍ ° A° A¨qL$[ \e°gp R>°.
‚L©$r[ r_Í`Zhpmp kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ "Djp_p ApNpf°', "iiu c|Îep°', "kp¨S>°
S>epf°', "rh_d∞ rhS>e', "ANp^ cf[u', "fpN-‹°i' S>°hp kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ ‚L©$r[ L$ep¨L$
kycN, L$ep¨L$ kdfkÍ ° Apg°MpB R>°.
"rd” –_u_°' A_° "rd”eyNg_°' S>°hp rd”‚°d_° gN[p¨ b° kp∑_°V$p° Z
[°d_u kd©Ÿ kp∑_°V$fpridp¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°.
kp∑_°V$ey¡dp°, kp∑_°V$”eu kp\° L$rh_u "A°L$ qL$Îgp_° [p°X$u X$p[p° ≈°B_°'
A_° "rNqf-rNf_pf' S>°hu b° kp∑_°V$dpmp, "k‡[fpN' S>°hy¨ kp∑_°V$Ny√R> kS>Æ__p
rhi°j _d|_pÍ` L©$r[Ap° R>°.
"A°L$ qL$Îgp_° [p°X$u X$p[p° ≈°B_°' kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ Ly$g p¨Q kp∑_°V$dZL$p
`fp°Ïep R>°. kp∑_°V$dpmp_p ‚\d kp∑_°V$dp¨ AÛV$L$dp¨ Alv dyl}[Æ _\u, Ly$dLy$d _\u,
`yÛ` _\u, ıhsı[L$ _\u, AQÆ_p _\u dpV°$ L$rh qL$Îgp_p Ap D–M___p kde°
[°_° b]$_kub NZph° R>°. bfpbf rhfp°^u cphÍ`° "e]$p ‚\d [pfu HV$ Alvep
dyL$pB dy]$p' [°_p ApeyÛe_u kudp-f°Mp ]$p°fu R>°. c|rd |S>_dp¨ b^p¨ l[p¨ _° A–epf°
qL$Îgp_° [p°X$_pf p¨Q-kp[ dS|>fp° R>°. b° rhfp° u cphd|L$u -
"S>fp MZZ, O|m Np°V$, NbX°$ [yV°$gu HV$p°,
A_° Y$N b_u Y$m° eyN eyNp° Dc°gu L$\p.
`kpf klz \pe –ep¨\u _rl ApS> L$p°_° Ïe\p !'
(A°L$ qL$Îgp_° [p°X$u X$p[p° ≈°B_°, ep”p)
eyNp° eyNp°\u Ec°gp° qL$Îgp° L°$V$L°$V$gu L$\pAp° gB Ecp° l[p° ? Af° My]$
`p°[° Ecp° R>° [°_u `Z L$\p R>°, S>° ApS>° ^|m_p° Y$N b_° R>° _° A°d A°L$ cÏe
Br[lpk_y Alv [_ \pe R>°, S>°_u Ïe\p kpf \_pfdp\u L$p°B_° \[u _\u. bu≈
kp∑_°V$dp¨ Ap S> cph_° L$rhA° ApNm h^pe°pÆ R>°. i°L$πsı`efipB OpV$_p kp∑_°V$_p
‚\d, q‹[ue Q[yÛL$dp¨ qL$Îgp° yfp[_ kde° cg° ‚Q¨X$ lp°e, ]y$Ìd_p° kpd° Ac°]$
D—yN lp°e L°$ Y$pg b_u_° ‚fnL$ bfiep° lp°e L°$ _NfÓu_p° Q¨X$ A° q]$L$π pm_p° lp\u
lp°e, [° L$pm lh° _\u, [°_u cÏe[p nuZ \B NB R>°.
"lhp¨ _\u [y¨ ]y$NÆ ! ]y$NÆd, Ac°¤, D—y¨N_p;
131
[_° V$`u S>[p¨ Alv ”Z b]$pd_p Ál°gX$p¨.'
(A°L$ qL$Îgp_° [p°X$u X$p[p° ≈°B_°, ep”p)
fp°j cfu hpZudp¨ A°L$ [uh∞ Ïe\p Ry>`pe°gu R>°. ”u≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨ L$rh
ı\|mdp¨\u cÏe [fa Nr[_p ‚ı\p__u hp[ dp¨X°$ R>°. L$pm_° L$p°B Ar[æ$du iL$ey¨
_\u, _p\u iL$ey¨ _\u. f[u_p° f\ L$]$uL$ hp]$mp ky^u D√Q[p d°mh°, Z nZ
`R>u [° gOy b_u ^fpipeu \pe R>°. lh° AQm ]y$NÆ_p q]$hkp° Nep. `R>u L$rh
c|[L$pm_p eyŸ, V°$L$, ‹¨‹eyŸ, Op°X$pAp°, Qp`, [p° , b¨]y$L$ lh° L$iye L$pdepb _\u
f¸y¨ l° h©Ÿ _° ∆ZÆ ]y$NÆ ! [_° Ap S>N_u A°jZpAp° r_cphi° _lv. L$rh
nZc¨Nyf[p_u hp[ L$fu kp∑_°V$ Qp°\pdp¨ Ap nZc¨Nyf[pdp¨\u k¨hpq]$[p_p
Apfp^_p_p dpNÆ_u ip° L$f° R>°. dpZk≈[ d\ud\u_° [pfp S>°hp° ]y$NÆ b_phu iL$u,
Mf° kde° –ep¨ V$L$hp_u Api _p V$L$u. kyNd ]y$NÆ lh° A°hp L$ep¨\u lp°e ? R>u L$rh
d_yÛe_u rS>Nujp ny p dpV°$_u ]$p°X$dp d_yÛe A°L$bu≈\u ]y$S>£e iı”-Aı” b_phu
`p°[p_u rS>Nukph©r—_° k¨[p°j° R>°, Z ‚Q¨X$ lp\ Z l°W$p X°$ R>°. AS>°e S>° L$p¨B
ApS> R>° [° Aq[ kyS>e L$pg° b_u S>[y¨.
"S>ep¨ S>e[Zp¨ Alp rhL©$[ Op°f Ap ]¨$Ngp°;
b^p S>e `fpS>ep°, kL$m d¨Ngp° S>¨Ngp°.'
("A°L$ qL$Îgp_° [p°X$u X$p[p° ≈°B_°', ep”p)
©’hu f Aphp rhL©$[ Op°f \[p fl°i°, AOp°f h©r—Ap° apguazgu fl°i°. kp∑_°V$
`p¨Qdpdp¨ Aphp AOp°f L©$–ep° Qpgy fl°i°, S>ep¨ ky u fd k–e_p° rhS>e \i° _rl
–ep¨ ky u L$rh_° ‚Ô_ \pe R>° L°$,
"[y¨e° AX$N ]y$NÆ ApS> X$N[p°, X$Nph° [_°;
L$ey `fd k–e ? iy¨ , AQm ]y$NÆ [p° [°S> S>°
fQpe d_y-A¨[f° rhdg k–e - k¨Op__p°
kdı[ S>N_° Adp°O ‚Ze°\u k¨fn[p° ?'
(A°L$ qL$Îgp_° [p°X$u X$p[p° ≈°B_°, ep”p)
Ap yr_L$ iı”p° Aœiı”p°_u kıL©$r[dp d_yÛe∆h__p, Af° ∆h dp”_p
khÆ_pi_p ce_° ∆[ dpV°$_y lr\epf R>°. k–e A_° ‚°d A°hu ÓŸp Ap L$pÏe_° A[°
k|Qhpe R>°. L$rhA° p¨Q° kp∑_°V$dp¨ ©’hu R>¨]$ ‚ep°S>ep° R>°. kp∑_°V$ æ$d b° A_° p¨Q
i°L$πsı`efipB OpV$_p R>°. l°gy kp∑_°V$ °V≤$pLÆ$ipB OpV$_y, ”uSy>¨ km¨N Qp•]$ ¨qL$[_y
Qp°\y 4+4+6 S>°hp M¨X$rhcpS>_hpmy R>°. L$rhA° A¨[_p ‚pk ≈mÏep R>°.
132
ky]$fdπ_u kp∑_°V$ fpridp i°L$πsı`eipB b^_p kp∑_°V$p° OZp R>°. °V≤$pLÆ$ fur[_p
kp∑_°V$p° Z R>° A° D`fp[ Ar_erd[ fur[_p kp∑_°V$p° Z R>°. "_\u _ufMhp° iiu'
dp L$rh 2+6+51/2+1
/2 S>°hp rhcpN L$f° R>°, [p° L$epL$ 4+3+4+3 S>°hp [p° "_dy'
dp¨ 2+4+4+4, Afiedp¨ 6+6+2, 4+4+6, 8+6, 6+8, "iiu c|Îep°' dp¨
10+4 S>°hp `¨qL$[ M¨X$p° L$epÆ R>°. ApL©$r[rh^p__u ◊qÛV$A° "`|ZÆde¨L$', "_\u
_ufMhp° iiu' S>°hp¨ kp∑_°V$ ky]$f D]$plfZÍ` R>°.
‚pk f–h° L$p°B lW$pN∞l L$rhA° fpøep° _\u. kfm[p\u, klS>[p\u cph_°
A_yÍ` ‚pk Ah[epÆ [° ‚dpZ° N∞p¸ fpøep R>°. L$ep¨L$ f¨ fp_u fur[_p ‚pk Z
d°mÏep R>°. dyøe dp•rgL$ ıh[¨” fur[_p ‚pk f¸p R>°. R>¨]$ `k¨]$Nudp¨ `∞\d
riMqfZu R>¨]$ f¸p° R>°. R>u_p æ$d° ©’hu, ı”¡^fp, d¨]$pæ$pfi[p, ip]|Æ$grhæ$uqX$[,
lqfZu S>°hp R>¨]$p° f¸p R>°. kp∑_°V$dp¨ cph_° D`L$pfL$ knd fu[° R>¨]$_° gphu iL$ep
R>°. L$ep¨L$ R>¨]$ rdÓZ `Z L$epÆ R>°. "Alp° `©’hud•ep' dp¨ riMqfZu - ı”¡^fp,
"iiu c|Îep°' dp¨ kp°fW$p - A_yÛVy$` S>°hp ‚ep°Np° ›ep_plÆ f¸p R>°. `©’hu R>¨]$_u
Ah_hu R>V$p "L$p _p Qlz ?', "_\u r_fMhp° iiu' dp¨ ›ep_ p” R>°.
L$rh_p Afie kp∑_°V$ S>°hp L$pÏep° kp∑_°V$gnZ_p Acph° kp∑_°V$ bfiep _\u.
"A_y ]$uL$fu' dp¨ [°f `¨qL$[ "`[¨rNey¨ A_° NfyX$' ey¡dL$dp¨ kp°m `¨qL$[Ap°,
"`yŒep–dp' dp¨ [°f `¨qL$[, "OZ DW$ph' dp¨ kp°m `¨qL$[ \hp\u [° kp∑_°V$ [fuL°$
ıhuL$peÆ fl°[p _\u.
"kp∑_°V$ D—d L$pÏe L$gpL©$r[ b_hp dpV°$ AphÌeL$ L$Î`_piqL[,
k•p¨]$e°pÆfid°j, fkp–dL$[p cpjp_u ArcÏe¨S>_p iqL$[, k¨h°]$__u kcf[p,
A_yc|r[_u [uh∞[p Apq]$ [“hp° ky¨]$fdπ_u kS>ÆL$[pdp¨ kcf lp°e [°d_p¨ L°$V$gp¨L$
kp∑_°V$p° [p° ArhıdfZue fl°i°.'22
133
fpS>°fi÷ ipl
(4) fpS>°fi÷ ipl_p° `qfQe
|fy _pd : fpS>°fi÷ L°$ihgpg ipl
S>fid : 28, ≈fieyApfu B.k. 1913 (`p°j h]$ - 6, d¨Nmhpf)
S>fid ı\m : L$`X$h¨S> (rS>Îgp° : M°X$p)
r`[p : L°$ihgpg. ‚\d kp]$fp_p kfL$pfu hL$ug, `pR>m\u
hX$p°]$fp_p cp]$fZ_p S>S> A_° Ó°ekp^L$ Ar^L$pfu hNÆ_p
Ar^ÛW$p[p.
dp[p : grg[pbl°_
]$p]$p : ‹pfL$p]$pk - |hÆS>fidhp]$dp¨ dp__pf.
]$p]$udp : dlpgˇdu - dÆ fpeZ ∆h
`–_u : dSy>gpbl°_
k[p_p° : 1. ep°rN_u (S>fid : B.k.1932), 2. r`_pqL$_ (S>fid :
B.k.1936), 3. Bgp (S>fid : B.k.1939), 4. ue|j
(S>fid : B.k.1942), 5. L•$hÎe (S>fid : B.k.1944),
6. rhc|r[ (S>fid : B.k.1951), 7. r_er[ (S>fid :
B.k.1956)
rinZ : L$`X$h¨S>_u Áeyr_rk`g ‚p\rdL$ ipmpdp¨ ‚p\rdL$
AÊepk `|fp° L$fu Áeyr_rk`g lpBıL|$gdp¨ ≈°X$pep.
B.k.1924-25 dp AbycpB yfpZuA° iÍ L$f°gu Ïepepd
ipmpdp¨ Ïepepd_u [pgud d°mhu. B.k.1930 dp¨
d°qV≤$L$_u `funp_u [•epfu lp°hp R>[p¨ ıhp[¨‘e Qmhm_p
k–epN∞lu bfiep _° AÊepk R>p°X$ep°. S>° B.k.1932 dp¨
d°qV≤$L$ funp kpf L$fu A_yk¨ p_ L$f° R>°. B.k.1933 dp¨
dybB_u rhÎk_ L$pµg°S>dp¨ ]$pMg \ep Z dp¨]$Nu_° L$pfZ°
–ep¨\u B.k.1934 dp¨ bfp°X$p L$pµg°S>dp¨ Aphu AÊepk
L$fhp_u afS> X$u. B.k.1937 dp¨ [“hop_ rhje kp\°
134
bu.A°. _u `funp `kpf L$fu. A°d. A°. dpV°$ Ad]$php]$
NyS>fp[ L$pµg°S>dp¨ ‚h°i d°mh° R>°; `Z k¨≈°Np°hkp[π Ap
AÊepk |ZÆ L$fu iL$ep _lu¨.
Ïehkpe : dybBdp¨ AÊepk kp\° L$p°V$_ dfQfiV$_u "ku. A°fiX$ L¨$`_u'
dp¨ _p°L$fu ıhuL$pfu l[u. Ad]$php]$ A°d.A°. _p AÊepk
kp\° Y$pgNfhpX$ pk° cNycpB_p h¨X$pdp¨ Qpg[u ipmpdp¨
_p°L$fu L$fu l[u, "Ly$dpf' _u "by^kcp' L$rh[p kcp_p
k¨kN£ ky¨]$fdπ S>°hp L$rhrd” dm° R>°. S>°_u cgpdZ\u
"Sep°r[k¨O' dp¨ _p°L$fu dm° R>°. S>ep¨ Qpf°L$ hjÆ _p°L$fu L$f°
R>°. `R>u "N©lkp^_' _pd° dp°]$u_u ]y$L$p_ S>°hp° ıh[¨”
Ïehkpe iÍ L$f° R>°. kp\° N∞plL$p°_p ApN∞l\u "HO_'
L$p°gkp_p° ıV$p°f Z Qgph° R>°, S>°_u A°L$ ipM "N©lkp^_'
_pd_u B.k. 1943 dp¨ L$`X$h¨S>dp¨ iÍ L$f° R>°. A°L$ rd”
kp\° Ou L$p¨V$p rhı[pfdp¨ "ku.Apf.A°k V°$nV$pBg hLÆ$k'
_pd° bp°rb_ b_phhp_y L$pfMp_y iÍ L$eyØ, Z cp¡e° epfu
_ Ap`[p¨ bfi_° ]y$L$p_p° kd°V$hp kp\° Ïehkpe b¨^ L$fhp°
`X$ep°. B.k. 1945 dp¨ dy¨bB Nep –ep¨ "ıh]°$iu X$pHN
A°fiX$ ÂgutQN' dp ”Z-Qpf dpk k°æ°$V$fu [fuL°$ f¸p. R>u
S>¨Ngp°dp¨ gpL$X$p L$p`hp_p° L$p°fiV≤°$L$V$ fpM[u "Apf. S>°. ipl
A°fiX$ L$`_u' dp B.k. 1951 ky u _p°L$fu ıhuL$pfu. bp]$dp
"`pep°r_ef V≤°$X$kÆ' _° _pd° L$pNm_p° h° pf iÍ L$e°pÆ S>° B.k.
1955 ky u Qpgy fpøep°. hQdp B.k. 1954 dp "rgr`_u'
_pd° R>p`Mp_y iÍ L$eyØ, S>° B.k. 1970 ky u QgpÏey.
rhi°j k°hpAp° : B.k. 1975 \u "L$rhgp°L$' ‹•dprkL$ S>iycpB ipl A_°
kyf°i ]$gpg_p klep°N\u iÍ L$eyØ.
B.k.1979 dp¨ "L$rhgp°L$' V≤$ıV$_p d°_°tS>N V≤$ıV$u b_° R>°.
B.k. 1994 dp NyS>fp[u kprl–e qfj]$_p ‚dyM r_rhÆfp°
fu[° Q|V$pep.
135
: rhrh^ `pqf[p°qjL$p° :
1947 _p hjÆ ]$fÁep_ "Ly$dpf' _p¨ Ó°ÛW$ dp•rgL$ kprl–e ‚]$p_ [fuL°$
L$pÏep°_° gndp¨ fpMu "Ly$dpf' Q¨÷L$ Ap`hpdp¨ ApÏep°. "¬hr_' L$pÏek¨N∞l_° dybB
kfL$pf_u kprl[e dpV°$ `pqf[p°qjL$ ep°S>_p Afihe° Í p. 2000/- _y¨ ‚\d
`pqf[p°qjL$ A°_pe[ \ey¨. 1956 dp¨ fZrS>[fpd kyhZÆ Q¨÷L$\u [°d_u kprl–e
k°hp_° rbf]$phhpdp¨ Aphu. bpmL$pÏep°_p "dp°f`vR>' _° 1959 _p bpg rhcpN_y
dybB kfL$pf_y ‚\d pqf[p°qjL$ ‚p‡[ \ey. "ip¨[ L$p°gplg' (1962) _° q]$Îlu -
kprl–e AL$p]$du [fa\u 1964 dp¨ Íp. 5000 _y¨ `pqf[p°qjL$ [\p 1968 dp¨
‚L$pri[ \e°g "nZ S>° rQf[_' (1968) L$pÏekN∞l_° "filp_pgpg pqf[p°qjL$'
`Z ‚p‡[ \ey¨ R>°. "d¬edp¨' (1978) L$pÏek¨N∞l_° _dÆ]$ Q¨÷L$ A°_pe[ \ep°.
"]$qnZp' (1979) L$pÏe kN∞l_° NyS>fp[u kprl–e qfj]$_p° Afth]$ kyhZÆQ÷L$
d˛ep°. 1985 dp¨ [°d_° L$gL$—p_p° "cpf[ue cpjp qfj]$' A°hp°XÆ$\u _hp S>hpdp¨
ApÏep. 1986 dp¨ NyS>fp[ kprl–e kcp_p° "^_∆-L$p_∆' kyhZÆQ¨÷L$ A°_pe[
\ep°. 2001 dp¨ op_`uW$ A°hp°XÆ$ ‚p‡[ \pe R>°.
: kprl–en°”° ‚]$p_ :
L$pÏe : 1. "¬hr_' (1951), 2. "Ap¨]$p°g_' (1951), 3.
"Óyr[' (1957), 4. "ip¨[ L$p°gplg' (1962), 5.
"rQ”Zp' (1967), 6. "nZ S>° rQf¨[_' (1968),
7. "rhjp]$_° kp]$' (1968), 8. "d¬edp' (1978),
9. "D]$πNur[' (1979), 10. "]$qnZp' (1979), 11.
"`”g°Mp' (1981), 12. "‚k¨N k‡[L$' (1982),
13. "`¨QhjpÆ' (1983) 14. "qL≠$S>rÎL$_u' (1983),
15. "rhcph_' (1983), 16. "‹pky`ZpÆ' (1983),
17. "k¨L$rg[ L$rh[p' ("¬hr_' \u "‹pky`ZpÆ' ky^u_p
L$pÏe k¨N∞l_° A°L$ kp\°_y¨ ‚L$pi_ 1983), 18. "Ap¨b°
ApÏep dp°f' (bpgL$pÏep°_p° k¨N∞l : 1985), 19.
"Q¨]$_cu_u A_prdL$p' (1989), 20. "_ugp¨S>_p'
(1989), "ÍdT|d' (1989), "ApfŒeL$' (1992)
Afie : "k|f]$pk' A_° "Nr[dyqL$[' _pd° b° A°L$p¨L$u A_° ApW°$L$
hp[pÆAp° gMu R>°.
136
: fpS>°fi÷ ipl_p¨ kp∑_°V$ :
B.k. 1888 \u b. L$. W$pL$p°f ‹pfp `yfıL©$[ \e°g kp∑_°V$ L$pÏe ‚L$pf
Np¨^ueyN `pf L$fu fpS>°fi÷ ipl ky^u `l°p¨Q[p ^vNp° b_°g R>°. B.k. 1937 dp¨
"lp°mu-^|m°V$u' iujÆL$ kp\°_y¨ kp∑_°V$ "Ly$dpf' dp¨ ‚NV$ \[p¨ fpS>°fi÷ ipl_y¨ kp∑_°V$
L$pÏe `∞L$pf_p ‚hpldp¨ `]$p`ÆZ \pe R>°. iÍAp[_p ]$kL$pdp¨ k¨øepb¨^ kp∑_°V$p°
Ap`u kp∑_°V$ ‚hpl_° h°Nugp° b_pÏep°, kp\°-kp\° kp∑_°V$ riÎ`_° ky◊Y$ b_phu
gprg–e A`£ R>°. L$\re[Ïe_u fS|>Ap[ dpV°$ D`L$pfL$ M¨X$rhcpS>_, gep_ykpfu
DrQ[ ‚pk fur[\u kp∑_°V$_° _hp Í`f¨N dm° R>°.
"¬hr_' (1951) \u "Q¨]$_ucu_u A_prdL$p' (1987) ky^u_p k—f
L$pÏe k¨N∞lp°dp¨ L$rh ‚r[cp_p° Dfid°j ≈°[p¨ [°Ap° Ap Npmp_p ‚dyM L$rh b_° R>°.
h•rh¬ekcf ArcÏeqL$[, ErdÆk¨h°]$__u bmL$V$[p A_° A°V$gy¨ S> L$p•ig[p\u
dprdÆL$ r_Í`Z [°d_p ApNhp[fu Aph[p kNÆiqL$[_p qfQpeL$ [–hp° R>°. "lp°mu-
^|m°V$u' \u kp∑_°V$ `f lp\ AS>dpÏep `R>u "¬hr_' "ip¨[L$p°gplg' dp¨ kp∑_°V$_u
dp[bf knd fQ_pAp° dmu R>°. ‚L©$r[, ‚Ze, ∆h_rhjeL$ rQ¨[_ S>°hp rhjep°
kp∑_°V$dp¨ r_fyr`[ \ep R>°.
‚Ze rhjeL$ kp∑_°V$dp¨ ‚Ze_y¨ kyQpfy Í` ≈°hp dm° R>°. rhfldp¨ `Z
rdg_ ıd©r—_p° DÎgpk [fhf° R>°. ÓŸp_p k|f h√Q° iyrQ[p_u dy÷p ‚Ze
r_Í`Zdp D`ku R>°. "ky pde fprNZu', "ep°N luZp° rhep°N', "ApS>°', " |rZÆdp
r_–efÁe', "_S>f_p k°[y`f', "rdg_ rhfl°', "rifuja}giu', "`y_rdÆg_',
"fS>r_\L$u', "ie_°', "q”d|r[Æ', "[h ‚h°i°' S>°hp kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ ‚Ze_° rhrh^ fu[°
A¨qL$[ L$e°pÆ R>°.
"¬hr_' L$pÏe k¨N∞l_u "[dkp° dp.....' A_° "L$_° _h iy¨ dplfu ?' S>°hu
fQ_pAp° A¬ep–d tQ[_ r_Í`u[ \ey R>°. "k¨r^L$pm', "[¨[y ip° A°L$[p_p° !', "l°
q]$` Sep°r[', "rh^p[p_°', "A_pN[' S>°hp kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ tQ[_ bmL$V$ fu[° r_Í`u[
\ey R>°.
137
"A°L$ khpf', "`p_Mf_u k¨¬ep', "‚cp[', "NN_ ^_\u Np°f¨cpey¨',
"l°d_u_u A°L$ fp[', "d¬efp”°', "[fy', "bY°$Qg' S>°hp kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ ‚L©$r[_p iyŸ
Apg°M_ ‹pfp tQ[__° DW$ph Ap‡ep° R>°. "eprd_u_° qL$_pf' k¨¬ep kde_y¨ M°[f
A_° buX$p°_y¨ dprdÆL$ Apg°M_hpmu L©$r[ flu R>°. "Óyr[' L$pÏek¨N∞l_u "_pN' A_°
"NÍX$' S>°hu fQ_pAp°dp¨ cep_L$[p fS|> L$fu R>°.
L$rh_u k¨h°]$_ ‚qæ$ep, kp∑_°V$ey¡d, kp∑_°V$”eu A_° kp∑_°V$dpmpAp° ky u
gB NB R>°. "¬hr_' _y "ky pde fprNZu', "ip[ L$p°gplg' _p "_ hp[ Ïe[u[_u',
"k¨¬ep' A_° "‚\d ‚lf°', "nZ S>° rQf¨[_' k¨N∞l_p " yfp[_ hX$_°' S>°hp kp∑_°V$
ey¡dL$p°dp L$rh ‚r[cp_p° rhi°j Dfid°j TmL°$ R>°. "Óyr[' kN∞ldp "]°$ihV$p°', "ipr[
L$p°gplg' k¨N∞l_y¨ "q”d|r[Æ', "nZ S>° rQf¨[_' k¨N∞l_y¨ "O_ R>pey _c' S>°hp
kp∑_°V$”eu L$rhA° gøep R>°. "¬hr_' k¨N∞l_u "ApeyÛe_p Ahi°j°' dp¨ p¨Q kp∑_°V$
dZL$p_° L$gp–dL$ fu[° N|\u kO°X$p D[pf kp∑_°V$ kp\° dpmp b_phu R>°. "Óyr[' kN∞l_u
"h_M¨X$_', "ip¨[ L$p°gplg' k¨N∞l_u "fprNZu' S>°hu Afie kp∑_°V$dpmpAp° [\p
kp¨‚[ kS>Æ_dp¨\u "bpmgugp-1', "bpmgugp-2' S>°hu Afie kp∑_°V$dpmp
kNÆiqL$[_u rhriÛV$ iqL$[_p `qfQpeL$ Apg°Mp° f¸p R>° S>°_° Ap`Z° rhN[°
[`pkuA°.
"ApeyÛe_p Ahi°j°' ("¬hr_') kp∑_°V$dpmp :
"¬hr_' L$pÏek¨N∞ldp¨ dyL$pe°gu "ApeyÛe_p Ahi°j°' dp¨ fpS>°fi÷ ipl_u
khÆ [p° dyMu L$rh ‚r[cp_p° D—d AprhÛL$pf rTgpep° R>°. ¬hr_ L$pÏek¨N∞l_u A°L$
dl“hpL$p¨nu L©$r[ fl°hp_u kp\° L$rh_p kS>Æ_dp¨ `Z ‚ı[y[L©$r[ A–e¨[
‚r[r_r^Í` b_u flu R>° A_°L$ L$pÏe ddÆop°_° l•e° hk°gu L©$r[ NyS>fp[u L$rh[p -
kp∑_°V$dpmpAp°dp k`r—Í` R>°. "Ly$dpf' dp ‚ı[y[ L©$r[_° AphL$pf Ap`[p bQycpB
fph[° A°L$ _p_L$X$u _°p^ d|L°$gu ""NyS>fp[u kprl–edp NZ_p`p” \e°gu S>° L°$V$guL$
L©$r[Ap°_p ‚\d ‚L$pi__y cp¡e "Ly$dpf' _° d˛ey R>° [°dp, p°[p_p NyZ h•riÛV$e_°
gu^° ı\p_ `pd° [°hu, Ap`Zu qnr[S> `f ‚L$pihp dp¨X°$gp eyhp_ L$rh fpS>°fi÷
ipl_u Ap L©$r[_° AphL$pf[p Ad_° Ap_¨]$ \pe R>°.''23 kp∑_°V$ - L$pÏe ‚L$pfdp¨
hı[y A_° ıhÍ`_u Aphu rkqŸ ≈°B ]y$fpfp¬e rhh°QL$ A_° kd\Æ kp∑_°V$L$pf
bmh¨[fpe W$pL$p°f° ‚kfi_ \B L$l°gy¨ ""f°id_p `V$ `f L$u_Mpb\u gMu_° kpdu
138
cv[ `f gV$L$phhp S>°hy¨ R>°. OfX$p dpZk_y¨ d_ S>° gedp¨ rhQpf° [° ge_p° R>¨]$
fpS>°fi÷A° Apbp]$ L$X$ep° R>°.''24 ‚ı[y[ fQ_pdp ∆h_ k¬ep_p L$pm° "ApeyÛe_p
Ahi°j°' Ec°gp° L$pÏe _peL$ r_S> h[__p "OfcZu' ‚ı\p_ L$f° R>°. c|rdL$pÍ`
Ap kp∑_°V$dp¨ L$pÏe _peL$_p° ‚hpk S|>_u X$dZudp¨ \[p° d|L$ep° R>°. ApS>_p TX$`u
hpl_ Ïehlpfdp¨ `N`pmp L°$ NpX$p_p ‚hpkp° lh° L$ep¨ f¸p R>° ? [°\u L$pÏe_p
kS>Æ_L$pm_p kde_y¨ ≈Z° ‚r[tbb rTgpey¨ R>°. S>°dp¨ `fp°Y$_p kde° h©Ÿ _peL$
‚hpk M°X°$ R>°. khpf_p D≈k kp\° h[_ kp\° ≈°X$pe°gu ıd©r[_p° D≈k Z cm°gp°
R>°. A° ıd©r[ L$fyZ - d^yf d_p°cphdp¨ _peL$ AV$hp[p° f¸p° R>°, S>° L$rhA° `p¨Q
kp∑_°V$ dZL$pdp 1. "OfcZu', 2. "‚h°i', 3. "ıhS>_p°_u ıd©r—', 4. "`qfh[Æ_',
5. "∆h_ rhge' Í`° Apg°øey¨ R>°. ‚ı[y[ kp∑_°V$dpmp_p ‚\d kp∑_°V$_p° DOpX$
¬hr_NcÆ fu[° \ep° R>°. S>°dp h©Ÿ L$pÏe_peL$_p d_p°S>N[_p k| d kh°]$_p°_p° dprdÆL$
rQ[pf dm° R>°.
"MMX$ \[u _° Mp°X¨$Np[u S>[u X$dZu S|>_u'
X$dZu_u Nr[ d|Æ[ L$f[p fhp_yL$pfu iÂ]$ "MMX$ \[u 'A_° "Mp°X¨$Np[u'
iÂ]$ ‹pfp X$dZu_p rir\g`Zp kp\°_y¨ iÂ]$rQ” A¨L$pey¨ R>°. h^ydp¨ L$rh X$dZu
dpV°$ "S|>_u' rhi°jZ d|L$u [°_p ApeyÛe_° Z Qv ° R>°. bfpbf h©Ÿ L$pÏe_u Jdf
kp\°_y k¨ p_ ≈mh° R>°. Apd X$dZu A° h©Ÿ _peL$_y ‚[uL$ b_u fl° R>°. X$dZu_u
lpgL$-X$p°gL$ Nr[ _peL$_p rQ—_u Nr[rhr^ Qv^° R>°. h[Ædp__y¨ Ap ku^y kp]y¨$
N–ep–dL$ rQ”dp¨ h©Ÿ _peL$_u L$fyZ qfsı\r[_u hpı[rhL$[p X$p°L$pe R>°.
"rhS>_ \_° Qug° Qug° [rdı” dlv O_;'
_peL$_u kp‚[ qfsı\r[ kdp h°fp_ \_p KX$p X°$gp Qugpdp crhÛe
[p° _ [rdı” kdy cpk° R>°. Mp°X$Np[u S|>_u X$dZu, h°fp_`\, A^L$pf_u Nl_[p,
O|Ofu_p° duW$p° fZL$pf, W¨$X$p° `h_ gOyL$ ]$uhX$p°, k|[°gu kudp, `¨Mu, Mf[p° [pfp°
hN°f° TuZu - TuZu rhN[p°\u `fp°Y$_p hp[phfZ_° ∆h¨[ b_pÏey¨ R>°. L$rh_u
rQ”p¨L$_ iqL$[_p° qfQe kp¨ X°$ R>°.
"S>_d-ı\g_u Tp¨Mu ApeyÛe_u Ah^° L$fy¨,
cey Ø S>h l[y ¨ [°_u ep]° $ k|_° Of k¨Qfy ¨'
(Of cZu / ApeyÛe_p Ahi°j°)
139
h[Ædp__p kp`°ndp¨ c|[L$pm M|g° R>°. "k|_°Of k¨Qfy¨' ‹pfp _peL$_u
ıhS>_lu_ h[Ædp_ `qfsı\r[ b_u Ec° R>°. S>°dp¨ L$fyZ_p ı`iÆ dm° R>°. bu≈
kp∑_°V$ "‚h°i' _u ‚\d ¨qL$[ -
"ceyØ Of l[y [°_p k|_p f≈°de ∞p¨NZ°'
‚\d kp∑_°V$_u A¨r[d `¨qL$[_p Aph[Æ_ eyL$[ flu R>°. ‚\d kp∑_°V$dp¨
r_Í`Z pd°g cph_p° A°L$ Tp°gp° bu≈ kp∑_°V$_u ‚\d ¨qL$[A° V$‡`p° g° R>° _° [°_°
rhL$pk dpV°$ buSy>¨ ApMy kp∑_°V$ M|g° R>°. b° kp∑_°V$dZL$p¨ h√Q° Ap fu[° k°[y b¨ pep° R>°
S>° kp∑_°V$dpmp_y¨ A°L$ ApNhy¨ ‚ep°Np–dL$ gnZ R>°. Alv Ap fu[° L$rh hı[y
k¨L$g_p_u fur[_y¨ _phufie ‚NV$ph° R>°. h©Ÿ _peL$ "k|_p f≈°de ‚p¨NZ°' gOyL$
ApeyÛe_p Ahi°j_u NW$X$u d|L°$ R>°. _peL$_p k|_p Of_p ‚h°i_° L°$hu knd fu[°
r_Ír`[ L$e°pÆ R>°. L$fyZ_° O°fp fN QY$phhp L$rhA° hp[phfZ pk°\u peyØ L$pd L$Y$pÏey
R>°. Alv OyÁdk\u R>pe°gp NN_dp¨ D≈k Aph° R>°, Z [° qaLL$p° D≈k R>° _° hmu
q]$ip [°_p A_yL¨$`\u ≈N° R>°. h©Ÿ _peL$_p rQ—_p L$fyZ_° h^y O°fp° b_pÏep° R>°.
Ap¨[frQ—dp¨ iy ]°$Mpe R>°. Mbf |R>[p¨ S|>S> ∆h[p fl°gp dp°V$pfpAp°, _S>f L$fu_°
afu L$pd° hmNu S>[u hlzhpfyAp°, Ly$[|lg cepÆ O°fu hm[p bpmL$p° Af° i°fu -
Ap¨NZp_p° Ly$[fp° S>°hu TuZu rhN[dp¨ A[u[ X$p°L$pep° R>°. "ceyØ Of l[y¨' - [°_°
ıd©r—dp¨ L°$hy¨ rTÎey¨ R>° Ap _peL$°, `qfrQ[ hı[y_u Apcp[m° _peL$_p A¨[f_p°
rhjp]$ L$fyZ_° Nl_ b_ph° R>°.
"cu[f \L$u –ep¨ cu_u hpku lhp [L$ gp^[p¨,
Oku flu iu ! L$p° ‚°[° ≈Z° g¸y¨ r_S> dp°Q_.'
(ApeyÛe_p Ahi°j° / ‚h°i)
hj°pÆ\u b^ Of_p [pmp M|g° R>° ]$fhp≈_p [p° Np”p° S>X$pB Nep l[p AQg
sı\r[_° L$pfZ° _° ]$fhp≈ M|ghp_u qæ$epdp¨ \[p¨ æ¨$]$_ hp[phfZ_u L$fyZ NcÆ
N¨cuf[p_° bn° R>°. S>° ˘]$e rh]$pfL$ kpnp–L$pf kdp° fl° R>°. Ahphfy Of, AQg
Np”p°, cu[fu lhX$ lhp, h√Q° _peL$ O°fp[p° lp°e [°hy¨ gpN° ]$fhp≈° M|g[p¨ lhX$
lhp_° [L$ dm[p¨ ‚°[ S>°hu ≈Z° Ok° R>°. [° D–‚°np Ag¨L$pf\u bfpbf kd≈Ïey R>°.
`R>u A° Ofdp¨ qL$fZ_p° ‚h°i \pe R>° S>° "ıhS>_p°_u ıd©r[' ky u ]$p°fu ≈e R>°. Alv
`Z b° kp∑_°V$ h√Q° cph_° bfpbf A¨L$p°X$p° d°mhu ”u≈ kp∑_°V$_p agL$dp¨ Mp°g° R>°.
140
bu≈ kp∑_°V$_u R>°Îgu ¨qL$[dp¨ -
"qL$fZ fi° S|>_p¨ p”p° hmu _uføep¨ afu'
"S|>_p¨ - `p”p°' - L$p°Z _° L$ep¨ - L$ep¨ A°hp ‚Ô_p° D]$πch°, S>°_° L$rh ”u≈
kp∑_°V$dp Apg°M° R>°, kOp_Í ° ıhS>_dp ∆fZ MpV$ ‹pfp r`[p, "]$r^ hNf_y T|g[y
Mpgu kuLy$' ‹pfp dp[p, "d°X$u A_° NN_ Tug[u ≈mu' ‹pfp –_u - Ap b^pd¨p
_peL$ A[u[_p KX$p b_° ı`i£ R>° [°_p h[Ædp__p A°L$pL$u`Zpdp¨ h[Ædp__p
bfpbf rhfp° uÍ ° ‚[uL$p–dL$ fu[°, S>° rQf`qfrQ[ A›epkp°_p ‚[uL$ ‹pfp ‚–en
L$fph° R>°. ApMf° Ap b^p _peL$_p ]y$:Mdp¨ Dd°fp° L$f_pfp R>°.
"rNqfkf kdy¨ l¨kp°_p° S>° L$g›hr_ f°g[y¨,
[dfy¨ `Z –ep¨ ApS>° d|¨Nu Ïe\p\u _ bp°g[y¨.'
(ApeyÛe_p Ahi°j°, ıhS>_p°_u ıd©r—)
Ap Ofdp ıhS>_p°_p duW$p - dp_kfp°hf_p lkp°_p L$g›hr_ S>°hp Ahp≈°\u
ceyØ l[y, –ep¨ ApS>° ANÁe, A]$Áe Ïe\p\u [dfy Z Q| b_u_° b°Wy$ R>°. ]$e_°
Quf[p° k|_L$pf L$fyZ_u `fpL$pÛW$pÍ` fl° R>°. ErdÆL$pÏe_p _d|_pÍ` ”u≈ kp∑_°V$
`R>u _peL$ Of_p TfyM° Ecu, riiyhe_p l•ep_p DÎgpk\u c|[L$pmdp¨ hp¨L$pQ|L$p
Qugp qnr[S>dp¨ A◊Ìe \B A_¨[k©qÛV$ kyOu gB S>[p [°_p rhdy¡^`Zp_° ep]$
L$fu _peL$_y rQ— kd|mNy "`qfh[Æ_' A_ych° R>° :
"[gk[y ¨ l[y ¨ l •ey ¨ L ° $hy ¨ ky] | $f ANÁe_°,
`\ rhlfhp L$pS>° ! S>°_u A`|ZÆ L$\p[Zp'
("ApeyÛe_p Ahi°j°', qfh[Æ_)
riiyhe_u "ANÁe_°' _ufMhp_u D–kyL$[p ApS>° lh° L°$hu fl° R>° :
"bu_ d|L$ \ey¨ [p°e° A°_u kyZu flz¨ T¨L©$r[,
rhrh^ kde° R>°X$ep [° kp• dm° ıhf h©¨]$dp¨.'
("ApeyÛe_p Ahi°j°', qfh[Æ_)
"bu_ d|L$ \ey¨' ‹pfp `qfh[Æ__° Qv^° R>°, S>°dp¨ _peL$_p° h[Ædp_ A_°
"TL©$r[' ‹pfp A[u[_u ıd©r[ ›hr_[ L$f° R>°. _peL$ ApV$ApV$gp kcf cphp_ycph
`R>u d|L$ bfiep° Mfp°, S>°_p [m° A[u[_p kp• ıhf cm°gp `X$ep R>°. km¨N ”Z
141
kp∑_°V$dp¨ cphr_Í`Z_p° rhL$pk Apg°Mu Qp°\p kp∑_°V$ "`qfh[Æ_' dp¨ cph`gV$p°
d|L°$ R>°, S>° hmp¨L$Í` fl° R>°. kp¶]$eÆkcf Ap L$gpOpV$Í` hmp¨L$_p° Ap•rQ–ekcf
rhr_ep°N kp∑_°V$dpmp_° _hu KQpB bn° R>°. ErdÆ_p DR>pmdp¨\u tQ[_cepÆ
hp[phfZdp ‚h°i L$fhp_u fur[dp _peL$_° d°X$u_p ]$iÆ_\u ep•h_dp A_° TfyMp\u
riiyhe ky u ]|$f]|$f_p A[u[_p AhNpl_\u afu pR>p D]$e_u i|fie[p_p° dl“h_p
tb]y$ `f gphu ‚ip¨[ X|$bL$u L$fph° R>°, S>°_p\u A°L$ ‚L$pf_y¨ [pV$ı’e L°$mh° R>°. Ap
A_yc|r[ [°_° rhriÛV$ Ïep` ky^u gB ≈e R>°. kdN∞ bp°S> Ap°Nmu ≈e R>°. A°L$u
kp\° c|[L$pm A_° cqhÛeL$pm_p° h[Ædp_L$pmdp¨ rhge L$fu _peL$ ∆h_ kdN∞_°
ArMgpB |hÆL$ r_lpm° R>°. L$pm_p A_[ \ f X°$gu rQf[_[“h_u Í`fdZp_°
∆h__p ‚hpldp¨\u blpf _uL$mu _peL$ Apgp°L°$ R>°. `qfh[Æ_Í`° A¨r[d kp∑_°V$
"∆h_ rhge' dp¨ -
"Nl_ r_r^ lz¨, dp°Sy>¨ e° lz¨, hmu O_hjÆZ,
Arc_h ıhÍ `° `pdy¨ lz ¨ k]•$h rhkS>Æ_.'
("ApeyÛe_p Ahi°j°', ∆h_ rhge)
`p°[p_p Í`_° "r_r^', "dp°Sy>¨', "O_hjÆZ' Í`° _hp ıhÍ`° `pd° R>°.
‚[uL$p°_p rhr_ep°N\u L$pÏe cÏe]$iÆ_dp¨ D`kd° R>°. Ap–drhge_u A°L$pL$pf
rı\r[ - k]•$h kS>Æ_ - rhkS>Æ_ \[p h•qL$gedp S>B dm° R>°. L$pÏe_peL$_° Ap yr_L$
dp_hu_p ‚r[r_r^Í` S>Zphu fOyhuf Qp• fu S>Zph° R>°, ""ApeyÛe_p Ahi°j°,""ApeyÛe_p Ahi°j°,""ApeyÛe_p Ahi°j°,""ApeyÛe_p Ahi°j°,""ApeyÛe_p Ahi°j°,
L$pÏedp¨ ‚hr[Æ[ d_p°Ïep`pf L$rh_u kdN∞ L$pÏe‚h©r—dp¨ L°$fi÷ı\p_° R>°.L$pÏedp¨ ‚hr[Æ[ d_p°Ïep`pf L$rh_u kdN∞ L$pÏe‚h©r—dp¨ L°$fi÷ı\p_° R>°.L$pÏedp¨ ‚hr[Æ[ d_p°Ïep`pf L$rh_u kdN∞ L$pÏe‚h©r—dp¨ L°$fi÷ı\p_° R>°.L$pÏedp¨ ‚hr[Æ[ d_p°Ïep`pf L$rh_u kdN∞ L$pÏe‚h©r—dp¨ L°$fi÷ı\p_° R>°.L$pÏedp¨ ‚hr[Æ[ d_p°Ïep`pf L$rh_u kdN∞ L$pÏe‚h©r—dp¨ L°$fi÷ı\p_° R>°.
_Nfdp¨ - h[__u blpf ApeyÛe MQw_° Ap eyN_p° dpZk `p°[p_° ]°$i_Nfdp¨ - h[__u blpf ApeyÛe MQw_° Ap eyN_p° dpZk `p°[p_° ]°$i_Nfdp¨ - h[__u blpf ApeyÛe MQw_° Ap eyN_p° dpZk `p°[p_° ]°$i_Nfdp¨ - h[__u blpf ApeyÛe MQw_° Ap eyN_p° dpZk `p°[p_° ]°$i_Nfdp¨ - h[__u blpf ApeyÛe MQw_° Ap eyN_p° dpZk `p°[p_° ]°$i
S>hp _uL$˛ep° R>°. fpS>°fi÷ _\u [p° kde_u blpf L°$ _\u kde\u [V$ı\ N[S>hp _uL$˛ep° R>°. fpS>°fi÷ _\u [p° kde_u blpf L°$ _\u kde\u [V$ı\ N[S>hp _uL$˛ep° R>°. fpS>°fi÷ _\u [p° kde_u blpf L°$ _\u kde\u [V$ı\ N[S>hp _uL$˛ep° R>°. fpS>°fi÷ _\u [p° kde_u blpf L°$ _\u kde\u [V$ı\ N[S>hp _uL$˛ep° R>°. fpS>°fi÷ _\u [p° kde_u blpf L°$ _\u kde\u [V$ı\ N[
kde_y¨ ApL$jÆZ AL$pfZ _\u. h[Ædp_ nZ_p° Ap^pf gB_° Ïe[u[ A_°kde_y¨ ApL$jÆZ AL$pfZ _\u. h[Ædp_ nZ_p° Ap^pf gB_° Ïe[u[ A_°kde_y¨ ApL$jÆZ AL$pfZ _\u. h[Ædp_ nZ_p° Ap^pf gB_° Ïe[u[ A_°kde_y¨ ApL$jÆZ AL$pfZ _\u. h[Ædp_ nZ_p° Ap^pf gB_° Ïe[u[ A_°kde_y¨ ApL$jÆZ AL$pfZ _\u. h[Ædp_ nZ_p° Ap^pf gB_° Ïe[u[ A_°
crh[Ïe_° A°L$ L$fhp_u L$rh_u d\pdZdp¨ Ap eyN_p° k¨]$cÆ ≈°hp dm°.crh[Ïe_° A°L$ L$fhp_u L$rh_u d\pdZdp¨ Ap eyN_p° k¨]$cÆ ≈°hp dm°.crh[Ïe_° A°L$ L$fhp_u L$rh_u d\pdZdp¨ Ap eyN_p° k¨]$cÆ ≈°hp dm°.crh[Ïe_° A°L$ L$fhp_u L$rh_u d\pdZdp¨ Ap eyN_p° k¨]$cÆ ≈°hp dm°.crh[Ïe_° A°L$ L$fhp_u L$rh_u d\pdZdp¨ Ap eyN_p° k¨]$cÆ ≈°hp dm°.
"cyg°fdp¨ A°L$ fp[' L°$ "d›efpq”A° dy¨bB' (Óyr[) S>°hp¨ L$pÏep°dp¨ L$rhA°"cyg°fdp¨ A°L$ fp[' L°$ "d›efpq”A° dy¨bB' (Óyr[) S>°hp¨ L$pÏep°dp¨ L$rhA°"cyg°fdp¨ A°L$ fp[' L°$ "d›efpq”A° dy¨bB' (Óyr[) S>°hp¨ L$pÏep°dp¨ L$rhA°"cyg°fdp¨ A°L$ fp[' L°$ "d›efpq”A° dy¨bB' (Óyr[) S>°hp¨ L$pÏep°dp¨ L$rhA°"cyg°fdp¨ A°L$ fp[' L°$ "d›efpq”A° dy¨bB' (Óyr[) S>°hp¨ L$pÏep°dp¨ L$rhA°
S>ep¨ AV$L$hy¨ `X$ey¨ R>° –ep¨\u A°dZ° "ApeyÛe_p Ah°i°j°' _p° Apf¨c L$f°gp°S>ep¨ AV$L$hy¨ `X$ey¨ R>° –ep¨\u A°dZ° "ApeyÛe_p Ah°i°j°' _p° Apf¨c L$f°gp°S>ep¨ AV$L$hy¨ `X$ey¨ R>° –ep¨\u A°dZ° "ApeyÛe_p Ah°i°j°' _p° Apf¨c L$f°gp°S>ep¨ AV$L$hy¨ `X$ey¨ R>° –ep¨\u A°dZ° "ApeyÛe_p Ah°i°j°' _p° Apf¨c L$f°gp°S>ep¨ AV$L$hy¨ `X$ey¨ R>° –ep¨\u A°dZ° "ApeyÛe_p Ah°i°j°' _p° Apf¨c L$f°gp°
R>°. S>° k©qÛV$ lh° Mp°hpB flu R>°, _Nfp°dp¨ rS>hp[p ∆h_ L$f[p¨ i[^p k∆hR>°. S>° k©qÛV$ lh° Mp°hpB flu R>°, _Nfp°dp¨ rS>hp[p ∆h_ L$f[p¨ i[^p k∆hR>°. S>° k©qÛV$ lh° Mp°hpB flu R>°, _Nfp°dp¨ rS>hp[p ∆h_ L$f[p¨ i[^p k∆hR>°. S>° k©qÛV$ lh° Mp°hpB flu R>°, _Nfp°dp¨ rS>hp[p ∆h_ L$f[p¨ i[^p k∆hR>°. S>° k©qÛV$ lh° Mp°hpB flu R>°, _Nfp°dp¨ rS>hp[p ∆h_ L$f[p¨ i[^p k∆h
A° ≈_`]$u k©qÛV$_y¨ BS>_ fpS>°fi÷dp¨ AL$pfZ _\u. N[ kde_u ep”pA°A° ≈_`]$u k©qÛV$_y¨ BS>_ fpS>°fi÷dp¨ AL$pfZ _\u. N[ kde_u ep”pA°A° ≈_`]$u k©qÛV$_y¨ BS>_ fpS>°fi÷dp¨ AL$pfZ _\u. N[ kde_u ep”pA°A° ≈_`]$u k©qÛV$_y¨ BS>_ fpS>°fi÷dp¨ AL$pfZ _\u. N[ kde_u ep”pA°A° ≈_`]$u k©qÛV$_y¨ BS>_ fpS>°fi÷dp¨ AL$pfZ _\u. N[ kde_u ep”pA°
`uR>°lW$ _\u, ]|$f S>B_° `p°[p_p kde_° ≈°hp_u, kdS>hp_u h©r— R>°.`uR>°lW$ _\u, ]|$f S>B_° `p°[p_p kde_° ≈°hp_u, kdS>hp_u h©r— R>°.`uR>°lW$ _\u, ]|$f S>B_° `p°[p_p kde_° ≈°hp_u, kdS>hp_u h©r— R>°.`uR>°lW$ _\u, ]|$f S>B_° `p°[p_p kde_° ≈°hp_u, kdS>hp_u h©r— R>°.`uR>°lW$ _\u, ]|$f S>B_° `p°[p_p kde_° ≈°hp_u, kdS>hp_u h©r— R>°.
h[_\u ]|$f Aphu `X°$gp° ApS>_p° dpZk OfX$p° \B Nep° R>°. Alv gNuh[_\u ]|$f Aphu `X°$gp° ApS>_p° dpZk OfX$p° \B Nep° R>°. Alv gNuh[_\u ]|$f Aphu `X°$gp° ApS>_p° dpZk OfX$p° \B Nep° R>°. Alv gNuh[_\u ]|$f Aphu `X°$gp° ApS>_p° dpZk OfX$p° \B Nep° R>°. Alv gNuh[_\u ]|$f Aphu `X°$gp° ApS>_p° dpZk OfX$p° \B Nep° R>°. Alv gNu
142
Aphu `l°p¨Q°gu dp_h≈r[_p° A° ‚r[r_r^ R>°, [°\u "ApeyÛe_p Ah°i°j°'Aphu `l°p¨Q°gu dp_h≈r[_p° A° ‚r[r_r^ R>°, [°\u "ApeyÛe_p Ah°i°j°'Aphu `l°p¨Q°gu dp_h≈r[_p° A° ‚r[r_r^ R>°, [°\u "ApeyÛe_p Ah°i°j°'Aphu `l°p¨Q°gu dp_h≈r[_p° A° ‚r[r_r^ R>°, [°\u "ApeyÛe_p Ah°i°j°'Aphu `l°p¨Q°gu dp_h≈r[_p° A° ‚r[r_r^ R>°, [°\u "ApeyÛe_p Ah°i°j°'
Ap`Zu _ L$l°hpe°gu h°]$_p_y¨ L$pÏe R>°, `l°gp¨ ”Z kp∑_°V$ ky^u. Qp°\pdp¨Ap`Zu _ L$l°hpe°gu h°]$_p_y¨ L$pÏe R>°, `l°gp¨ ”Z kp∑_°V$ ky^u. Qp°\pdp¨Ap`Zu _ L$l°hpe°gu h°]$_p_y¨ L$pÏe R>°, `l°gp¨ ”Z kp∑_°V$ ky^u. Qp°\pdp¨Ap`Zu _ L$l°hpe°gu h°]$_p_y¨ L$pÏe R>°, `l°gp¨ ”Z kp∑_°V$ ky^u. Qp°\pdp¨Ap`Zu _ L$l°hpe°gu h°]$_p_y¨ L$pÏe R>°, `l°gp¨ ”Z kp∑_°V$ ky^u. Qp°\pdp¨
L$rh L¨$BL$ f¨N]$iw b_° R>° A_° `p¨Qdpdp¨ ^f[u `f\u b°D `N D`pX$u g° R>°.L$rh L¨$BL$ f¨N]$iw b_° R>° A_° `p¨Qdpdp¨ ^f[u `f\u b°D `N D`pX$u g° R>°.L$rh L¨$BL$ f¨N]$iw b_° R>° A_° `p¨Qdpdp¨ ^f[u `f\u b°D `N D`pX$u g° R>°.L$rh L¨$BL$ f¨N]$iw b_° R>° A_° `p¨Qdpdp¨ ^f[u `f\u b°D `N D`pX$u g° R>°.L$rh L¨$BL$ f¨N]$iw b_° R>° A_° `p¨Qdpdp¨ ^f[u `f\u b°D `N D`pX$u g° R>°.
r_h°Æ]$_p° k¨ch l[p° –ep¨ Ap_¨]$ ‹pfp kdp^p_ `pd° R>°. ”u≈ kp∑_°V$ `R>ur_h°Æ]$_p° k¨ch l[p° –ep¨ Ap_¨]$ ‹pfp kdp^p_ `pd° R>°. ”u≈ kp∑_°V$ `R>ur_h°Æ]$_p° k¨ch l[p° –ep¨ Ap_¨]$ ‹pfp kdp^p_ `pd° R>°. ”u≈ kp∑_°V$ `R>ur_h°Æ]$_p° k¨ch l[p° –ep¨ Ap_¨]$ ‹pfp kdp^p_ `pd° R>°. ”u≈ kp∑_°V$ `R>ur_h°Æ]$_p° k¨ch l[p° –ep¨ Ap_¨]$ ‹pfp kdp^p_ `pd° R>°. ”u≈ kp∑_°V$ `R>u
a¨V$pe°gp° fı[p° `p¨Qdp kp∑_°V$_u R>°Îgu `¨qL$[Ap°_° dm° R>°. A° `¨qL$[Ap°dp¨a¨V$pe°gp° fı[p° `p¨Qdp kp∑_°V$_u R>°Îgu `¨qL$[Ap°_° dm° R>°. A° `¨qL$[Ap°dp¨a¨V$pe°gp° fı[p° `p¨Qdp kp∑_°V$_u R>°Îgu `¨qL$[Ap°_° dm° R>°. A° `¨qL$[Ap°dp¨a¨V$pe°gp° fı[p° `p¨Qdp kp∑_°V$_u R>°Îgu `¨qL$[Ap°_° dm° R>°. A° `¨qL$[Ap°dp¨a¨V$pe°gp° fı[p° `p¨Qdp kp∑_°V$_u R>°Îgu `¨qL$[Ap°_° dm° R>°. A° `¨qL$[Ap°dp¨
L$pY°$gp r_ÛL$jÆ kp\° cphL$ Z kld[ \B iL°$, A°_pdp¨ rhkS>Æ_ pdhp_uL$pY°$gp r_ÛL$jÆ kp\° cphL$ Z kld[ \B iL°$, A°_pdp¨ rhkS>Æ_ pdhp_uL$pY°$gp r_ÛL$jÆ kp\° cphL$ Z kld[ \B iL°$, A°_pdp¨ rhkS>Æ_ pdhp_uL$pY°$gp r_ÛL$jÆ kp\° cphL$ Z kld[ \B iL°$, A°_pdp¨ rhkS>Æ_ pdhp_uL$pY°$gp r_ÛL$jÆ kp\° cphL$ Z kld[ \B iL°$, A°_pdp¨ rhkS>Æ_ pdhp_u
"ÓŸp' lp°e [p°.'"ÓŸp' lp°e [p°.'"ÓŸp' lp°e [p°.'"ÓŸp' lp°e [p°.'"ÓŸp' lp°e [p°.'25
kdN∞ kp∑_°V$dpmp kO_ tQ[_\u Apgp°qL$[ R>°. ı\|m cphk¨h°]$_\u iÍ
\[u kp∑_°V$dpmp cphk¨h°]$__p rhL$pk_° Apg°M[u k| d]$iÆ__p Ïep` ky u ≈e
R>°. ◊Ìe_p DOpX$\u r_Ír`[ \B A¨[° ]$iÆ_dp¨ kdp`_dp¨ dm° R>°. Apf¨c_p R>°X°$
ErdÆ_y r_Í`Z \ey R>°, A¨[_p R>°X°$ tQ[__y r_Í`Z \ey R>°. ErdÆ A_° tQ[__p
A•L$ecepÆ kdfk\u L©$r[_° _hy S> qfZpd d˛ey R>°, A°V$g° S> "hS>_]$pf L$gpL©$r['
R>° A°hy L$l°hpey R>°. L$pm_p rhriÛV$ k¨Op_dp¨ Z [°_p° L$mprhi°j ]°$Mpe R>°. gOyL$
NW$X$u S>°V$gp ApeyÛe_p Ahi°j° h©Ÿ_peL$ "OfcZu' ‚ı\p_ L$f° R>°, –ep "k|_pOf°',
"‚h°i' L$f° R>° _° `R>u "ıhS>_p°_u ıd©r[' dp¨ gu_ \[p¨ ıd©r[_p hp¨L$pQ|L$p¨ Qugp
`f\u R>°L$ i•ih_p ]|$f-]|$f_p A[u[_u ıd©r[ ky^u `l°p¨Q° R>°. –ep¨ "ANÁe`\'
Í ° crh[Ïe_° r_lpm° R>° A_° ku^p° S> h[Ædp_dp ]$e_u i|fie[pdp ‚ip[ X|$bL$u
gNphu lz¨ _° Arc_hÍ`° `pd° R>°. "–ep¨ S> lz ¨ _u `|ZÆ[p_y ¨, Ap–dp_u"–ep¨ S> lz ¨ _u `|ZÆ[p_y ¨, Ap–dp_u"–ep¨ S> lz ¨ _u `|ZÆ[p_y ¨, Ap–dp_u"–ep¨ S> lz ¨ _u `|ZÆ[p_y ¨, Ap–dp_u"–ep¨ S> lz ¨ _u `|ZÆ[p_y ¨, Ap–dp_u
rQf¨[_[p_y ¨, rhQ•[fie kp\° [÷z` \hp_u iqL[_y ¨ ıhrQf¨[_[p_y ¨, rhQ•[fie kp\° [÷z` \hp_u iqL[_y ¨ ıhrQf¨[_[p_y ¨, rhQ•[fie kp\° [÷z` \hp_u iqL[_y ¨ ıhrQf¨[_[p_y ¨, rhQ•[fie kp\° [÷z` \hp_u iqL[_y ¨ ıhrQf¨[_[p_y ¨, rhQ•[fie kp\° [÷z` \hp_u iqL[_y ¨ ıhÍÍÍÍÍ ` _peL$_u` _peL$_u` _peL$_u` _peL$_u` _peL$_u
A_ychp°qL$[ A_ychp°qL$[ A_ychp°qL$[ A_ychp°qL$[ A_ychp°qL$[ ÍÍÍÍÍ `° `dpe R>°. h[Ædp_ f\u A[u[ [fa_u A_° –ep¨\u _|[_`° `dpe R>°. h[Ædp_ f\u A[u[ [fa_u A_° –ep¨\u _|[_`° `dpe R>°. h[Ædp_ f\u A[u[ [fa_u A_° –ep¨\u _|[_`° `dpe R>°. h[Ædp_ f\u A[u[ [fa_u A_° –ep¨\u _|[_`° `dpe R>°. h[Ædp_ f\u A[u[ [fa_u A_° –ep¨\u _|[_
A_ych kp\° ‚NV$[u `y_: h[Ædp_ [fa_u Nr[ rhriÛV$ fu[° L$pm_p A°hpA_ych kp\° ‚NV$[u `y_: h[Ædp_ [fa_u Nr[ rhriÛV$ fu[° L$pm_p A°hpA_ych kp\° ‚NV$[u `y_: h[Ædp_ [fa_u Nr[ rhriÛV$ fu[° L$pm_p A°hpA_ych kp\° ‚NV$[u `y_: h[Ædp_ [fa_u Nr[ rhriÛV$ fu[° L$pm_p A°hpA_ych kp\° ‚NV$[u `y_: h[Ædp_ [fa_u Nr[ rhriÛV$ fu[° L$pm_p A°hp
M¨rX$[ ıhM¨rX$[ ıhM¨rX$[ ıhM¨rX$[ ıhM¨rX$[ ıhÍÍÍÍÍ `_p° kpnp–L$pf L$fph° R>°, S>° cphL$_p A_ych rh_° A`fud°e`_p° kpnp–L$pf L$fph° R>°, S>° cphL$_p A_ych rh_° A`fud°e`_p° kpnp–L$pf L$fph° R>°, S>° cphL$_p A_ych rh_° A`fud°e`_p° kpnp–L$pf L$fph° R>°, S>° cphL$_p A_ych rh_° A`fud°e`_p° kpnp–L$pf L$fph° R>°, S>° cphL$_p A_ych rh_° A`fud°e
Ïep` Ap`° R>°. Alv R>¨]$p°ge, iÂ]$`k¨]$Nu, cpjpc¨rN, L$Î`_p° - rQ”p°_uÏep` Ap`° R>°. Alv R>¨]$p°ge, iÂ]$`k¨]$Nu, cpjpc¨rN, L$Î`_p° - rQ”p°_uÏep` Ap`° R>°. Alv R>¨]$p°ge, iÂ]$`k¨]$Nu, cpjpc¨rN, L$Î`_p° - rQ”p°_uÏep` Ap`° R>°. Alv R>¨]$p°ge, iÂ]$`k¨]$Nu, cpjpc¨rN, L$Î`_p° - rQ”p°_uÏep` Ap`° R>°. Alv R>¨]$p°ge, iÂ]$`k¨]$Nu, cpjpc¨rN, L$Î`_p° - rQ”p°_u
gugp A_° L$pÏeN[ A_ych-[dpd kpdN∞u A°L$d°L$dp¨ A°hu Ap°Nmu NBgugp A_° L$pÏeN[ A_ych-[dpd kpdN∞u A°L$d°L$dp¨ A°hu Ap°Nmu NBgugp A_° L$pÏeN[ A_ych-[dpd kpdN∞u A°L$d°L$dp¨ A°hu Ap°Nmu NBgugp A_° L$pÏeN[ A_ych-[dpd kpdN∞u A°L$d°L$dp¨ A°hu Ap°Nmu NBgugp A_° L$pÏeN[ A_ych-[dpd kpdN∞u A°L$d°L$dp¨ A°hu Ap°Nmu NB
R>° L°$ kdN∞ ArcÏeqL$[ ApNhu Ïe¨S>_p ^pfZ L$fu fl° R>°.'R>° L°$ kdN∞ ArcÏeqL$[ ApNhu Ïe¨S>_p ^pfZ L$fu fl° R>°.'R>° L°$ kdN∞ ArcÏeqL$[ ApNhu Ïe¨S>_p ^pfZ L$fu fl° R>°.'R>° L°$ kdN∞ ArcÏeqL$[ ApNhu Ïe¨S>_p ^pfZ L$fu fl° R>°.'R>° L°$ kdN∞ ArcÏeqL$[ ApNhu Ïe¨S>_p ^pfZ L$fu fl° R>°.'26
"ApeyÛe_p Ahi°j°' kp∑_°V$dpmp L$pÏebp_u_u A_°L$ rhgnZ[p ‚NV$
L$f° R>°. ku^u kp]$u fu[° \e°gp¨ ‚pf¨cdp¨ fhp_yL$pfu "MMX$\[u' dp¨ h©Ÿ _peL$_u
sı\r[_p°, "Mp°X$Np[u' dp [°_p Np”p° - iqL$[_u rir\g[p_p°, Mp°X$ - Np[u_p iÂ]$
143
D√Qpfdp¨ k|Qhp[p° rhfpd Apb°l}b Nr[ d|[Æ L$f[y¨ iÂ]$rQ” b_ph° R>°. X$dZu
dpV°$_y¨ "S|>_u' rhi°jZ hp^ÆL$e_° HrN[ L$f° R>°. [–kd iÂ]$p°_p° cf`|f D`ep°N,
"[qdı”dlv O_' S>°hp iÂ]$ Ïey–æ$d\u R>¨]$_p ge_° ≈mÏep° R>°. lqfZu R>¨]$_u
rhrh^ R>V$p rhi° r_f¨S>_ cN[ _°p¨^° R>° : "hmu lqfZu R>¨]$_p `l°gp OV$L$dp¨,"hmu lqfZu R>¨]$_p `l°gp OV$L$dp¨,"hmu lqfZu R>¨]$_p `l°gp OV$L$dp¨,"hmu lqfZu R>¨]$_p `l°gp OV$L$dp¨,"hmu lqfZu R>¨]$_p `l°gp OV$L$dp¨,
gggggNp dp¨ ÷z[ge ; bu≈ OV$L$dp¨, NpNpNpNp dp¨ rhg¨rb[ ge ; A_°gggggNp dp¨ ÷z[ge ; bu≈ OV$L$dp¨, NpNpNpNp dp¨ rhg¨rb[ ge ; A_°gggggNp dp¨ ÷z[ge ; bu≈ OV$L$dp¨, NpNpNpNp dp¨ rhg¨rb[ ge ; A_°gggggNp dp¨ ÷z[ge ; bu≈ OV$L$dp¨, NpNpNpNp dp¨ rhg¨rb[ ge ; A_°gggggNp dp¨ ÷z[ge ; bu≈ OV$L$dp¨, NpNpNpNp dp¨ rhg¨rb[ ge ; A_°
”u≈ OV$L$dp¨ gNpggNpgNp dp¨ ÷z[ A_° rhg¨rb[ ge_y¨ rdÓZ, R>¨]$_p”u≈ OV$L$dp¨ gNpggNpgNp dp¨ ÷z[ A_° rhg¨rb[ ge_y¨ rdÓZ, R>¨]$_p”u≈ OV$L$dp¨ gNpggNpgNp dp¨ ÷z[ A_° rhg¨rb[ ge_y¨ rdÓZ, R>¨]$_p”u≈ OV$L$dp¨ gNpggNpgNp dp¨ ÷z[ A_° rhg¨rb[ ge_y¨ rdÓZ, R>¨]$_p”u≈ OV$L$dp¨ gNpggNpgNp dp¨ ÷z[ A_° rhg¨rb[ ge_y¨ rdÓZ, R>¨]$_p
ge_p° Ap rhL$pk L$pÏe_p hı[y_p rhL$pk_y¨ Apb°l}b ‚r[tbb `pX°$ R>°,ge_p° Ap rhL$pk L$pÏe_p hı[y_p rhL$pk_y¨ Apb°l}b ‚r[tbb `pX°$ R>°,ge_p° Ap rhL$pk L$pÏe_p hı[y_p rhL$pk_y¨ Apb°l}b ‚r[tbb `pX°$ R>°,ge_p° Ap rhL$pk L$pÏe_p hı[y_p rhL$pk_y¨ Apb°l}b ‚r[tbb `pX°$ R>°,ge_p° Ap rhL$pk L$pÏe_p hı[y_p rhL$pk_y¨ Apb°l}b ‚r[tbb `pX°$ R>°,
R>¨]$dp¨ b° rhk¨hp]$u ge A_° A¨[° A°_p° k¨hp]$ R>°, [°d L$pÏe_p hı[ydp¨R>¨]$dp¨ b° rhk¨hp]$u ge A_° A¨[° A°_p° k¨hp]$ R>°, [°d L$pÏe_p hı[ydp¨R>¨]$dp¨ b° rhk¨hp]$u ge A_° A¨[° A°_p° k¨hp]$ R>°, [°d L$pÏe_p hı[ydp¨R>¨]$dp¨ b° rhk¨hp]$u ge A_° A¨[° A°_p° k¨hp]$ R>°, [°d L$pÏe_p hı[ydp¨R>¨]$dp¨ b° rhk¨hp]$u ge A_° A¨[° A°_p° k¨hp]$ R>°, [°d L$pÏe_p hı[ydp¨
`Z h[Ædp__u nZ, L$pÏe_p Ap D]$ πNpf_u nZ `R>u_p ApeyÛe_p`Z h[Ædp__u nZ, L$pÏe_p Ap D]$ πNpf_u nZ `R>u_p ApeyÛe_p`Z h[Ædp__u nZ, L$pÏe_p Ap D]$ πNpf_u nZ `R>u_p ApeyÛe_p`Z h[Ædp__u nZ, L$pÏe_p Ap D]$ πNpf_u nZ `R>u_p ApeyÛe_p`Z h[Ædp__u nZ, L$pÏe_p Ap D]$ πNpf_u nZ `R>u_p ApeyÛe_p
Ahi°j_p°, crhÛeL$pm_p° [\p [° `l°gp ¨_p ¨ i•ih A_° ep •h__p°,Ahi°j_p°, crhÛeL$pm_p° [\p [° `l°gp ¨_p ¨ i•ih A_° ep •h__p°,Ahi°j_p°, crhÛeL$pm_p° [\p [° `l°gp ¨_p ¨ i•ih A_° ep •h__p°,Ahi°j_p°, crhÛeL$pm_p° [\p [° `l°gp ¨_p ¨ i•ih A_° ep •h__p°,Ahi°j_p°, crhÛeL$pm_p° [\p [° `l°gp ¨_p ¨ i•ih A_° ep •h__p°,
c|[L$pm_p° rhk¨hp]$ A_° A¨[° A°dp¨\u S>fid[p° k¨hp]$ R>°. Apd L$pÏekdN∞_p°c|[L$pm_p° rhk¨hp]$ A_° A¨[° A°dp¨\u S>fid[p° k¨hp]$ R>°. Apd L$pÏekdN∞_p°c|[L$pm_p° rhk¨hp]$ A_° A¨[° A°dp¨\u S>fid[p° k¨hp]$ R>°. Apd L$pÏekdN∞_p°c|[L$pm_p° rhk¨hp]$ A_° A¨[° A°dp¨\u S>fid[p° k¨hp]$ R>°. Apd L$pÏekdN∞_p°c|[L$pm_p° rhk¨hp]$ A_° A¨[° A°dp¨\u S>fid[p° k¨hp]$ R>°. Apd L$pÏekdN∞_p°
A\Æ (A°_p hı[y_p° rhL$pk A°_p hı[y_u k¨L$g_p) R>¨]$_p gedp¨\u S>A\Æ (A°_p hı[y_p° rhL$pk A°_p hı[y_u k¨L$g_p) R>¨]$_p gedp¨\u S>A\Æ (A°_p hı[y_p° rhL$pk A°_p hı[y_u k¨L$g_p) R>¨]$_p gedp¨\u S>A\Æ (A°_p hı[y_p° rhL$pk A°_p hı[y_u k¨L$g_p) R>¨]$_p gedp¨\u S>A\Æ (A°_p hı[y_p° rhL$pk A°_p hı[y_u k¨L$g_p) R>¨]$_p gedp¨\u S>
‚NV$ \pe R>°. A°V$g° L°$ L$pÏe_p¨ hı[y A_° ıh‚NV$ \pe R>°. A°V$g° L°$ L$pÏe_p¨ hı[y A_° ıh‚NV$ \pe R>°. A°V$g° L°$ L$pÏe_p¨ hı[y A_° ıh‚NV$ \pe R>°. A°V$g° L°$ L$pÏe_p¨ hı[y A_° ıh‚NV$ \pe R>°. A°V$g° L°$ L$pÏe_p¨ hı[y A_° ıhÍÍÍÍÍ `dp¨ k¨`|ZÆ k¨hp]$ R>°, S>°`dp¨ k¨`|ZÆ k¨hp]$ R>°, S>°`dp¨ k¨`|ZÆ k¨hp]$ R>°, S>°`dp¨ k¨`|ZÆ k¨hp]$ R>°, S>°`dp¨ k¨`|ZÆ k¨hp]$ R>°, S>°
L$rh_u kp¶]$eÆ◊qÛV$_p° ¤p°[L$ R>°.'L$rh_u kp¶]$eÆ◊qÛV$_p° ¤p°[L$ R>°.'L$rh_u kp¶]$eÆ◊qÛV$_p° ¤p°[L$ R>°.'L$rh_u kp¶]$eÆ◊qÛV$_p° ¤p°[L$ R>°.'L$rh_u kp¶]$eÆ◊qÛV$_p° ¤p°[L$ R>°.'27
‚ı[y[ kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ bp_u_° AkfL$pfL$
b_phhpdp¨ Ag¨L$pf_p° e\p°rQ[ rhr_ep°N `Z ›ep_lÆ f¸p° R>°. D`dp, Í`L$,
k∆hpfp° Z, ◊ÛV$p¨[, D–‚°np S>°hp Ag¨L$pfp° DrQ[ fu[° ∞ep°S>ep R>°.
D`dp Ag¨L$pf :
- "`yf Of kdy¨ l°[° Álp°eyØ l[y¨ fkpmdp¨'
- "rNqfkf kdy l¨kp°_p° S>° L$g›hr_ f°g[y'
Í`L$ Ag¨L$pf :
- "gOyL$ NW$X$u d|L$u ApeyÛe_p Ahi°j_u'
k∆hpfp° Z Ag¨L$pf :
- "gOyL$ ]$uhX°$ k|[u kudp b^u b_[u glu,
kS>N, [d-_° Ap°Y$u pRy>¨ S>[u X$My¨ afu.'
- "Ah Alv T|g° Mpgu kuLy$, rh_p ]$r^ T|f[y,'
- "Alv D`f_u d°X$u ≈° _° L$iu hgMu flu !'
144
- "NN_ Tug[u ≈mu ≈mp¨ \L$u Ah Ap¨^mu'
◊ÛV$p¨[ Ag¨L$pf :
- "Qfd ‚lf° W$¨X$u udp kduf dlv cmu,
ıd©r[ ]y$:M d_° Ïep`° [°hu b^° ‚kfu flu.'
D–`∞°np Ag¨L$pf :
- "cu[f\L$u –ep¨ cu_u hpku lhp [L$ gp^[p¨,
Oku flu iu ! L$p° ‚°[° ≈Z° g¸y¨ r_S> dp°Q_.'
kp∑_°V$dpmp_u A°L$ bu∆ rhriÛV$[p A° flu R>° L°$ km¨N `p¨Q°e kp∑_°V$dp¨
lqfZu R>¨]$ A_° M¨X$ rhcpNdp¨ 4+4+4+2 S>°hu i°L$πsı`efipB Ÿr[ d|L$u R>°, S>°
A°L$ ‚ep°NrkŸ L$mp rhi°j b_° R>°. `¨qL$[_p A¨[_p ‚pk_u iyŸ ‚pk d°mhZu
km¨N kp∑_°V$dp¨ fl°[u _\u. L$rhA° [°dp¨ h•L$sÎ`L$ ıhf‚pk fur[_u d°mhZu L$fu R>°
A_° [° dp°V°$ cpN° abba cddc effe gg ‚L$pf_u flu R>°. A¨[_p ey¡dL$_p
kdp_ ‚pk ‚\d Qpf kp∑_°V$dp¨ ≈mÏep R>°.
‚ı[y[ kp∑_°V$dpmp_y¨ fQ_p hjÆ 27-11-47 R>°, `Z O_uc|[rQ—_u
Akfdp¨ A°L$u b°W$L°$ L°$ [°_p kp[–e° `p¨Q° dZL$p gMpep _\u. rQ—dp¨ k¨h°]$__u
Akf ]$u ÆL$pg ky u V$L$u R>°, A° Ecfpe_° D`f Aph[p L$rh_° kS>Æ_dp¨ ‚h©— \hy
`X$ey R>°. Ap A¨N° kS>Æ_‚qæ$ep f ‚L$pi pX$[p¨ L$rh S>Zph° R>°. ""bpf°L$ hjÆ_p k-
Apepk AÊepk `R>u L$pÏe Ap`p°Ap` ıa}f° R>°, A°_p° ‚\d - A_ych d_°
"ApeyÛe_p Ahi°j°' fQ_pdp \ep°. dybB_p O°pOpV$ cf |f cyg°fdp dpfy fl°hp_y.
kp¨S>° Ap°qak°\u Of° Aphu Íddp¨ Apfpd Myfiudp¨ b°ku qÌQd_p ApL$pidp¨ Ap¨M
`fp°hu fl°[p°. ifuf A_° d__u L$πgpsfi[lf Ap fur[, Qpf°bpSy> O°p¨OpV$ lp°hp R>[p¨
O°pOpV$ gpN° _lv, bpfudp\u ≈°[p, Afie dL$p_p° lp°hp R>[p A° ]°$Mpe _lv ! ApL$pidp
KX°$ - KX°$ S>[u ◊qÛV$ - d__u sı\r[ Z ≈Z° Ad_kdu kfıh[u - D`r_j]$dp
Aph° R>° A°d, ‘5xIGŸ G NNX" JF z] JGŸ G z]6MtI[lTGFD˜ _° –epf° S> ‘TgJFDŸ lJ;;[
HFI[I 5tI pXTL ;]JF;Fo˜ ky]$f hı”pgL$pf\u kSS> –_u, S>° r[ ApNm d©]y$hpZu
h]$[u p°[p_° kdr Æ[ L$f°, _° [°dS> L$pÏe_y Z. Aphu rı\r[dp Ap`p° Ap` ›hr_
145
kp¨cmy¨ Ry>¨ :
"MMX$ \[u_° Mp°X¨$Np[u S>[u X$dZu S|>_u' -
iÂ]$p°_u kp\° S> ≈°J Ry>¨ QgrQ” - ApÚeÆ_p A_ych kp\° lz ≈°ep L$fy Ry>¨
Ap X$dZu_u Nr[ _° ApNm ¨rL$[Ap° ıa}f[u ≈e R>°.
"rhS>_ \_° Qug° Qug° [rdı” dlv O_'
dpfu qæ$ep lp°e [p° [° dp” ≈°_pf kp¨cm_pf_u, observer _u Afie\p
r_qÛæ$e[p_u - _° Apd S> Ap ‚\d kp∑_°V$ |fy \ey.
"S>fidı\g_u Tp¨Mu ApeyÛe_u Ah ° L$fy
ceyØ S>m l[y [°_u ep]°$ k|_° Of k¨Qfy¨.'
"lp...... i ! kp∑_°V$ `|fy ¨ [p° \ey¨. Ap fu[° L$pÏe_y¨ Ap`p° Ap`"lp...... i ! kp∑_°V$ `|fy ¨ [p° \ey¨. Ap fu[° L$pÏe_y¨ Ap`p° Ap`"lp...... i ! kp∑_°V$ `|fy ¨ [p° \ey¨. Ap fu[° L$pÏe_y¨ Ap`p° Ap`"lp...... i ! kp∑_°V$ `|fy ¨ [p° \ey¨. Ap fu[° L$pÏe_y¨ Ap`p° Ap`"lp...... i ! kp∑_°V$ `|fy ¨ [p° \ey¨. Ap fu[° L$pÏe_y¨ Ap`p° Ap`
kS>Æ_ ≈°B l∆ [p° lz¨ rhıdedp¨\u blpf ApÏep° _\u - Ïehlpf_p¨ L$pdp°dp¨kS>Æ_ ≈°B l∆ [p° lz¨ rhıdedp¨\u blpf ApÏep° _\u - Ïehlpf_p¨ L$pdp°dp¨kS>Æ_ ≈°B l∆ [p° lz¨ rhıdedp¨\u blpf ApÏep° _\u - Ïehlpf_p¨ L$pdp°dp¨kS>Æ_ ≈°B l∆ [p° lz¨ rhıdedp¨\u blpf ApÏep° _\u - Ïehlpf_p¨ L$pdp°dp¨kS>Æ_ ≈°B l∆ [p° lz¨ rhıdedp¨\u blpf ApÏep° _\u - Ïehlpf_p¨ L$pdp°dp¨
OX$ucf A° cygpe, `Z S>ep¨ A°L$gp° `Xy$ _° d_ bu∆ hp[p°dp¨\u dyL$[ \peOX$ucf A° cygpe, `Z S>ep¨ A°L$gp° `Xy$ _° d_ bu∆ hp[p°dp¨\u dyL$[ \peOX$ucf A° cygpe, `Z S>ep¨ A°L$gp° `Xy$ _° d_ bu∆ hp[p°dp¨\u dyL$[ \peOX$ucf A° cygpe, `Z S>ep¨ A°L$gp° `Xy$ _° d_ bu∆ hp[p°dp¨\u dyL$[ \peOX$ucf A° cygpe, `Z S>ep¨ A°L$gp° `Xy$ _° d_ bu∆ hp[p°dp¨\u dyL$[ \pe
–ep¨ Ap R> °Îgu `¨qL$[ d_dp¨ ‚NV$ \B Aph° hmu `pR>p ° lz ¨ ≈°_pf -–ep¨ Ap R> °Îgu `¨qL$[ d_dp¨ ‚NV$ \B Aph° hmu `pR>p ° lz ¨ ≈°_pf -–ep¨ Ap R> °Îgu `¨qL$[ d_dp¨ ‚NV$ \B Aph° hmu `pR>p ° lz ¨ ≈°_pf -–ep¨ Ap R> °Îgu `¨qL$[ d_dp¨ ‚NV$ \B Aph° hmu `pR>p ° lz ¨ ≈°_pf -–ep¨ Ap R> °Îgu `¨qL$[ d_dp¨ ‚NV$ \B Aph° hmu `pR>p ° lz ¨ ≈°_pf -
kp¨cm_pf_° Aphu fu[° W$uL$ W$uL$ A°hp gp¨bpNpmp (AY$u hjÆ `|fp) ky^ukp¨cm_pf_° Aphu fu[° W$uL$ W$uL$ A°hp gp¨bpNpmp (AY$u hjÆ `|fp) ky^ukp¨cm_pf_° Aphu fu[° W$uL$ W$uL$ A°hp gp¨bpNpmp (AY$u hjÆ `|fp) ky^ukp¨cm_pf_° Aphu fu[° W$uL$ W$uL$ A°hp gp¨bpNpmp (AY$u hjÆ `|fp) ky^ukp¨cm_pf_° Aphu fu[° W$uL$ W$uL$ A°hp gp¨bpNpmp (AY$u hjÆ `|fp) ky^u
Ap ıa}fZpA° dpfp d_dp¨ A°hy¨ ipk_ Qpgy fpøey¨, `p¨Q kp∑_°V$ `|fp¨ \ep¨Ap ıa}fZpA° dpfp d_dp¨ A°hy¨ ipk_ Qpgy fpøey¨, `p¨Q kp∑_°V$ `|fp¨ \ep¨Ap ıa}fZpA° dpfp d_dp¨ A°hy¨ ipk_ Qpgy fpøey¨, `p¨Q kp∑_°V$ `|fp¨ \ep¨Ap ıa}fZpA° dpfp d_dp¨ A°hy¨ ipk_ Qpgy fpøey¨, `p¨Q kp∑_°V$ `|fp¨ \ep¨Ap ıa}fZpA° dpfp d_dp¨ A°hy¨ ipk_ Qpgy fpøey¨, `p¨Q kp∑_°V$ `|fp¨ \ep¨
–ep¨ ky^u'–ep¨ ky^u'–ep¨ ky^u'–ep¨ ky^u'–ep¨ ky^u'28
L$rh_p k¨rh[πdp¨ A°L$ Nl_ AkfÍ ° k¨h°]$_hgp°Zp_u ‚qæ$ep Qpgu
R>°. k¨h°]$_dp¨ kp[–e_u Akf ]$f°L$ kS>ÆL°$ AgN fl°[u lp°e R>°, A° A°L$ S> Npmpdp¨
r_Ír`[ \[u lp°e R>° A_° gp¨bp Npm° Z r_Ír`[ \[u lp°e R>°.
hı[y_p° ›hr_NcÆ - DOpX$, [°_p° rhL$pk A_° hmp¨L$ kp\°_p° A¨[dp¨
kpµ_°V$dpmp_p `p¨Q° kpµ_°V$ A°L$d°L$ Ny¨\pB_° A°L$ ApL©$r[_y¨ r_dpÆZ L$f° R>°. i•gu
k¨L$g__p cphibg rQ”r_dpÆZ kO_ kyN∞r\[ A°L$[p_° L$pfZ° D—d L$gpL©$r[
b_ph° R>°. NyS>fp[u kp∑_°V$dpmp_u ep]$Npf L©$r[ [fuL°$ ld°ip [°_y ı\p_ Ahg fl°i°.
]°$ihV$p° : (kp∑_°V$”eu; "Óyr[' - B.k. 1957)
"Óyr[' L$pÏek¨N∞ldp¨ d|L$pe°g "]°$ihV$p°' kp∑_°V$”eu_y iujÆL$ S|>]$p`Zp_p
cph_° Qv^° R>°, S>°_y¨ bep_ ‚\d kp∑_°V$dp¨ S> \ey¨ R>°. hkhpgpeL$ NguAp° A_°L$
146
R>° - r_hpk_p Ofdp¨ L°$ Dfdp¨ ? R>[p¨ _peL$ r_hpkı\p_ hNf_u sı\r[ A_ych°
R>°, b^p\u AgN \B A≈Œep`Zp_p cph A_ych°. q]$hk klS>[p\u `kpf
\pe R>°. `Z fp”u_u _ufh[p l•ep_° D]$pku`Zpdp¨ X|$bpX°$ R>°. cepÆ rhdp¨
A°L$pL$u`œ A_ych[p _peL$_p Ap cph_° bu≈ kp∑_°V$dp ApNm h^pf° R>°. fp”u_p°
ı`iÆ [p`dyL$[ L$f_pfp° fl°hp R>[p¨ Ar_÷u[ gp°Q__u ApN_° W$pf[u _\u. d_
crhÛedp¨ `Z c|[L$pmdp¨ rhlf° R>°. ∆h__u Nr[ h°f-rhMf° gpN° R>°. Ap Nr[
kpdp |f° S>hp S>°hu A_ych° R>°. Ïep°ddp¨ rh_p° ge ip°c° R>° Z cfu rhipm[p,
A_¨[[pdp¨ `p°[° i|fie[pdp¨ fl° R>°, A°L$g[p_p cphdp¨ ]y$:M_u `qfrı\r[
rhkhp]$u`œ ‚NV$ph° R>°. Ap i|fie[p_y ]$]Æ$ ”u≈ kp∑_°V$_p bu≈ Q[yÛL$_u qL$[Í °
Aphr[Æ[ L$fu L$rhA° L$pÏe_peL$_u A°L$g[p_u `qfsı\r[_° b°hX$phu R>°.
L$pÏe_peL$_u ◊qÛV$dp¨ L$p°B q]$Ïe[“h [fa_y M¢QpZ A_ychpe R>°. ”u≈ kp∑_°V$_p
DOpX$dp¨ _° A¨[° Ap–dr_funZdp¨\u kdp^p_ d°mh° R>°. p°[pdp¨ i|fie[p k¨[p`
\B lk° R>°, [° L$q]$ ‚pZ hNf k° _rl. L$Z_° Álp°fhp dpV°$_u iqL$[ L$Z
[‡[^fpdp¨\u d°mh° R>°. Alv d©–eydp¨ hkhp l∆e° [° AS>fid f¸p° R>°. Ap
S>fidc|rd_p ı\m `f _peL$_° dm°gp° rhgnZ ]°$ihV$p° R>°. O°fu A°L$g[p_p
AphfZ_° aNphhp AiL$[ _peL$ L$p°B rhi°j ‚h©r— [fa Nr[ L$f[p° _\u. tQ[_
A_° A›ep–d_° ı`iÆ[u ‚ı[y[ L©$r[dp¨ _peL$_p¨ q‹^peyL$[ rQ—_u `qfsı\r[
A›ep–d [fa Y$m° R>°. L©$r[dp¨ _hp° L$p°B L$mprhi°j L$mp[p° _\u. N|¨\Zu_u fur[
L$rh_u ApNhu flu R>°. hı[y_p° rhL$pk ^udp° `Z kfm f¸p° R>°, `Z AkfL$pfL$
fu[° DW$ph]$pf - ›ep_plÆ f¸p° _\u. km¨N ”Z° kp∑_°V$ i°L$πsı`efipB OpV$_p f¸p
R>°. ‚pkfur[dp¨ ıhf_p ‚pk d°mÏep R>°, _° R>¨]$ rhep°rN_u ‚ep°S>ep° R>°.
h_M¨X$_ : (kp∑_°V$dpmp; "Óyr[')
‚Zer_Í`Z S>°hp S> ‚L©$r[r_Í`Z_° L$rh[p_p rhjedp¨ gphu L$rhA°
D—d L$pÏep° Ap‡ep¨ R>°. ‚L©$r[ kp\°_y¨ Ap fu[_y¨ [p]$p–Áe k¨h°]$__p° A°L$ rlıkp°
bfiep° R>°. dy¨bBdp¨ gpL$X$p¨ L$p`hp_p° Ïehkpe L$f[u L¨$`_udp¨_u _p°L$fu_p k¨]$c£
L$rh_° h_, S>Ngp° kp\° NpY$ Ofp°bp° \e°gp°. ‚L©$r[ kp\°_u r_L$V$[p L$rhA° A_ycÏey
R>°. Ap S> ÏephkpreL$ qfbm ‚ı[y[ kp∑_°V$dpmp_u kS>Æ_ c|rddp X$ey R>°. L$rhA°
Qpf kp∑_°V$ - 1. Adpfp° dyL$pd, 2. [fy-M¨X$_, 3. _ k|f rhgp`_p°, 4. a}V$u glz¨
147
X$pmMuÍ °N|\u_° kp∑_°V$dpmp_y Í` Ap‡ey R>°. kp∑_°V$dpmp_p DOpX$Í` ‚\d kp∑_°V$dp
A°L$pr^L$ gp°L$p°_p° kd|l R>°. S>°dp¨ L$rh Z kpd°g R>°. h_h√Q° S>B_° h_hl°mp_p
MyÎgp cpNdp X$ph L$f° R>°. Ap klz_u ◊qÛV$dp kıL$pf _\u, A°hy k|Qhu crhÛe_u
MX$_‚h©r—, S>° Ap kd|l_u R>° [°_p° r_]£$i L$e°pÆ R>°. ApSy>-bpSy>_u h_Óu_y r_funZ
`R>u\u iÍ \pe R>°. Ap h_Óu L°$hu R>° - S>ep¨ k|eÆ_y¨ qL$fZ S>du_ ky^u `l°p¨Qu
iL$[y _\u, A°L$bu≈ AX$pbuX$ Ec°gp h©np°dp¨ l}a kp\° c°S> Z A_ychpe R>° _°
`fd dp•_ h√Q° [rNep_° D–‚°np hX°$ ≈Z° h_a}gp°_° pMp° dmu A° Z d_`k]$
[p° A◊Ìe `¨Mu_p d^yf L$¨W$ L$rh_° ApL$jÆ_pfp° fl° R>°. kp∑_°V$_p A¨[° rQfkde\u
[¨÷pdp¨ fl°gu lhpdp¨ L$fh[ Ly$lpX$u_p _hp _hp ‚Op[ cm° R>° A_° M¨X$__u ‚h©r—
iÍ \pe R>°. dpZk A_° [°_u ‚L©$r[_y¨ rhkS>Æ_ Ap ‚h©r—_y¨ bu≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨
`qfZpdÍ` Apg°M° R>°. S>ep¨ `l°gp¨ frhqL$fZ c|rd_° ı`iw iL$[y¨ _lp°[y¨ –ep¨
frhqL$fZp°_p° h°Nugp° ‚`p[ \pe R>°. rQf kde_u [÷p [|V°$ R>°, D≈k\u h_ Ah_hp
f¨N° L$pbfQu[fy gpN° R>°. hZÆ_iqL$[\u M¨qX$[ h__p iÂ]$rQ”_° kpnp[ L$eyØ R>°.
bu≈ Q[yÛL$dp¨ h_k©qÛV$dp¨ fl°[u ∆hk©qÛV$_u L$fyZ qfsı\r[ Apg°M° R>°. S>°dp¨
KX$u h°]$_p_p° ı`iÆ cm°gp° R>°. S|>_p fpaX$pAp° rhgp[p L$uX$uAp° Alu¨ [lu¨ bphfu
b_u ]$p°X$u fl° R>°. dOdpMu dO |X$p_u ip° dp¨ ÏeN∞ DN∞ b_u Apd[°d DX°$ R>° A_°
S>° h©np° ¨Mu_y Of R>°, [° [p° Ofpipeu \B_° X$ep¨ R>°. kp¨S>_p V°$hhi Of° pR>p af°
R>° –epf° –ep¨ h©n_u X$pm _\u - dpmp° _\u - HX$p _\u. [°\u rhlhm b_u fp[
ApMu [°_u `p¨Mp° aaX$pÏe° fpM° R>°. `¨Mu d|L$ h__y¨ ‚[uL$ b_° R>°. Ap ]y$:M h__y¨
`Z R>°. kp∑_°V$_u A¨r[d k°fdp¨ L$fyZ_u fpL$pÛW$p d|L$pe°gu R>°. d|Np - Abp°g h_
- h_k©qÛV$_p ∆hp°_p° d|L$, rhjp]$ h_ fpipeu \hp R>[p i|fiedp ]$e_p L$ _Í °
Afiedp¨ Z hl° R>°. h_k©qÛV$_u kd©qŸ_p dprdÆL$ rQ”Zdp¨ L$rh_u bp_u Mugu
R>°. ‚\d kp∑_°V$ kp\° buSy>¨ kp∑_°V$ NpY$fu[° k¨L$mpe°gy R>°. h__u h√Q° dyL$pd L$f_pf
kd|l_p° ¬e°e "[fy-M¨X$_' ‹pfp bfpbf ÏeL$[ \ep° R>° [°_u M¨X$_p–dL$ ‚h©r—_y¨
`qfZpd L°$hy rhjp]$kcf R>°. dp_hu kS>Æ_ L$fu iL$[p° _\u, Z rhkS>Æ_ S>Íf L$f°
R>° A_° [° L°$V$gu l]°$ ! [°_p° ‚–en rQ[pf Alu\u kp`X°$ R>°. ”u≈ kp∑_°V$dp Ofpipeu
\e°gp h©np°_u uX$p [°Ap° d|L$ l•e° kl_ L$f° R>°, [°dp rhgp`_p° k|f _\u. h_k©qÛV$_p
d|L$ kl_ pR>m iy R>° ? L$rh A\hZÆF>qj_p y” ]$^urQ_y D]$plfZ Ap`[p¨ L$l°
R>°. ]y$Ìd_ ]$p_hp°_p k¨lpf dpV°$ h«>$ b_phhp S>°Z° p°[p_p lpX$L$p¨ A`£gp¨ A° Z
h_dp fl°_pfp l[p [°hp° S> dÆ [fy b≈hu fl° R>°. R>u L$rh h©n_p rhrh^ D`ep°N_u
148
hp[ L$f° R>°, S>°dp¨ tQ[__° kp\° hZu gu^y¨ R>° :
""eyN eyN `R>u gp^° S>°_° rhh[Æ__u `m,
dfZ `Z –ep¨ d°p¨O¨y, A°_u gl°hf ^fie[p;
ı\m dtl e S>° ı\pœ¨ [°_° dm° Nr[ khÆ\p,
lk[u `fhpmp¨_° f ¨N° _hp°q]$[ L| ¨ $`m''
("h_M¨X$_', _ k|f rhgp`_p°)
L$rhA° [fy_p d©–ey_u A_° S>fid_u fie[p_° Ap fu[° NpB R>°. Ar[d Qp°\p
kp∑_°V$dp¨ bp°X$p \e°gp h__u hp[ L$fu R>°. Alv L$rhA° h_L$fiep_u L$Î`_p `Z
Apg°Mu R>°. h_L$fiep_° lh° hÆ[_u N|ap S> p°Y$Z fl°i°, L$pfZ L°$ [°_° AN_p Ap°Y$Z
dpV°$ h©n_p ZÆ _\u f¸p. A[dp Ap MX$_p–dL$ ‚h©r— Qgph[p gp°L$p°_p kd|l_p°
`X$ph DW°$ R>°. L$rh S>hp_p kde° R>°Îgu _S>f _p¨M° R>°. _S>f_° `Z L¨$B _X$[y¨ _\u
A°hp° MyÎgp° `V$, Akud `V$ A_° cufy kkgy¨ ◊qÛV$dp¨ Aph° R>°. kp\° kp\° \X$_p
M|V$pdp¨\u "a}V$u glz X$pmMu !' Sy>A° R>°. cph_p Ap gV$pdp¨ L$rh ÓŸp A_ych° R>°.
rhkS>Æ_ R>u kS>Æ_ \pe R>° A° r_er[_p° æ$d L$lp° [p° æ$d R>°.
"[L$dfu [Zp¨ a}gp° L°$fu kyN¨^ lhp dlv !
O|kf kde° L¨$kpfu_p fd° ıh_ fl° flu !'
kp∑_°V$_p° A[ kph kp]$u fu[° \ep° R>°. Alv\u kpS>_y hp[phfZ A_ychpe
R>°. Qp°V$ kp\° Nl_ sı\r[dp¨ d|L$_pfp° A¨[ bfiep° _\u. ‚\d - q‹[ue kp∑_°V$_p
g°fiX$ıL°$` bfiep R>°, "[fy-M¨X$_' kp∑_°V$dp¨ L$rh–h iqL$[_p° kycN qfQe dm° R>°.
”u≈-Qp°\p kp∑_°V$ tQ[_frk[ bfiep¨ lp°hp\u L$pÏe [“h Tp¨My `X$ey¨ R>°. kdN∞
kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ h_k©qÛV$_p ◊ÌerQ”p° iÂ]$_u ‰°ddp¨ D`ıep¨ R>°. b° iL$ !
cphr_Í`Z_y¨ kp[–e Qpf°e kp∑_°V$dp¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°. Qpf° kp∑_°V$ A°L$d°L$ kp\°
kpeySe fph° R>°. æ$di: [°\u [°_p Apg°M ‚dpZ° Apıhp]$hp X°$ S>° A°L$dpmp_y¨
Í` bn° R>°. cph`gV$p° L$lp°, hmp¨L$ L$lp° [° L$rh_p rhkS>Æ_dp¨\u kS>Æ_ cfu ◊qÛV$dp¨
_hu L|$`m_° ≈°hpdp¨ f¸p° R>°.
"h_M¨X$_' rhi° ljÆ]$ q”h°]$u S>Zph° R>° ""fpS>°fi÷_u bu∆ kp∑_°V$dpmp
"h_M¨X$_' dp¨ QZ dpV°$ EX°$gy¨ `¨Mu S>epf° `pRy>¨ h©n_u X$pmuA° b°khp ≈e R>°
149
–epf° cp°Wy¨$ `X°$ R>°, L°$d L°$ h©n [p° L$epf_y¨ L$`pB QyL$ey¨ R>°. ep]$ L$fp°, hj°pÆ `R>u S|>_p
O°f Aph[p° "ApeyÛe_p Ahi°j°' _p° _peL$ A°_u A_° Ap Mu_u rhnyÂ^[p kdp[f°
Qpg° R>°. Alv nu_y æ¨$]$_ Z [uh∞[p\u Aph° R>°.
"rhlN [fy-k|_p ApL$pi° T|L°$ eq]$ kp¨S>_p,
QfZ d|L$hp X$pmu –ep¨ _p glu, EX$[p afu;
hmu hmu T|L°$ _uX°$ HXy¨$ d|L°$g ıdfu ıdfu,
aX$aX$u fl° `p¨Mp°, fp”° e f° S>fu hpS>_p.'
("h_M¨X$_', [fy-M¨X$_)
"h_M¨X$_' dp¨ rh_pi_u kdp¨[f° _hp¨Ly$qf[ \[u fl°[u ∆h_^pfp ‚NV$
\pe R>°. Alv Z "ApeyÛe_p Ahi°j°' hpmp° R>¨]$ lqfZu A_° A° S> ]$iÆ_ ‚p‡[
\pe R>°. L$p°B A°L$ [“h kp\°_y¨ A°L$p–d, `R>u A°dp¨\u R|>V$p `X$u_° afu `pRy>¨ A°S>
[“h kp\° A_yk¨^p_ A° fpS>°fi÷_u L$rh[p_u d|mc|[ A_yc|r[ kyjdp`|ZÆ
ArcÏeqL$[ R>°. Ap rkhpe_p Afie L$pÏep°dp¨ Z Ap hp[_u ‚[ur[ \pe R>°. [fy-
M¨X$__p° kpnu b_°g _peL$ rhnyÂ^ rQ—° `f[ S>hp L$f° R>°, –epf° ApL$sıdL$ S>
Aph[u Qd–L©$r[, h°]$_p A_° ApÚeÆrdrÓ[ cphdp¨ Ap fu[° ÏeL$[ \B R>°. Alv
"X$', "V$' _p |_fph[Æ_\u M|V$pdp¨\u X$pmMu a}V$hp_u ‚qæ$ep ‚–en L$f° R>°.
"Ah Ar^L$_p Ap¨lu dpfp° dyL$pd, lz¨ ApMfu,
_S>f dyS> dp¨Xy ¨ $ f° A°_° rhfp°^ _ L$p° _X°$;
–etl ]|$f\u X$p°L$p[y¨ cufy glz¨ kkgy¨, Af°
L$etl \X$ [Zp M|¨V$pdp¨\u a}V$u glz¨ X$p¨mMu !'
("h_M¨X$_', a}V$u glz X$pmMu)
Alv A°L$ hp[ Mpk _°p¨ hp S>°hu A° R>° L°$ ‚\d kp∑_°V$dp¨ h_-h©n_p¨ ky]$f
hZÆ_p°_° A_° fpS>°fi÷ue ı`iÆ lp°hp R>[p Ap tQ[_ ‚cphL$ b_[y _\u A°_y L$pfZ
L$]$pQ A° L°$ "ApeyÛe_p Ahi°j°' dp¨ Ap k¨h°]$_p A°V$gu l]°$ ‚bm - [uh∞"ApeyÛe_p Ahi°j°' dp¨ Ap k¨h°]$_p A°V$gu l]°$ ‚bm - [uh∞"ApeyÛe_p Ahi°j°' dp¨ Ap k¨h°]$_p A°V$gu l]°$ ‚bm - [uh∞"ApeyÛe_p Ahi°j°' dp¨ Ap k¨h°]$_p A°V$gu l]°$ ‚bm - [uh∞"ApeyÛe_p Ahi°j°' dp¨ Ap k¨h°]$_p A°V$gu l]°$ ‚bm - [uh∞
A_° L$pÏep–dL$[p\u klS> fu[° Aphu Q|L$u R>°, A°V$g° Ap k¨h°]$_ Tp¨My-A_° L$pÏep–dL$[p\u klS> fu[° Aphu Q|L$u R>°, A°V$g° Ap k¨h°]$_ Tp¨My-A_° L$pÏep–dL$[p\u klS> fu[° Aphu Q|L$u R>°, A°V$g° Ap k¨h°]$_ Tp¨My-A_° L$pÏep–dL$[p\u klS> fu[° Aphu Q|L$u R>°, A°V$g° Ap k¨h°]$_ Tp¨My-A_° L$pÏep–dL$[p\u klS> fu[° Aphu Q|L$u R>°, A°V$g° Ap k¨h°]$_ Tp¨My-
`p¨My A_° k“hlu_ gpN° R>°. afu A° `°gu JQpBA° _\u `l°p¨Q[y¨. hmu`p¨My A_° k“hlu_ gpN° R>°. afu A° `°gu JQpBA° _\u `l°p¨Q[y¨. hmu`p¨My A_° k“hlu_ gpN° R>°. afu A° `°gu JQpBA° _\u `l°p¨Q[y¨. hmu`p¨My A_° k“hlu_ gpN° R>°. afu A° `°gu JQpBA° _\u `l°p¨Q[y¨. hmu`p¨My A_° k“hlu_ gpN° R>°. afu A° `°gu JQpBA° _\u `l°p¨Q[y¨. hmu
Alv_p° R>¨]$-ge `Z `|h£ Aph°gp° A°V$gu ıhpcprhL$[p\u ApÏep° gpN[p°Alv_p° R>¨]$-ge `Z `|h£ Aph°gp° A°V$gu ıhpcprhL$[p\u ApÏep° gpN[p°Alv_p° R>¨]$-ge `Z `|h£ Aph°gp° A°V$gu ıhpcprhL$[p\u ApÏep° gpN[p°Alv_p° R>¨]$-ge `Z `|h£ Aph°gp° A°V$gu ıhpcprhL$[p\u ApÏep° gpN[p°Alv_p° R>¨]$-ge `Z `|h£ Aph°gp° A°V$gu ıhpcprhL$[p\u ApÏep° gpN[p°
_\u. kpdpfie fu[° ≈°hp d˛ey¨ R>° [°d fpS>°fi÷dp¨ L$ep¨e ‚NV$ fu[° kpÁ‚[_u_\u. kpdpfie fu[° ≈°hp d˛ey¨ R>° [°d fpS>°fi÷dp¨ L$ep¨e ‚NV$ fu[° kpÁ‚[_u_\u. kpdpfie fu[° ≈°hp d˛ey¨ R>° [°d fpS>°fi÷dp¨ L$ep¨e ‚NV$ fu[° kpÁ‚[_u_\u. kpdpfie fu[° ≈°hp d˛ey¨ R>° [°d fpS>°fi÷dp¨ L$ep¨e ‚NV$ fu[° kpÁ‚[_u_\u. kpdpfie fu[° ≈°hp d˛ey¨ R>° [°d fpS>°fi÷dp¨ L$ep¨e ‚NV$ fu[° kpÁ‚[_u
150
rhjd[pAp° - kdıepAp° `X$Op[u _\u. [°Ap° `p°[p_u Qpg° S> QpÎep R>°,rhjd[pAp° - kdıepAp° `X$Op[u _\u. [°Ap° `p°[p_u Qpg° S> QpÎep R>°,rhjd[pAp° - kdıepAp° `X$Op[u _\u. [°Ap° `p°[p_u Qpg° S> QpÎep R>°,rhjd[pAp° - kdıepAp° `X$Op[u _\u. [°Ap° `p°[p_u Qpg° S> QpÎep R>°,rhjd[pAp° - kdıepAp° `X$Op[u _\u. [°Ap° `p°[p_u Qpg° S> QpÎep R>°,
`f¨[y Ap kp∑_°V$dpmp `|f[y¨ [p° Qp°L$L$k L$lu iL$pe L°$ A°dZ° cg° `p°[p_u`f¨[y Ap kp∑_°V$dpmp `|f[y¨ [p° Qp°L$L$k L$lu iL$pe L°$ A°dZ° cg° `p°[p_u`f¨[y Ap kp∑_°V$dpmp `|f[y¨ [p° Qp°L$L$k L$lu iL$pe L°$ A°dZ° cg° `p°[p_u`f¨[y Ap kp∑_°V$dpmp `|f[y¨ [p° Qp°L$L$k L$lu iL$pe L°$ A°dZ° cg° `p°[p_u`f¨[y Ap kp∑_°V$dpmp `|f[y¨ [p° Qp°L$L$k L$lu iL$pe L°$ A°dZ° cg° `p°[p_u
fu[°, `Z ApV$gp `|f[p° [p° kp¨‚[ kp\° _p[p° ≈°X$ep° R>°.'fu[°, `Z ApV$gp `|f[p° [p° kp¨‚[ kp\° _p[p° ≈°X$ep° R>°.'fu[°, `Z ApV$gp `|f[p° [p° kp¨‚[ kp\° _p[p° ≈°X$ep° R>°.'fu[°, `Z ApV$gp `|f[p° [p° kp¨‚[ kp\° _p[p° ≈°X$ep° R>°.'fu[°, `Z ApV$gp `|f[p° [p° kp¨‚[ kp\° _p[p° ≈°X$ep° R>°.'29
L$rh_u A°L$ fur[ R>° kp∑_°V$dpmp_u ‚\d kp∑_°V$dp¨ S>° R>¨]$ ‚ep°S>° [°
kp∑_°V$dpmp_p bpL$u_p kp∑_°V$dp¨ Z ‚ep°S>° R>° A_° ‚\d kp∑_°V$ S>° OpV$dp¨ Apg°M°
[° fu[_p bpL$u_p kp∑_°V$ Z fl° R>°. Alv i°L$πsı`efipB kp∑_°V$ OpV$ A_° R>]$ lqfZu
‚ep°S>°g R>°. "[fy - MX$_' dp lqfZu_u rhrh^ R>V$p ‚NV$u R>°. ‚pkfur[_u ≈mhZu
kapB |hÆL$_u flu _\u. dl]$π A¨i° ıhf_p ‚pk ≈mÏep¨ R>°, S>°dp¨ abab cdcdefef gg S>°hu ‚pk Ÿq[ fpMu R>°. A°L$ dp” bu≈ kp∑_°V$ rkhpe b^p kp∑_°V$_p
A¨[_p ey¡dL$_p kdp_ ‚pk fpøep¨ R>°. lqfZu R>¨]$_° ANpD_u dpaL$ bg A_°
Ap•rQ–e kcf ‚ep°Sep° R>°.
k¨ıL©$[`∞^p_ L$rh_u bp_udp¨ [–kd iÂ]$p°_p° h^y `X$[p° D`ep°N Alv
`Z ≈°hp dm° R>°. (gp°Q_-◊N, `[¨N, rhl¨Nd, ‚SS>hg, kdy√R>g, L$byÆf,
r_rbX$, r``urgL$p, hpsÎdL$u, kfp°j, [fy, S>Æfie°, ı\pœ, pXy$f, ıh_, rNqfNylp).
fhp_yL$pfu iÂ]$p° Z kp\° kp\° ≈°hp dm° R>°. "Afk-`fk°', "hmu-hmu', "ıdfu-
ıdfu', "aX$aX$u', "eyN eyN', "\g\g', "Arl–erl', "fl•flu' hN°f° "‚h°i',
"‚^p[', "‚`p[', "‚SS>hg', "‚kfi_[p' S>°hp D`kNÆ_u Alv ∞ p_[p ≈°hp
dm° R>°. AgL$pf_p° kdyrQ[ D`ep°N bp_u_u ky]$f[p h^pf_pfp° f¸p° R>°. Alv L$rhA°
hZpÆ_y‚pk, D– ∞°np, D`dp S>°hp Ag¨L$pf_° ‚ep°S>ep R>°.
hZpÆ_y‚pk Ag¨L$pf :
- "Afk `fk° hvV$pe°gu AX$pbuX$ Ap•jr^'
"l} ¨a l[u Alv S>°hu [°hp° l[p° hmu l°S> ¸p¨'
- "`M° `Z hu–ep ‡l°gp¨ `pÁep li° S> rhgp°`_'
"L$[L$fu [Zu L$fiep L$pS> ° _ A¨N_y ¨ Ap°Y$Z'
"Ah Ar^L$_p Ap¨lu dpfp° dyL$pd, lz¨ ApMfu'
"_S>f dyS> dp¨Xy ¨ $ f° A°_° rhfp°^ _ L$p° _X°$'
D–`∞°np Ag¨L$pf :
151
"h_-Ly$kyd_° ≈Z° p¨Mp° dmu d_ - R>¨]$_u'
D`dp Ag¨L$pf :
"l}¨a l[u Alv S>°hu [°hp° l[p° hmu l°S> ¸p¨'
"Arl kfg [° dpZ° TuZu iu T¨L©$r[ dp•__u'
"rhrh^ hfZ° [°hp¨ EX°$ `[¨N R>V$pde;'
‚L©$r[_° kp¶]$epÆ_ych g°M° dpZ[p L$rh_u ‚ı[y[ kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ tQ[_
A_° cph_p kdfkdp¨\u ∆h_]$iÆ_ ‚NV$[y¨ A_ychpe R>°. rhkS>Æ_ R>u kS>Æ_
A°hp æ$d_° Apg°M[u flu R>°, kp∑_°V$dpmp_p gnZp°_° A_yÍ` Apg°M ‚p‡[ \pe
R>°. "h_M¨X$_' kp∑_°V$dpmp Apd Z ep]$Npf kS>Æ_ b_u flu R>°.
fprNZu (kp∑_°V$dpmp ; "ip¨[L$p°gplg' - B.k. 1962)
L$pÏe A_° kNu[_p kb^ rhi° Ap`Z° kp• qfrQ[ R>uA° Z Alv fpS>°fi÷
ipl_u ‚ı[y[ L©$r[dp¨ A°L$ rhje [fuL°$ k¨Nu[ (fprNZu) ApÏey¨ R>°. Ap ANpD
NyS>fp[u kprl–edp L$rh ky]$fd° "ep”p' L$pÏe kN∞ldp "k‡[fpN' kp[ fpN_° kp∑_°V$
L$pÏe ‚L$pfdp d|L°$gp, [p° dfpW$u L$rh th]$p L$f]$uL$f° " © ]$' dp "[pgrQ”p' Apg°øep
R>°.
cpf[ue k¨Nu[ rhi° A°V$gy¨ S>Íf L$lu iL$pe L°$ [°_p d|m ÷prhX$ k¨ıL©$r[
kp\° ≈°X$pe°gp R>°. Ape°pÆ_p ApNd_ kp\° h•q]$L$ k¨ıL©$r[ Z Aph°gu A° hM[\u
S> h°q]$L$ k¨Nu[_p° ‚p]y$cpÆh \ep° li°. gh-Ly$i_p ◊ÛV$p¨[dp¨ fpdpeZ_p
kdeNpmpdp¨ ≈r[Np__p D]$plfZp° ‚p‡[ \ep¨ R>°. fpdpeZ_u S>°d dlpcpf[,
`yfpZL$pmdp¨ Ap ≈r[Np_ rhi°_p DÎg°Mp° dm° R>°. _pV$e_u kp\° k¨Nu[ S>°hu
L$gpAp° dp•eÆ A_° Ny‡[L$pmdp¨ rhL$ku R>u\u dysıgd ipk_L$pm ]$fÁep_ Bfp_u
`riÆe_ k¨Nu[_u R>pep cpf[ue k¨Nu[ `f `X$u rb∞qV$i ‚≈_p ipk_L$pmdp¨
`Z pÚp–e kNu[_u Akf Tugu, S>°_p° ‚cph bmh—f b_[p ApS> ky u Qpgy
f¸p° R>°. Ap b^p `qfbmp°_u A°L$ ep bu∆ R>pep cpf[ue k¨Nu[ `f `X$u lp°hp
R>[p¨ cpf[ue k¨Nu[ A° cpf[ue k¨Nu[ S> f y, [°_p¨ [“hp° L$ped cpf[ue f¸p¨.
fpN_p k¨]$c£ Afie ]°$i_u S>°d cpf[dp¨ `Z [°_u D–`r— rhi°_u
]¨$[L$\pAp° ≈°X$pe°gu R>°. k©qÛV$_p S>_L$ b∞ p_p dyM°\u k¨Nu[_u D–`r— \B A°hy
152
L$l°hpe R>°. b∞˚p `pk°\u i¨L$f A_° i¨L$f° kfıh[u_° iuMÏey¨. L$]$pQ kfıh[u_°
A°V$gp dpV°$ S> kprl–e A_° k¨Nu[_u Ar^ÛW$p”u ]°$hu dp_hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. kfıh[u
`pk°\u _pf]$, _pf]$ `pk°\u Np¨^hÆ, qL$fi_f, A‡kfpAp° A°d k¨Nu[_p° blp°mp°
‚Qpf - rhL$pk \ep° cf[, _pf]$, l_ydp_, F>qjAp° A°d k¨Nu[ rhL$pkp–dL$ f y
- Ap`Zp¨ k¨Nu[_p dyøe p¨Q fpNp° (1) c•fh (2) d°O (3) tlX$p°g (4) ]$u`L$
A_° (5) Óu A° rih_p ¨QdyM°\u Nhpep rih_u ¨QdyMu L°$ q”d|r[Æ - d|r[Ædp¨ A°
k]$cÆ X$ep° lp°e A°hy dl°kyk \pe R>°. R>Ã$p° fpN "dpgL$k' phÆ[u_p dyM°\u D–`fi_
\ep_u dpfie[p R>°. ]¨$[L$\pAp° A° ]¨$[L$\pAp° S> R>°, `Z A°L$ hp[ [p° _L$L$u S> R>°
MmMm hl°[p¨ TfZp, d°O_p NX$NX$pV$, O|Oh[p kpNfp°, ¨MuAp°_p d yf ›hr_
‚L©$r[dp¨ Aphp k¢L$X$p° [“hp°_° ≈°[p ©’hu_u D–`r— kp\° k¨Nu[ Z D]$πcÏey li°
A°hy L$lu iL$pe. lqfh¨i yfpZdp¨ r_]£$i \e°g (`hÆ : 2, A›epe : 89) R>prgL$e
Npe_dp¨ R> fpN dyøe NZp[p A_° `R>u [°_p `°V$p fpN - fprNZu_y¨ hNwL$fZ
L$fhpdp Aph[y. Ap A° kde° ‚Qrg[ l[y, Z L$p°B L$pfZp°kf [° gy‡[ \ey. "cf[
_pV$eipı”', "b©l]$π]°$iu' A_° "k¨Nu[ - f–_pL$f' dp¨ fk [°dS> _pV$e_p ‚k¨Np°
A_° F>[y ‚dpZ° fpNp° Nphp_y S>Zph°g. fpNp°_° kde ‚dpZ° Nphp_y [p° L$rh gp°Q_°
S>ZpÏey¨. Apd "fpN' A° dyøe R>° A_° "fprNZu' A° [°_p `°V$p fpN R>°, S>°_°
k¨Nu[ipı”dp¨ "cpepÆ' [fuL°$ L°$ " y”p°' [fuL°$ hZÆÏep R>°.
AdyL$ fpNp° q]$hk dpV°$, AdyL$ fpNp° ‚lfp° dpV°$ _L$L$u L$fhp `pR>mdp¨
dp_rkL$ A_° ipfuqfL$ ^d°pÆ_p Ap^pf° ‚h[Æ[u ep°S>_p ≈°hp dm° R>°. "k|e°pÆ]$e"k|e°pÆ]$e"k|e°pÆ]$e"k|e°pÆ]$e"k|e°pÆ]$e
A_° k|epÆı[ hM[° Nphp_p fpNp° k¨r^ ‚L$pi fpNp° [fuL°$ `Z Ap°mMpeA_° k|epÆı[ hM[° Nphp_p fpNp° k¨r^ ‚L$pi fpNp° [fuL°$ `Z Ap°mMpeA_° k|epÆı[ hM[° Nphp_p fpNp° k¨r^ ‚L$pi fpNp° [fuL°$ `Z Ap°mMpeA_° k|epÆı[ hM[° Nphp_p fpNp° k¨r^ ‚L$pi fpNp° [fuL°$ `Z Ap°mMpeA_° k|epÆı[ hM[° Nphp_p fpNp° k¨r^ ‚L$pi fpNp° [fuL°$ `Z Ap°mMpe
R>°. Ap fpNp° kp^pfZ fu[° "qf' A_° L$p°dm "^' g°[p fpNhNÆdp¨ Aph° R>° S>°R>°. Ap fpNp° kp^pfZ fu[° "qf' A_° L$p°dm "^' g°[p fpNhNÆdp¨ Aph° R>° S>°R>°. Ap fpNp° kp^pfZ fu[° "qf' A_° L$p°dm "^' g°[p fpNhNÆdp¨ Aph° R>° S>°R>°. Ap fpNp° kp^pfZ fu[° "qf' A_° L$p°dm "^' g°[p fpNhNÆdp¨ Aph° R>° S>°R>°. Ap fpNp° kp^pfZ fu[° "qf' A_° L$p°dm "^' g°[p fpNhNÆdp¨ Aph° R>° S>°
fpNp°dp¨ "N' A_° L$p°dm "_u' lp°e R>° [° fpNp° d›eplπ_ L°$ d›efpq”A°fpNp°dp¨ "N' A_° L$p°dm "_u' lp°e R>° [° fpNp° d›eplπ_ L°$ d›efpq”A°fpNp°dp¨ "N' A_° L$p°dm "_u' lp°e R>° [° fpNp° d›eplπ_ L°$ d›efpq”A°fpNp°dp¨ "N' A_° L$p°dm "_u' lp°e R>° [° fpNp° d›eplπ_ L°$ d›efpq”A°fpNp°dp¨ "N' A_° L$p°dm "_u' lp°e R>° [° fpNp° d›eplπ_ L°$ d›efpq”A°
Nphp_p¨ lp°e R>° S>° fpNp°dp¨ "fu', "^', "N' A_° [uh∞ "_u' lp°e [° k¨r^‚L$piNphp_p¨ lp°e R>° S>° fpNp°dp¨ "fu', "^', "N' A_° [uh∞ "_u' lp°e [° k¨r^‚L$piNphp_p¨ lp°e R>° S>° fpNp°dp¨ "fu', "^', "N' A_° [uh∞ "_u' lp°e [° k¨r^‚L$piNphp_p¨ lp°e R>° S>° fpNp°dp¨ "fu', "^', "N' A_° [uh∞ "_u' lp°e [° k¨r^‚L$piNphp_p¨ lp°e R>° S>° fpNp°dp¨ "fu', "^', "N' A_° [uh∞ "_u' lp°e [° k¨r^‚L$pi
fpNp° `R>u [f[ S> Nphp_p lp°e R>° hp]$u ıhfdp¨ a°fapf L$fhp\u k¨fpNp° `R>u [f[ S> Nphp_p lp°e R>° hp]$u ıhfdp¨ a°fapf L$fhp\u k¨fpNp° `R>u [f[ S> Nphp_p lp°e R>° hp]$u ıhfdp¨ a°fapf L$fhp\u k¨fpNp° `R>u [f[ S> Nphp_p lp°e R>° hp]$u ıhfdp¨ a°fapf L$fhp\u k¨fpNp° `R>u [f[ S> Nphp_p lp°e R>° hp]$u ıhfdp¨ a°fapf L$fhp\u k¨›››››ep_pep_pep_pep_pep_p
fpN_° kfm[p\u ‚cp[_p fpNdp¨ `gV$u iL$pe R>°.'fpN_° kfm[p\u ‚cp[_p fpNdp¨ `gV$u iL$pe R>°.'fpN_° kfm[p\u ‚cp[_p fpNdp¨ `gV$u iL$pe R>°.'fpN_° kfm[p\u ‚cp[_p fpNdp¨ `gV$u iL$pe R>°.'fpN_° kfm[p\u ‚cp[_p fpNdp¨ `gV$u iL$pe R>°.'30
fpS>°fi÷ ipl_u "fprNZu' kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ L$rh_p S>ZpÏep ‚dpZ°
"fprNZu_p¨ L$f°gp¨ Ap iÂ]$rQ”p°dp¨, fkipı”dp¨ r_q◊ÆÛV$ _peL$ - _preL$p_p"fprNZu_p¨ L$f°gp¨ Ap iÂ]$rQ”p°dp¨, fkipı”dp¨ r_q◊ÆÛV$ _peL$ - _preL$p_p"fprNZu_p¨ L$f°gp¨ Ap iÂ]$rQ”p°dp¨, fkipı”dp¨ r_q◊ÆÛV$ _peL$ - _preL$p_p"fprNZu_p¨ L$f°gp¨ Ap iÂ]$rQ”p°dp¨, fkipı”dp¨ r_q◊ÆÛV$ _peL$ - _preL$p_p"fprNZu_p¨ L$f°gp¨ Ap iÂ]$rQ”p°dp¨, fkipı”dp¨ r_q◊ÆÛV$ _peL$ - _preL$p_p
d_p°cphp°_° _rl `f¨[y, Ap`Zp NplÆı’e ∆h__° S> _S>f kdn fpøey¨ R>°.d_p°cphp°_° _rl `f¨[y, Ap`Zp NplÆı’e ∆h__° S> _S>f kdn fpøey¨ R>°.d_p°cphp°_° _rl `f¨[y, Ap`Zp NplÆı’e ∆h__° S> _S>f kdn fpøey¨ R>°.d_p°cphp°_° _rl `f¨[y, Ap`Zp NplÆı’e ∆h__° S> _S>f kdn fpøey¨ R>°.d_p°cphp°_° _rl `f¨[y, Ap`Zp NplÆı’e ∆h__° S> _S>f kdn fpøey¨ R>°.
A°_p° æ$d A°_p Np_ kde A_ykpf fpMhp e–_ L$e°pÆ R>°. Z S>ep¨ [S>πop°dp¨A°_p° æ$d A°_p Np_ kde A_ykpf fpMhp e–_ L$e°pÆ R>°. Z S>ep¨ [S>πop°dp¨A°_p° æ$d A°_p Np_ kde A_ykpf fpMhp e–_ L$e°pÆ R>°. Z S>ep¨ [S>πop°dp¨A°_p° æ$d A°_p Np_ kde A_ykpf fpMhp e–_ L$e°pÆ R>°. Z S>ep¨ [S>πop°dp¨A°_p° æ$d A°_p Np_ kde A_ykpf fpMhp e–_ L$e°pÆ R>°. Z S>ep¨ [S>πop°dp¨
153
d[c°]$ ‚h[£ R>° –ep¨ ep°¡e gp¡ep° [° kde gu^p° R>°. []$πp_ykpf q]$_fpq”_pd[c°]$ ‚h[£ R>° –ep¨ ep°¡e gp¡ep° [° kde gu^p° R>°. []$πp_ykpf q]$_fpq”_pd[c°]$ ‚h[£ R>° –ep¨ ep°¡e gp¡ep° [° kde gu^p° R>°. []$πp_ykpf q]$_fpq”_pd[c°]$ ‚h[£ R>° –ep¨ ep°¡e gp¡ep° [° kde gu^p° R>°. []$πp_ykpf q]$_fpq”_pd[c°]$ ‚h[£ R>° –ep¨ ep°¡e gp¡ep° [° kde gu^p° R>°. []$πp_ykpf q]$_fpq”_p
Sy>]$p Sy>]$p ‚lfp°dp¨ N©rlZu_y¨ S>° _h - Arc_h ıhSy>]$p Sy>]$p ‚lfp°dp¨ N©rlZu_y¨ S>° _h - Arc_h ıhSy>]$p Sy>]$p ‚lfp°dp¨ N©rlZu_y¨ S>° _h - Arc_h ıhSy>]$p Sy>]$p ‚lfp°dp¨ N©rlZu_y¨ S>° _h - Arc_h ıhSy>]$p Sy>]$p ‚lfp°dp¨ N©rlZu_y¨ S>° _h - Arc_h ıhÍÍÍÍÍ `° ]$iÆ_ \pe R>° A°_y¨`° ]$iÆ_ \pe R>° A°_y¨`° ]$iÆ_ \pe R>° A°_y¨`° ]$iÆ_ \pe R>° A°_y¨`° ]$iÆ_ \pe R>° A°_y¨
Ap L$pÏedp¨ Apg°M_ R>°.'Ap L$pÏedp¨ Apg°M_ R>°.'Ap L$pÏedp¨ Apg°M_ R>°.'Ap L$pÏedp¨ Apg°M_ R>°.'Ap L$pÏedp¨ Apg°M_ R>°.'31
Alv L$rhA° Ly$g ApW$ kp∑_°V$ dZL$p : (1) grg[ (2) [p°X$u (3) ]°$iu
(4) d^ydp^hu (5) Apiphfu (6) L$p°iu (7) kp°rlZu A_° (8) c•fhu S>°hp
fprNZu_p iujÆL$p° kp\°_p d|L$ep¨ R>°. ‚–e°L$ fprNZu dpV°$ A°L$-A°L$ kp∑_°V$ Apg°øey
R>°.
`l°gp kp∑_°V$ "grg[' fprNZu dpV°$ "fpN-f–_pNf' _p° k¨]$cÆ d|L°$ R>°.
"grg[ grg[ k yhfZ hfZ k yhfZ c|jZ hpk,"grg[ grg[ k yhfZ hfZ k yhfZ c|jZ hpk,"grg[ grg[ k yhfZ hfZ k yhfZ c|jZ hpk,"grg[ grg[ k yhfZ hfZ k yhfZ c|jZ hpk,"grg[ grg[ k yhfZ hfZ k yhfZ c|jZ hpk,
d^y ‚cp[ N ©lkp ° r_L $ku \pX $ u ∆e r`e `pk ° !d^ y ‚cp[ N ©lkp ° r_L $ku \pX $ u ∆e r`e `pk ° !d^ y ‚cp[ N ©lkp ° r_L $ku \pX $ u ∆e r`e `pk ° !d^ y ‚cp[ N ©lkp ° r_L $ku \pX $ u ∆e r`e `pk ° !d^ y ‚cp[ N ©lkp ° r_L $ku \pX $ u ∆e r`e `pk ° !
`u[ ] y $L | $g Of° _h Q¨`L$ a }g Nf° rdg° Adhp Aip°L $B`u[ ] y $L | $g Of° _h Q¨`L$ a }g Nf° rdg° Adhp Aip°L $B`u[ ] y $L | $g Of° _h Q¨`L$ a }g Nf° rdg° Adhp Aip°L $B`u[ ] y $L | $g Of° _h Q¨`L$ a }g Nf° rdg° Adhp Aip°L $B`u[ ] y $L | $g Of° _h Q¨`L$ a }g Nf° rdg° Adhp Aip°L $B
kp°_° k° A¨N_u kp°_° L°$ c|jZ° ‚p[hk¨[ r` L$u^yr_^p°L$pB,kp°_° k° A¨N_u kp°_° L°$ c|jZ° ‚p[hk¨[ r` L$u^yr_^p°L$pB,kp°_° k° A¨N_u kp°_° L°$ c|jZ° ‚p[hk¨[ r` L$u^yr_^p°L$pB,kp°_° k° A¨N_u kp°_° L°$ c|jZ° ‚p[hk¨[ r` L$u^yr_^p°L$pB,kp°_° k° A¨N_u kp°_° L°$ c|jZ° ‚p[hk¨[ r` L$u^yr_^p°L$pB,
Ap°Y$u ky^p d^yfp^f dp^hu `pep° ky^p^f R>p¨X$u kyfp°L$B,Ap°Y$u ky^p d^yfp^f dp^hu `pep° ky^p^f R>p¨X$u kyfp°L$B,Ap°Y$u ky^p d^yfp^f dp^hu `pep° ky^p^f R>p¨X$u kyfp°L$B,Ap°Y$u ky^p d^yfp^f dp^hu `pep° ky^p^f R>p¨X$u kyfp°L$B,Ap°Y$u ky^p d^yfp^f dp^hu `pep° ky^p^f R>p¨X$u kyfp°L$B,
Qpl[u le^_u k¨Nd L$p° grg[p N©l[¶ Qgu [plu rhgp° L$B.'Qpl[u le^_u k¨Nd L$p° grg[p N©l[¶ Qgu [plu rhgp° L$B.'Qpl[u le^_u k¨Nd L$p° grg[p N©l[¶ Qgu [plu rhgp° L$B.'Qpl[u le^_u k¨Nd L$p° grg[p N©l[¶ Qgu [plu rhgp° L$B.'Qpl[u le^_u k¨Nd L$p° grg[p N©l[¶ Qgu [plu rhgp° L$B.'32
(fpN f–_pL$f)
fpq”_u ]$u Æ r_÷p bp]$ khpf_u ∞\d ‚lfdp D≈k kp\° "grg[' _p k|f
`Z ]$p°X$u Aph° R>°.
"f° fie, Ap _e_ fie [_° glu_° !'
Apfpd_u `mp° `R>u ≈N©r[_u nZp°dp¨ Q°[_p_p ‚h°i_° Alv iÂ]$ı\
L$fu_° d|L$u R>°. L$rh_u L$gd khpf_p fÁe hp[phfZ_° Apg°M° R>°. b° Q[yÛL$dp¨ Ap
hZÆ_ d|L$u [©[ue Q[yÛL$dp _pfu_y r‚epÍ` d|L°$ R>°, S>° L$pÏe _peL$_p ‚pZ_° ı`]$_
L$fu gebŸ fu[° [pgdp¨ fp°h° R>°.
"[pfp d©Zpgh]$_° T|L$ey ¨ Ïep°d _ug
k¨dp°l_°, grg[ l° ! A_yfpNiug.'
grg[_° "A_yfpNiug' L$lu L$rh i©Npf [fa Nr[ L$fhp dpN° R>° [°hp° r_]£$i
dm° R>°. bu≈ kp∑_°V$ "[p°X$u' fprNZu dpV°$ k¨]$cÆdp¨ ¨qL$[Ap° d|L$u R>°.
154
""L$p]$Ábfu - fk - rh`|qf[ - L$pQ `p”dπ,
rhfieı[ hpdL$f ip°rc[ Qpfy hL$”dπ,
kÏe°_ _peL$ `V$pN∞ ]$ipdπ (!) hlfi[udπ,
[p°X$u k]$p d_rkd° `qfrQfi[ eprd !''33
(Ragas & Raginis, by : O. C. Gangoli)
"A_yfpNiug' L$l°hp pR>m_p° k¨]$cÆ bu≈ kp∑_°V$ "[p°X$u' dp¨ d|L$pep° R>°.
"[pfu, r‚e° ! R>rh d_p°lf, dy¡^ fiepmy'
|hÆ q]$ip Nygpgde \[p¨ frh qL$fZ_p kde° kfp°hf_p S>m qL$_pfp kp\°
M°g° R>° –epf° r‚ep _pfu OX$p kp\° ky¨]$f ip°c° R>°. Ap S> [p° [pfu r‚e R>rb R>° A°d
L$lu _peL$ dy¡^ fu[° r_lpm° R>°. "[p°X$u' _° "ep•h_fÁe [p°X$u' L$l° R>°, [°\u [°_p
cphp°dp¨ eyhp_u_p i©¨Npf_p f¸p R>°. _peL$ _pfu r‚ep S>° eyhp_ R>° [°_p d_p°lf
Í`_° u[p° A[©r‡[ A_ych° R>°. ‚ur[_p cph\u ‚\d kp∑_°V$ kp\° bu≈ kp∑_°V$_°
N|¨’ey¨ R>°. _pfu_p¨ k¨]$c£ dyL$pe°gp k¨bp°^_p°dp¨ _peL$_u ‚ur[_p Dfidp]$L$ ObL$pf
`fMpe R>°. "]°$iu' iujÆL$ kp\°_u fprNZudp¨ k¨]$cÆdp¨ "]°$iu' fprNZu rhi° L$l° R>°.
"DiufpNf r_hpkdπ L y $k yd _p g ¨Q L $fpd π k yNp •fp ¨Nud π,"DiufpNf r_hpkdπ L y $k yd _p g ¨Q L $fpd π k yNp •fp ¨Nud π,"DiufpNf r_hpkdπ L y $k yd _p g ¨Q L $fpd π k yNp •fp ¨Nud π,"DiufpNf r_hpkdπ L y $k yd _p g ¨Q L $fpd π k yNp •fp ¨Nud π,"DiufpNf r_hpkdπ L y $k yd _p g ¨Q L $fpd π k yNp •fp ¨Nud π,
fyrQfpdπ hfph©[pdπ [pdπ ]°$iudπ ¬epeprd eyhr[-L$f-kyk¨Nudπ'fyrQfpdπ hfph©[pdπ [pdπ ]°$iudπ ¬epeprd eyhr[-L$f-kyk¨Nudπ'fyrQfpdπ hfph©[pdπ [pdπ ]°$iudπ ¬epeprd eyhr[-L$f-kyk¨Nudπ'fyrQfpdπ hfph©[pdπ [pdπ ]°$iudπ ¬epeprd eyhr[-L$f-kyk¨Nudπ'fyrQfpdπ hfph©[pdπ [pdπ ]°$iudπ ¬epeprd eyhr[-L$f-kyk¨Nudπ'34
(Ragas & Raginis, by : O. C. Gangoli)
_pfu r‚ep_° _peL$ eyhp_u_p DOpX$_p kde° _ufM° R>° –epf° _pfu r‚ep_y
Í` L°$hy¨ R>° -
"[y Ìepd hZÆ [h A¨kg_p° hk¨[u;
cyg° ◊Np° gL$, iu[g A°hu ApN'
_peL$_° Ìepd hZÆ - Ap¨Mp°_u ]$plL$ iu[g ◊qÛV$ A_° hpk¨[u`fpN
hvV$pmpe hm° [°d [°_p° duW$p° fZL$pf O°fu hm° R>°. Alv ]°$iu fprNZu_° Nphp_p
kde_° A°L$p¨[ `\ A_° `hÆ[p°_p Tfp\u b`p°f_p° kde li° A°hy¨ NrcÆ[ k|Q_
\ey R>° "d ydp^hu' kp∑_°V$ Qp°\p dpV°$ k¨]$cÆdp¨ S>Zph° R>°.
""N©lu[ d^y `p”L$dπ `V$ k_p\ _p\prgL$pdπ
155
S>ep Ly$kyd kdpfyZpe rhdg Qpfy `u[pÁbfp,
q‹[ue L$fiu◊[ (?) ‚L$V$ k¨hfp]$h fpd,
ıdfprd d^ydpg[udπ d_rk d° k]$p dpr__udπ''35
(Ragas & Raginis, by : O. C. Gangoli)
k|eÆ S>fpL$ `qÚd [fa Y$m° –epf° d^ydp^hu fprNZu Nhp[u li°, _peL$
_preL$p_° h©np°_u - hpqV$L$pdp¨ kMuNZ kp\° qL$Îgp°g L$f[u _° R>u dp°f_° lp\dp¨
bu fu QZ Ap`[u, dp°f r_cÆe\u [pfu pk° QZ° R>°. dp\° a}gp°_u hjpÆ \pe R>°
Ap_¨]$\u kcf l•ep_u l°p¨i° M°g[u_° X$pmuA° h°gpdp¨ lvQL$[u r_lpm° R>°. _pfu_p¨
gphŒede Í`dp _peL$ fr[_° _ufM° R>°. kp∑_°V$æ$d pQdp "Apiphfu' fprNZu_p
Nphp_p° kde kp¨S>h°mp_p° li° [° kp∑_°V$_p DOpX$dp¨ dpe R>°. Np°fS>h°mp ©’hu_u
`qd q]$ip S>hg[ b_u R>°. rihpge_u Tpgf hpN° R>°. Mu Ap_q]$[ b_u M°[f°\u
dpmp [fa ≈e R>°. kp¨S>_y¨ fÁe hp[phfZ L$kbu L$gddp¨\u _u[f[y¨ fl° R>° –epf°
_pfu r‚ep Í` L°$hy R>°. Q¨Qm Ap¨Mdp¨ L$pd_p_y Bs‡k[ fdZue ıh‡_ A¨≈e R>°.
"[y¨ bpS>W°$ S>gce°pÆ L$fhp° d|L$u_°,
N|¨\° ‚k|_ S>B b°W$u Nhpn‚pfi['
("fprNZu', Apiphfu)
‚Zep°fidyM _preL$p_y ky]$fÍ` L$rh d|L°$ R>°. R>Ãp$ kp∑_°V$ "L$p°iu' dp¨ L$p°iu_p
Nphp_p° kde A^pfy E[fu Nep R>u li°. [pfp_p [°S> \L$u ©’hu_u k`pV$u kp•Áe
gpN° R>°. d]$-d]$ h_° QQm fu[° [y r_L$V$ Aph° R>°. ‚kfi_ d yf ]$pÁ`–e_° DW$ph[p
L$rh ]¨$`[u_p rdg_h°mp_p cph kyQpfy[p\u Apg°M° R>°. Alv _preL$p |ZÆL$pd_°
d_dp ^fu ‚kfi_ dyM° °[ O|¨OV$ Ofu _peL$_u r_L$V$ Aph° R>°. _pfu r‚ep_p Ap
Í`_p - ı`i£ _peL$_p° \pL$ Npeb \pe A°hp° iu[m fl° R>°. ]$edp¨ k¨ep°N i©Npf
dpV°$ bfi_° Dfidp]$ b_° R>° _° kp∑_°V$æ$d kp[ "kp°rlZu' dp kep°N i©Npf_° Apg°M[p
L$rh "kp°rlZu' fprNZu_p Nphp_p° kde d›efpq”_° kp∑_°V$_p DOpX$dp¨ r_Í ° R>°.
d›efpq”dp kkpf ip[ p°Y$ep° R>° a}g L$p°dg A^L$pf_° Ap°Y$u_° –ep qnr[S>_u X$pm°\u
Q¨÷° ◊qÛV$ dp¨X$u –epf° _pfu r‚ep_° dy¡^[p\u _peL$ Ahgp°L°$ R>°. [°_p rQ—dp¨ _pfu
r‚ep_y ‚ZeQp[yf Í` rTgpe R>°.
156
"[y ¨ A°L$ Tuœ¨ ^fu A¨Qg dyL[ L° $i°,
[pf° `g¨N D`^p_ AY° $gu ıl°S> °,
f °g¨[ Ap÷Æ Df_p° ıhf; krfi_h°i°,
L$p °_y ¨ kyZpe `Ngy ¨ ? Ecfpe l°S> ° !'
("fprNZu', kp°rlZu)
k¨ep°N i©Npf_° kyQpfy fu[° L$rh Apg°M° Ap kp∑_°V$dp¨
"[pfy ¨ ] y $L | $g EX$[y ¨ rk[ L$p •dy]$udp¨,
gphŒe cu[f_y ¨ ]$pMh[y ¨ ggpd;
f° A¨NL¨ $` glu _°” Y$m¨[ ^udp¨,
_° [y ¨ ‚kfi_d_, k¨h©[, `|ZÆL$pd !'
("fprNZu', kp°rlZu)
fpq”_p Qfd kde° c°fhu ˘]$e_p ]$gdp¨ fd° R>°. kp∑_°V$ "c°fhu' dp¨ Ap
kde° _pfu r‚ep_y rihı[p°” r_÷pdp¨ - r[rdf iu[g L¨$]$fpdp¨ kyd¨]$ f°gpe R>° S>°_p
kL¨$` l•ep_p ı ¨]$_\u _peL$_° ≈N©r[_u lhp f° R>°. [pfu A°L$ Alv Sep°r[ S>g[u
fl° R>°, S>°_u ‚ipfi[ ]$ur‡[ Ap¨Mp°dp¨ A¨≈e R>°. A¨ pfp_y AphfZ Ap°kfu S>hp\u
k©qÛV$ Apcp\u DSS>hm rhgnZ Í`° ip°c° R>°, ky¨]$f ‚L©$r[_p° DOpX$ Apg°M° R>°.
Mug°gp¨ L$dm_u Alu¨ Ap kyN¨ ‚kfu flu R>°, S>°_y dp yeÆ A¨N° A¨N_° ‚pZ |f[p°
fl° _° fp°d_p ljÆde L¨$`__p [f¨N° b∞˚de fd iqL$[ ıa}f° R>°.
"[y d©–eyipfi[ ih_° rih iy L$f¨[ !'
‚ı[y[ kp∑_°V$dpmp_p ApW$ fprNZu_p ApW$ kp∑_°V$_° A°L$ k|”[p Í ° fp°h°
R>°. fprNZu_p æ$di: Nphp_p° kde A_° kp\° ]$f°L$ kp∑_°V$_p L°$fi÷dp¨ X°$gu ‚ur[
R>°. khpf_p ‚\d `lp°f\u iÍ \[u fp[_p Qfd tb]y$ ky^u_p kde_° L$rhA°
Apg°øep° R>°. [°_p iÂ]$ rQ”p°dp¨ k¨Nu[_p rQ”p°dp¨ f¨N A_° f°Mp hX°$ ∆h¨[ ≈Z°
◊ÌerQ”p° Ecp L$epÆ R>°. ‚\d kp∑_°V$dp¨ "A_yfpNiug' A°hp grg[\u dy¡^
‚Zer_Í`Z iÍ \pe R>°. q]$hk_p lp°f S>°d S>°d QY$[p¨ ≈e R>° [°d [°d ‚Zedp¨
L¶$L$ rhi°j Dd°fp[y ≈e R>° S>° A¨[_p kp∑_°V$ "c°fhu' dp¨ ip¨[_p ihdp¨ qfZd° R>°.
‚Ze_p Ap rhL$pkp–dL$ Apg°Mdp _preL$p_p rhrcfi_ rQ”p° ]$f°L$ kp∑_°V$dp\u dm°
R>°. r‚ep_p i©NpqfL$ rQ”p° _peL$_u ◊qÛV$\u ≈°hpep R>° [°\u km¨N _pfu r‚ep dpV°$
157
"[y' iÂ]$_y k¨bp° _ \pe R>°. _peL$ L$pÏedp¨ ‚–en D`sı\[ \[p° _\u Z [°_u
r‚ep dpV°$_u "[y¨' _u DqL$[ km¨N Aph° R>°. k¨`fi_ ]$pÁ`–e_p¨ k¨[`ÆL$ rQ”p°dp¨\u
d^yf N©lı\ ∆h_ ‚–en \pe R>°. ‚ur[_u Ad©[ k¨∆h_u iqL$[_p ]$iÆ_ gp^°
R>°.
Alv ApW°$ kp∑_°V$dp¨ hk¨[r[gL$p R>¨]$_y ‚ep°S>_ L$rhA° lp\ eyØ R>°. R>¨]$_p°
ge _pfu_p rhrh^ rQ”p° b_phhpdp¨ D`L$pfL$ f¸p° R>°. [–kdπ iÂ]$_p ‚ep°N_u
A°L$rh^[p ANpD_u dpaL$ Alv Z ◊qÛV$ Np°Qf \pe R>° R>[p [°dp L$rh_u kp^_p_y
]$iÆ_ \pe R>°. km¨N kp∑_°V$ dpmp_p ]$f°L$ kp∑_°V$_p° OpV$ 4+4+4+2 S>°hu
i°L$πsı`efipB ‚L$pf_p° f¸p° R>°. ‚pk `Ÿr[dp¨ ‚\d , q‹[ue, `p¨Q A_° R>Ã$p
kp∑_°V$_p A¨r[d ey¡dL$dp¨ kdp_ ‚pk bpL$u_p Q[yÛL$p°dp¨ ıhf_p° ‚pk [\p kp∑_°V$
”u≈dp¨ abba cddc effe gg Qp°\pdp¨ abab cdcd efef gg S>°hu Ÿr[
fpMu R>° ‚pk kapB |hÆL$ d˛ep _\u –ep¨ ıhf ‚pk Np°W$Ïep R>°. A¨[_p ‚pk ]$f°L$
ey¡dL$dp ≈mÏep R>°. L$rh_u bp_u fÁe kyOX$ ‚L©$r[_p rQ”p° b_phhpdp Mugu R>°.
L$pÏedp¨ D`L$pfL$ Ag¨L$pf Z ApÏep R>° S>°dp¨_p \p°X$p ◊ÛV$p¨[_u Alv _°p¨ d|L$u R>°.
hk¨[r[gL$p_u kyOX$[p ¬ep_plÆ flu R>°.
hZÆkNpB Ag¨L$pf :
"A° Ap`œ¨ rdg_ d¨Ng, dy¡^ ]°$iu !'
"[pfu `g°`g ‚kfi_ h^° r``pkp ;'
"[y ¨ d©–eyipfi[ ih_° rih iy ¨ L$f ¨[ !'
D`dp Ag¨L$pf :
"c|g° ◊Np° `gL$, iu[g A°hu ApN !'
"_° `pi S> °d hvV$mpB hm° `fpN ;'
"g°gu_ k©qÛV$ ◊N_u d__u e A°d !'
k∆hpfp° Z Ag¨L$pf :
"A°_u L$iu ¬hr_[ ≈N∞r[ ! a}g N¨^°'
"`p°Y ° $g hpey Ah [p° glf° fd¨[ !'
158
"fiepmu [_° ]$re[k¨ey[, kp°rlZu l° !'
"Q¨÷° ]$u^y ¨ kyf[ Qy ¨b_ kp°rlZu_° !'
D–‚°np Ag¨L$pf :
"≈Z° kyZpe r‚e_u `Ngu, lk¨['
"gphŒe [pfy ¨ fpN DSS>hg `|ZÆ l°[°.'
A°L$ ‚ep°N_p _prhfieÍ ° ‚ı[y[ kp∑_°V$dpmp ep]$ fl°i°.
q”rd|r[Æ : (kp∑_°V$”eu ; "ip¨[L$p°gplg' - B.k. 1962) :
"fprNZu' r_rd—° N©rlZu_p Sy>]$p - Sy>]$p cph Apg°M_ bp]$ L$rh "q”d|r[Æ'
Í`° _pfu_u Ddf_p rhL$pk_p ”Z [bLL$p_p rQ”p° - L$fiep - dy¡^p - dp[p Í °
A¨qL$[ L$epØ R>°. ‚\d kp∑_°V$dp¨ _pfu_y¨ L$fiepÍ` R>°. S>°dp¨ h∞[p°_° Dd¨Nc°f DS>h[u
Ly$dpqfL$pÍ` ‚–en \pe R>°. L$pÏe _peL$_p rQ—dp¨ L$fiep_y¨ Ap Np•fuÍ` Ap¨Mdp¨
hk° R>°. Alv _peL$_u ‚p•qY$_p ]$iÆ_ \pe R>°. A°S> Np•fu_p Í` fph[u L$fiep Ddf
h^[p eyhp_ b_° R>° _° kp\° kp\° rQ—_p cph Z b]$gpe R>°. [° lh° "dy¡^p' b_°
R>°. –_u_p Í`dp¨ ]$pÁ`–e∆h__p° cpN fS|> L$e°pÆ R>°. dy¡^p –_u r[_p ∆h__°
A_yfpN\u DÎgpkde ∆h_ b_ph° R>°. r[_p khp]$p°dp i©NpqfL$ d yf Q°ÛV$p R>[u
\pe R>°. S>° L$rhA° k¨erd[ Í ° Apg°Mu R>°. ‚kfi_ ]$pÁ`–e ∆h_dp¨ r[-`–_u_p¨
[__p A•L$e kp\° d__y¨ A•L$e Z r_Í`pey¨ R>°. R>u A°L$ A‹•[ k≈Æe R>°. ”u≈
kp∑_°V$dp¨ dp[p_p Í`_° d|L$ey R>°. dp[p_y Ap ıhÍ` ky]$f fu[° Apg°Mpey R>°. _peL$_°
Ap ıhÍ` `Z Ndu ≈e R>°. dp[p - riiy_p rQ”dp¨ hp–kÎe_p° Tfp° hl°[p°
A_ychpe R>°. dp[p_u hp–kÎe kcf Ap ◊qÛV$dp¨ dfih¨[fp°_u ‚cphL$ k©qÛV$_°
L$pÏe_peL$ _ufM° R>°. "dy¡^p' dp¨ r_Ír`[ ‚Ze hpı[rhL$ ^fp`f_p° R>°, [°dp¨
kep°Ni©Npf_y kyQpfy Apg°M_ \ey R>°. Alv Np^ueyNu_ ‚Ze L$rh[p\u Sy>]$p`œ
Aph° R>°.
Alv L$rhA° ‚\d A_° [©[ue kp∑_°V$dp¨ hk¨[r[gL$p R>¨]$_° A_° "dy¡^p'
dp ©’huh©—_p° D`ep°N L$e°pÆ R>°. dy¡^p_p cph Apg°M_dp ©’hu_u R>V$p_p° QdL$pf
]°$Mpep° R>°. dy¡^p_y rQ—lf A_° dp[p_y hp–kÎekcf rQ”dp bp_u_p D—d ]$iÆ_
\pe R>°. ”Z° kp∑_°V$_° i°L$πsı`efipB OpV$_p b_pÏep R>°. ‚pk_p¨ _d|_pÍ` ”uSy>¨
15
kp∑_°V$ R>°. S>°dp¨ abab cdcd eeee ff S>°hu ‚pk d°mhZu L$fu R>°. ApNm_p b°
kp∑_°V$dp¨ cphr_Í`Z° klS> Aph[p ‚pk Np°W$hpep R>°.
‚ı[y[ kp∑_°V$”eudp¨ _pfu_p ”ZÍ`dp¨ Sy>]$p Sy>]$p cphp° r_Í`Z `pÁep¨
R>°. _pfu_u Ddf_p Ap rhL$pkp–dL$ ”Z [bL$L$p æ$di: Np°W$hpe°gp¨ R>°, S>° ”Z°
kp∑_°V$_° A°L$k|q”[ L$f° R>°, [°_° ApNm `pR>m Apıhp]$u iL$p[p _\u. Ddf_p
rhL$pkp–dL$ ”Z [bLL$p kmN A°L$ Apg°M b_ph° R>°, S>° kp∑_°V$”eu_° kp∑_°V$dpmp_y
Ar^L$pfu W$fph° R>°. Alv hpı[rhL$, kpdprS>L$ ∆h__p p¨kp_p° qfQe kp¨ X°$ R>°.
‚ı[y[ dpmp L$p°B rhi°j ∆h_]$iÆ_ fS|> L$f[u _\u.
O_ R>pey¨ _c (kp∑_°V$”eu ; "nZ S>° rQf¨[_' - 1968)
L$rhA° A_°L$ L$pÏep°dp¨ ArcÏeqL$[_° Í`bŸ L$fu_° D—d ‚L©$r—L$pÏep°
Ap‡ep R>°. "h_M¨X$_' dp¨ Ap`Z° ANpD [°_p° `qfQe d°mÏep° Alv "O_ R>pey¨
_c' dp¨ 1. O_ R>pey _c, 2. hjÆZp, 3. DOpX$ Í`° ”Z kp∑_°V$_° A°L$ ]$p°fdp¨
`fp°Ïep R>°. l°gp kp∑_°V$dp ApL$pi_y rQ” Apg°M° R>°. _c L$by[f_p fN S>°hy O_R>pey
R>°. khÆ” ip¨r[ a°gpe R>°. bu≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨ Np°f¨cpe°gp _cdp¨\u "hjÆZp' \pe R>°
Tfdf hjpÆ_° `yÛ`f°œ_u D`dp Ap`u [°_p dphDfdp¨ \[p¨ ‚cph_° r_͇ep° R>°.
Ap¨Mdp¨ rQ” A¨≈e R>° S>g_y¨ ? ¤yr[_y¨ ? kyN¨^_y¨ ? L$rh ≈Z° ıh‡_ug _dœ¨
Q¨Qg gebŸ _©–ehpmy ◊Ìe Tug° R>°. ©’hu fS>fS> gm° R>°, kp\° [°dp¨ Y$byfpe°gy
buS> Z gm° R>° [°dp¨ Q°[_p_u ıa}fZp \pe R>°. ”u≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨ Np°f¨cp R>u_p°
"DOpX$' Aph° R>°. hj°pÆ hfku Nep R>u k|eÆ_p° Tgdg L$p°dm ı`iÆ f[udp¨ ı ¨]$_
S>NpX°$ R>°. L¨$BL$ ‚kfi_ ‚ky‡[ p°[p_y¨ AphfZ lW$phu EW°$ R>°. S>ep¨ l°gp cyMfu
c|rd l[u –ep¨ gugy¨ Opk, h°gp ip°c° R>°. ^bL$[y¨ ∆h_ \pe R>°, ^f[u_y¨. `yÛe_°
EX$[p¨ L$lv [¨rNep[fa k∆hpfp° Z\u b[pÏey R>° lhp_p sıd[_° fd[y dS>°]$pf
L$lu V$lzL$[y¨ b[pÏey¨ R>° L$rh fS>dp¨ hpd__p ”Z X$Ngp¨_p° rhL$pk S|>A° R>°. Alv
L$rhA° hjpÆ_u ‚qæ$ep_° æ$di: Apg°Mu R>°. kp∑_°V$”eu_u Ap ‚qæ$ep A°L$ k|q”[ fu[°
Np°W$h° R>° ‚qæ$epdp rhL$pk_y kp[–e ApÏey R>° [°_u kp\° ArcÏeqL$[ Z A° ‚dpZ°
Aphu R>°. ”Z° kp∑_°V$_p L°$fi÷dp¨ hjpÆF>[y X$u R>°. ErdÆ A_° tQ[__p° _∆hp° ı`iÆ
Alv A_ychpe R>° buS>dp¨ \[p Q°[__p bL$pf_° ky]$f fu[° r_͇ep° R>°. bp_u_u
kyOX$[p k∆hpfp°`Z Ag¨L$pf\u hZÆ_ ‹pfp iÂ]$rQ” D`kphhp_p° L$kb A_°
160
rhep°rN_u R>¨]$_p° ge L$pÏe_° D`L$pfL$ fu[° ‚ep°≈ep¨ R>°. Alv ky¨]$f ‚L©$r[ rQ”
‚p‡[ \pe R>°. kp∑_°V$”eu_p ”Z kp∑_°V$_p kd|l_° ”Z rhL$pkp–dL$ [bL$L$p ‹pfp
d|L$u kp∑_°V$dpmp_y¨ Í` Ap`u iL$pe R>°. [° rkqŸ Alv ≈°hp dm° R>°.
l° L$pd°i ("L$rhgp°L$' ≈fiey.- a°by.- 1988, km¨N A¨L$ : 181, q‹S> A¨L$
: 109)
L$rh_p L$pÏekN∞lp°dp S>° fQ_pAp° kN∞lpe°gu _\u A°hu L°$V$guL$ fQ_pAp°dp
kp∑_°V$ Ny√R>p° A_° kp∑_°V$dpmpAp° `Z R>°. Alv D`eyÆL$[ ]$ipÆh°gp "L$rhgp°L$'
‹•dprkL$_p A¨L$ 181 dp¨ ‚rkŸ \e°g "l° L$pd°i' fQ_pdp¨ p¨Q kp∑_°V$_° A°L$ kp\°
d|L$ep¨ R>°. ‚\d kp∑_°V$dp¨ L$pd_° k¨bp° u c|rdL$p bp¨ ° R>°. L$rh ©’hu f_p ‚L©$r[_p
[“hp°dp¨ EOX$[p a}g, lhp_u gl°fdp¨ a}g_u hl°[u kyN¨ , AZ]$uW$ gp°L$\u N|S>_
L$f[p L°$if - d y_° Q|d[p d^_y S>fu S>hy DÎgrk[ cph\u ip°c[p Apq]$ u`mp_p
`ZÆ ≈Z° _|[_ _|[_ gpN° R>°, b^pdp¨ L$pd_° khÆ” fu[° r_rl[ A_ych° R>°. L$rh_°
S>N[ ≈Z° rhıde kcf gpN° R>°. bu≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨ ‚L©$r[ `f\u dp_h [fa ◊qÛV$
_p¨M° R>°, [°dp¨ Z L$pd]°$h_p° ‚cph r_lpm° R>°. [°\u S> L$rh L$l° R>°,
"[y k¨rh[, [pfp° S> Ap kL$g rhgpk'
[y¨ ˘]$e° ˘]$e° A_yfpN_p Í`° Álp°e°pÆ R>° ! [pfp° L$p°dm ı`iÆ Brfi÷e_° fÁe
gpN° R>°. L$pd]°$h_° b° _°” cu[f_y¨ ”uSy>¨ qL$fZ L$lu [°_u ‚L$jÆ[p A_° ‚dp°]$_p
r_hpfZ_u L$p°B Qphu _\u A°hy k|Q_ L$f° R>°. bu≈ kp∑_°V$_u Ar[d qL$[_u AX$ u
”u≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨ Aphr[Æ[ L$f° R>°. S>°dp¨ L$pd]°$h_u ‚cphL$ iqL$[ [°_u Nr[_°
Ahgp°L$[p L$rh Apg°M° R>°, [y fpæ$du fl°_pf R>p°, [pfy [°S> [_° r_lpm° R>°, S>° ı ¨]$_
dp” \[pdp¨ b∞ de h°N\u A_¨[dp¨ kf° R>°, l° AÍ` [_° r[-`–_u bfi_° N∞l° R>°.
[y¨ [p°ap_ Z R>°, [p° rı\f ]$u` Z R>p°. L$rh L$pd_p b° Í`_° b[ph° R>° Ap fu[° S>°
F>[y k¨]$c£ Z pR>p r_Í`° R>°, L$pd_u rhfp°^u iqL$[ hX°$. hk¨[dp¨ ‚ch L$f_pf
[p° ririfdp A° S> ‚cph pR>p° M¢Q_pf Z A° S> R>°. Aphp rhgnZ ep°N fph[p
L$pd]°$h_p `¨QbpZ_° L$rh c|Îep _\u. S>°dp¨ `Z b° rhfp°^u [“h_y¨ kpeySe R>°.
"h«>$-`⁄' S>°hy L$pd_p ]•$h[Í` iqL$[_° L$rhA° b° fu[° ‚ep°∆ R>°. Qp°\p kp∑_°V$dp¨
[°_p Ly$m_u r`[p_u hp[ Apg°M[p ed_y d°mh°gy hf]$p_, [°_u Ap]$p_ ‚]$p__u
161
fur[ hN°f° Apg°M° R>°. L$rh L$pd]°$h dpV°$ OZp k¨bp°^_p° L$f° R>°. l° flıede [y¨ [p°
ip[ ‚`¨Qdp¨ ‚bm [y¨ S> eoLy¨$X$, [y¨ S> lp°dhp gpeL$ c|L$p°, ÷Ïe, eo÷Ïe R>p°
S>°hy¨ b∞˚p_y¨ A_¨[ b∞˚p¨X$ R>°. A¨r[d kp∑_°V$dp¨ `p•fprZL$ L©$ÛZ_p k¨]$c£ L$l° R>°,
h∞S>c|rddp¨ [_° L$p°_y¨ Apd¨”Z dm°gy¨? [pfp L$ep¨ d¨”_y¨ L$pdZ `fp^u_ L$f° R>° ?
h°œ_p fh° ]|$f_° kpdu‡e_u L$W$p°f L$kp°V$u \pe R>°. X$u Ne°gp Df Arckpf L$fhp_°
QfZ Z Ap[yf b_° R>°. L$]¨$b - _ug - r_Ly$S>dp¨ kp°_g kyN¨ \u Ap√R>pq]$[ b¨
b^p M|gu ≈e R>° `R>u Ap_¨]$ - Ap_¨]$ fl° R>°. Í`° - Í`° [pfu kp\° æ$uX$p L$f° R>°
L$pd°i. |ZÆ hX°$ |ZÆ b_hp_u hp[ L$fu ]•$hu [“h_y dp_hdp kpeyS>e \hp_p cph
d|L$ep R>°. R>°Îgp kp∑_°V$dp¨ L©$ÛZ - Np° uAp°_p fpkæ$uX$p k¨]$c£ L$pd_° hZÆÏep° R>°.
Alv km¨N p¨Q kp∑_°V$ L©$r[_p L°$fi÷dp¨ L$pd[“h X°$gy R>° S>° kNp°”ue fu[°
b^pdp¨ r_Í`pe°gy¨ R>°. L$pd_p ‚cph_p¨ hZÆ_dp¨ bp_u_u ky¨]$f[p ]°$Mpe R>°.
tQ[__u Alv ‚^p_[p lp°hp\u L$pÏe[“h ]$bpey¨ R>°. L$rhA° ‚\ddp¨ L$pd_°
‚L©$r[dp¨, bu≈dp¨ dp_hdp¨, ”u≈dp¨ L$pd_u iqL$[_°, Qp°\pdp¨ L$pd_u S>fidL$\p_°
[°_u Ap]$p_ ‚]$p__u qæ$ep_°, p¨Qdp¨ A¨r[d kp∑_°V$dp¨ L©$ÛZ - Np° uAp°_p k¨]$c£
L$pd_° d|L$ep° R>°. Alv rhL$pkp–dL$ Apg°M L°$ cph_p rhrh^ `gV$pAp° _\u hmu
kp∑_°V$_° ApNm-`pR>m Apıhp]$u iL$p[p lp°e L$p°B rhriÛV$ Apg°M b_[p° _\u.
[°\u L©$r[ kp∑_°V$ Ny√R> b_° R>°. kp∑_°V$dpmp [p° _rl S>.
ApfŒeL$ : ("L$rhgp°L$', dpQÆ -A°r‚g : B.k. 1990, km¨N A¨L$ : 194,
q‹S> A¨L$ : 122)
‚ı[y[ L©$r[dp¨ h_hpku ∆h_ ∆h[p _peL$ - _preL$p_y¨ A°L$pL$u ∆h_
r_Ír`[ L$eyØ R>°. ‚ı[y[ L©$r[dp¨ p¨Q fQ_pAp° R>°, S>°dp¨ Qpf kp∑_°V$ L©$r[ R>° A_° A°L$
fQ_pdp¨ bpf ¨qL$[ lp°hp\u kp∑_°V$ L©$r[ b_[u _\u. [°\u A”° Ap L©$r[_u kdunp
_ L$f[p [°_° bpSy> f d|L$u R>°.
ku[p : (ÏeL$[ - Ïer\[ - kdprl[),
("L$rhgp°L$' dpQÆ -A°r‚g : 1995, km¨N A¨L$ : 224, hjÆ : 38)
"rQ”Zp' L$pÏek¨N∞ldp¨ ku[p_u dprdÆL$ R>rb k¨]$c£ fpdpeZ rQ”p¨L$_
L$f°gy¨ Alv L$rhA° kp∑_°V$dpmp_y¨ iujÆL$ "ku[p' S> fpøey¨ R>°. L$rhA° ku[pQqf”_p
162
Mpk L$fu_° ku[p –epN_p ‚k¨N_° gu^p° R>°. `Z ku[p_p ıdfZdp¨ c|[L$pm_p
‚k¨Np° d|L$pep R>°, [°\u pR>p Ng° A[u[ [fa Nr[ \B R>°. Ap hı[y_° r_Í`hp
L$rhA° `p¨Q kp∑_°V$ : (1) h_dp¨ A°L$pqL$_u (2) ıd©r[ - 1 (3) ıd©r[ - 2 (4)
rQfi[_ A_° (5) kdprl[_° A°L$ kp\° N|¨’ep R>°.
ku[p_p dp_k_p cphÍ`° `p¨Q° kp∑_°V$ Apg°Mpep¨ R>°, [°\u ku[p_u
DqL$[Í ° fS|> \ep R>°. kp∑_°V$dpmp_p° DOpX$ –eL$[p ku[p_u sı\r[\u \ep° R>°. ‚\d
kp∑_°V$dp ku[p "h_dp A°L$pqL$_u' R>°. Ap qfsı\r[ p°[p_° ip dpV°$ ? A°hp kie_p
D—f_° ip°^[u ku[p_° b[phu [°_p dp_k_u sı\r[ L°$hu R>° [° L$rhA° Ahgp°L$ey¨
R>°. ku[p-fpd ‚–e°_p ‚–e°L$ Ïehlpf_° afu [`pk° R>° _° qf[p` A_ych° R>°.
"Aef-L$qW$_ L°$d Apd Df, ApeÆ Aphy [h ?'
"L$˛ep hNf A°d_y ]$e, ]|$chu gpNZu ?'
kNcpÆ A°hu ku[p fpd_u AkNr[dp fpd_p° Acph A_ych° R>°. lh° Ap_u
L$ fu uX$p _° Ïe\p kl_ L$fhp_u ku[p_u Ap qfsı\r[dp rQ—_u sı\r[ X$pdpX$p°m
R>°. d_p°cphp°dp¨ ku[p_p¨ ]y$:M_p° qf[p` DN∞ Z° DW°$ R>°. bu≈ kp∑_°V$ "ıd©r[ -
1' dp¨ `qf[p`_u ‚L$jÆ[p OV°$ R>°. rQ— lh° L¨$BL$ rhQpfu iL°$ A°hy¨ bfiey¨ R>°. [°\u
ıd©r[Í`° c|[L$pm_° a¨ap°k° R>° p°[p_p ‚–e°L$ Ïehlpf_° A°L$ Îg° d|L$u kpd° Îg°
fpd_p Ïehlpf_° Ahgp°L°$ R>°.
""AeıL$qW$_ iy¨ _ lz¨ S> l[u ! b¨^y kp•rd”_°
A^uf ˘]$e° A_peÆ fdZu kdp Ál¢ e]$p
L$¸p¨ hQ_ ]$p°¸gp¨, [h cZ°g Ap]°$i_°,
Af° AhNZu ? L$iu Qrg[ Álpfu ÓŸp []$p !''
Alv ıd©r[dp p°[p_p Ïehlpfdp p°[° Z Aphu L$W$p°f b_°gu [°_p ‚kNp°
ep]$ L$f° R>°. S>°dp¨ [° gˇdZ_° AkÊe hQ_ L$¸p¨. fpd_p Ap]°$i_° AhNZu_°
Alv kyhZÆd©N_p fpdpeZ_p ‚kN_° d|L$ep° R>°. kp∑_°V$dp R>u kyhZÆd©N_y ‚gp°c_,
fphZ ‹pfp ku[p_y lfZ, h√Q° S>V$peyA° L$f°gp° fphZ_p° ‚r[L$pf A_° R>u p°[p_u
L°$]$u qfsı\r[ d|L$u ku[p_p d_p°cphdp¨ Ïe\p_p cph d|L$ep R>°. Alv ]y$:M_° Z
d|L$ey¨ R>°. `R>u_p kp∑_°V$ "ıd©r[ - 2' dp¨ ku[p_° Ïer\[ b[phu R>°. Alv g¨L$pdp¨
`p°[p_u L°$hu `qfsı\q[ l[u [° hpNp°mu, [°_p ]y$:M]$peL$ q]$hkp°_° ku[p ep]$ L$f°
163
R>°. Ïe\pkcf ku[p_u dy÷p Alv r_Í`pB R>°. kp∑_°V$dp¨ A¨[° g¨L$pdp¨\u Aep°›ep
[fa_p ‚ı\p_ h°mp_p ‚k¨N_p ‚kfi_cph Z ApÏep R>°. Qp°\p kp∑_°V$dp¨ ku[p
d¨\_ L$f° R>° _° [°dp¨ "tQ[_' _p k|f dm° R>°, [°dp fpdfpS>e_u hp[ Apg°MpB R>°.
‚≈ dpV°$ [–`f fl°[p fpd iug dpV°$ gp°L$p°_p d¨[Ïep°_° ApNm L$fu ku[p_° –epN° R>°
Ap k¨]$c£ d|L$pey¨ R>°. fpdfpS>edp¨ fpd_p L$pe°pÆdp¨ tQ[__u ApR>°fu k°f E`ku R>°.
`pQdp kp∑_°V$ "kdprl[' dp ku[p_p d_p°cph gV$pe R>°. l°gp kp∑_°V$dp rQ—dp
\[p° D—p` Alv id° R>° [° L¨$BL$ kdp^p_ ip° ° R>°. h_dp¨ [° A°L$pqL$_u _\u, L$pfZ
[`p°h_dp¨ [°_p D]$fdp¨ ER>f[p° NcÆ Z kp\° R>°. Aph°ip° ip¨[ b_[p ku[p_u
Ïe\p ]|$f \pe R>°. ku[p lh° bpmL$_p DR>°f dpV°$ [–`f b_° R>°, Ap sı\r[ h√Q°e
fpd_° L$]$u rhkf[u _\u. A°L$pN∞ b_[u ku[p Ap–dpdp¨\u _hu iqL$[ d°mh° R>°.
"–ld° _c - rhipm, rh [h A¨L$dp¨ M°g[y¨,
lz¨ hpd [h A¨N A° S> f¸y¨ R>° dlv Mug[y¨'
("ku[p', kdprl[)
fpd_p ]•$hu ıhÍ`_° ApNm L$fu ku[p hpdZu R>°, Z fpd_y¨ S> A¨N R>°,
S>° fpd kp\° k]$p Mug[y f y R>°. fpddp ku[p kdprhÛV$ \pe R>° A°hp cphpg°M_\u
dpmp `|ZÆ L$fu R>°. q]$Ïe [“hdp¨ A¨[° kdphp_u hp[ L$fu R>°. ‚ı[y[ kp∑_°V$dpmp
fpdpeZ_p ‚kNp°_° Apg°M[u lp°B ]$f°L$ kp∑_°V$ [°_u d|m OV$_p_p æ$d kp\° kykN[
R>°. h√Q°_p "ıd©r—-1', "ıd©r—-2' dp¨ h[Ædp_dp¨\u A[u[ [fa_y r_Í`Z A_°
–ep¨\u afu h[Ædp_ [faA° ‚L$pf_y¨ r_Í`Z \ey¨ R>°. ]$f°L$ kp∑_°V$ ku[p Qqf”_°
gˇedp fpMu gMpey R>°. Alv ku[p_p dp_k_p Aph°ip°dp QY$ph-D[pf \[p rhrh^
cphdy÷p dm° R>°. R>°Îgp kp∑_°V$dp¨ h_dp¨ lh° [° A°L$pqL$_u _\u A°hy kdp^p_ d°mh°
R>°, S>° `gV$pÍ`° NZu iL$pe. kdN∞ fQ_pdp¨ cph_u ‚L$jÆ[p\u cph_p id–h
ky u_p° Apg°M dm° R>°. S>° kp∑_°V$_° A°L$ kmN k|q”[ L$f° R>° _° A° kp∑_°V$dpmp b_ph°
R>°.
L$rh_u bp_u ku[p_p d_p°cph_° Ïe¨rS>[ L$f° A° ‚L$pf_u flu R>°. `©’hu
R>¨]$_u rhrh^ R>V$pAp° ‹pfp qf[p`_° DW$ph[p ip¨[_p idcph_u kfm Nr[ ge
Qpgdp¨ `©’hu_° ‚ep°∆_° rkŸ L$eyØ R>°. bp_u_° AkfL$pfL$ b_phhp Ag¨L$pf_p°
e\p°rQ[ D`ep°N L$e°pÆ R>°.
164
hZpÆ_y‚pk Ag¨L$pf :
"AeıL$qW$_ L°$d Apd Df ApeÆ, Aphy¨ [h ?'
"rhd|Y$dr[ [°e lz¨ rhkfu, huf_p° h•ch'
"Akph^ Ar[æ$dhu ]$u^ [° ApZ_°'
D`dp Ag¨L$pf :
"A^uf ˘]$e° A_peÆ fdZu kdp Ál° e]$p,'
"L$¸p¨ hQ_ ]$p°¸gp¨, [h cZ°g Ap]°$i_°.'
"Ag¨L©$[ ıdip_Q•–e kd A° ]$i N∞uh_p.'
"‚≈ ıhS>_iu A[yÛV$ _h L$p°B L$ep¨e° fl°.'
"kfp°S> kd Mughy¨ `∞Mf k|eÆ_p Ap[`°.'
k∆hpfp° Z Ag¨L$pf :
"Aip°L$h_ dyL$[ _°”S>g p]$`⁄° [h.'
Ïer[f°L$ Ag¨L$pf :
"kyL$p°dg ‚k|fi_\ue h y S>° Df° dp]Æ$h.'
L$rh_p° ANpD i°L$πsı`efipB OpV$ [fa_p° n`p[ l[p° [° Alv [|V$ep° R>°.
Alv ‚\d, bu≈, ”u≈ A_° pQdp kp∑_°V$dp 6+6+2 A_° Qp°\p kp∑_°V$dp 12+2
S>°hp OpV$dp¨ Apg°øep¨ R>°. ‚pk bpb[° L$rhA° ‚\d kp∑_°V$dp¨ abbacc, deedff,gg bu≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨ ababcc, dedeff, gg, ”u≈dp¨ abbacc, deedff,gg, Qp°\pdp¨ afu ababcc, dedeff, gg S>°hu ‚pk`Ÿr[ fpMu R>° ‚pk klS>
fu[° ApÏep [° fu[° Np°W$Ïep R>°. L$ep¨L$ ıhf‚pk Np°W$Ïep R>°. iyŸ ‚pk d°mhZu_p
_d|_pÍ` kp∑_°V$ - 2 R>°.
bpmgugp - 1 ("L$rhgp°L$' : k‡V°$.-Ap°L$V$p°. : B.k. 1995, km¨N A¨L$ :
227, hjÆ : 38)
("S>mæ$uX$p' - "h_cp°S>_' - "L$prged]Æ$_')
‚ı[y[ "bpmgugp-1' r_rd—° L©$ÛZ_u bpmgugpAp° Apg°Mu R>°.
165
`p•fprZL$ hı[y_° kp∑_°V$dpmp_p rhjedp¨ Mpk L$fu_° NyS>fp[u kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨
d|L$hp_p fpS>°fi÷ ipl_p ‚ep°Np° ‚\dhpf_p R>°. Alv Ly$g Qp•]$ kp∑_°V$ A°L$ kp\°
d|L$ep R>°. S>°dp¨ S>mæ$uX$p, h_cp°S>_ A_° L$prged]Æ$_ S>°hp ‚k¨Np°_° L°$fi÷dp¨ d|L$ep
R>°. kp∑_°V$dpmp_p DOpX$Í` ‚\d kp∑_°V$dp¨ Np° u_u DqL$[ ‹pfp k|Qhpey R>°, S>°dp¨
L©$ÛZA° Np°`u_p b° Ahmp bp°gpe°gp bp°g NZL$pfhp _rl _° [°_u pR>m pR>m
Aphhy¨ _rl. L$pfZ `pZu cf°gu NpNf_° ap°X$hp_u R>°X$R>pX$ fp°S>_u L°$d kl°hu ?
Np°`u L$b|g° R>° L°$ S>° Ïlpg [_° L$eyØ [°_p am_° Ad° cp°NhuA° R>uA°. Alv L©$ÛZ
‚–e°_u Np° u_u ApkqL$[ ‚NV$u R>°. bu≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨ ‚h°i L$fph[p kp\° Np°Ly$m_p
Of_p° øepg dm° R>°. OfAp¨NZp_y¨ hp[phfZ rQq”[ L$eyØ R>°. bpmL©$ÛZ [\p
Np° bpm_° [pSy>¨ hgp°°Z° E[f°gy dpMZ ggQph° R>°. Ap dpMZ_u hp[ Np° uAp°
–ep¨ S>B L$f° R>°, `R>u b^u Np°`bpgp L¨$BL$ _hy¨ L$f[|[ L$fhp_p° d_kybp° OX°$ R>°.
"Np° L$fiep rhdiÆ - f' dp Ap L$f[|[ dpV°$_u [L$ dm° R>° _° Np° bpgpAp° Np° bpm_p
L$`X$p¨ k¨[pX$u_° [L$ TX$`° R>°. Qp°\y¨ kp∑_°V$ "hı”ip°^' Í`° Aph° R>° A_° p¨Qdpdp¨
"Ap ]y$ÛV$L©$r[...... ' L$p°Z° L$fu R>° A°hp [LÆ$ gX$ph[p Np° bpm_p d_p°cph Apg°Mpep
R>°. L$pfZ L°$ Ap L$f[|[ L©$ÛZ_y R>° L°$ Np° bpgpAp°_y ? L©$ÛZ Apdp b√ep° L°$d ? [°_p°
S>hpb kp∑_°V$ R>Ã$pdp¨ "L$p' _ L$l° (1) dp¨ d|L$pep° R>°. L©$ÛZ b^y¨ cygu c|M_y¨ L¨$BL$
L$fp° c|M gpNu R>° L$lu, bu≈ dpN£ QX$ph° R>° _° Appk_ Z Ap ° R>°. Ap qW$W$p°fu_p°
b]$gp° p°[° bfpbf_p° g°i°. kp[dy kp∑_°V$ Z "L$p' _ L$l° (2) Í ° d|L$pey R>°, S>°dp¨
Np°`bpgp S>dpX$hp Aph° –epf° iy¨ L$fhy¨ [°_p° ANpD\u Apep°S>_ L$f° R>°. L$pfZ
Np°`bpgp ]°$Mph° S>°V$gu kfm R>° A°V$gu cp°mu _\u. dp°_ pfZ L$fhp_y¨ L$lu h^y
‚e–_p° L$f° [p° ApX$p lp\ fhp Z S>dhy [p° _lv. A°hy _L$L$u \pe R>° _° qfZpd°
kp∑_°V$ ApW$dp¨ "hp¡eyŸ' iÍ \pe R>°, S>°dp¨ L$rhA° bpgp - 1, bpgp - 2, bpgp -3
A_° L$p' _ A°d Qpf ÏeqL$[_u DqL$[ d|L$u R>°. L$rhA° ]$f°L$ Q[yÛL$ bpgp_u DqL[Í °
A_° ey¡dL$ L$p__u DqL[Í`° d|L$ey¨ R>° `Z Q[yÛL$ `l°gp bpgp - 1, bpgp - 2,
bpgp -3 A°hp DÎg°M kp∑_°V$_u ¨qL$[dp¨ OV$phu iL$pe [° fu[° Aph° R>°, S>° kp∑_°V$_u
‚\d riı[_u Qp•]$ qL$[_° [p°X°$ R>° [°\u L$rhA° kp∑_°V$_p iujÆL$ _uQ° L$p¶kdp k|Q_p
Í ° d|L$hp rl[phl R>°. ”Z Np° L$fiep_u DqL$[dp¨ rQ—_p AgN-AgN Aph°ip° _°
cph d|L$pep R>°. l°gudp¨ -
"f° ]y$ÛV$ l°[ \L$u S>° MhX$ph_pf, –l°_° S> [y¨ iy_u dpaL$ ]$fi[ cuX°$ ?'
166
Alv [pfu dp _\u [° [pfp Sy>gd kl_ L$f°. bu∆ L$l° R>° -
"S>ep¨ c|M, fp°j Z –ep¨ L$Vy$ X¨$M - T°f ! [° L$pY$hy¨ S>ed L$]$u hmN°g c|[.'
”u∆ L¶$L$ gX$u g°hp_p d_p°cph\u L$l° R>° -
"kfi[©ÛV$ lp° kbg, kÁdyM Aphu ≈e,
R>p°fu Apluf - _y ¨ g° Apd ≈°B `pZu.'
A¨[_p ey¡dL$dp¨ L$p' _ fp^p_° k¨bp° ° R>°.
"–lpf° dyM° L$hg lz ¨ ]$D¨ ? bp°g fp^p !
Ap' hu _L$pdu gBA° _rl L$p °B bp^p'
_hdp kp∑_°V$dp¨ b^p¨_p° qf[p` id°$ R>°. kp\° fdu_° kp¨S>° Ap_¨]$ kp\° Of°
`pR>p afhp_y¨ _L$L$u \pe R>°. Alv b`p°f_y¨ hp[phfZ L$rhA° bfpbf_y¨ S>dpÏey¨ R>°
Npe `Nhpmu b°W$u R>°, A^Æ t_q÷[ Ap¨Mp° DOpX$ - dvQ L$f° R>°. L©$ÛZ fp^p_p
Qp°V$gp_p hMpZ L$f° R>°. i©¨Npffk r_Í`[y¨ Ap kp∑_°V$ |ZÆ \pe R>°. ]$kdp kp∑_°V$
"f°, A°d L°$d S>BA°......' dp¨ dp¨NZu d|L$[u Np° bpmp_p cph d|L$pep R>° _° L©$ÛZ
[° dpNZu Ap`hp_y L$byg° R>°. Ap_p A_yk^p_dp "N°X$u-]$X°$ fd[' _u qæ$ep Apg°M[y¨
ArNepfdy kp∑_°V$ d|L$pey R>°. bpfdp kp∑_°V$dp¨ L$prg_pN _p\hp Ofpdp¨ X$[p L©$ÛZ,
[°fdp kp∑_°V$dp¨ L$prged]Æ$_ L$fu dp°[uAp° gB_° L©$ÛZ Aph° R>°. _pN_u L$X$dp¨\u
h∞S>_u fp dyL$[ b_° R>° "_° Ap`Zu fdZ - c|rd - _]$u rhjpL$[' b^p L$p'__u
A`fprS>[p iqL$[_° ıhuL$pf° R>°. b^p dNm Nu[ Np[p Ap_r]$[ R>°. A[_p Qp•]$dp
kp∑_°V$ "ı[yr[' dp¨ L©$ÛZ_p ]•$huıhÍ`_u kp• ı[yr[ L$f° R>°.
"A¨N|W$ Qyd[g bpgL$ip d[ugp
–lpfu r_f¨[f_u lp ° Adk¨N gugp.'
Ap kp\° kp∑_°V$dpmp |ZÆ L$fu R>°.
‚ı[y[ kp∑_°V$dpmp_p kp∑_°V$ æ$dbŸ fu[° N¨|\pep R>°, Z cphpg°M_dp¨
kp∑_°V$dpmp rhi°j l•e° hk° [°hu _\u. øep[hı[y\u kp• op[ lp°hp_y¨ L$pfZ `Z
[°dp¨ fl°gy¨ R>°. kp∑_°V$dp¨ cphr_Í`Z kfm d¨\fNr[A° \[y¨ lp°e kp∑_°V$_u
Qd–L©$r[_p° k]¨$[f gp°` S>Zpe R>°. cph_° Qp°]$ `¨qL$[dp¨ æ$di: DW$phu ey¡dL$dp¨
167
dp°≈_u R>X$pV$ kp\° rhfdhp_p S>° gnZ kp∑_°V$ dpV°$ A`°qn[ R>°, [° gp¨bu ]$u^Æ
L©$r[_° rhL$kphhp S>[p¨ ApÏep _\u. L$p°BL$ kp∑_°V$dp¨ cp¡e° S> A° rkŸ \ey¨ R>°.
"rhÓp¨r[' kp∑_°V$dp¨ L$pÏebp_u_p QdL$pfp ≈°hp dm° R>°. Alv bpmgugp r_rd—°
L$rhA° fdr[epm i•guA° cph Apg°øep R>°, [°fdp¨ kp∑_°V$dp¨ L©$ÛZ_u A`fprS>[p
iqL$[ ApNm b^p T|L°$ R>°, –ep¨ hmp¨L$_p° ApR>°fp° ı`iÆ d˛ep° R>°. A°L¨$]$f° ı\|m
cph\u k|ˇdcph_u l°Qp_ ky^u L$rh_y¨ Apg°M_ f¸y¨ R>°. km¨N Qp•]°$ kp∑_°V$dp¨
hk¨[r[gL$p R>¨]$ A_° M¨X$rhcpS>__u 4+4+4+2 S>°hu i°L$πsı`efipB `Ÿr[
‚ep°∆ R>°. L$rhA° hZpÆ_y‚pk, D`dp Ag¨L$pf_° klS> N|’ep R>°.
hZpÆ_y‚pk Ag¨L$pf :
"L° $ L ¶ $L$ buSy> ¨ L$fuA° L$f[|[ A°' hy ¨'
"k¨[©‡[ lp° kbg, kÁdyM Aphu ≈e,'
"g°hpe hpey - glfu kl gp°g Tp°gp¨'
"L$pmu –dlpfu L$bfu Ly $kyd° cfu lp °'
"MuÎep¨ L$]$Áb, –ed Ly$fi]$ hmu L$f°Z,'
D`dp Ag¨L$pf :
"Aplu lh° [fy_u L$pe kdp_ R>pep'
"–l°_° S> [y ¨ `iy_u dpaL$ ]$fi[ cuX° $ ?'
"R> ° L$pe L| $Zu _h_u[ kdu [\pr`'
D–‚°np Ag¨L$pf :
"[° S>° –elv qL$fZ Apluf bpg ≈Z°'
bpmgugp - 2 ("L$rhgp°L$' : ≈fiey.-a°b∞y. : B.k. 1996, km¨N A¨L$ :
229, hjÆ : 39)
("h°œNu[' - "h∞[`hÆ' - "QuflfZ' - "fpkgugp')
‚ı[y[ "bpmgugp-1' A_yk¨ p_° L$rhA° "bpmgugp-2' iujÆL$ kp\°_u
Qp•]$ kp∑_°V$_u bu∆ kp∑_°V$dpmp Apg°Mu R>°. L$rh_p° Ap›eps–dL$[p [fa_p Tp°L$_p°
kl°S> AZkpf dm° R>°. Alv kp∑_°V$dpmp_u c|rdL$pÍ` "‚\d hjpÆ' kp∑_°V$dp hjpÆ_p
hp[phfZ_° A¨qL$[ L$eyØ R>°.
168
"Ap¨Mp° cfpe, L$iy ¨e° _ S>Zpe; h°N°
c|fp ÆV$[p qfjc iu `h_° QX$phu
Ap¨^u ; –hfp\u `Z `pR>m Aphu d°O°
A°' _u - [©jp[Æ_u - S>g° OM_p idphu'
("bpmgugp - 2', ‚\d hjpÆ)
hjpÆ\u [©jpÆ[ c|rd_° |ZÆ k[p°j dm[p ‚kfi_ Í` f° R>°. L$rh hjpÆF>[y_°
bu≈ kp∑_°V$ ky^u g¨bpR>° R>°. edy_p_° ıh•frhlpfu _V$MV$ Np°`h^| kfMu D`dp
Ap`u L$rh [°_p Nr[ - Op°f - Np__° r_Í ° R>°. f[u _hy Í` f° R>°. hjpÆ OX$uL$ hfk°
R>°, [p° OX$uL$ AV$L°$ R>°, Apd Np° bpg_° ≈Z° k[phu flu R>°. ”u≈ kp∑_°V$dp "ipf]$-
kp¶]$eÆ' r_Í`pe R>°. if]$F>[y_u Akf L°$hu R>° [° Ap kp∑_°V$dp¨ d|[Æ L$eyØ R>°. fr[O°gp¨
`nuAp°, cdfp_p N|S>_, L$md_u kyN^cepÆ kduf, ıh√R> Apc_° k|eÆL$fiep S>°hu
`pZu _u[e£ uf°\u hl°[u _]$u. F>[y_p cepÆ-cepÆ hZÆ_dp¨ L$rh–hiqL$[ Mugu
R>°. l•e° Dd¨N cfu ]°$[u bfi_° F>[yAp° Np° bpm A_° L$lp__p Dfdp¨ Z Dd¨N |f°
R>°. L$rhA° F>[yQæ$_p A_yk^p_° if]$F>[y_y Apg°M_ L$fu b° kp∑_°V$_° æ$di: N|’ep
R>°. "h°œ-hp]$_' dp r_≈_]$dp dı[ Np° bpg_° d|L$ep R>°. R>° _uf_u gl_ - L$p°dm
cp_y Ïep°d°;
æ$uX$p L$f° X$bL$ - ]$ph_u Np°`bpg_u t^Npdı[u A_° bpmL©$ÛZ h°œ¨
hp]$_dp¨ ‚h©— \pe R>°, [°_p h°œ¨ hp]$_\u -
"_p L$p °B R> ° Qrg[, [fide c|[-[“h,
A°' hy ¨ flıede L¶ $L$ \[y ¨ rh^p_'
Ap _p]$_u Akf R>°L$ Np°Ly$m_p Ofdp¨ fl°gu Np°`u_p Df ky^u `l°p¨Q° R>°
`R>u A_yk^p_dp "h°œ Nu[ - [_ph' A°hy kp∑_°V$ Aph° R>°. Np° u_° gpN° R>° L°$ ≈Z°
d^yf L$ZÆ Ny¨S>° r_d¨”Z d˛ey¨ R>°, S>°\u lh° ]|$f flu iL$pe _rl. `Z rQ— q‹^p
A_ych° R>°, L$pfZ Jbf_u ApX$i _X°$ R>° A°L$ bpSy> L$[ÆÏe `pg_ R>°, bu∆ bpSy>
‚pZ-L$jÆZ A`pf R>°. Np° u_u rhhisı\r[ R>u_p Q[yÛL$dp¨ d|L$pe°gu R>°. kp∑_°V$
R>Ãz¨$ "h°œNu[ kpaÎe _°”_y¨' Í`° Apg°øey¨ R>°. S>°dp¨ L©$ÛZ_u q]$_QepÆ, [°_p¨
Í`hZÆ_, [°_u Ap¨M_u R>V$pAp°, Ap¨M_p rhrh^ dfp°X$p°-Ap b^p_y¨ Ar_d°j
_e_`p_ L$f[u Np°`ucph A_ych° R>° L°$ "kpaÎe iy¨ Ar^L$ _°”_y¨ lp°e Ap\u ?'
169
kp[dp kp∑_°V$ "h°œ Nu[ - Óyr[ ky p' Np° u_u Afk-`fk_u DqL$[\u DOX°$ R>°.
"A° fu kMu Óyr[ ky^p hfkfi[ h°œ¨
Tugfi[ Qp[L$ kdp_ [©jp[Æ L$ZÆ;'
Np° uAp° Óyr[_p Ad©[_y ApL¨$W$ p_ L$fhp ‚kL$[ R>°. b y S> ≈Z° sı\f
\pe R>°. Np°`, `nuAp°, TpX$, _]$u, `h_ A°L$ dp” d^yfpN_u Qfd ip¨r[ kdu
N¨cuf ^|r_-fpN –ep¨ ‚h©— R>°. kp∑_°V$æ$d `p¨Q-R>-kp[ ”Z° kp∑_°V$ Np°`u_p
dy¡^cph Apg°M[p f¸p¨ R>°. ApW$dy¨ kp∑_°V$ "h∞[`hÆ' iujÆL$Í`° ApÏey¨ R>°. Alv
F>[yQæ$_p° æ$d afu\u k¨ep°rS>[ \ep° R>°. "h∞[-`hÆ' dp¨ DOpX$dp¨ S> A° r_Ír`[ \ey
R>°.
"l°dfi[_° riqif_p° rld-`iÆ L$Á`:
L$p–epe_u h∞[_y ¨ `hÆ L y $dpqfL$p_y ¨.'
∆h_dp¨ h∞[ [l°hpf_u DS>hZu kp∑_°V$dp¨ Aphu lp°hp\u kpdprS>L$ k¨]$cÆ
Alv\u dm° R>°. Ly$dpqfL$p_° d_Nd[p° `r[ dm° A°hu Arcgpjp Ap h∞[ `pR>m
fl°gu R>°. [°_p A_yk¨^p_° Np°`[_ep edy_p_p _hpZ° ı_p_p\£ `|≈-A›eÆ ]°$hp
≈e R>° _° h∞[_p cpN Í ° A`phfZ ı_p_ L$f[u Np° bpgp_p "QuflfZ' \pe R>°
kp∑_°V$ _hdpdp DŸ[ Np° -Ly$dpqfL$pAp° S>gdp dı[ æ$uX$p L$f[u Apg°M° R>°. _° ApS>°
ANpD_p L$f[|[_p b]$gp Í`° ‚r[ip°^ dpV°$_u [L$ L©$ÛZ TX$`° R>°. "L$p' _° L$¸y¨ :
"kL$m_p° lfy¨ NhÆ ApS> !' ]$kdy¨ kp∑_°V$ A_yk¨^p_p–dL$ "A_y_e' Í`° Aph° R>°.
Np° bpgpAp°_u rh_hZu Í ° S>°dp L©$ÛZ_p kbp° _p° Í ° [°_u ‚isı[ d|L$u R>°. "R>°
Ïlpg L$u^ bk [°\u S> Ap aS>°[p ?' ArNepfdy kp∑_°V$ "[©qÛV$' dp¨ L©$ÛZ bfpbf_p°
S>hpb Ap ° R>°. "lp¨ku _lv S> A`fp^ –ld° L$f°g' Np° uAp° gS≈\u ifd pd° R>°.
gS≈_p cph bfpbf rTgpep R>°. A`phfZ ı_p_ L$fhp\u hfyZ]°$h [©ÛV$ \[p
_\u _° L$pd am[y¨ _\u. Np°`[_ep_u Ap fu[° Ap¨Mp° Mp°g° R>°. Ap `Z A°L$
bpmgugp S> R>° ! ‚ı[y[ kp∑_°V$dpmp_p Apg°M_dp¨ "h∞[ `hÆ', "QuflfZ',
"A_y_e', "[©qÛV$' dp¨ AgN fu[° cph r_Ír`[ \ep R>°. ANpD_p "h°œ-hp]$_',
"h°œ Nu[-[_ph', "h°œ Nu[ kpaÎe _°”_y', "h°œ Nu[ Óyr[ ky p' R>u Aph[p
Ap Qpf kpµ_°V$dp¨ cphhmp¨L$ Í`° AgN S|>\ b_ph° R>°. bpfdp kpµ_°V$dp¨ afu
if]$F>[y_p ky]$f fÁe hZÆ_\u kp∑_°V$ DOX°$ R>°. if]$_° dpeprh_u L$lu R>°. crhÛe_u
170
OV$_p_y¨ k|Q_ Alv\u ‚p‡[ \pe R>°. kp∑_°V$_y¨ iujÆL$ "_p]$-glfu' S>°hy¨ dyL$pey¨ R>°.
"khÆ” _p]$-glfu _fhu A_fie' L©$ÛZ_u b¨kfu_p d yf _p]$ if]$ fpq”dp¨ khÆ”
A_fie fu[° a°gpe°gp R>°. QfpQf kyjyr‡[ k°h° –epf° Np°`bpgp b^y¨ S> c|gu d^yf
ApL$jÆZ\u Ap[yf l•e° Q¨Qm fu[° Aph° R>°. L©$ÛZ Np°`u_° pR>u Of° S>hp_y¨ L$l° R>°.
"r_:ı[Â^ epd, h_ cujZ, iu A`°np
fpMu ? hmp° Of cZu Ly$g - bfi^y `pk°.'
ApkL$[ Np° [_ep_p d_p°cph [°_u rh_hZudp rTgpep R>° : "_p Apd,
l° r‚e, Adpfu OV°$ D °np'. R>u_y kp∑_°V$ "fpkgugp' Í ° Aph° R>°. d_p°lf fpkgugp
Apg°M[p L$rh i©Npf_y r_Í`Z L$f° R>°. f¨N]$iw R>pV$\u kp∑_°V$ kcf bfiey R>°.
"‚°d° `qfÛhS>_ f¨cZ _°” - _©–e -
[° L$prd_u-˘]$e - T¨M_p L° $f y ¨ `hÆ
`pdu, r_∆ h∞[ - rhgnZ L$pÁe L© $–e
L° $hy ¨ am° ? - hi L$filpB, L$ffi[ NhÆ'
(bpmgugp - 2, fpkgugp)
‚°ddp¨ pNg b_°gu Np° uAp° L©$ÛZ_° ip° [u af° R>° [° [°d_u DqL$[dp¨\u
‚p‡[ \pe R>°.
"bp°gp° r_Ly¨$S> [fy, l° _c Q¨÷ - lp° S>ep¨,
f° d|L$ Ap dyM –ldpfy ¨ S>fuL$ Mp°gp °.'
A¨r[d kp∑_°V$ " |ZÆ L$pd' Í ° d|L$pey R>°. S>°dp¨ Np° uAp° L©$ÛZ_p ‚pNV$È_°
rhıde\u fp°dp¨Q\u r_fM° R>°. L©$ÛZ A°L$ _\u A_°L$ R>°. ‚–e°L$ Np°`u kp\° L©$ÛZ
Apd "A°L$ A_°L$ kp\°' _p L©$ÛZ_p Í`_° Ahgp°L$[u L©$ÛZ kp\° "qL$Îgp°g L$f[u'
æ$uX$_ Tp°g - Tp°L°$ Np°`u `|ZÆL$pd_° `pd° R>°. "h∞[-`hÆ' dp¨ dyL$pe°gu B√Rq[
d_p°L$pd_p Ap fu[° rkŸ \[u Apg°Mpe R>°. Dd¨N\u ‚kfi_ \B OfcZu
"bpgp - h^| rhdg, rkL[, Df° ‚kL[
^pffi[ L$pfi[ - L$f _uf\u Âlpf Aphu.'
≈e R>° Np[u Np[u, S>° blpf R>° [° A¨]$f Z hk° R>°.
171
"S>° Âlpf A°' _u R>rh cu[f R>° ggpd;'
‚ı[y[ kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ `p•fprZL$ hı[y L©$ÛZ_u bpmgugp Qp•]°$ kp∑_°V$dp¨
`X$u R>°. Alv "gugp' iÂ]$_p A\Æ_° dpe R>°. hı[y_p r_Í`Zdp¨ F>[yQæ$_p æ$d
‚dpZ° L$rhA° kp∑_°V$p°_° d|L$ep R>°. ANpD_u "bpmgugp-1' \u Alv "bpmgugp-
2' cphpg°M_dp¨ L¨$BL$ QqY$ep[u flu R>°. cph_p gV$pAp° Z Alv ApR>°fp ≈°hp
dm° R>°. Ly$dpqfL$p_p h∞[_° Apg°Mu L$rh [°_p° D`ep°N hı[y_p rhL$pkdp bfpbf fu[°
L$fu L$gpL$kb ]$pMÏep° R>°. L$pfZ L°$ A° h∞[_p cpN Í`° "QuflfZ' kp∑_°V$ ApÏey¨,
[p° A° S> h∞[_p A_yk^p_° "A_y_e', "[©qÛV$' A_° "fpkgugp' dp "`pdu, r_∆h∞[-
rhgnZ L$pÁe L©$–e / L°$hy am° ? hi L$filpB L$f[ NhÆ' dp rkŸ \hp_u TM_p A_°
" |ZÆL$pd' pdu r_dÆm \[u Np° u h∞[_p am pd° R>° Ap–dpdp X°$gp q]$Ïe [“h_u
Tp¨Mu d°mh° R>°. A¨[dp¨ hı[y_° L$rhA° L¨$BL$ KQpB bnu R>°.
km¨N Qp•]°$ kp∑_°V$ b° bpb[dp¨ A°L$ kfMp¨ R>° : (1) [°dp¨ ‚ep°≈e°g
hk¨[r[gL$p R>¨]$ A_° (2) M¨X$ r_ep°S>_. r_ep°S>__u i°L$πsı`efipB `Ÿr[
hk¨[r[gL$p R>¨]$_u Qpg rhrh^ cphr_Í`Zdp¨ Sy>]$u Sy>]$u flu R>°. F>[y_p hZÆ_dp¨
Np°`u_u ApkqL[dp¨, h∞[, `hÆ L°$ QuflfZ S>°hp ‚k¨Ndp¨ bp_u_p QdL$pf ≈°hp
dm° R>°. Mpk L$fu_° F>[y_p hZÆ_dp [°_u ky]$f[p Mugu R>°. A[_p kp∑_°V$dp tQ[__p°
ApR>p° km ≈°hp dm° R>°. bpL$u ErdÆ_° Apg°M[u kp∑_°V$dpmp flu R>°. cpjp‚cy–h_y
Akp^pfZ kp¶]$eÆ ]$f°L$ kp∑_°V$_p Ap¨[fgedp¨ X°$gy R>°. Ag¨L$pf_p° h•ch bp_u_°
iZNpf° R>°. Alv D`dp A_° hZÆkNpB Ag¨L$pf_p kl°S> EX$u_° Ap¨M° hmN° [°hp
D]$plfZp° ‚p‡[ \pe R>°.
D`dp Ag¨L$pf :
"cfpÆV$[p qfjciu h_° QX$phu / Ap¨ u; –hfp\u Z pR>m Aphu d°O°';
"DŸg ApS> edy_p N]$gu r_lpmp° / lp°, ıh•f L$p°B _V$ - Np° h | kdp_'
"Tug¨[ Qp[L$ kdp_ [©jp[Æ L$Z;'
"Ap_¨]$_u Qfd iqL$[ kdu N¨cuf,'
"DŸ°g ErdÆ kd Np° - Ly$dpqfL$p_°.'
hZÆkNpB Ag¨L$pf :
"L°$i° de|f [œ¨ r`√R> ‚k|fi_ u['
172
"A¨N° fu hk_ h[yÆgdp¨ rhdpk°'
"A° Í`_° fdZdp¨ dk f¨N - fp[u'
"R>° L$p•dy]$u - hg L$p__ - Ly¨$S> fÁe'
"fp°dp¨Q - rhıde\u hÎgc_° rhgp°L°$
k¨g¡_ khÆ r‚e_u ı ©lZue bp\°
L$Îgp°g[u L$f[u æ$uX$_ Tp°g - Tp°L°$.'
D`fp D`fu ”Z qL$[Ap°dp hZÆkNpB_p "f' "k' "L$' hZÆ_y y_fph[Æ_
L$fu bp_u_° iZNpfu, [°_p kp¶]$eÆ A_° Ap[fge_° D`ep°Nu r_Í`Z ‹pfp Np° u_u
`|ZÆ L$pd [fa_u Nr[_y¨ dprdÆL$ rQ” b_pÏey¨ R>°. D`f_p "f' "k' "L$' hZÆdp¨\u
"frkL$' iÂ]$ b_° [°_p A\Æ_° Ïe¨rS>[ L$f° R>° ≈Z°.
‚pk ≈mhZu_p _d|_°]$pf ¬ep_pL$jÆL$ kp∑_°V$ S>° f¸p¨ R>°, [°_p æ$d Ap
‚dpZ°_p R>° : 2, 3, 7, 12, 14 S>°dp abab cdcd efef gg S>°hu iyŸ ‚pkfur[
Aphu R>°. bpL$u_p kp∑_°V$dp¨ ıhf_p ‚pk d|L$ep R>°. [°dp¨ Z abab cdcd efefgg S>°hu `Ÿr[ ≈°hp dm° R>°.
kp¨‚[ kS>Æ__u ‚ı[y[ kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ qhlfu - dy¡^ A_° rdg__p |ZÆ
A_° ‚kfi_ cphdp¨ Ap¬epr–dL$ tQ[_ Z N|¨\pey¨ R>°. L$rh_y¨ Ap›eps–dL$ ]$iÆ_
Alv\u ‚p‡[ \pe R>°.
L$rh_u kp∑_°V$fpridp¨ dl]$πA¨i° i°L$πsı`efipB Ÿr[_p kp∑_°V$ h y d˛ep¨
R>°. °V≤$pLÆ$ipB kp∑_°V$ cp¡e° S> gøey li°. D`fp¨[ ıh[¨” fur[_p rhcpN Z lp\
^epÆ R>°. 6+6+2 S>°hp "eprd_u _° qL$_pf', "rdg_' dp¨ 4+2+4+2+2 "‚cp['
dp¨ 3+3+3+3+2, "ie_°' dp¨ 4+4+3+3, "[dkp° dp.....' dp¨ 3+4+4+3
S>°hp rhcpNuL$fZ ≈°hp dm° R>°. ‚pk_u bpb[dp¨ klS> fur[_p ‚pk ApÏep R>°
[°S> fur[A° fpøep R>°. [° R>[p¨e° abba cddc effe gg S>°hu Ÿr[_p ‚pk Z
≈°hp dm° R>°. R>¨]$_u bpb[° fpS>°fi÷ ipl° lqfZu R>¨]$_° "ApeyÛe_p Ahi°j°' dp¨
‚i¨k_ue fu[° ‚ep°S>ep° R>°. "A°L$g' dp¨ rhep°rN_u R>¨]$, "Bfi÷h¨ip' _° "NÍX$'
kp∑_°V$dp, "_pN' dp D °fi÷h∞≈, "]$u Æ r_ipdlu' dp ÷z—rhgrb[ R>]$, "`Qpkd°'
dp hk[r[gL$p, kr^L$pm_p° d©]$N R>]$, "[dkp° dp.....' _p° d]$pæ$pfi[p, "L$ _° _hiy
dplfu ?' _p° ©’hu R>]$, "rh^p[p_°' _p° riMqfZu, "dpfy Of' _p° ı”¡^fp S>°hp R>]$
173
`f_u l\fp°V$u\u rQ[__° DW$ph d˛ep° R>°. R>]$_u rhrh^ R>V$pAp° ‚NV$[u A_ychpe
R>°. h_h°gu S>°hp R>¨]$_° Z kp›e L$fu b[pÏep° R>°. R>¨]$rdÓZ Z L$rhA° L$epÆ R>°,
S>°dp¨ d¨]$pæ$pfi[p kp\° ı”¡^fp "[dkp° dp.....' A_° "[¨[y ip° A°L$[p' dp¨ [\p
"Np° hr_[p' dp hk[r[gL$p kp\° Ar[d ey¡ddp Nu[_u ged°m qL$[Ap° Np°W$hu
R>°.
174
r_f¨S>_ cN[
(5) r_f¨S>_ cN[_p° qfQe
`yͨ _pd : cN[ r_f¨S>_ lqfgpg
S>fid[pfuM : 18-5-1926 _p fp°S>
S>fidı\m : Ad]$php]$
(Ap•¤p°rNL$_Nf Ad]$php]$dp¨ il°f_p ]$ekdp MpqX$ep
rhı[pfdp¨)
r`[p : lqfgpg
(r_f¨S>_ ]$k hjÆ_p l[p –epf° r`[pA° N©l–epN L$f°gp°.)
: rinZ :
‚p\rdL$ rinZ Ad]$php]$_u L$pgy yf ipmp _¨. - 1 dp¨ A_° dp¬erdL$
rinZ ‚p°`fpBV$fu [\p _hQ°[_ lpBıL|$gdp¨. B.k. 1942 _u ıhp[¨‘e
Qmhmdp¨ AÊepk R>p°X$ep°. B.k. 1944 dp¨ d°V≤$uL$. B.k. 1944-46
]$frdep_ Ad]$php]$_u A°g. X$u. ApVÆ$πk L$pµg°S>dp¨ b° hjÆ_y¨ rinZ gu^p bp]$
B.k. 1948 dp¨ dy¨bB_u A°rÎafiıV$_ L$pµg°S>dp¨\u A°fiV$pef A¨N∞°∆ rhje kp\°
bu.A°., afu A°g.X$u. ApVÆ$πk L$pµg°S>dp¨ ]$pMg \B A¨N∞°∆ dyøe A_° NyS>fp[u
Np•Z rhjep°dp¨ B.k. 1950 dp¨ A°d. A°. \ep.
: Ïehkpe :
B.k. 1950 \u B.k. 1986 ky^u Ad]$php]$_u rhrh^ rh_e_
L$pµg°≈°dp¨ A¨N∞°∆_p A¬ep`L$ [\p rhcpNue A¬en [fuL°$ k°hpAp° Ap‡ep
`R>u\u r_h©—.
: rhi°j k°hpAp° :
B.k. 1957-58 dp¨ "k¨]°$i' ]•$r_L$_p kprl–erhcpN_p k¨`p]$L$ [fuL°$.
B.k. 1977 dp¨ "N∞¨\' dprkL$_y¨ k¨`p]$_ L$f°gy¨.
B.k. 1978-79 dp¨ q”dprkL$ "kprl–e' _p [¨”u [fuL°$ afS> b≈hu.
175
: Q¨÷L$p° :
B.k. 1949 - Ly$dpfQ¨÷L$,
B.k. 1957 - "R>¨]$p°ge' L$pÏek¨N∞l_u k¨hr^Æ[ Aph©r—_° _dÆ]$
kprl–ekcp [fa\u _dÆ]$ Q¨÷L$.
B.k. 1969 - "33 L$pÏep°' k¨N∞l_° fZrS>[fpd kyhZÆQ¨÷L$
: kprl–edp¨ ‚]$p_ :
L$rh[p : R>¨]$p°ge (B.k. 1949), qL$fi_fu (B.k. 1950),
AÎ`rhfpd (B.k. 1953), R>¨]$p°ge (B.k. 1957 -
ApNm_p ”Z°e k¨N∞lp°dp¨\u Q|V°$gp L$pÏep°dp¨ "‚hpl‹u`'
_u fQ_pAp° Dd°fu_° [•epf L$f°gp° ‚r[r_r^ L$pÏek¨N∞l),
33 L$pÏep° (B.k. 1958)
rhh°Q_ : L$rh[p_y¨ k¨Nu[ (B.k. 1953), e¨”rhop_ A_°
d¨”L$rh[p (B.k. 1969), Ap^yr_L$ L$rh[p; L°$V$gpL$
‚Òp° (B.k. 1972), L$rh[p L$p_\u hp¨Qp° (B.k.
1972), filp_pgpg (`qfQe `ysı[L$p B.k. 1974),
filp_pgpg_u ErdÆL$rh[p (B.k. 1975),
X$bÎey.bu.e°V$πk. (`qfQe `ysı[L$p, B.k. 1979).
A_yh]$ : rQ”pN¨]$p (fhufië_p\_p _pV$L$_p° b¨Npmudp¨\u, B.k.
1962) Ap°X$__p¨ L$pÏep° (Afie kp\°) (B.k. 1976).
k¨`p]$_ : "‚p°. b.L$. W$pL$p°f A›ee_ N∞¨\' (Afie kp\°, B.k.
1969), "ky¨]$fdπ : L°$V$gp¨L$ L$pÏep°' (B.k. 1970) A_°
"d©] y $gp kpfpcpB - ‚\d ‚–epOp[ ; bp`y_u
rblpfep”p' (B.k. 1981).
176
r_f¨S>_ cN[_p¨ kp∑_°V$
B.k. 1888 \u b.L$. W$pL$p°f ‹pfp `yfÛL©$[ \e°g kp∑_°V$ L$pÏe‚L$pf
Np¨^ueyNdp¨\u `kpf \B_° fpS>°fi÷, r_f¨S>_ ky^u `l°p¨Q[p `yÛV$ b_°g R>°. Ap
L$rhb°gX$u_p¨ A°LL$u kp\° _pd D√Qpfpe _° S>° eyN_y¨ r_dpÆZ \pe R>° [° "fpS>°fi÷-
r_f¨S>_eyN'. [°dp¨_p L$rhÓu r_f¨S>_ cN[_p¨ kp∑_°V$ rhi°_u hp[ L$fhp_p° Alv
D`æ$d R>°.
r_f¨S>_ cN[_u kS>Æ_‚h©r— `p¨Qdp - R>Ã$p ]$peL$p ]$frdep_ flu R>°.
kp¶]$epÆ_yfpN kcp_fuq[A° Apg°M[p cN[_u L$rh[p fpS>°fi÷ ipl_p kS>Æ__u
kdp¨[f° ‚NV$u R>°. "R>¨]$p°ge' _p ‚L$pi_ kp\° A°d_p L$rh[p ‚hpldp¨ a°fapf
\pe R>°. iyŸ L$gp[“hp°_u dphS>[ dpV°$_u qaL$f ‚ı[y[ L$pÏek¨N∞l_u L$rh[pdp¨
_S>f° `X°$ R>°. kp∑_°V$ kS>Æ_ [p° dp” k—f hjÆ_u he° L$f°gy¨. [°_y¨ iujÆL$ R>° "˘]$e_u
F>[yAp°'. Ap S> kp∑_°V$ "R>¨]$p°ge B.k. 1949 A_° b©l[π R>¨]$p°ge' dp¨ "≈N©r['
iujÆL$ kp\° ‚rkŸ \e°g R>°. Apd r_f¨S>__p kS>Æ_dp¨ Qpguk°L$ L©$r[Ap°, kp∑_°V$-
fQ_pAp° dm° R>°.
r_f¨S>_ cN[_u kp∑_°V$ fQ_pAp°dp¨ kp∑_°V$dpmp ≈°hp dm[u _\u.
kp∑_°V$”eu `Z [°dZ° fQu _\u. lp, kp∑_°V$ey¡d [°d_u `pk°\u dm° R>° A_° [°
`Z A°L$ S> - "`\' 1 - 2. Ap rkhpe A°L$ S> iujÆL$hpmp b° kp∑_°V$ dm° R>° -
"rd” dqX$ep_°' Ap b° kp∑_°V$p° `•L$u A°L$ dqX$ep_p Ad°qfL$pNd_ r_rd—° A_°
buSy>¨ ıh]°$ipNd_ r_rd—° fQpey¨ R>°. L$l°hy¨ lp°e [p° [°_° kp∑_°V$ey¡d L$lu iL$pe.
A°d [p° bÎgyL$pL$p_° D]$π°iu_° r_f¨S>_° ”Z kp∑_°V$p° gøep¨ R>°, Z A° ”Z° kp∑_°V$p°
h√Q° cph_u A°L$k|”[p ≈°hp dm[u _\u, [°\u [°d_° kp∑_°V$”eu [fuL°$
Ap°mMhp_y¨ ep°¡e gpN[y¨ _\u. ≈° L°$ kp∑_°V$L$pf kp∑_°V$”eu L°$ kp∑_°V$dpmp Ap`°
[p° S> [° D—d L$np_p° kp∑_°V$L$pf A°hy¨e _\u. A°L$p]$ D—d kp∑_°V$ fQ_pf L$rh
S>°V$gp KQp ı\p__p° Ar^L$pf R>°, [°V$gp¨ KQp ı\p__p° Ar^L$pfu A_°L$ r_bÆm
kp∑_°V$fQ_pAp° L°$ kp∑_°V$dpmpAp° fQ_pf L$rh _\u. dl“h k¨øep_y¨ _lv, `f¨[y
k“h_y¨ R>°.
177
r_f¨S>__p k“hipmu kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ ‚Ze rhjeL$ kp∑_°V$p°_u hp[ L$fuA°
[p° [°d_y¨ kp• ‚\d kp∑_°V$L$pÏe "≈N©r[' (˘]$e_u F>[yAp°)iujÆL$hpmp Ap
kp∑_°V$dp¨ L$rhA° b° F>[yAp° ‚–e°_p° `n`p[ ‚NV$ L$e°pÆ R>°. A°L$ hk¨[ A_° bu∆
hjpÆ. hk¨[ L$rh_u ˘]$eL$rg_° ‚azqÎg[ L$fu fl° R>°. A°\u fNfN° _hpZp°
Mmcmu EW°$ R>° A_° _e_ A]$uW$p¨ ıh‡_° ]|$f d|gL°$ kf° R>°.
"A]$uW$p¨ ıh‡_° ip¨ _e_ kf[p¨ ]|$f d|gL°$ !'
S>°hu `¨qL$[dp¨ L$rhA° A[urfi÷e, `°g° `pf_u k©qÛV$_° Ah[qf[ L$fu R>°.
kp¶]$eÆ_u fkkcf k©qÛV$dp¨ r_f¨S>__p° ‚°d `p¨Nf° R>°, [°\u L$rh_° b° F>[y Nd° R>°.
Alv fpS>°fi÷ ipl_y¨ "bpfdpku' (›hr_) ıdfZ° QX°$ R>°. fpS>°fi÷_p° ‚°d [p° ‚–e°L$
F>[ydp¨ `p¨Nf° R>°. fpS>°fi÷ A_° r_f¨S>__p ‚Ze‚cph_p° Ap c°]$ R>°. Ap c°]$
ı`ÛV$ L$f[p¨ cp°mpcpB `V$°g gM° R>° : "fpS>°fi÷_u L$rh[pdp¨ ‚Ze_p kyLy$dpf"fpS>°fi÷_u L$rh[pdp¨ ‚Ze_p kyLy$dpf"fpS>°fi÷_u L$rh[pdp¨ ‚Ze_p kyLy$dpf"fpS>°fi÷_u L$rh[pdp¨ ‚Ze_p kyLy$dpf"fpS>°fi÷_u L$rh[pdp¨ ‚Ze_p kyLy$dpf
dp°l_cph R>°, A•rfi÷L$[p `Z R>°, `Z [°dp¨ ‚Ze_u k¨[©r‡[_p° L$g_p]$dp°l_cph R>°, A•rfi÷L$[p `Z R>°, `Z [°dp¨ ‚Ze_u k¨[©r‡[_p° L$g_p]$dp°l_cph R>°, A•rfi÷L$[p `Z R>°, `Z [°dp¨ ‚Ze_u k¨[©r‡[_p° L$g_p]$dp°l_cph R>°, A•rfi÷L$[p `Z R>°, `Z [°dp¨ ‚Ze_u k¨[©r‡[_p° L$g_p]$dp°l_cph R>°, A•rfi÷L$[p `Z R>°, `Z [°dp¨ ‚Ze_u k¨[©r‡[_p° L$g_p]$
R>°. A°_p° Ap A°L$ Apepd lp°hp\u [°_u cphdy÷p A`qfhr[Æ[ fl° R> °.R> °. A°_p° Ap A°L$ Apepd lp°hp\u [°_u cphdy÷p A`qfhr[Æ[ fl° R> °.R> °. A°_p° Ap A°L$ Apepd lp°hp\u [°_u cphdy÷p A`qfhr[Æ[ fl° R> °.R> °. A°_p° Ap A°L$ Apepd lp°hp\u [°_u cphdy÷p A`qfhr[Æ[ fl° R> °.R> °. A°_p° Ap A°L$ Apepd lp°hp\u [°_u cphdy÷p A`qfhr[Æ[ fl° R> °.
r_f ¨S >__u L $ rh[pdp ¨ ‚Ze_u rhag[p A_° rhL $g[p rhrcfi_r_f ¨S >__u L $ rh[pdp ¨ ‚Ze_u rhag[p A_° rhL $g[p rhrcfi_r_f ¨S >__u L $ rh[pdp ¨ ‚Ze_u rhag[p A_° rhL $g[p rhrcfi_r_f ¨S >__u L $ rh[pdp ¨ ‚Ze_u rhag[p A_° rhL $g[p rhrcfi_r_f ¨S >__u L $ rh[pdp ¨ ‚Ze_u rhag[p A_° rhL $g[p rhrcfi_
cphdy÷pAp°dp¨ ‚L$V$ \[p¨ dp” A°L$ S> Apepddp¨ kurd[ _\u fl°[u.cphdy÷pAp°dp¨ ‚L$V$ \[p¨ dp” A°L$ S> Apepddp¨ kurd[ _\u fl°[u.cphdy÷pAp°dp¨ ‚L$V$ \[p¨ dp” A°L$ S> Apepddp¨ kurd[ _\u fl°[u.cphdy÷pAp°dp¨ ‚L$V$ \[p¨ dp” A°L$ S> Apepddp¨ kurd[ _\u fl°[u.cphdy÷pAp°dp¨ ‚L$V$ \[p¨ dp” A°L$ S> Apepddp¨ kurd[ _\u fl°[u.
‚Ze_u NpY$ A_yc|r[_p° DÎgpk S>°d f¨Nkcf[p_p° A_ych L$fph° R>° [°d‚Ze_u NpY$ A_yc|r[_p° DÎgpk S>°d f¨Nkcf[p_p° A_ych L$fph° R>° [°d‚Ze_u NpY$ A_yc|r[_p° DÎgpk S>°d f¨Nkcf[p_p° A_ych L$fph° R>° [°d‚Ze_u NpY$ A_yc|r[_p° DÎgpk S>°d f¨Nkcf[p_p° A_ych L$fph° R>° [°d‚Ze_u NpY$ A_yc|r[_p° DÎgpk S>°d f¨Nkcf[p_p° A_ych L$fph° R>° [°d
‚Zeh•aÎe_p° rhjp]$ O°fu D]$pku_[p_p°.'‚Zeh•aÎe_p° rhjp]$ O°fu D]$pku_[p_p°.'‚Zeh•aÎe_p° rhjp]$ O°fu D]$pku_[p_p°.'‚Zeh•aÎe_p° rhjp]$ O°fu D]$pku_[p_p°.'‚Zeh•aÎe_p° rhjp]$ O°fu D]$pku_[p_p°.'36
[p° "ıh‡_' kp∑_°V$dp¨ L$pÏe_p ‚pf¨cdp¨ S> qL$ip°fphı\p_p° Ap klS>
cph fp°d°rfiV$L$ D‹°L$`|hÆL$ ‚NV$ \pe R>°.
"ıh‡_° R>L ° $g dyS> `pNg tS>]$Np_u !
Ap ip° _ip° ! _e_dp¨ kyfMu R>hpB !
Dfidp]$ ip° fNfN° fV$_p NhpB !
ip° d— ‚pZ ! dq]$fpde iu S>hp_u !'
(`©. 4)
Ôgp°L$_u bu∆, ”u∆, Qp°\u `¨qL$[dp¨ Aph[p° "ip°' iÂ]$ A`|hÆ
cphkp^L$ b_u cu[f_p D÷°L$_° ‚NV$ L$fu fl° R>°. Qpf ¨qL$[dp¨ R> hM[ D]$πNpf
178
rQå Aph° R>°, S>° L$rh - ˘]$e_p Apip, DÎgpk, Dfidp]$, Ap•–kyL$e S>°hp cphp°
‚NV$ L$f° R>°. L$rh dq]$fpde S>hp_u_p° ≈d `u A°hp [p° d— b_u Nep R>° L°$
[°d_u _S>f_° L$ep¨e qL$_pfp ]°$Mp[p _\u. L$rh dpV°$ qnr[S>_p klzApfp `Z
gy‡[ \B Nep R>°. L$rh frhQ¨÷[pfp¨qL$[ ApL$pi\ue `f fl°gp L$Î`__p rd_pfp
`f\u k–eh°qÛV$[ kp¶]$eÆde flıe_p° kpnp–L$pf L$fu fl° R>°. ‚\d `¨qL$[ `f\u
S> k—f hjÆ_p eyhp_ L$rh_u L$Î`_p_p Ïep` A_° KX$pZ pdu iL$pe R>°. R>°Îgu
`¨qL$[dp¨ Aph[p° "ıh‡_' iÂ]$ A_°L$ A\Æ√R>pepAp° ‚NV$phu fl° R>°. r_f¨S>__u
L$rh[pdp¨ Ap iÂ]$ kp•¶]$eÆ_p, L$Î`_p_p - flıe_p `epÆeÍ`° ‚ep°≈[p° ≈°hp
dm° R>°. L$rh_u L$pÏe - rhcph_p_p° Bipfp° Ap iÂ]$dp¨\u `pdu iL$pe R>°.
L$rh_p "rh]$pe' kp∑_°V$dp¨ `Z ıh‡_ A_° L$Î`_p_y¨ A‹•[ ≈°hp dm°
R>°. L$Î`_p_° D]°$πiu L$rh L$l° R>°.
"rh]$pe r‚e L$Î`_p, Ah rh]$pe ]°$hu, kMu !' (`©. 7)
Alv _hu S> cphNr[ A_ychpe R>°, L$rh lh° L$Î`_p_u (A°V$g° L°$
ıh‡__u) rh]$pe g°hp dpN° R>°. ‚Ì_ \i° - ip dpV°$ ? lh° L$rh dp_h˘]$e_°
`pdhp B√R>° R>°. "`p¨ Z_° gL$pf°' ‚dpZhp dpN° R>°. L$Î`_p_p kp¶]$eÆ_p° dp_h
k–eÍ`° kpnp–L$pf L$fhp_u d_ujp\u L$rh ıh°√R>pA° A¨N[ ErdÆS>N[_° bpSy>
`f lX$k°gu "d_Ïe\p' kl°hp_p° k¨L$Î` L$f° R>°.
"rh]$pe, r‚e ≈ ! [_° d_ L$\pe L$l°hu _lv,
lh° Nl_ dp•_dp¨ d_Ïe\p S> ıl°hu flu !'
(`©. 7)
Alv ‚lπgp]$ pf°M_p "rh]$pe' L$pÏe_u kl°S> ep]$ A`ph° [°hp¨ Ap•]$peÆ,
Mydpfu, D]$p—[p ÏeL$[ \ep¨ R>°. [° kl°S> Sy>]$p¨ k¨]$cÆdp¨ `Z A°hu S> D–L$V$[p\u
Alv ÏeL[ \ep¨ R>°. ‚lπgp]$_u S>°d r_f¨S>_ `Z d_p°Ïe\p_° Qy`Qp` kl_
L$fhpdp¨ dp_° R>°. r_f¨S>__u L$rh[pdp¨ Ap d_p°Ïe\p_p ÏeqL[‚ur[ A_°
S>_‚ur[_p k¨]$cÆdp¨ Sy>]$p Sy>]$p `l°gy¨ ≈°B iL$pe R>°. "[p° c|gu ≈ !' kp∑_°V$dp¨
‚lπgp]$_p kp∑_°V$_p° cph r_f¨S>_° `p°[p_u fu[° ÏeL$[ L$e°pÆ R>°. b¨_° L$pÏe_p
179
‚°duAp° r‚ep_° Afie kp\° ‚u[_u ]$p°f bp¨^hp_u f≈ Ap`° R>°. a°f dp” A°V$gp°
S> R>° L°$ ‚lπgp]$_p° _peL$ r‚ep_u b°hapB_° Ap•]$peÆ`|hÆL$ dpa L$f° R>°. r_f¨S>__p°
_peL$ rhfl_° Mydpfu`|hÆL$ ıhuL$pfu_° [uˇZ Ïe¨N L$fhp_y¨ Q|L$[p° _\u.
r_f¨S>__p kp∑_°V$ "dp•_' dp¨ r‚ep_p S>° dp•__u hp[ R>° A° hk¨[_p
ı`iÆ\u dyq]$[ b_°g ‚°du_p ı`iÆ_u ‚r[qæ$ep Í` dp•__u R>°, S>°_y¨ AhŒeÆ
gphŒe Ap `¨qL$[Ap°dp¨ L¨$BL$ `dpe R>°.
"[_° d¢ ı`iw f° ∆h_fk_u iue [fk°,
hk¨[° Álp°f°gp dyq]$[ d__p dy¡^ `fi° !
Af°, –ep¨ [p° [pfy¨ dyM ifd\u [¢ _[ L$eyØ,
_ L$u^p¨ i©¨Npfp°, Nu[ Z _lv, dp•_ S> eyØ.'
(`©. 16)
”u∆ `¨qL$[dp¨ "ifd\u' A°d _ gøey¨ lp°[ [p° `Z Qpg[. dyM _[
L$fhp_u qæ$ep ‹pfp S> ifd_p° cph k|QhpB ≈e R>°. "Ly$dpfk¨chdπ' dp¨ L$prg]$pk°
L$dm`”p° NZhp_u `phÆ[u_u qæ$ep ‹pfp [°_p° gS≈_p° cph Ïe¨rS>[ L$e°pÆ R>° S>.
r‚ep_p d^yf[d dp•_dp¨ iy¨ iy¨ hıey¨ R>° [° L$rhA° _\u L$¸y¨ [° ep°¡e S> R>°. L$pfZ
L°$ [°dp¨ Oœ¨ b^y¨ hıey¨ R>° : Apip, DÎgpk, Dd¨N, Ïe\p, h°]$_p, sıd[ A_°
buSy>¨ Z Oœ¨, S>°dp¨ "AÓy' Z Aphu ≈e. A° dp•_dp¨\u dp” sıd[ pdhp_u
B√R>p amuc|[ _ `Z \pe. L$rh r‚ep `pk° epQ° R>° [p° A^fsıd[, `Z r‚ep
]$p_ L$f° R>° AÓy_y¨. A° AÓy_y¨ rbfi]y$ kpdpfie rbfi]y$ _\u. L$rh rhsıd[ \B `|R>°
R>° :
"f° [pfy ¨ A° Afh kf[y ¨ AÓy_y ¨ A°L$ rbfi]y $,
≈[° k‡[ ıhf° iy¨ R>g R>g ‚Zep°fidp]$ [p° d— rkfi^y ?'
(`© . 17)
L$rhA° r‚ep_° L°$hu D–L$V$ fu[° Qplu R>° A° "[_° √lp[p¨ √lp[p¨' kp∑_°V$
L$pÏedp¨ ky`°f° ‚NV$ L$eyØ R>°, [p° r_f¨S>__p¨ "dp_y_u_°', "rdg_p°fidyMu_°', "[_°
≈°B_°' [\p "_\u _ufMhu afu' - Ap Qpf kp∑_°V$p° Nl_, N¨cuf k|fdp¨ ‚Ze_p
180
rcfi_-rcfi_ A\°pÆ ‚NV$ L$f° R>°. `l°gp¨ b° kp∑_°V$p° rb_¨N[ R>°, R>°Îgp¨ b° A¨N[
R>° A°d D`gL$ ◊rÛV$A° L$lu iL$pe. ≈° L°$ L$pÏeddÆop° [p° ≈Z[p S> lp°e R>° L°$
L$rh[pdp¨ L$iy¨ `|f°`|fy¨ A¨N[ _\u lp°[y¨, L$iy¨ k¨`|ZÆ`Z° rb_¨N[ _\u lp°[y¨.
Ap–dL$\_p–dL$ i•gudp¨ hZÆhpe°g A_ych L$rh_p° p°[p_p° lp°e A°hy _\u lp°[y,
[p° bu∆ bpSy> rb_¨N[ gpN[p L$pÏedp¨ `Z L$rh_p A¨N[ A_ych_p A¨ip°
lp°B iL°$ R>°. ApV$gu ı`ÛV$[p `R>u Ap`Z° `∞\d kp∑_°V$ "dp_y_u_°' Ahgp°L$uA°.
Ap kp∑_°V$L$pÏedp¨ k¨bp°^pe°g dp_y_u S>N[_u L$p°B Z (A°V$g° L°$ ]$f°L$) dp_y_u
lp°B iL°$. (A° S> fu[° bu≈ L$pÏe_u rdg_p°fidyMu) L$rh dp_y_u ı”u_° [°_p `N
`pk° `X°$g `pjpZ b[phu L$l° R>° L°$ Ap fyn, L$W$p°f gpN[p° `pjpZ L$pgp¨[f°,
D–æ$p¨r[_p æ$ddp¨ L$p°B L$pm° d©]y$ d¨S>fu \B ‚azÎgi°, L$pfZ L°$ `’\fdp¨ `Z ‚pZ
R>° dpV°$, dp_y_u_° Q°[h[p¨ L$rh L$l° R>° :
"k¨cpm, ≈Z° A≈Z° A\hp A≈Z°,
A°_° S>fu QfZ° f° [h ≈°, AX° $_p !
_° c|[L$pg r_S>_p° ıdfZ° QX° $ _p!'
(`©. 148)
fur[\u AZ≈Z Ap dy¡^p_° A_ychu L$rh L$l° R>° :
"g¸p° ‚Ze\u L$]$pr` `qf[p°j ‚°duS>_° ?'
dpV°$ [p° Sep¨ ky^u r‚e_y¨ ApNd_ \ey¨ _\u –ep¨ ky^udp¨ dp_`|hÆL$ dyM
a°fhu _e_hpfu g°hp_u [°Ap° kgpl Ap`° R>°. `f¨[y A°d L$fhy¨ iL$e R>° Mfy¨ ?
S>°Z° ‚°d_p° A_ych d°mÏep° _\u [°_° dpV°$ [p° iL$e _\u S>. S>° `p°[° ‚°ddp¨
r_Ûam Nep° R>° A°_° dpV°$ `Z L$]$pQ A° ]y$ÛL$f li°. hj°pÆ `R>u `p°[p_u r‚ep_°
≈°B_° (”u≈ kp∑_°V$ "[_° ≈°B_°' dp¨) L$rh L$l° R>° L°$ `fu_u hp[p°_p, Apfb
]y$r_ep_p ApS>° Ad©[kdp¨ gpN[p¨, bpm`Z_p dy¡^idZp¨ ıdfZ`V$\u
≈N©[ \B ◊qÛV$ kdu` d|[Æ b_u fdZp L$f° R>°.
ApS>_u rdg_nZ_° L$rh AL$Î`u L$l° R>°. A° nZ\u L$rh_p¨ hu[°gp¨
hj°pÆ_° _hy¨ ∆h_ dm° R>°. ky^p_p k¨∆h_ı`iÆ\u A[u[_° crhÛe kp\°
181
bp¨^_pf r‚ep_° L$rh L$l° R>° :
"k]$p [y¨ lu [y¨ lu ‚Ze [fıey¨ A¨[f fV°$.' (`©. 150)
L$rh_y¨ ˘]$e lSy> ‚Ze [fıey¨ S>Íf R>°, `Z lh° ‚ZeO°gy¨ _\u f¸y¨,
`°gp° ‚pf¨c_p° dy¡^‚°du r‚ep_° A°L$ hpf ≈°ep `R>u afu afu ≈°hp [g`p`X$
b_u S>[p° l[p°. lh° `Lh b_°gp° Ap ıhı\ ‚°du r‚ep_° A°L$hpf ≈°ep `R>u L$l°
R>° L°$ "_\u _ufMhu afu' ip dpV°$ ? L$rh_p° S>hpb [LÆ$k¨N[ `Z Qp[yfueyL$[ R>°.
r‚ep_° [° L$l° R>° L°$ [_° ‚\dhpf _uføep `R>u lz¨ lz¨ _\u flep°, [y¨ `Z [y¨ _lu¨
flu lp°e A_° ı\m `Z A° _lv lp°e. ≈° [y¨ A°_u A° _ lp°e [p° [_° ≈°B_° iy¨
L$pd R>° ? hmu A° b^y¨ A°_y¨ A° li° [p° `Z nZ [p° A°_u A° _\u S>, [p° `R>u afu
_ufMhp ip dpV°$ B√Ry>¨ ? L$pfZ L°$ -
"k∆h b^y¨ e° l∆ Akg A°L$ dpfp d_,
rhi°, S>N[dp¨ _\u A_ychp°_y¨ Aph[Æ_.'
(`©. 151)
‚°d rhjeL$ Ap Qpf kp∑_°V$fQ_pAp°dp¨ A°_p ıhÍ`_° A_yÍ` N¨cuf
cphp° ÏeL$[ \ep¨ R>°.
r_f¨S>__p ‚Ze rhjeL$ kp∑_°V$p° ≈°ep bp]$ lh° ‚L©$r[ rhjeL$ kp∑_°V$
`f A°L$ ◊qÛV$ L$fu gBA° [p° "≈N©r[', "A°L$ a}g_°' A_° "`©’hu' Ap ”Z
kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ Ap`Z_° ‚L©$r[_p° A_ych \ep rh_p fl°[p° _\u. "≈N©r[' kp∑_°V$
[p° Ap`Z° ‚ZerhjeL$ kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ [`pıey¨ A_° [° R>° `Z ‚°dcph_y¨ L$pÏe `Z
‚L©$r[_y¨ r_Í`Z [°dp¨ rh`yg ‚dpZdp¨ R>°, Sy>Ap° :
"R>L°$gu apÎNy_u R>gbg R>V$p iu `©r\hu_u !
q]$ipAp° d|L$u_° d_ rMgrMgpV°$ dgL$[u;'
Alv ‚L©$r[ apÎNy_u_° "rMgrMgpV$' L$f[u Llu_° [\p ApNm
`¨qL$[Ap°dp¨ ‚L©$r[_° "dı[p_u' A_° ^fp_° "[©qÛp[' [\p "[‡[ [fku' L$lu_°
‚L©$r[_u ∆h¨[[p_° [p◊i L$f°g R>° A_° A°\u A°_° ‚Ze L$pÏe L$l°hy¨ L°$ ‚L©$r[
182
L$pÏe ? A°_u `Z d|¨ThZ \pe A°hy¨ R>°. lSy> ApNm ≈°BA° [p°,
"_hpZp° _pQu fl°, S>gR>gL$ ≈°b¨_hl_°,
hl°, S>epf° _p fl°, nZ Z fp [‡[ [fku'
Aphu `¨qL$[Ap° ‹pfp Ap`Z° ≈°B iL$uA° R>uA° L°$ ‚L©$r[ Alv dp”
D◊u`_ rhcph [fuL°$ _\u Aphu, fk kp¶]$eÆ_p r_Û`p]$L$ ∆h¨[[“h [fuL°$ Aphu
R>°. [p° "A°L$ a}g_°' kp∑_°V$dp¨ `Z ‚L©$r[_p° D]$πu`_rhcph [fuL°$ rhr_ep°N \ep°
R>°.
–epfbp]$ ≈°BA° [p° "AÎ`rhfpd' `R>u "R>¨]$p°ge' _u B.k. 1957
_u k¨hr^Æ[ Aph©r— `f _S>f _p¨MuA°. Ap Aph©r—dp¨ "‚hpg‹u`' A_° ApW$
_hu fQ_pAp° R>°. Ap ApW$ fQ_pAp° `•L$u_u A°L$ kp∑_°V$ fQ_p "`©’hu' _° Ap
rhcpNdp¨ gB iL$pe [°hu R>°. Ap "`©’hu' R>° [p° Ap`Zu `©’hu_y¨ S> AjpY$
drl_p_y¨ rQ” `Z d_yÛe_u _lv, Bf_u ◊qÛV$A° Apg°Mpe°gy¨, d°OÍ`u
Ìepdhı”\u hvV$mpe°gp ApL$piÍ`u L°$d°fpdp¨\u BÔhf `©’hu_y¨ ◊Ìe Sy>A° R>°.
◊Ìe bfpbf ]°$Mpe R>° –epf° huS>_u Qp¨` ]$bph° R>°. A¨^pfp M¨X$dp¨ gB S>B ‡g°V$
l°p¨i\u ^p°B_° rQ” L°$hy¨ ApÏey¨ [° Sy>A° R>°. `p°[p_u r_Ûam[p `f `l°gp¨ NS>Æ_p
L$fu BÔhf fp°j W$pgh° R>° A_° `R>u,
"A¨[° kpepØ AÓy L$pf yŒe`|ZÆ,
hjpÆ Í `° ; rQ” –ep¨ Q|ZÆ Q|ZÆ !
(`©. 192)
`f¨`fpN[ ıhÍ`dp¨ L$rhA° L$f°gu _hu_ [pS>Nu`|ZÆ L$Î`_p Apıhp¤
b_u R>°.
r_f¨S>__p ÏeqL$[ rhjeL$ kp∑_°V$p° ≈°BA° [p° b. L$. W$pL$p°f_° D]°$πiu_°
gMpe°gp¨ "bÎgyL$pL$p_° - R>rb_u c°V$ `∞k¨N°', "bÎgyL$pL$p_° - ÂepiuA°',
"bÎgyL$pL$p_° - A¨S>rg' S>°hp¨ kp∑_°V$dp¨ L$rh `p°[p_p L$gp Nyù `pk°\u [°d_u
R>rb_u c°V$ ıhuL$pf `|h£ buSy>¨ iy¨ iy¨ [°d_u `pk°\u d˛ey¨ R>° [° L$rh ep]$ L$f° R>°.
183
L$rh [°d_° L$l° R>° L°$ qL$ip°fhedp¨ R>¨]$p°ge_u ‚\d L$pÏe]$unp [dpfu `pk°\u d_°
dmu R>° A_° ApS>° `Z -
"kcp_ kOmu L$mp R>, L$rh[pe A° Ap he°,
lh° S> [d `pk byqŸ - rh[f¨[ rinp dmu.'
(`©. _¨. 169)
"kOmu L$mp A_° L$rh[p kcp_ R>°' A°hu rinp Ap`p° R>p°. Ap c°V$
L$f[p¨ R>rb_u c°V$ h^pf° dl“h_u _\u, `Z [° R>° ˘]$e_y¨, dd[p_y¨ ‚[uL$. [°\u
L$rh [° ıhuL$pf° R>° A_° b]$gpdp¨ rh_e`|hÆL$ `p°[p_y¨ kp∑_°V$ Of° R>°, L$pfZ L°$ L$pÏe
Nyù b. L$. W$pL$p°f_° L$pÏe `∞L$pfp°dp¨ kp•\u rhi°j kp∑_°V$ L$pÏe‚L$pf r‚e lp°hp\u
kp∑_°V$ ıhÍ` S> ^f° R>°. "bÎgyL$pL$p_°-ÂepiuA°' A° kp∑_°V$dp¨ L$rhA° b. L$.
W$pL$p°f_p r_≈_¨]$u, ı_°lpm, tQ[_iug ÏeqL[–h_° kpfu fu[° D`kpÏey¨ R>°.
A_° ”u≈ A¨S>rg L$pÏedp¨ L$rh `p°[p_p Nyù_p Ahkp_\u S>° cph A_ych° R>°
[°_° Ap kp∑_°V$ ‹pfp ArcÏeL[ L$f° R>°. r_f¨S>_ L$l° R>° L°$ W$pL$p°f [p° Nep `Z
[°d_p° -
"L$W$p°f L$]$u DN∞ h«>$kd [uh∞ L$p° ”pX$ ip°,
kyL$p°dg L$]$uL$ d¨]$ d©]y$ f° _epÆ gpX$ ip°.'
(`©. _¨. 171)
l∆ fZL$p° ıdfZdp¨ iÁep° _\u. A° fZL$p° ı`ÛV$ k¨cmpep L$f° R>° L$pfZ
L°$ W$pL$p°f_p° L¨$W$ ‚Mf N∞uÛd_p k|eÆ S>°hp°, k–e_u ‚r[ÆÍ` l[p° [\p if]$_p ip¨[
dp^yeÆ S>°hp° ı_°l\u ıa}r[Í` l[p°. A° ıhf L$rhA° A°L$ - b° nZ _lv, q]$hkp°_p
q]$hkp° ky^u kp¨c˛ep° l[p°, A° iÂ]°$ iÂ]$ L$rh_p Ası[–hdp¨ Ap°Nmu Nep° R>°
A_° [°Ap° L$l° R>° [°d -
"k]$p _u[fu _vNm° ˘]$e R>p_u bp_u kf°,
lh° QqL$[ L$ZÆ L$pm `Z dy¡^ k|Œep L$f°.'
(`©. _¨. 171)
184
Ap `¨qL$[Ap° hp¨Q[p¨ W$pL$p°f_p ky‚rkŸ ‚\d kp∑_°V$ "cZL$pfp' _u
A¨r[d `¨qL$[Ap° ep]$ ApÏep rh_p fl°i° _lv. ≈° L°$ dp” Ap b° `¨qL$[Ap° S>
_lv, f¨[y Ap ”Z° kp∑_°V$p°_u kdN∞ L$pÏebp_u f–h° L$rhA° W$pL$p°f_y kcp_`Z°
A_yL$fZ L$eyØ R>°. Ap A_yL$fZ l°[y`|hÆL$_y¨ R>°. W$pL$p°f_p° `p°[p_p `f_p° ‚cph
L$rh dp” iÂ]$p° ‹pfp S> _lv, kdN∞ fQ_p‹pfp ‚–en L$fphhp dpN° R>°. [°\u
Ap ”Z kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ [°dZ° W$pL$p°f_y¨ b°_d|_ kam A_yL$fZ L$eyØ R>°.
Apd r_f¨S>__p L$pÏeNy$fy b. L$. W$pL$p°f l[p, [p° Qyr_gpg dqX$ep `fd
rd” l[p. [°\u [°Z° `p°[p_p Ap rd”_° D]$π°iu_° `Z b° kp∑_°V$p° gøep¨ R>°, A°L$
dqX$ep Ad°qfL$pAp° Nep [° ‚k¨N°, buSy>¨ dqX$ep Ad°qfL$p\u `pR>p aepÆ –epf°.
Apd bfi_° fQ_p_y¨ iujÆL$ "rd” dqX$ep_°' lp°hp R>[p¨ b°dp¨\u A°L°$e kp∑_°V$_p°
rhje dqX$ep _\u. dqX$ep Mpk [p° [°d_y¨ Ad°qfL$pNd_ A_° ıh]°$ipNd_ -
r_f¨S>__p _hu ‚≈ rhi°_p rhQpfp° ÏeL[ L$fhp dpV°$ r_rd— `|fy¨ `pX°$ R>°.
Ad°qfL$p S>B iy¨ iy¨ ≈°hp_y¨ dqX$ep_° L$rh k|Qh° R>° ?
"‚[uL$ _hgp¨, ‚]°$i _hgp¨, ‚≈ e° _hu,
_cp°fi_[ iy¨ ıL$pe ıæ°$B`f byqŸ_u rkqŸ ip,
k`pV$ i[ ‚°Bfu ˘]$e ‚°d_u rkqŸ ip,
nZ° nZ° r_lpm r_–e _h[p, kM°, [y¨ L$rh !'
(`©. 189)
ıdfZue[p_u ‚rkŸ Ïepøep_y¨ A_yfZ_ R>°Îgu `¨qL$[dp¨ kp¨cmu
iL$pe R>°. `R>u L$rh dqX$ep_° L°$V$gp¨L$ ≈Zu[p il°fp° ≈°hp_y¨ L$l° R>°. Ap il°fp°_°
L$rh ep]$ L$f° R>°, L$p°B kprl–eL$pf L°$ kprl–eL©$r[_p kplQeÆ ‹pfp. fieyep°LÆ$_°
r_f¨S>_ L$rh ÏluV$d°_ kp\° æ$uX$p L$f[u ıhNÆ_u rhgpkr‚e A‡kfp [fuL°$
Ap°mMph° R>°, [p° riL$pNp°_° k°fiX$bNÆ_u rhcujZ rhipg ıL¨$^ _Nfu [fuL°$.
Ad°qfL$pdp¨ ı”u- yfyj, fu[cph, h°i, cpjp hN°f° Oœ¨ b y _hy li°, Z L$rh_°
ÓŸp R>° L°$ -
"_hy¨ ˘]$e _p, li° L$fyZ[p S> A°dp¨ hku' (`©. 189)
185
A°L$ hjÆ `R>u dqX$ep Ad°qfL$p\u `pR>p af° R>° –epf° r_f¨S>_ rhdp_ d\L°$
[°d_y¨ ıhpN[ L$fhp ≈e R>°. L$rh_° gpN° R>° L°$ dqX$ep lh° A°_p A° _lv f¸p lp°e,
[°d_pdp¨ rhdp_h_p A¨ip° ≈°hp dmi°. [°d_° rhpk R>° L°$ _hu k©qÛV$_p
ı`iÆ\u dqX$ep _hu k|T, kdS> ‚p‡[ L$fu Aphi°. Ap k¨]$cÆdp¨ L$rh_° ‚Ò
\pe R>° L°$ -
"rhdp_ d\L°$ iy¨ dp” dqX$ep S> d|r[Æ _hu ?
_hu S> _lv A°l_° _e_ lp°e dpfu R>rh ?
(`©. 190)
r_f¨S>__p° kp∑_°V$_p A¨[dp¨ Aph[p° Ap ‚Ò Ddpi¨L$f_p "N¨Np°”u'
k¨N∞l_p kp∑_°V$ "‚Ò' _p A¨[dp¨ Aph[p ‚Ò__y¨ kl°S>° ıdfZ L$fph° R>°. b¨_°
L$rhAp° kp∑_°V$_p A¨[_u Qd–L©$r[ dpV°$ gNcN kdp_ eyqL$[_p° ApÓe g° R>°.
bpL$u b¨_° kp∑_°V$p°_y¨ hı[y, cph hN°f° [p° rcfi_ S> R>°.
r_f¨S>_° S>° ÏeqL$[ rhjeL$ L$pÏep° f√ep¨ R>° [°dp¨ b. L$. W$pL$p°f, dqX$ep,
N¨p^u A_° rfÎL°$ rhi° [°Z° kp∑_°V$ ‚L$pf_p L$pÏep° gøep¨ R>°. [°dp¨ Ap`Z° b. L$.
W$pL$p°f A_° dqX$ep rhi°_p kp∑_°V$p° [`pıep¨ [p° lh° Np¨^u∆ A_° rfÎL°$ rhi°_p¨
≈°BA°. Np¨^u∆_u l–ep `R>u [°d_° D]°$πiu_° gMpe°gp kp∑_°V$ "r`[p' dp¨ L$rh
Np¨^u∆_° D]°$πiu L$l° R>° :
"r`[p, dfZ_°e [¢ `fd rd” dpfiep° l[p° !' (`©. 58)
A_° [°\u S> Np¨^u∆ Ap–dp_p F>[y_° ‚NV$ L$fhp d©–ey_° lk[° dyM°
AphL$pf° R>°. ]°$l_p¨ kL$g b¨^_p°_u rQ[p S>gphu QpÎep S>[p Np¨^u_° L$rhA°
cÏe A¨rS>rg Ap`u R>°.
[p° qfÎL°$ rhi°_y¨ kp∑_°V$ "qfÎL°$_y¨ d©–ey' ≈°BA° [p,° Ap kp∑_°V$dp¨ L$rhA°
qfÎL°$_p d©–ey_p° ip°L$ _\u ÏeL$[ L$e°pÆ, `f¨[y A° d©–ey_y¨ L$rhA° Np•fh L$eyØ R>°.
L$rh_° d_ B√R>pd©–ey rhfg rkqŸ kdy¨ R>°. qfÎL°$_° B√R>pd©–ey (r‚e `p” dpV°$
Nygpb Q|¨V$hp S>[p¨ [°_u i|m hpN° R>° _° [°_u `uX$p\u - Îe|L°$rdep \B S>hp\u
186
[°_y¨ d©–ey \pe R>°) ‚p‡[ \pe R>°, [°\u L$rh L$l° R>° L°$ A° d©–eydp¨ `Z -
"Ál°L$u f¸p° ∆h__p° S> A\Æ :
_p d©–ey L$p°B L$]$u L$ep¨e Ïe\Æ !'
Ap kp∑_°V$_° Ahgp°L$[p¨ lqfÚ≠÷ cÀ$_u rfÎL°$ D`f_u L©$r[ "fpB_f
dpqfep qfÎL°$_°' Alv ep]$ Aph° R>°. lqfÚ≠÷_p L$pÏe L$f[p¨ r_f¨S>__y¨ L$pÏe h^y
kyN∞r\[ A_° kp•ÛW$h`yZÆ R>° A°dp¨ [p° i¨L$p_° L$p°B ı\p_ _\u.
Apd r_f¨S>_ cN[° bÎgyL$pL$p, rd” dqX$ep, Np¨^u∆ A_° qfÎL°$ S>°hu
ÏeqL$[Ap°_° A_ygnu_° fQ°gp¨ kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ [°Ap° [° [° ÏeqL$[_p ÏeqL$[–h_°
dprdÆL$[p\u kyf°M D`kph° R>°.
‚Ze, ‚L©$r[ A_° ÏeqL$[rhjeL$ kp∑_°V$p° ≈°ep bp]$ Ap`Z° r_f¨S>__p¨
_NfL$pÏep°_u hp[ L$fuA° [p,° NyS>fp[u L$rh[p_p k¨]$cÆdp¨ rhQpf[p¨ A°d L$lu
iL$pe L°$ Ap ‚L$pf_u L$rh[p_p° Apf¨c r_f¨S>_\u S> \pe R>°. `f¨[y rhL$rh[p_p
k¨]$cÆdp¨ ≈°[p¨ L$lu iL$pe L°$ _NfL$rh[p N∞uk S>°V$gu S|>_u R>°. rhL$rh[p_p KX$p
AÊepku r_f¨S>_° Ap rh_Nf L$rh[p_p k¨ıL$pf TuÎep R>° A_° [°_° Ap–dkp[π
`Z L$epÆ R>°. L$rh p°[° A° Akf_p° _d∞[p`|hÆL$ ıhuL$pf L$f° R>° A_° p°[p_u L$rh[p
A° c|rdL$p f S> fQpB R>° A°d ≈l°f L$f° R>°. Ap`Z° Alv q_f¨S>__p _NfrhjeL$
kp∑_°V$_u hp[ L$fuA° [p° "`∞hpg‹u`' L$pÏek¨N∞ldp_p¨ kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ Ap^yr_L$
e¨”k¨ıL©$q[ h√Q° `X°$gu _Nf k¨ıL©$r[_u rhÍ `[p hæ$[p, r_Û‚pZ[p,
k¨h°]$_i|fie[p_° bfpbf_u D`kphu R>°. "dy¨bB_Nfu', "Ap^yr_L$ AfŒe',
"L$p°gpbp`f k|epÆı[', "A°`p°gp° `f Qfi÷p°]$e' S>°hu kp∑_°V$fQ_pAp°dp¨ ‚[uL$
‹pfp _Nfk¨ıL©$r[_° Apg°Mu ArcÏeqL$[_u rhriÛV$ fur[_° kpd° d|L$u R>°. "dybB
_Nfu' kp∑_°V$dp¨ L$rh `p°[p_p d__° Ap _Nfu ≈°hp_p° kp]$ L$f[p¨ L$l° R>° :
"Qg d_ dy ¨bB _Nfu,
≈°hp `y√R> rh_p_u dNfu !'
(`©. 201)
187
dy¨bB _Nfu_° dNf kp\° kfMphu dNfu_° |¨R>X$p hNf_u L$lu R>°. L$pfZ
L°$ dNf_y¨ ≈°f [°_u `|¨R>X$udp¨ S> lp°e R>°. dy¨bB_° `|¨R>X$u rh_p_u dNfu L$lu_° L$rh
Ïe¨S>_p ‹pfp S> A°_p° [faX$pV$ A_° hgp°`p[ ‚NV$ L$fu iL$ep R>° A_° [°\u L$rh
dy¨bB_p° rh_pi \pe [° l°gp [°_° ≈°B g°hp_y¨ L$l° R>°. Alv [°_u k¨h°]$_ i|fie[p,
r_Û‚pZ[p_° L$rhA° [pL$u R>°.
"Ap^yr_L$ AfŒe' _u hp[ L$f[p¨ L$rh L$l° R>°, A° L°$hy¨ AfŒe ?
"AfŒe, S>_ Sep¨ ANŒe `iy tlk∞ ip¨ O|d[p¨' (`©. 202)
Alv L$rh dpZk_° tlk∞ `iy_u kp\° kfMph° R>° A_° Aphp dpZkp°
‚–e° L$rh cpfp°cpf _af[ ‚NV$ L$f° R>°. il°fdp¨ d_yÛep° cˇe - cnL$_p k¨b¨ \u
∆h° R>°. Ap A°L$ A°hy¨ AfŒe R>° L°$ Sep¨ h_ı`r[, T|d[p¨ h©np° _\u L°$ _\u
`nuAp°_p° V$lzL$p°, `f¨[y `nuAp°_p b]$g° Atl [p° `|fp hp°Îeyd° f°qX$ep° V$lzL$u f¸p°
R>°. [°d S> TfZ _lv [°hu Ap ıapÎV$_u kX$L$ kf° R>°. Alv ‚°[ `Z _\u _°
`qfNZ `Z _\u,`f¨[y Atl [p° q]$_-fp[ ÷pdL$pf O|du flu R>°. L$rh L$l° R>° -
"kepÆ A[g\u _epÆ kS>X$ Apd \uS>ep W$epÆ,
Alv _fL$ _uL$˛ep drg_ DÛZ r_:pk ? L°$,
L$]$uL$ r_S> ıh‡_buS> Alv hprhep¨ fpnk°,
rhipg `qf`L$h Ap ıhÍ`dp¨ iy¨ apÎep¨ - a˛ep¨ !'
(`©. 202)
A[g\u _uL$m°gp dp” Alv [p° _LÆ$ kdp drg_ ^M^M[p r_:pkp°
R>° ? L°$ `R>u L$p°B fpnk° Alv L$p°L$]$u Aphu_° `p°[p_p ıh‡__p¨ buS> hprhep¨ R>°
A_° A°S> Ap rhipm ıhÍ`dp¨ apgu - a}gu_° `qf`Lh bfiep¨ R>°. [°\u Alv L$rh
S>° dpZkp°_u hp[ L$f° R>° [° tlk∞ `iy\u S>fp`Z E[f[p¨ _\u.
[p° "L$p°gpbp `f k|epÆı[' A_° "A°`p°gp° `f Q¨÷p°]$e' rhgnZ
L$pÏep_ych L$fph[u rhriÛV$ fQ_pAp° R>°. bfi_° fQ_pAp°dp¨ dy¨bB_u fp[_p¨
◊Ìep° Sy>]$p Sy>]$p L$p°Z\u TX$`hpdp¨ ApÏep¨ R>°. q]$hk_p Ód `R>u Apfpd dpV°$
188
fp”u Aph° R>°, –epf° dpephu_Nf dy¨bB_p L$pa° fp°eg_p¨ ‡epgp-fL$pbu, R>fu-
L$p¨V$p MMX°$ R>°. ÁeyrTed_u V≤$pd_p O°fp, OOÆf_p]$ fZL°$ R>° A_° -
"Ap il°f_u L$pd_p -
Apd¨”° a}V$`p\ `° Afh fl° S>° d¨]$ _pfu kfu,
A°_° A¨N° Ak¸ hpk hl°[u (rQ—° Ak¨[p°j_u).'
(`©. 221)
Alv L$rh dp°lL$_Nfu_u fp”u_u _pfL$ue gugp ≈°B cpf° ”pkAlv L$rh dp°lL$_Nfu_u fp”u_u _pfL$ue gugp ≈°B cpf° ”pkAlv L$rh dp°lL$_Nfu_u fp”u_u _pfL$ue gugp ≈°B cpf° ”pkAlv L$rh dp°lL$_Nfu_u fp”u_u _pfL$ue gugp ≈°B cpf° ”pkAlv L$rh dp°lL$_Nfu_u fp”u_u _pfL$ue gugp ≈°B cpf° ”pk
A_ych° R>°. rhi°jdp¨ Óu X$p°. rh_p°]$ ≈°iu L$l° R>° [°d "k¨”pk_u _pNQ|X$dp¨A_ych° R>°. rhi°jdp¨ Óu X$p°. rh_p°]$ ≈°iu L$l° R>° [°d "k¨”pk_u _pNQ|X$dp¨A_ych° R>°. rhi°jdp¨ Óu X$p°. rh_p°]$ ≈°iu L$l° R>° [°d "k¨”pk_u _pNQ|X$dp¨A_ych° R>°. rhi°jdp¨ Óu X$p°. rh_p°]$ ≈°iu L$l° R>° [°d "k¨”pk_u _pNQ|X$dp¨A_ych° R>°. rhi°jdp¨ Óu X$p°. rh_p°]$ ≈°iu L$l° R>° [°d "k¨”pk_u _pNQ|X$dp¨
cvkpe°g _Nf∆h__u hpı[rhL$[p MyÎgu L$f[p¨ Ap kp∑_°V$dp¨ L$rhA°cvkpe°g _Nf∆h__u hpı[rhL$[p MyÎgu L$f[p¨ Ap kp∑_°V$dp¨ L$rhA°cvkpe°g _Nf∆h__u hpı[rhL$[p MyÎgu L$f[p¨ Ap kp∑_°V$dp¨ L$rhA°cvkpe°g _Nf∆h__u hpı[rhL$[p MyÎgu L$f[p¨ Ap kp∑_°V$dp¨ L$rhA°cvkpe°g _Nf∆h__u hpı[rhL$[p MyÎgu L$f[p¨ Ap kp∑_°V$dp¨ L$rhA°
dp_hlep[u_u ep[_p `f_p° `X$]$p° KQL$u gB, [°_y¨ ce¨L$f _¡_dp_hlep[u_u ep[_p `f_p° `X$]$p° KQL$u gB, [°_y¨ ce¨L$f _¡_dp_hlep[u_u ep[_p `f_p° `X$]$p° KQL$u gB, [°_y¨ ce¨L$f _¡_dp_hlep[u_u ep[_p `f_p° `X$]$p° KQL$u gB, [°_y¨ ce¨L$f _¡_dp_hlep[u_u ep[_p `f_p° `X$]$p° KQL$u gB, [°_y¨ ce¨L$f _¡_ÍÍÍÍÍ ` ‚L$V$` ‚L$V$` ‚L$V$` ‚L$V$` ‚L$V$
L$eyØ R>°. NyS>fp[u kp∑_°V$ L©$r[Ap°dp¨ ≈°hp dm[p° fp°dprfiV$L$ D÷°L$ Alv _pdi°jL$eyØ R>°. NyS>fp[u kp∑_°V$ L©$r[Ap°dp¨ ≈°hp dm[p° fp°dprfiV$L$ D÷°L$ Alv _pdi°jL$eyØ R>°. NyS>fp[u kp∑_°V$ L©$r[Ap°dp¨ ≈°hp dm[p° fp°dprfiV$L$ D÷°L$ Alv _pdi°jL$eyØ R>°. NyS>fp[u kp∑_°V$ L©$r[Ap°dp¨ ≈°hp dm[p° fp°dprfiV$L$ D÷°L$ Alv _pdi°jL$eyØ R>°. NyS>fp[u kp∑_°V$ L©$r[Ap°dp¨ ≈°hp dm[p° fp°dprfiV$L$ D÷°L$ Alv _pdi°j
\B Nep° R>°. b. L$. W$pL$p°f° a¨L°$g rhQpf ‚^p_ L$rh[p_p ÂeyNg_p° ‚r[Op°j\B Nep° R>°. b. L$. W$pL$p°f° a¨L°$g rhQpf ‚^p_ L$rh[p_p ÂeyNg_p° ‚r[Op°j\B Nep° R>°. b. L$. W$pL$p°f° a¨L°$g rhQpf ‚^p_ L$rh[p_p ÂeyNg_p° ‚r[Op°j\B Nep° R>°. b. L$. W$pL$p°f° a¨L°$g rhQpf ‚^p_ L$rh[p_p ÂeyNg_p° ‚r[Op°j\B Nep° R>°. b. L$. W$pL$p°f° a¨L°$g rhQpf ‚^p_ L$rh[p_p ÂeyNg_p° ‚r[Op°j
krhi°j byg¨]$krhi°j byg¨]$krhi°j byg¨]$krhi°j byg¨]$krhi°j byg¨]$ÍÍÍÍÍ `° r_f¨S>_ cN[_p Ap kp∑_°V$dp¨ k¨cmpe R>°. bp°]$g°f_p`° r_f¨S>_ cN[_p Ap kp∑_°V$dp¨ k¨cmpe R>°. bp°]$g°f_p`° r_f¨S>_ cN[_p Ap kp∑_°V$dp¨ k¨cmpe R>°. bp°]$g°f_p`° r_f¨S>_ cN[_p Ap kp∑_°V$dp¨ k¨cmpe R>°. bp°]$g°f_p`° r_f¨S>_ cN[_p Ap kp∑_°V$dp¨ k¨cmpe R>°. bp°]$g°f_p
"V°$Îg°L$k °qfÌefik' dp¨ _Nf∆h__u S>° ep[_pAp° ÏeL[ \B R>° [° r_f¨S>_"V°$Îg°L$k °qfÌefik' dp¨ _Nf∆h__u S>° ep[_pAp° ÏeL[ \B R>° [° r_f¨S>_"V°$Îg°L$k °qfÌefik' dp¨ _Nf∆h__u S>° ep[_pAp° ÏeL[ \B R>° [° r_f¨S>_"V°$Îg°L$k °qfÌefik' dp¨ _Nf∆h__u S>° ep[_pAp° ÏeL[ \B R>° [° r_f¨S>_"V°$Îg°L$k °qfÌefik' dp¨ _Nf∆h__u S>° ep[_pAp° ÏeL[ \B R>° [° r_f¨S>_
cN[_p Ap kp∑_°V$dp¨ `X$OpB flu lp°e [°hy¨ A_ychpe R>°.'cN[_p Ap kp∑_°V$dp¨ `X$OpB flu lp°e [°hy¨ A_ychpe R>°.'cN[_p Ap kp∑_°V$dp¨ `X$OpB flu lp°e [°hy¨ A_ychpe R>°.'cN[_p Ap kp∑_°V$dp¨ `X$OpB flu lp°e [°hy¨ A_ychpe R>°.'cN[_p Ap kp∑_°V$dp¨ `X$OpB flu lp°e [°hy¨ A_ychpe R>°.'37
"A°`p°gp° `f Q¨÷p°]$e' dp¨ ı\mkde_p° `qfh°i kdN∞ fQ_pdp¨
`\fpe°gp° ≈°hp dm° R>°. L$rh_u dp_kep”p A_° [°_u kp\° kdy÷_p Q¨Qg
[f¨N]$g `f Q¨÷° fQ°g Ap¨]$p°rg[ tbb kp°`p_dpgp_y¨ ıhr‡_g r_Í `Z
Aplπgp]$L$ bfiey¨ R>°. kp°`p_dpgp_p ApÓe° ]|$f ]|$f kf[p°, Apfp°l[p° L$rh b^y¨
S> rhıdfu r_S>-N©l°, Q¨÷gp°L°$ `pR>p° af° R>°.
Apd dy¨bB_Nfu_p - Ap^yr_L$ AfŒe_p bp¸hZÆ_\u iÍ \e°gu
Ap L$rh[p (‚hpg‹u`) [°_p¨ iy-‚pZuAp° [\p d_yÛep°_p A¨[f¨N-brlf¨N_p°
k¨[`ÆL$$ `qfQe L$fphu [°d_p ∆h__u r_f\ÆL$[p, i|fie[p, Ïe\p, h°]$_p_°
]$ipÆhu A¨[° [°dp¨\u dyqL$[ dm° [° dpV°$_u `∞p\Æ_pdp¨ rhfd° R>°. Ap L$rh_p kS>Æ_
`f A_°L$ L$rhAp°_u Akf R>°, f¨[y A° Akf_° Ap–dkp[π L$fu L$rhA° A°L$ brgÛW$
L$gpL©$r[_y¨ r_dpÆZ L$eyØ R>°. [°\u kyf°i ]$gpg° kpQy¨ S> L$¸y¨ R>° L°$ "r_f¨S>_° L$epf°L$"r_f¨S>_° L$epf°L$"r_f¨S>_° L$epf°L$"r_f¨S>_° L$epf°L$"r_f¨S>_° L$epf°L$
189
`qÚd `pk°\u DR>u_y¨ gu^y¨ R>°, `Z A°d_u Ap DR>u-D^pfp_u aqfep]$`qÚd `pk°\u DR>u_y¨ gu^y¨ R>°, `Z A°d_u Ap DR>u-D^pfp_u aqfep]$`qÚd `pk°\u DR>u_y¨ gu^y¨ R>°, `Z A°d_u Ap DR>u-D^pfp_u aqfep]$`qÚd `pk°\u DR>u_y¨ gu^y¨ R>°, `Z A°d_u Ap DR>u-D^pfp_u aqfep]$`qÚd `pk°\u DR>u_y¨ gu^y¨ R>°, `Z A°d_u Ap DR>u-D^pfp_u aqfep]$
Ap`Z° L$fu iL$uA° A°d _\u, L$pfZ L°$ A°dZ° L$gp A_° L$kb\u A° g°œ¨Ap`Z° L$fu iL$uA° A°d _\u, L$pfZ L°$ A°dZ° L$gp A_° L$kb\u A° g°œ¨Ap`Z° L$fu iL$uA° A°d _\u, L$pfZ L°$ A°dZ° L$gp A_° L$kb\u A° g°œ¨Ap`Z° L$fu iL$uA° A°d _\u, L$pfZ L°$ A°dZ° L$gp A_° L$kb\u A° g°œ¨Ap`Z° L$fu iL$uA° A°d _\u, L$pfZ L°$ A°dZ° L$gp A_° L$kb\u A° g°œ¨
b°hXy¨$ Q|L$hu Ap‡ey¨ R>°.'b°hXy¨$ Q|L$hu Ap‡ey¨ R>°.'b°hXy¨$ Q|L$hu Ap‡ey¨ R>°.'b°hXy¨$ Q|L$hu Ap‡ey¨ R>°.'b°hXy¨$ Q|L$hu Ap‡ey¨ R>°.'39
lh° ≈°BA° S>°_° tQ[_ - ‚^p_ rhcpNdp¨ d|L$u iL$pe [°hp kp∑_°V$p°_°.
[°dp¨ "15 Ap°NÛV$, 1948' Ap kp∑_°V$dp¨ bu≈ ıhp[¨¨‘eq]$__° `|rZÆdp_p
fk`|ZÆ Q¨÷Í`° Ap°mMphu [°_° Í`gp°cu fplz cvku f¸p° R>° A°d L$rh L$l° R>°
–epf° L$rh_y¨ ]$iÆ_ rhi°j fıd°`]$u b_° R>°, [p° "dp_h_p° _ hpk' kp∑_°V$dp¨ L$rh
L$l° R>° L°$ Apc L°$hm flıe\u cf°gy¨ R>°, A_¨[ rhı[f°gy¨ R>° A_° [°_p A_°L$
‚]°$ip° [p° A¨^pf\u Ap√R>pq]$[ R>°, iu[\u Ïep‡[ R>°, ApL$pidp¨ Ak¨øe [pfL$p°
R>°. b° [pfL$p° h√Q° S> A°V$gy¨ b^y¨ AapV$ A¨[f R>° L°$ Ap`Zu dr[ d|¨TpB ≈e R>°.
ApV$ApV$gy¨ (dpZk_° cecu[ L$fu iL°$ [°hy¨) lp°hp R>[p¨ L$rh W¨$X°$ L$g°S>° r_fp¨[\u
L$l° R>° :
"R>[p¨ _ A°_p° Df L¨$` - ”pk,
–ep¨ L°$dL°$ dp_h_p° _ hpk ?'
(`©. 158)
Alv `Z Ap`Z_° L$rh_p Ïe¨N - L$V$pn_u [uˇZ^pf A_ychhp dm°
R>°.
Ap rkhpe Afie b° kp∑_°V$p° S>°_° ey¡dL$ L$lu iL$pe [°hp "`\-1' A_°
"`\-2' [°dp¨ ‚\d kp∑_°V$ "`\-1' dp¨ L$rhA° `p°[p_p ‚g¨b`\_y¨ ky¨]$f
rQ”p–dL$ hZÆ_ L$eyØ R>°. Ap `\ h_dp¨, _Nfdp¨ b^° ≈e R>°, `f¨[y L$rh L$ep¨e
rhfpd B√R>[p _\u. [°d_u [p° A°L$ S> B√R>p R>° - S>° dyÌL°$guAp° Aph° [° klu_°
`Z d¨rS>g° `l°p¨Qhy¨.
[p° bu≈ kp∑_°V$ "`\-2' dp¨ Ap ‚g¨b`\ `f L$f°gu ep”p_y¨ bep_ R>°.
L$rh L$l° R>° L°$ Qpgu Qpgu_° lh° b^p¨ A¨Np° Lgp¨[ b_u Nep¨ R>°. [°Ap° L$l° R>° L°$
QfZdp¨ lh° [p° [ky `Z Qpghp_u lpd flu _\u. L$rh \p°c° R>°, `pR>p hmu
S>fpL$ Sy>A° R>° [p° S>Zpe R>° L°$ `]°$`]°$ `\ rhfpd l[p° _° dS>gA¨[ `Z `]°$`]°$
190
l[p°. [°d_° hkhkp° \pe R>° L°$ `l°g°\u S> Ap ◊qÛV$ dmu lp°[ [p° L°$hy¨ kpfy¨ \p[ !
Ap`Z° ≈ZuA° R>uA° L°$ ∆h__p A_°L$ A_ychp° `R>u S> A° ◊rÛV$ kp¨`X$[u
lp°e R>°. A° ◊qÛV$ dm[p¨ lh° L$rh ip¨[ R>°, r_qÚ¨[ R>°.
"lh° Alv S> A¨[, l°[y dyS> rkŸ, `pÁep° b^y¨;
_\u lfM-ip°L$, lz¨ A_ycep°e `pÁep° h^y.'
(`©. 183)
dpZk L°$V$L°$V$gy¨ A_ychp°\u iuMu iL°$ R>° ! eyhp_ r_f¨S>_° NyS>fp[u
kprl–e_p ‚Mf L$gprinL$, r`[pdl kdp bmh¨[fpe W$pL$p°f `pk°\u Oœ¨ Oœ¨
d°mÏey¨ R>°.
ApNm ≈°e¨y [°d `p°[° A_ychp° ‹pfp Oœ¨ iuøep R>°, [p° r_f¨S>_
]y$r_ep_° S>Íf `X$e° kgpl-k|Q_-D`]°$i `Z Ap`° R>°. A°_y¨ L$pfZ L$]$pQ A° R>°
L°$ [°Ap° L$rh lp°hp_u kp\° kp\° Ïehkpe° A›ep`L$ R>°. [°d_y¨ A›ep`L$ [fuL°$_y¨
ÏeqL$[–h ky`°f° ÏeL[ \pe R>°, "A¨N∞°S> Ap°_kÆ_p rh¤p\wAp°_° rh]$pe' Ap`[u
hM[° fQ°gp kp∑_°V$_p ‚pf¨cdp¨ L$rh ep]$ A`ph° R>° L°$ L$p°g°S>dp¨ Npm°gp ep•h__p
AZd|g Qpf hj°pÆ_u. `R>u L$rh `p°[° Qpf hjÆdp¨ S>° S>° L$rh_u L©$r[Ap° cZphu
[°_° ep]$ L$f° R>° A_° kprl–epıhp]$_u A° nZp°_° Ap_¨]$_u fkkdpr^ [fuL°$
Ap°mMphu rh¤p\wAp°_° `|R>° R>° L°$ -
"k]$p _ufk[pcepÆ chfZ° fkıe¨q]$_u, A° nZp°_°
rhÍ` S>N[_u Ïe\p kdS>hp k¨cpfiy¨ _° ?'
afu A°S> rh¤p\wAp°_° D]°$πiu_° L$rh L$l° R>° -
"cŒep S> _lv dp”, qL≠$[y dyS>_° cZpÏep° [d°;
[d° S> Nyfy, riÛe lz¨, rif ]•$h A°\u _d°.'
R>°Îg° L$rh qh¤p\wAp°_° Nyfy L$lu `p°[p_u _d∞[p, L©$[o[p, ÏeL$[ L$f°
R>°.
lh° `R>u_y¨ kp∑_°V$ "cuX$' dp¨ L$rh cuX$_u Ak¸[p_u hp[ L$f[p¨ "cuX$'
191
rhi° ‚Ì_ `|R>° R>° -
"Ak¸ Ap dp_h_u _ cuX$ !' (`©. _¨. 254)
Ap ‚Ì__p° S>hpb Ap`Z° rhQpfuA° [° `l°gp¨ L$rh cuX$_p° ”pk hZÆh°
R>°. cuX$dp¨ ≈° L$p°L$_u T|¨L$ S>fu hpNu NB [p° Ap¨M fp[u \hp_u, L$p°B_u L$p°Zu
`°ku NB [p° `p¨kmu cp¨Nhp_u, `N `f L$p°B_p° b|V$ `X$ep° [p° `N QN]$php_p°.
L$rh `|R>° R>° L°$ Aphy¨ \pe –epf° d_dp¨ (cuX$ `f) QuX$ _ QX°$ ? Ap`Z_° OX$ucf
A°d \pe L°$ cuX$dp¨\u bQhp A°L$p¨[dp¨ S>hy¨ ≈°BA°. –ep¨ [p° [f[ L$rh `|R>° R>° :
"–ep¨ i|fie[p_u _rl lp°e `uX$ ?' (`©. _¨. 254)
i|fie[p_p° øepg Aph[p¨ Ap`Z_° \i° L°$ A°_p L$f[p¨ [p° cuX$ kpfu. [°
Ak¸ _lv gpN°.
r_f¨S>__p L$gp L$rh[p rhjeL$ kp∑_°V$ ≈°BA° [p° Ap L$rh_y¨ "‚[ur['
kp∑_°V$ Ap rhcpNdp¨ dyL$u iL$pe. Ap `°V≤$pLÆ$ipB kp∑_°V$dp¨ r_f¨S>_° L$rh_u,
kS>ÆL$_u Adp` Mydpfu A_° r_≈_¨]$_° ky¨]$f ArcÏeqL$[ Ap`u R>°. L$rh_° A_°L$
q]$hkp°_p k[[ dp•_ `R>u L$p°B ^fie nZ° R>¨]$_u L$X$u ıa}f° R>° –epf° AQp_L$
Ap_¨]$ Ap_¨]$ \B ≈e R>°. kS>Æ__u nZp°dp¨ L$rh `p°[p_u L$pÏe k©qÛV$_p° b∞˚p
R>°, [° df∆ dyS>b A_°L$rh^ rh fQ° R>°, D\p`° R>°, afu fQ° R>°, D\p`° R>°. L$rh
Mydpfu`|hÆL$ `|R>° R>° : "L$p°Z `|R>_pf k—p d_° ?' V|¨$L$dp¨ L$rh `p°[p_p° (kpQp° ?)
`qfQe Ap`[p¨ S>Zph° R>° L°$ ApS> ky^u lz¨ d©[ _ l[p° L°$ _ l[p° ÏeL$[. d¢ kNp -
ıhS>_ - rd” `pk° fk‚°d g|¨V$ep° l[p° A_° S>N[_u t_]$p R>[p¨ [° L$ep¨e M|‡ep°
_ l[p°. hmu Ly$]$f[ ‚–e° [p° lz¨ `l°gp¨\u S> ApkL$[ l[p°. hmu `p°[p_° F>Zu
L$f_pf Ap b^p ‚–e° L©$[o[p ÏeL$[ L$fu_° `Z L$rh L$l° R>° L°$ ApS>_u kS>Æ__u
nZ° d_° L$p°B_u [dp _\u, L$pfZ L°$ -
"‚[ur[ dyS>_° dmu kL$g Ap–dQ•[fie_u;' (`©. _¨. 140)
"L$rh dp” `p°[p_p S> _lv, S>N[_p ]y$:M - ]$]Æ$_° `Z Ap–dkp[π"L$rh dp” `p°[p_p S> _lv, S>N[_p ]y$:M - ]$]Æ$_° `Z Ap–dkp[π"L$rh dp” `p°[p_p S> _lv, S>N[_p ]y$:M - ]$]Æ$_° `Z Ap–dkp[π"L$rh dp” `p°[p_p S> _lv, S>N[_p ]y$:M - ]$]Æ$_° `Z Ap–dkp[π"L$rh dp” `p°[p_p S> _lv, S>N[_p ]y$:M - ]$]Æ$_° `Z Ap–dkp[π
L$fu [°_° kp^pfZuL©$[ ıhL$fu [°_° kp^pfZuL©$[ ıhL$fu [°_° kp^pfZuL©$[ ıhL$fu [°_° kp^pfZuL©$[ ıhL$fu [°_° kp^pfZuL©$[ ıhÍÍÍÍÍ `° S>N[ kpd° ^f° R>°, S>°_p\u cphL$p° Ap_¨]$`° S>N[ kpd° ^f° R>°, S>°_p\u cphL$p° Ap_¨]$`° S>N[ kpd° ^f° R>°, S>°_p\u cphL$p° Ap_¨]$`° S>N[ kpd° ^f° R>°, S>°_p\u cphL$p° Ap_¨]$`° S>N[ kpd° ^f° R>°, S>°_p\u cphL$p° Ap_¨]$
192
`pd° R>°. `f¨[y L$pÏekS>Æ_ hM[° L$rh `Z Ap_¨]$ A_ych° R>°. Ap L$pÏep_¨]$`pd° R>°. `f¨[y L$pÏekS>Æ_ hM[° L$rh `Z Ap_¨]$ A_ych° R>°. Ap L$pÏep_¨]$`pd° R>°. `f¨[y L$pÏekS>Æ_ hM[° L$rh `Z Ap_¨]$ A_ych° R>°. Ap L$pÏep_¨]$`pd° R>°. `f¨[y L$pÏekS>Æ_ hM[° L$rh `Z Ap_¨]$ A_ych° R>°. Ap L$pÏep_¨]$`pd° R>°. `f¨[y L$pÏekS>Æ_ hM[° L$rh `Z Ap_¨]$ A_ych° R>°. Ap L$pÏep_¨]$
b∞˚p_¨]$ klp°]$f R>°. fpS>°fi÷_p "r_fyÿ°i°' L$pÏe_p qV$‡`Zdp¨ r_f¨S>_° gøey¨b∞˚p_¨]$ klp°]$f R>°. fpS>°fi÷_p "r_fyÿ°i°' L$pÏe_p qV$‡`Zdp¨ r_f¨S>_° gøey¨b∞˚p_¨]$ klp°]$f R>°. fpS>°fi÷_p "r_fyÿ°i°' L$pÏe_p qV$‡`Zdp¨ r_f¨S>_° gøey¨b∞˚p_¨]$ klp°]$f R>°. fpS>°fi÷_p "r_fyÿ°i°' L$pÏe_p qV$‡`Zdp¨ r_f¨S>_° gøey¨b∞˚p_¨]$ klp°]$f R>°. fpS>°fi÷_p "r_fyÿ°i°' L$pÏe_p qV$‡`Zdp¨ r_f¨S>_° gøey¨
S> R>° L°$ "L$pÏe A_° Ap_¨]$ A°L$d°L$_p `epÆep° R>°.'S> R>° L°$ "L$pÏe A_° Ap_¨]$ A°L$d°L$_p `epÆep° R>°.'S> R>° L°$ "L$pÏe A_° Ap_¨]$ A°L$d°L$_p `epÆep° R>°.'S> R>° L°$ "L$pÏe A_° Ap_¨]$ A°L$d°L$_p `epÆep° R>°.'S> R>° L°$ "L$pÏe A_° Ap_¨]$ A°L$d°L$_p `epÆep° R>°.'39
r_f¨S>__p "L$fp°rmep°' A_° "dp°f' bfi_° D—d kp∑_°V$p°_° Ap rhcpNdp¨
d|L$u iL$pe. ≈° L°$ [°dp¨ ‚L©$r[_p¨ Z ]$iÆ_ \pe R>°. f¨[y dyøe–h° [° bfi_° kp∑_°V$p°
‚[uL$p–dL$ R>° A_° L$gprkL$g [°dS> fp°dprfiV$L$ cph ^pfpAp°_y¨ kdep¨[f°
‚L$pV$uL$fZ L$f° R>°, A°V$g° L°$ "L$fp°rmep°' A° L$gprkL$g L$rh_y¨ ‚[uL$ R>° A_° "dp°f'
A° fp°d°rfiV$L$ L$rh_y¨. Ap ‚[uL$p° L$rhA° ıhe¨ıa}V$ L$fu Ap‡ep¨ R>°.
Ap bfi_° kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ L$rhA° L$fp°rmep_y¨ A_° dp°f_y¨ S>° hZÆ_ L$eyØ R>° [°
A°hu Ly$im[p\u L$eyØ R>° L°$ [° A_yæ$d° L$gprkL$g A_° fp°dprfiV$L L$rh_° gpNy `X°$
R>°. Ap kp∑_°V$p° ‹pfp L$rh Ap b¨_° cph^pfpAp° rhi° iy¨ dp_° R>° A° `Z ‚NV$
\pe R>°. Ap ‚L$pf_u ‚[uL$p–dL$[p L$pÏeddÆ_u kudp_° rhı[pf° R>°. "L$fp°rmep°'dp¨
kp•ÛW$hr‚e L$rh_p° A_° "dp°f' dp¨ fp°d°rfiV$L$ L$rh_p° r_]£$i R>°, `Z L$fp°rmep_u
NN_O|d[u [pfpL$Zu `L$X$hp_u dyfp]$ A_° "dp°f' _u `p°[p_y¨ Ad|Îe AÓy L$p°B
Tug° A°hu dyfp]$ L$pÏep\Æ_° l∆e rhı[pf° R>°. Apd L$rh_y¨ kp∑_°V$N[ k¨h°]$_
OZuhpf Ïe¨¡ep\Æ d_p°lf `Z b_u fl° R>°.
r_f¨S>_ cN[_p D`eyL[ kp∑_°V$p°_p AÊepk bp]$ L$lu iL$pe L°$ kp∑_°V$_p
”Z ‚L$pfp° `•L$u r_f¨S>__° rdÎV$_ipB ‚L$pf ‚–e° `n`p[ R>°. [°d_p¨ kp∑_°V$
fpridp¨\u gNcN ”u≈ cpN_p kp∑_°V$p° rdÎV$_ipB ‚L$pf_p f¸p¨ R>°. Afie
kp∑_°V$p° ıh[¨” ‚L$pf_p f¸p¨ R>°. "r`[p' 4+4+4+2 A°V$g° L°$ i°L$πsı`efipB
kp∑_°V$ R>° [p° "‚[ur[' kp∑_°V$ b° Aph©r—dp¨ R>`pey¨ R>°, A°L$ 4+4+6 R>°, [p° Ap
S> fQ_p "b©lz[π R>¨]$p°ge' dp¨ 8+6 S>°hp M¨X$ rhcpS>_dp¨ dm° R>°. [°\u [°_° °V≤$pLÆ$_
`Ÿr[_y¨ L$lu iL$pe. Apd i°L$πsı`efipB [\p `°V≤$pLÆ$_ipB kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ [p°
`¨qL$[OV$L$p°_u hl¢QZu r_qÚ[ lp°e R>° S>. `f¨[y rdÎV$_ipB ‚L$pfdp¨ ep◊s√R>L$
`¨qL$[OV$L$p° ep°S>hp_u kNhX$ R>°. "[_° √lp[p √lp[p' kp∑_°V$dp¨ 8+4+2
`¨qL$[^V$L$p° R>°, "ıhe¨ [y¨' dp¨ 6+6+2 `¨qL$[OV$L$p° R>°, `f¨[y Aphp A°L$g ]$p°L$g
A`hp]$p°_° bp]$ L$f[p¨ bpL$u_p¨ gNcN b^p rdÎV$_ipB kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ km¨N 14
193
`¨qL$[ L$rhA° ep°∆ R>°, R>[p¨ kp∑_°V$ dpV°$ AphÌeL$ A°hp° hmp¨L$, ApR>p° gl°L$p°
L$ep¨L$ _° L$ep¨L$ Aph° [°_u kph^p_u [°dZ° S>Íf fpMu R>°.
r_f¨S>_ kp∑_°V$_u ‚pkfQ_p_u bpb[dp¨ `f¨`fp\u \p°X$p Dafp QpÎep
R>°. r_f¨S>_° kp∑_°V$p°_p f¨`fpN[ ‚L$pfp° dyS>b ¨qL$[ OV$L$p° f√ep R>°, Z f¨`fp
dyS>b_u ‚pk fQ_p L$fu _\u. [°d_p¨ ”Z° ‚L$pf_p kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ dyøe–h° L$MML$,
NOON, QR>R>Q, S>S> `∞L$pf_u ‚pkfQ_p ≈°hp dm° R>°. ‚pf¨cdp¨ kp∑_°V$
"≈N©r—' dp¨ Ap ‚L$pf_u ‚pkfQ_p ≈°B iL$pe R>°. rdÎL$V$_ipB ‚L$pf_p kp∑_°V$
"[_° √lp[p √lp[p' dp¨ L$rhA° Sy>]$p Sy>]$p `∞L$pf_u ‚pkfQ_p, L$ L$ MM NN OO
QQ R>R> - ep°∆ R>°. Apd Aphp Dafp fur[_p ‚pk ≈°hp dm° R>°. Alv L$]$pQ
cpjp_p Ap¨[qfL$ dpmMp_u depÆ]$p L$rh_° _X$u li°, R>[p¨ kcp_ fu[° ‚pk[“h
[fa L°$qfi÷[ \ep¨ R>°. dyøe–h° L$MML$ NOON QR>R>Q S>S>, L$L$MM NNOO
QQR>R> S>S> L°$ L$ML$M NONO QR>QR> S>S> S>°hu `Ÿq[ A`_phu R>°.
R>¨]$_u bpb[dp¨ rhQpfuA° [p° r_f¨S>_° ©’hu R>¨]$_° ‚iıefu[° ‚ep°S>ep°
R>°. W$pL$p°f_u R>p`hpmp° `©’hu [°d_p rhi°_p¨ ”Z° kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ kl°[yL$ rhr_ep°S>ep°
R>°. "L$fp°rmep°' A_° "dp°f' dp¨ `Z `©’hu R>¨]$ A°hu S> brgÛW$[p\u ‚ep°S>ep° R>°,
[p° "rh]$pe' kp∑_°V$dp¨ `©’hu_y¨ _hy¨ S> fkphl Í` ◊qÛV$Np°Qf \pe R>°. "Ap^yr_L$
AfŒe' dp¨ `Z `©’hu R>¨]$ R>°, `Z –ep¨ [°_y¨ Sy>]y¨$ S> Í` _S>f° `X°$ R>°. R>¨]$p° `f
‚cphL$ ‚cy–h ^fph[p r_f¨S>_° Alv A°L$ `¨qL$[dp¨ R>¨]$p°c¨N L$e°pÆ R>°. kp∑_°V$_u
ApW$du `¨qL$[ ≈°BA° :
"`fuNZ _, V≤$pd L$pf r]$_fp[ Alv [lv O|d°;' (`©. _¨. 202)
Ap `¨qL$[dp¨ L$rhA° 17 _° b]$g° 19 Anf d|L$u R>¨]$p°c¨N L$e°pÆ R>°, `Z
[° kprc`∞pe R>°, L$pÏe_p rl[dp¨ R>°. Ap ‚L$pf_p R>¨]$p°c¨N\u L$rh V≤$pdL$pf_u
]$p°X$p]$p°X$dp¨ fl°gu L$LÆ$i –hqf[[p_° kpfu fu[° ‚NV$ L$fu iL$ep R>°.
"‚hpg‹u`' L$pÏek¨N∞ldp¨_p "L$p°gpbp `f k|epÆı[' [\p "A°`p°gp° `f
Qfi÷p°]$e' dp¨ L$rhA° ip]|Æ$grhæ$uqX$[ R>¨]$ kam[p\u ‚ep°Sep° R>°, [p° "ıh‡_'
kp∑_°V$_u A¨r[d `¨qL$[ - "f° ıh‡_iu kL$g k–e flıe_u k©qÛV$ Mp°g° !' (`©.
4) dp¨ L$rhA° "flıe' iÂ]$ Dd°fu_° hk¨[r[gL$p_p cÏe d^yf ge_° AhÌe
194
rir\g L$e°pÆ R>°, `Z L$pÏecph_° [p° `yÛV$ S> L$e°pÆ R>°.
L$rhA° OZ° W°$L$pZ° R>°Îgu ¨qL$[Ap°dp¨ R>¨]$`gV$p Z L$epÆ R>°. "A°L$ a}g_°'
kp∑_°V$ hk¨[r[gL$pdp¨ R>°, `Z A¨r[d `¨qL$[ ˆ¡^fp_u R>°. 14 Anf_u [fg
`¨qL$[dp¨\u L$rh 21 Anf_u ‚g¨b ¨qL$[dp¨ ]$p°X$u ≈e R>°. Ap ‚L$pf_p° R>¨]$`gV$p°
(d¨]$pæ$pfi[pdp¨\u) ˆ¡^fp_p° L$rhA° "AÓy' kp∑_°V$dp¨ `Z L$e°pÆ R>°. R>°Îgu b°
`¨qL$[Ap°dp¨ r‚ep_u gL°$\u Afh kf[p¨ AÓy_p A°L$ rbfi]y$dp¨ Dfid[ tk^y S>°hu
‚Q¨X$ [pL$p[ R>° [° ]$ipÆhhp L$rh d¨]$pæ$pfi[p_p d¨]$gedp¨\u ¡^fp_p ‚g¨bgedp¨
kf° R>°, [p° "dp_y_u_°' kp∑_°V$dp¨ D`≈r[ R>¨]$ R>°. R>°Îgu b° ¨qL$[Ap°dp¨ L$pÏep–dL$
Qp°V$ kp^hp A_° [uˇZ L$V$pn L$fhp L$rh hk¨[r[gL$p_p° Ap^pf g° R>°. Ap
‚L$pf_p¨ Afie kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ R>°Îgu A°L$ `¨qL$[dp¨ R>¨]$`gV$p° \ep° R>°. Alv Ap
R>¨]$`gV$p° kl°[yL$ A_° L$pÏecph_° D`L$pfL$ R>°.
Apd R>¨]$`gV$p_u S>°d R>¨]$p°rdÓZ_p `∞ep°Np° `Z r_f¨S>__u kp∑_°V$
fQ_pAp°dp¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°. [°dZ° ‚pf¨c_p kp∑_°V$dp¨ 14 \u 19 Anf ky^u_p
Anfd°m R>¨]$p°_p° D`ep°N L$e°pÆ R>°, f¨[y R>°Îgp k¨N∞l "33 L$pÏep°' dp¨_p kp∑_°V$p°dp¨
11-12 Anf_p Bfi÷h≈∞, h¨iı\, ÷z[rhg¨rb[ B–epq]$ R>¨]$p° ‚ep°S>ep R>°.
]$f°L$ kp∑_°V$dp¨ Ap R>¨]$p°_y¨ rdÓZ \ey¨ R>°, A°V$g° L°$ rdÓp°`≈r[ R>¨]$ ‚ep°S>ep° R>°,
≈° L°$ r_f¨S>__° k—f Anfu R>¨]$p°_p¨ kp∑_°V$p° S>°hu ‚iıe kam[p Ap R>¨]$p°dp¨
dmu _\u, [°d R>[p¨ Ap kp∑_°V$p° `Z k¨[`ÆL$ [p° b_u iL$ep¨ R>°. Mpk L$fu_°
_°p¨^`p” L$lu iL$pe [°hp "qfÎL°$_y¨ d©–ey', "rb∞V$pr_ep' A_° "rh]$peh°mp' R>°.
Ag¨L$pf_u bpb[° ≈°BA° [p° r_f¨S>_° kp•\u rhi°j ‚ep°N Í `L$
Ag¨L$pf_p° L$e°pÆ R>°. D`fp¨[ D–‚°np A_° D`dp_p° rhr_ep°N `Z _°p¨^`p” R>°.
[°dS> Afie Ag¨L$pfp°_p¨ ◊ÛV$p¨[p° `Z dmu fl° R>°. Sy>Ap° :
Í`L$ Ag¨L$pf :
- []$p dpfu l•epL$rg A^M|gu a}Îg `ygL°$, (`©. _¨. - 3)
- AL°$g d_Ál°g_° ie_ L¶$L$ fp[p° flu, (`©. _¨. - 7)
- ≈Zui A°e dyS> Np•fh_y¨ S> Np” !, (`©. _¨. - 51)
- lz¨ ‚°d_y¨ `yÛ` f¸p° Ry>¨ dp°fu ; (`©. _¨. - 53)
195
D`dp Ag¨L$pf :
- Af° A°\u [p° [y¨ fZ kd b_u f°[ cfS>°, (`©. _¨. - 23)
- `R>u R>pep S>°hu [h ‚Zedpep L$ed Nd° ? (`©. _¨. - 23)
- _° Ap L$V$pn kd M¨qX$[ iyÛL$ `p”, (`©. _¨. - 51)
D–‚°np Ag¨L$pf :
- A]$uW$p¨ ıh‡_° ip¨ _e_ kf[p¨ ]|$f d|gL°$ ! (`©. _¨. - 3)
- ip° d— ‚pZ ! dq]$fpde iu S>hp_u ! (`©. _¨. - 4)
- f° [pfy¨ A° Afh kf[y¨ AÓy_y¨ A°L$ rbfi]y$,
≈[° k‡[ ıhf° iy¨ R>gbg ‚Zep°fidp]$_p° d— rkfi^y ?
(`©. _¨.- 17)
r_f¨S>_ cN[_p¨ kp∑_°V$p°_° kdN∞ fu[° [`pıep bp]$ Ap`Z° L$lu iL$uA°
[°d R>uA° L°$ r_f¨S>_ cN[ "[°d_u kp∑_°V$ ‚u[\u _lv, `f¨[y ıh"[°d_u kp∑_°V$ ‚u[\u _lv, `f¨[y ıh"[°d_u kp∑_°V$ ‚u[\u _lv, `f¨[y ıh"[°d_u kp∑_°V$ ‚u[\u _lv, `f¨[y ıh"[°d_u kp∑_°V$ ‚u[\u _lv, `f¨[y ıhÍÍÍÍÍ ` `f–h°` `f–h°` `f–h°` `f–h°` `f–h°
A¨N∞ °S> L$rhAp° A_° b. L$. W$pL$p °f _°, bp_u `f–h° L$pfi[bpgpi¨L$f_°,A¨N∞ °S> L$rhAp° A_° b. L$. W$pL$p °f _°, bp_u `f–h° L$pfi[bpgpi¨L$f_°,A¨N∞ °S> L$rhAp° A_° b. L$. W$pL$p °f _°, bp_u `f–h° L$pfi[bpgpi¨L$f_°,A¨N∞ °S> L$rhAp° A_° b. L$. W$pL$p °f _°, bp_u `f–h° L$pfi[bpgpi¨L$f_°,A¨N∞ °S> L$rhAp° A_° b. L$. W$pL$p °f _°, bp_u `f–h° L$pfi[bpgpi¨L$f_°,
ArcÏeqL[ f–h° pÚp–e ‚[uL$p–dL$ hgZ_° Ap–dkp[π L$fu _u∆ iqL$[ArcÏeqL[ f–h° pÚp–e ‚[uL$p–dL$ hgZ_° Ap–dkp[π L$fu _u∆ iqL$[ArcÏeqL[ f–h° pÚp–e ‚[uL$p–dL$ hgZ_° Ap–dkp[π L$fu _u∆ iqL$[ArcÏeqL[ f–h° pÚp–e ‚[uL$p–dL$ hgZ_° Ap–dkp[π L$fu _u∆ iqL$[ArcÏeqL[ f–h° pÚp–e ‚[uL$p–dL$ hgZ_° Ap–dkp[π L$fu _u∆ iqL$[
Mugh[p, A_yc|r[_u dpqdÆL$[p A_° [uˇZ[p ÏeL[ L$f[p¨, kcp_, ≈N∞[Mugh[p, A_yc|r[_u dpqdÆL$[p A_° [uˇZ[p ÏeL[ L$f[p¨, kcp_, ≈N∞[Mugh[p, A_yc|r[_u dpqdÆL$[p A_° [uˇZ[p ÏeL[ L$f[p¨, kcp_, ≈N∞[Mugh[p, A_yc|r[_u dpqdÆL$[p A_° [uˇZ[p ÏeL[ L$f[p¨, kcp_, ≈N∞[Mugh[p, A_yc|r[_u dpqdÆL$[p A_° [uˇZ[p ÏeL[ L$f[p¨, kcp_, ≈N∞[
L$gpk|T A_° kNÆiqL$[ ^fph[p, k¨h°]$_iug R>[p¨ bp•qŸL$ k¨ed A_°L$gpk|T A_° kNÆiqL$[ ^fph[p, k¨h°]$_iug R>[p¨ bp•qŸL$ k¨ed A_°L$gpk|T A_° kNÆiqL$[ ^fph[p, k¨h°]$_iug R>[p¨ bp•qŸL$ k¨ed A_°L$gpk|T A_° kNÆiqL$[ ^fph[p, k¨h°]$_iug R>[p¨ bp•qŸL$ k¨ed A_°L$gpk|T A_° kNÆiqL$[ ^fph[p, k¨h°]$_iug R>[p¨ bp•qŸL$ k¨ed A_°
kSS>[p ^fph[p Óu r_f¨S>_ cN[ Ap`Zp ‚\d L$p°qV$_p kp∑_°V$L$pf [fuL°$kSS>[p ^fph[p Óu r_f¨S>_ cN[ Ap`Zp ‚\d L$p°qV$_p kp∑_°V$L$pf [fuL°$kSS>[p ^fph[p Óu r_f¨S>_ cN[ Ap`Zp ‚\d L$p°qV$_p kp∑_°V$L$pf [fuL°$kSS>[p ^fph[p Óu r_f¨S>_ cN[ Ap`Zp ‚\d L$p°qV$_p kp∑_°V$L$pf [fuL°$kSS>[p ^fph[p Óu r_f¨S>_ cN[ Ap`Zp ‚\d L$p°qV$_p kp∑_°V$L$pf [fuL°$
rQfıdfZue fl°i° [° r_:iL$'rQfıdfZue fl°i° [° r_:iL$'rQfıdfZue fl°i° [° r_:iL$'rQfıdfZue fl°i° [° r_:iL$'rQfıdfZue fl°i° [° r_:iL$'40
196
S>efi[ `pW$L$
(6) X$pµ. S>e¨[ `pW$L$_p° `qfQe
S>fid[pfuM : 20du Ap°L$V$p°bf, B.k. 1920
S>fidı\m : fpS>NY$ (`¨Qdlpg rS>Îgp°, NyS>fp[ fpS>e)
`yÍ ¨ _pd : S>efi[ tld[gpg `pW$L$
r`[p : tld[gpg
dp[p : B√R>pb°_
]°$l–epN : 1-9-2003
: rinZ :
‚p\rdL$ rinZ fpS>NY$dp¨ gu^y¨. dp›erdL$ rinZ L$gp°gdp¨ gu^y¨.
B.k. 1938 dp¨ d°qV≤$L$eyg°i_ `qfnp `pk L$fu. D√QrinZ dpV°$ A°d.V$u.bu.
L$pµg°S> kyf[dp¨ ]$pMg \ep. dyøe rhje NyS>fp[u kp\° B.k. 1943 dp¨ bu.A°.
_u `]$hu d°mhu. –epfbp]$ hX$p°]$fp L$pµg°S>dp¨ B.k. 1945 dp¨ bu≈ hNÆ kp\°
A°d.A°. dp¨ `pk \ep¨. NyS>fp[u kprl–e_p qh‹p_ rhh°QL$Óu rhÛœ‚kp]$
q”h°]$u_p dpNÆ]$iÆ_ l°W$m "Ap^yr_L$ L$rh[p ‚hpl' rhi° dlpr_b¨^ gMu B.k.
1960 dp¨ `uA°Q.X$u._u D`pr^ d°mhu.
: k°hp - Ïehkpe :
L$pfqL$]$w_u iÍAp[dp¨ lpgp°g_u ipmpdp¨ rinL$ [fuL°$ k°hp Ap`u.
`p¨Q°L$ hjÆ dybB, q]$Îlu, |_pdp¨ ”L$pf–h_p Ïehkpedp¨ ≈°X$pep. "S>fidc|rd',
"rlfi]y$ı[p_' hN°f° ]•$r_L$p°dp¨ L$pd L$eyØ. B.k. 1953 dp¨ [°Ap° L°$fi÷ kfL$pf_p
‚°k L$rdi_dp¨ g°hpep `f¨[y [° R>p°X$u A° S> hj£ kyf[_u A°d.V$u.bu. L$pµg°S>dp¨
NyS>fp[u_p A›ep`L$ [fuL°$ L$pd ıhuL$peyØ, S>° B.k. 1982 dp¨ r_h©— \ep –ep¨
ky^u A›ep`_ L$peÆ L$eyØ. bpf°L$ hjÆ Qy_ugpg Np¨^u rh¤pch_ kyf[_u k¨ip°^_
k¨ı\p_p r_epdL$ [fuL°$ f¸p.
197
: rhi°j k°hpAp° :
_dÆ]$ kprl–e kcp_p L$pfp°bpfu [\p NyS>fp[u kprl–e `qfj]$_u
d›eı\ krdr[_p kÊe l[p. NyS>fp[u kprl–e `qfj]$_p d¨”u [fuL°$ `Z
fl°gp. `u.B.A°_. k¨ı\p_p kÊe l[p A_° kprl–e AL$p]$du_u NyS>fp[u
kgplL$pf krdr[_p kÊe l[p. B.k. 1972 dp¨ kprl–e `qfj]$_p d÷pk
Ar^h°i_dp¨ rhh°Q_ rhcpN_p ‚dyM l[p. kprl–e `qfj]$_p ‚dyM `Z
B.k. 1991-93 dp¨ bfiep l[p.
: `pqf[p°qjL$p° :
B.k. 1957 - Ly$dpfQ¨÷L$.
B.k. 1964 - "^uf° hl° R>° ]$p°_' dpV°$ "kp°rhe[ ]°$i _l°Í `pqf[p°qjL$'.
B.k. 1971 - "_hQ°[_' _p° Q¨÷L$.
B.k. 1976 - _dÆ]$ kyhZÆQ¨÷L$ [\p fZrS>[fpd kyhZÆQ¨÷L$.
_p_pgpg `pqf[p°qjL$ `Z [°d_° dm°gy¨ R>°. Ap D`fp¨[ cpf[ue
kprl–e AL$p]$du_y¨ `pqf[p°qjL$ [\p dy¨bB A_° NyS>fp[ kfL$pf [fa\u [°d_p¨
`yı[L$p°_° `pqf[p°qjL$p° d˛ep¨ R>°.
: kprl–edp¨ ‚]$p_ :
L$rh[p : ddÆf (B.k. 1954), k¨L°$[ (B.k. 1960), rhıde (B.k.
1963), kNÆ (B.k. 1969), A¨[fun (B.k. 1975), A_y_e (B.k.
1978), d©Nep (B.k. 1983), i|mu D`f k°S> (B.k. 1988).
198
: S>e¨[ `pW$L$_p¨ kp∑_°V$ :
S>e¨[ `pW$L$ A_° Di_kπ Ap bfi_° L$rhAp°_p¨ _pdp° kp\° S> bp°gp[p¨
- g°hp[p¨ lp°e bfi_°_y¨ kS>Æ_ kdp¨[f° \[y¨ f¸y¨ R>° A_° Apd°e NyS>fp[u kprl–edp¨
kdep¨[f° Aphu L$rhb°gX$u dm[u flu R>°. bfi_° L$rhAp°_y¨ dp_u[y¨ ıhÍ` kp∑_°V$
L$pÏe f¸y¨ R>° ≈° L°$ S>e¨[ `pW$L°$ kp∑_°V$ Ap°R>p gøep¨ R>°, `Z k“h_u bpb[°
rhi°j kbm f¸p¨ R>°. ApL$pf `f–h° S>e¨[ `pW$L$ kp∑_°V$dp¨ Di_kπ\u ApNm
Nep¨ R>°. Alv S>e¨[ `pW$L$ A_° Di_k°π L$f°gp¨ kp∑_°V$kS>Æ__p° [yg_p–dL$
ArcNd _rl `Z S>e¨[ `pW$L$_p kS>Æ_dp¨ kp∑_°V$p° L°$V$gp¨ ? A_° Di_kπ_p
kp∑_°V$p° ≈°hp_p° D`æ$d fpøep° R>°. S>e¨[ pW$L$_u kp∑_°V$kd©qŸdp¨ h_-h[_ ‚ur[
rhi°j bmL$V$ fu[° Apg°MpB R>°. ‚L©$r[_p¨ rhrh^ Í`p°_p¨ ]$iÆ_ L$rh L$fph° R>°,
A°V$g° S> kyf°i ]$gpg L$l°hp ‚°fpe R>° : "L$rhA° ‚L©$r[_p A°L$p¨Nu ıh"L$rhA° ‚L©$r[_p A°L$p¨Nu ıh"L$rhA° ‚L©$r[_p A°L$p¨Nu ıh"L$rhA° ‚L©$r[_p A°L$p¨Nu ıh"L$rhA° ‚L©$r[_p A°L$p¨Nu ıhÍÍÍÍÍ `_° S>`_° S>`_° S>`_° S>`_° S>
_rl `Z A°_p b° A¨r[d _rl `Z A°_p b° A¨r[d _rl `Z A°_p b° A¨r[d _rl `Z A°_p b° A¨r[d _rl `Z A°_p b° A¨r[d ÍÍÍÍÍ `p°dp¨ S> ‚NV$ \pe R>° A_° d›eı\ flu_° ≈°ey¨`p°dp¨ S> ‚NV$ \pe R>° A_° d›eı\ flu_° ≈°ey¨`p°dp¨ S> ‚NV$ \pe R>° A_° d›eı\ flu_° ≈°ey¨`p°dp¨ S> ‚NV$ \pe R>° A_° d›eı\ flu_° ≈°ey¨`p°dp¨ S> ‚NV$ \pe R>° A_° d›eı\ flu_° ≈°ey¨
≈Œey¨ - dpŒey¨ R>°. "S>g_u DN∞[p' A_° "S>g_y¨ dp]Æ$h' A°d ‚L©$r[_y¨ fy÷fÁe≈Œey¨ - dpŒey¨ R>°. "S>g_u DN∞[p' A_° "S>g_y¨ dp]Æ$h' A°d ‚L©$r[_y¨ fy÷fÁe≈Œey¨ - dpŒey¨ R>°. "S>g_u DN∞[p' A_° "S>g_y¨ dp]Æ$h' A°d ‚L©$r[_y¨ fy÷fÁe≈Œey¨ - dpŒey¨ R>°. "S>g_u DN∞[p' A_° "S>g_y¨ dp]Æ$h' A°d ‚L©$r[_y¨ fy÷fÁe≈Œey¨ - dpŒey¨ R>°. "S>g_u DN∞[p' A_° "S>g_y¨ dp]Æ$h' A°d ‚L©$r[_y¨ fy÷fÁe
ıhıhıhıhıhÍÍÍÍÍ ` L$rh _ufM° R> ° . S>e ¨[ `pW$L $_u L $rh[p A°V $g ° ‚L © $ r[_p ° gOy` L $rh _ufM° R> ° . S>e ¨[ `pW$L $_u L $rh[p A°V $g ° ‚L © $ r[_p ° gOy` L $rh _ufM° R> ° . S>e ¨[ `pW$L $_u L $rh[p A°V $g ° ‚L © $ r[_p ° gOy` L $rh _ufM° R> ° . S>e ¨[ `pW$L $_u L $rh[p A°V $g ° ‚L © $ r[_p ° gOy` L $rh _ufM° R> ° . S>e ¨[ `pW$L $_u L $rh[p A°V $g ° ‚L © $ r[_p ° gOy
rQ”k¨`yV$.'rQ”k¨`yV$.'rQ”k¨`yV$.'rQ”k¨`yV$.'rQ”k¨`yV$.'41
S>e¨[ `pW$L°$ ddÆf (B.k.1954), k¨L°$[ (B.k.1960), rhıde
(B.k.1963), kNÆ (B.k.1969), A¨[fun (B.k.1975), A_y_e
(B.k.1978), d©Nep (B.k.1983) i|mu D`f k°S> (B.k.1988) S>°hp
L$pÏek¨N∞lp° Ap‡ep¨ R>°. rhjer_Í`Zdp¨ ‚°d A_° ‚L©$r[ dyøe rhjep° R>°. L$rh_p
‚\d L$pÏek¨N∞ldp¨ N∞uÛd_° L°$fi÷dp¨ fpM[u Qpf kp∑_°V$ L©$r[Ap° A_° riiy rhjeL$
gMpe°gu ”Z kp∑_°V$ L©$r[Ap° dm° R>°.
: N∞uÛd :
"N∞uÛd' kp∑_°V$dp¨ N∞uÛdF>[y_p A_yk¨ p_° d|L°$gp Qpf kp∑_°V$dp¨ [°d_u
‚L©$r[‚ur[_p° `qfQe kp¨`X°$ R>° "N∞uÛd - d›epl_' kp\°_u ‚\d fQ_pdp¨
N∞uÛd_p b`p°f_p° ]$u^Æ kde hu[phhp° L$`fp° gpN° R>°. A_yc|r[_° Or_ÛV$ L$fhp
N∞uÛd b`p°f_p kde_° ‚ep°S>_ hNf_u ‚g¨bhpZu L°$ Aklpe h©Ÿ ApeMp_°
[pZu f¸p° lp°e ≈Z°. A_° Ly¨$cL$ZÆ S>°hp° Apmky A_° _W$p°f S>°hp ”Z - ”Z
D]$plfZp° d|L$u N∞uÛd d›epl__p ‚cph_° DW$pÏep° R>°. kdN∞ kp∑_°V$dp¨ k∆h_
199
hZÆ_ kd©qŸ rQ”p¨L$_ i•guA° Apg°Mpe R>°. S>°_p hX°$ [° d›epl__y¨ ‚cphL$
hp[phfZ Ecy¨ L$fu iL$ep R>°. `R>u_p A_yk¨^p_° d|L$pe°gp kp∑_°V$_y¨ iujÆL$
"N∞uÛd-k¨›ep' fpøey¨ R>°, Z kp∑_°V$_p DOpX$dp¨ ApNgp kp∑_°V$_u [°fdu ¨qL$[_°
Aphr[Æ[ L$fu R>°. Alv b° kp∑_°V$_u kp¨L$m b_phu R>°. L$rhA° Ap fu[° N∞uÛd_p
b`p°f_p ‚cph_° gu^° kp¨S>° ©’hu E_u - E_u Aplπ d|L$[u lp°e [°hu A_yc|r[_°
k∆hpfp°`Z ‹pfp d|L$u R>°. L$pm_u A°L$ ≈N©[ Ahı\p h√Q° k©qÛV$_p¨ Np”p°
fy¨^pB_° d|rR>Æ[ `X$ep¨ R>°. L$pm_° A°L$ ‚pZu [fuL°$ k∆hcph fp°`u_° A°L$ rQ”
Ecy¨ L$eyØ R>°, L$pm `p°[p_u ]¨$[|X$u\u `©’hu_° M¢Q° R>°, S>°_p `qfZpd° tk^y_p S>m
Mmcmu EW°$ R>° A_° iu[m kduf_u Îl°fp°\u Q°[_ ‚NV°$ R>°. `©’hu ≈Nu_°
Sy>A° R>°.
"kp• ]$¡^, [°S>_y ¨ Td° Adu L° $hy ¨ ip¨[ !
k¨›epLÆ$_y ¨, fS>_u _p\_y¨ kp•Áe L$pfi[ !'
(N∞uÛd k¨¬ep, ddÆf - `©-19)
”uSy>¨ kp∑_°V$ "D_pmp_p° q]$hk' iujÆL$ kp\° d|L$pey R>°. D_pmp_p q]$hk_u
d¨\f Nr[ L$rhA° kp∑_°V$_p DOpX$dp¨ r_Í`u R>°. [°_p dpV°$ L$rhA° b° qæ$ep rhi°jZp°
- "^ud° `]$' A_° "r_fh' ‚ep°∆_° rhje_° kp¨Np°`p¨N DW$pÏep° R>°. kp∑_°V$dp¨
ApNm D_pmp_u d¨\fNr[_° h^| kQp°V$ fu[° fS|> L$fhp [°_° fZdp¨ ^udu Qpg°
S>[p¨ KV$_p L$pagp kp\° kfMph° R>°. fZ_y¨ ]$plL$ iÂ]$rQ” bfpbf A¨qL$[ L$eyØ
R>°. D_pmp_p q]$hk_° Alv fZc|rddp¨ Ópfi[ L$gpfi[ dykpaf [fuL°$ Np°W$Ïep°
R>°.
"q]$_ ]$l__° A¨[° L°$hy ¨ iiudyM Ad©[ !
fS>_u Afbu fpq”Ap°_u L$\p kd A]$πc|[ !'
(D_pmp_p° q]$hk, ddÆf - `©-20)
q]$hk ApMp_p° \pL$ lf_pf Q¨÷_y¨ Ad©[deu dyM [p° fp”° S> ≈°hp dm°,
[°_° L$rhA° A]$πc|[ "Af°rbe_ _pBV$πk' _u fkL$\p S>°hu L$lu kp∑_°V$_° fZ_u
fpq”dp¨ Aplπgp]$L$ fu[° rhfdph° R>°. ‚ı[y[ kp∑_°V$ riÎ`_p _d|_pÍ` Apıhp¤
L©$r[ R>°. Alv kp[ ey¡dL$dp¨ kp∑_°V$_° hl¢√ey¨ R>°. kp∑_°V$_p DOpX$dp¨ khpf A_°
fpq”_° rih_p¨ b° _°” L$lu d›e° d›eplπ_ A° qih_y¨ ”uSy>¨ gp°Q_ R>°. blz S>
200
kQp°V$ fu[° d›eplπ__u DN∞[p - ‚Mf[p_° Ap`Zu kpd° d|L$u Ap`u R>°. `h_
h©n_u O°fu OV$pdp¨ lp¨a[p° `X$ep° R>°. k∆hpfp°`Z Ag¨L$pf_u bp_udp¨ N∞uÛd_p
‚cph_° Ïe¨rS>[ L$e°pÆ R>°. A°L$ Afie D–‚°np Ag¨L$pfdp¨ N∞uÛd_y¨ iÂ]$rQ” Aphy¨
R>° :
"DOpX°$ A¨N ≈Z° L$p° ≈°Nu apm cfu S>[p°;
Ry>À$u TpmS>V$p A°_u [pd∞hZw DX$pX$[p°'
(N∞uÛd, ddÆf - `©-21)
kp∑_°V$_p kdp`_dp¨ fpq”_u kp•Áe iu[m[p_° `phÆ[u_y¨ sıd[ L$lu
dp[p_u Adu◊qÛV$ d|L$u R>°. rih-`phÆ[u_p A_yk¨^p_° [p`_u ‚Mf[p A_°
iu[g ‚cph_° r_Í`Z_u rhriÛV$ i•guA° Apg°M_ L$fu h•rh¬e gphu iL$ep
R>°.
‚ı[y[ N∞uÛd qhjeL$ Qpf kp∑_°V$ fQ_pAp°dp¨ L°$fi÷dp¨ N∞uÛdF>[y_° d|L$u
R>°. N∞uÛd_p ‚cphL$ L$pm_u Akfdp¨ b`p°f A_° fpq”_° gˇedp¨ fpMu
ArcÏeqL$[_u dy÷p Ap¨L$u R>°. Ap Akf_° O_uc|[ ı`iÆ Ap`hp L$rhA° Afie
kp\° kfMpdZu L$fu R>°. Ag¨L$pf_p° kdyrQ[ D`ep°N L$e°pÆ R>°. D_pmp_p b`p°f_p
iÂ]$rQ”, fZ_p hZÆ_dp¨ L$rhL$dÆ ‚NV°$ R>°. ‚\d A_° q‹[ue kp∑_°V$ L$pm_u
rhL$pkp–dL$ Nr[A° ≈°X$pe°gp¨ R>°. b`p°f `R>u k¨›ep A° æ$d ‚dpZ° `Z [©[ue
kp∑_°V$dp¨ cphr_Í`Z L¨$BL$ Sy>]y¨$ `X°$ R>°. A¨r[d `¨qL$[dp¨ fpq”_u hp[ Aph° R>°.
Ap ApV$gu bpb[° ”Z° kp∑_°V$ A°L$ k|” L$l°hp¨ lp°e [p° L$lu iL$pe. A¨r[d Qp°\p
kp∑_°V$dp¨ bfi_°_u QQpÆ L$fu R>°. kdp_ cphr_Í `Z `Z ArcÏeqL$[_p
Apg°M_dp¨ AgN `X$[p¨ Ap Qpf kp∑_°V$ L$p°B rhL$pkp–dL$ r_Í`Z ^fph[p¨
_\u; rhL$pk_y¨ kp[–e S>mhp[y¨ _\u, R>[p¨ ‚\d ◊qÛV$A° A°L$ dpmp_u Apcp
S>Íf Ecu L$fu iL°$ [°hp¨ f¸p¨ R>°, `Z lL$uL$[° kp∑_°V$Ny√R> b_u AV$L°$ R>°. Alv
kNp°”ue bpb[ N∞uÛd flu R>°. cph_° DW$phhp L$rhA° Ag¨L$pfp°_p° R|>V$p lp\°
D`ep°N L$e°pÆ R>°. `l°gp¨ kp∑_°V$dp¨ D–‚°np Ag¨L$pf hX°$ ‚ep°S>_ hNf_u hpZu,
Aklpe `qfsı\r[ h√Q° ApeMy¨ M¢Q[p° h©Ÿ A_° ApmMy¨, _W$p°f Ly¨$cL$ZÆ Í °
L$lu L$pm_u d¨\f Nr[_° bfpbf Ïe¨rS>[ L$fu R>°, [p° "N∞uÛd' dp¨ S>V$pmp ≈°Nu
Í`° L$Î`_p L$fu R>°.
201
D–‚°np Ag¨L$pf :-
"≈Z° ‚ep°S>_ rh_p_u ‚g¨b hpZu;
L° $ h©Ÿ ApeMy ¨ f¸p° Aklpe [pZu. '
"≈Z° h©\p D]$r^dp¨ afu A°L$ hpf,
X| $bu NB iu ]$l[u hX$hp_u Tpm !'
(N∞uÛd, d¬eplπ_)
"DOpX°$ A¨N ≈Z° L$p° ≈°Nu apm cfu S>[p°,
Ry>À$u TpmS>V$p A°_u [pd∞hZw DX$pX$[p°.'
"ApL$fp [`_° A¨[° ≈Z° `phÆ[u_y¨ sıd[ !' (N∞uÛd)
D`dp Ag¨L$pf :-
"_° Np•f N]Æ $c kdp° ^|mdp¨ ^uM°gu,
L° $hp r_fp¨[\u `X$ep° [X$L$p ° R ° > g°V$u !'
"ip° L y ¨ $cL$ZÆ q]$_ ! Apmky_° _W$p °f'
"ip¨ rQ”d|L$ MN - Qp¨Q R>[p¨ M|g°gu !
(N∞uÛd, d¬eplπ_)
"fS>_u Afbu fpq”Ap°_u L$\p kd A]$πc|[ !'
("E_pmp_p° q]$hk')
"ip°c° d›eplπ__p° k|eÆ, `pL°$gu ipMip° `u[ !'
(N∞uÛd)
k∆hpfp° Z Ag¨L$pf :-
"R>pep gu^u [fyhf° kOmu kd°V$u
_° Np•f N]Æ $c kdp° O|mdp¨ OuM°gu
L° $hp ° r_fp¨[\u `X$ep° [X$L$p ° R> ° g°V$u !'
(N∞uÛd, d¬eplπ_)
202
"d|R>p Æ\u ≈Nu _ufM° hky^p r_≈¨N°
kp• ◊¡^, [°S>_y ¨ Td° Adu L° $hy ¨ ip¨[ !'
(N∞uÛd, k¨¬ep)
"OV$pdp¨ h©n_u O°fu L$gpfi[ Ap [`\u Y$˛ep°,
dp[qfp f¸p° lp ¨au DÛZ pk° ]$TpX$[p°'
"DOpX° $ A¨N ≈Z° L$p ° ≈°Nu apm cfu S>[p°,
Ry >À$u TpmS>V$p A°_u [pd∞hZw DX$pX$[p °'
("N∞uÛd')
L$rhA° ‚\d-q‹[ue kp∑_°V$dp¨ hk¨[r[gL$p ‚ep°S>ep° R>°, hk¨[r[gL$p_u
A°L$ _hu R>V$p Alv ‚L©$r[_p hZÆ_dp¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°. "D_pmp_p° q]$hk' dp¨ L$rhA°
lqfZu R>¨]$_° Ap•rQ–e kcf ‚ep°S>ep° R>°. fZ_p ∆h¨[ hp[phfZ_° `p°jhp
lqfZu_u ^udu Qpg D`ep°Nu flu R>°. A¨[_p "N∞uÛd' dp¨ L$rhA° A_yÛV$y` R>¨]$
‚ep°S>ep° R>°. Alv ıhpcphp°qL[$ cepÆ kQp°V$ hZÆ_p°\u kp∑_°V$_u ^pfu Akf
D`≈hu iL$ep R>°. _hu_ [pS>Nu kcf N∞uÛd_p b`p°f_p L$Î`_p° ‚ı[y[
Ny√R>_u rhi°j[p flu R>°. kfm cpjpdp¨ L$ep¨L$ [–kd iÂ]$p° A_° kdpkp° ApÏep
R>°. A°L¨$]$f° kp∑_°V$Ny√R> [fuL°$ Apıhp¤ f¸y¨ R>°, ≈° L°$ L$rhA° kp∑_°V$Ny√R> [fuL°$
Np°W$Ïey¨ _\u. M¨X$ rhcpS>_dp¨ "N∞uÛd d›eplπ_' A_° "D_pmp_p° q]$hk'
i°L$sı`efipB OpV$_p f¸p¨ R>°. "N∞uÛd' k¨›ep 6+5+3 S>°hp A_° "N∞uÛd'
2+2+2+2+2+2+2 ey¡dL$p°dp¨ hl¢√ep R>°. ‚pk k¨]$c£ "N∞uÛd d›eplπ_' dp¨
abba cdcd ee ff gg, "N∞uÛd k¨›ep' aabbcc ddeff ghh, "E_pmp_p°
q]$hk' dp¨ A¨q[d ey¡dL$_p ‚pk A_° "N∞uÛd' fQ_pdp¨ `l°gp ey¡dL$_° bp]$
L$f[p¨ b^p¨ ey¡dL$p°_p kdp_ ‚pk ≈mÏep¨ R>°.
riiyrhjeL$ ”Z fQ_pAp° :
"ddÆf' (B.k. 1954) L$pÏek¨N∞ldp¨ riiy rhjeL$ ”Z fQ_pAp° -
"d_° \[y¨', "riiy_u D`L©$r[' [\p "hmphu_° Aphy¨' dp¨ ‚Zer_Í`Z \ey¨ R>°.
‚ı[y[ L©$r[Ap°_u rhi°j[p A° flu R>°. Alv r`[©˘]$e_p cph Í`° gMpep¨ R>°.
NyS>fp[u kprl–edp¨ Ap hgZ _hp `∞L$pf_y¨ f¸y¨ R>°. `r[`–_u_p bp¸ Í`f¨N_°
d|gh° R>°. S>°_pdp¨ f¨N _\u, Í` _\u L°$ _\u L$p°B ApL$jÆL$ Y¨$N L°$ Ap¨Mp°_y¨ _|f A_°
203
_\u Qpgdp¨ L$p°B _hu R>V$p A°hu rhÍ` _pfu [°_p `_pf° `X$u lp°hp\u cp¡e_p°
]$p°j NZ° R>°, `Z A° S> _pfu `p°[p_p k¨[p__u dp[p b_° R>° –epf° Qplhp S>°hu
gpN° R>°. dp[p A_° riiy_p cph_p r_Í`Z_° gu^° kp∑_°V$ DW$ph]$pf bfiey¨ R>°.
A¨[_u Qp°V$\u kdN∞ kp∑_°V$_p cph_° DW$ph d˛ep° R>°. riiy_u D`sı\r[\u L°$hy¨
`qfh[Æ_ \pe R>°. Aphp S> cph `R>u_p kp∑_°V$ "riiy_u D`sı\r[' dp¨ d|L$pep
R>°. bpmL$ kp\° bpmL$ S>°hp¨ b_hpdp¨ `p°[p_u S>X$ ‚L©$r[ `Z b]$gpB NB. Ap
`qfh[Æ_ S>°hy [°hy _\u; [°_p\u L$pÏe_peL$_° _hy ∆h_ dm° R>°. ApS> [p° riiy_u
dp°V$u D`L©$r[ R>°. ‚\d kp∑_°V$ kp\° cphr_Í`Z_y¨ kp[–e S>mhpB R>°. bfi_°
kp∑_°V$ A°L$ ]$p°fdp¨ `fp°hpe R>°. ”u≈ kp∑_°V$ "hmphu_° Aphy¨' dp¨ L¶$L$ Sy>]$pB_p
cph N|¨\pep R>°, S>° riiy A_° `–_u kp\° Np¨Y$ ‚ur[ N|¨\pB [°_u S|>]$pB\u ˘]$e
L°$hp rhflucph A_ych° [° Ap kp∑_°V$dp¨ d|L$pey¨ R>°. bpmL$ A_° `–_u bfi_°_°
rh]$pe Ap`u Of° `f[ Aph[p° _peL$ Mpgu Of_° Ahgp°L°$ R>°. riiy_p fdL$X$p¨ -
`pfœ¨ - b]$gph°gp¨ L$`X$p¨ - cv[ f riiyA° L$f°gp¨ ApX$pAhmp guV$p A_° Of_u
ip¨r[ [°_° ıdfZ_p ]°$idp¨ ^L°$gu ]°$ R>°. "L|$L$X$u L|$L$' L$fu rhıdedp¨ d|L$i° A°hu
A_yc|r[ _peL$_° \pe R>°. AÛV$L$dp¨ Aph[u r_∆Æh hı[yAp° A_° jÛV$L$dp¨ [y√R>
æ$uX$p S>°hp¨ r_Í`Z° _peL$_p rhflucph_° kbm fu[° A¨qL$[ L$e°pÆ R>°.
‚ı[y[ kp∑_°V$”eudp¨ ]$f°L$ L©$r[ cphr_Í`Z° rhrh^[p cfu flu lp°hp
R>[p¨ A°L$]$p°fdp¨ `fp°hpe R>°. ]$f°L$ kp∑_°V$ riiyL°$fi÷u f¸y¨ R>°, A° S> [°_u rhjeN[
kNp°”ue[p R>°. Alv _∆hp° rhL$pk ≈°B iL$pe R>°, Z A°L$ ApL©$r[ L°$ Apg°MÍ °
Mpk ‚Nr[ ≈°B iL$p[u _\u. rhje_° kpdpfie\u k|ˇdı[f S>°hu Nr[ dmu
_\u, lp, riiy_p° S>fid - [°_y k¨pr_›e A_° rh]$pe\u \[u A_yc|r[ S>°hp° Apg°M
S>Íf kp¨`X°$ R>°. A°L$ Ap bpb[° ‚ı[y[ ”Z° L©$r[ kp∑_°V$dpmp_u _∆L$ S>B Ec°
R>°. Ap S> [°_u rhi°j[p flu R>°. L$rhA° ‚ı[y[ fQ_pAp°_° A°L$ kp\° d|L$u R>°,
L$ip `Z DÎg°M hNf.
L$rhA° bp_u_u kfm fkpm i•guA° Ap cph_° r_͇ep R>°, e\p°rQ[
Ag¨L$pf ApÏep R>°.
hZpÆ_y‚pk Ag¨L$pf :
"b^p Ap_fi]$p°\u A_ychu g|Mu A°L$rh^[p'
204
D`dp Ag¨L$pf :
"am° Apip : ]•$hu S>X$ubyÀ$uiy¨ ]$pÁ`–e am[y¨ !'
R>¨]$rhr_ep°Ndp¨ L$rhA° "d_° \[y¨' dp¨ ©’hu R>¨]$, "riiy_u D`L©$r[' [\p
"hmphu_° Aphy¨' kp∑_°V$dp¨ riMqfZu R>¨]$ ‚ep°S>ep R>°. R>¨]$_u Qpg cph_°
D`L$pfL$ flu R>°. ‚\d kp∑_°V$dp¨ bpmL$_p DR>°f_u qæ$epdp¨ `fp°hp[u dp[p_p
hZÆ_dp¨ `©’hu R>¨]$_u R>V$p Mugu R>°, [p° A° S> kp∑_°V$_u A¨r[d Qp°V$]$pf
`¨qL$[dp¨_p° `©’hu_p° ge cph Ïe¨rS>[ L$fhpdp¨ D`ep°Nu f¸p° R>°. riMqfZu_p°
ge h^y ApL$jÆL$ "hmphu Aphy¨' kp∑_°V$dp¨ f¸p° R>°. L$rhA° cphr_Í`Z dpV°$
M¨X$r_ep°S>_ `Ÿr[ 4+4+5+1, bu≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨ 4+4+4+2, ”u≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨
8+6 S>°hu `°V≤$pLÆ$ipB `Ÿr[ A`_phu R>°. ‚pk ≈mhhp_p° L$p°B rhi°j ‚epk
L$e°pÆ _\u. kfm [\p klS> fu[° ‚pk ApÏep R>° [° fu[_p A`_pÏep R>°.
‚Ze rhjeL$ kp∑_°V$Ny√R> :
"ddÆf' L$pÏek¨N∞ldp¨ Apg°Mpe°gp ‚Ze\u "rhıde' k¨N∞ldp¨ ‚Ze_p°
f¨N O°fp° ≈°hp dm° R>°. ‚Ze A¨N°_u kdS> L¶$L$ `gp°V$pe°gu flu R>° _° rhı[©[
b_[u A_ychpe R>°. k¨øep_u ◊qÛV$A° Alv ‚Ze rhjeL$ fQ_pAp° OZu dm°
R>°. S>°dp¨ dl]$π A¨i° dy¡^[p, Ap÷Æ[p, ApS>Æh kp\° rMfi_[p, \L$phV$, l[pip_p
cph Z d|L$pe°gp R>°. "rhıde' k¨N∞ldp¨ "Nd° [p°', "A_y_e', "‚ur[', "L$h_',
"[_° Qpplu Qplu', "V$lzL$p°', "h_', "[y¨ dpV$u_u dVy$L$u', "`\', "lh° ˘]$e' S>°hp¨
iujÆL$p° kp\°_p¨ ]$k kp∑_°V$p°_° L$rhA° A°L$ kp\° d|L$ep¨ R>°. ‚ı[y[ ]$i°e kp∑_°V$_p¨
L°$fi÷dp¨ ‚Ze_° d|L$ep° R>°.
‚\d "Nd° [p°' kp∑_°V$dp¨ L$rh DOpX$dp¨ ‚u[_p hmNZ_u hp[ L$l° R>°.
"d_° Ap ‚ur[_y¨ hmNZ `yfpœ¨ r‚e[d°; Ap ‚ur[ - r`[p, dp[p, cpXy¨$, `¨Mu,
‚pZu, [fy, [pfp, ApL$pi, k|fS>, iiu, _]$u_p¨ rbgp°fu pZu, lpX$p°, yfpZp
rihpge hN°f° kp\°_u R>°. S>° ^ud° ^ud° S>°d he h^° L°$ Tfp_° _]$u_y¨ ıhÍ` dm°
[°d h^[u flu R>°. Alv L$rh_u ‚ur[_u ‚NpY$[p_p¨ ]$iÆ_ gp ° R>°. yfpZu fkd_°
kl_ L$fhp_u r‚e[d_° rh_hZu L$f° R>°. `R>u_p "A_y_e' kp∑_°V$dp¨ L$rh
`p°[p_u fu[° r‚ep kp\° Np°qÛW$ L$fhp dp¨N° R>°. `Z A° Np°qÛW$dp¨ L$rh r‚ep_u
‚ur[ ‚p‡[ L$fhp huS>mu `¨Mp°, Afukp°, lp\ Oqmepm, A—f, a}gL$mu,
205
kpX$u_u `u_, _p_L$X$p° Ídpg, dpmp S>°hu r‚ep_° D`ep°Nu ı\|m hı[yAp° b_u
kp¨r_›e_° T¨M° R>°, Z A¨[° L$pÏe_peL$ r‚ep_° rhL$Î` Ap`u b^p ‹pfp° Mp°gu_°
`p°[p_p° Aphp° A_y_e - Arcgpj ≈° _ Nd° [p° - "[dpfu fu[° [p° bk L$fu flp°
dlp°b[ d_°' ‚ur[_u fkd_° A_yk¨^p_° bfi_° kp∑_°V$_p cph_u Np¨W$ bp¨^u R>°.
`R>u_p "‚ur[' iujÆL$ kp\°_p kp∑_°V$dp¨ L$pÏe_peL$_p° S>° A_y_e R>° [°_p\u
r‚ep_° ApÌQeÆ \pe A°hy¨ L$Î`° R>°, R>[p¨ _peL$ [p° r‚ep_° A°V$gu S> ‚NpY$[p\u
Qpl° R>°. r‚ep_p Nl_ Ap¨Mp°_p _ufdp¨ dpR>gu S>°d L°$ h]$_ kp\° Okp[u rbgpX$u
S>°d _S>f `pR>m `pR>m af° R>°. b° D`dp¨\u ‚Ze_p cph_° ky¨]$f fu[° DW$pÏep°
R>°. L$pÏe_peL$_p A_y_ep° riiy_u fd[ S>°hp ≈° gpN° _° L$iu `Z ˘]$efd|S>
‚°f° [p° fdL$Xy¨$ NZu g°S>° A°hp Apg°M_dp¨ A°L$`nu hp[ S>Íf gpN° R>°. r‚ep_°
`pdhp_p L$f°gp A_y_ep° `R>u ‚Ze L°$hy¨ Í` g° R>° [° "L$h_' kp∑_°V$dp¨ d|[Æ \ey¨
R>°.
"r‚e° ‚Ze [plfp° AN_Tpmip° ı`iÆ\u
S>[y¨ `uNmu duZiy¨ ˘]$e Ïl• S>[y¨ k–hf;'
(L$h_, rhıde, `© - 86)
Alv `l°gp¨ kp∑_°V$dp¨ L$rhA° S>° L$¸y¨ R>° [° [f[ ep]$ Aph°. ‚Ze ^ud° -
^ud° he A_° _]$u_u S>°d h^° R>°. "L$h_' dp¨ Ap ‚Ze_p ]$plL$ Ar¡__u hp[
L$fu R>°. [°_u ‚Mf[p h^u R>°, [°\u `uX$p `Z h^u R>°. Aphu `qfsı\r[dp¨ r‚ep
[p° ]|$f S> R>°, R>[p¨ Ap ]$plL$ Ar¡_ [°_° uX°$ R>°. R>u_p "[_° Qplu Qplu' kp∑_°V$dp¨
_peL$ r‚ep_° Qplu Qplu_° d_dp¨ A°L$ d|r[Æ OX°$ R>°. L$rh_u rhflu hpZudp¨
]|$f–h_p cph rhjp]$_° O°fp° b_ph° R>°.
"_ dpfpdp¨ ≈°hp kdy¨ L¨$B, cg° ≈°[u _ d_°;
[_° [p° ≈°B ≈ - Ar^L$ Ndhp_u [y¨ S> [_° !'
("[_° Qplu Qplu', rhıde `©-87)
˘]$edp¨ OX°$gu r‚ep_u d|r[Æ_° Ahgp°L$hp r‚ep_° Apd¨”Z `pW$h[p
_peL$_° `|fu ÓŸp R>°, Ap ‚Zed|r[Æ S>Íf Ndi°. Alv S> ‚Ze_u ˘]$edp¨
`|fpe°gu r‚ep kp\°_u A°L$p–d[p R>°. ‚Ze_p _|[_cph kp∑_°V$_° fdZue
b_ph° R>°. ‚Ze_p qhflu cph_° g¨bph[p L$rh "V$lzL$p°' kp∑_°V$dp¨ [°_p° `X$Op°
206
Sy>]$u fu[° `pX°$ R>°. r‚ep_y¨ dp•_ lh° _peL$_° AL$mph_pfy¨ b_° R>°. ‚°d_u b^u
kfl]$p° c|ku_° d_° A≈Œep° L$fu ]$u^p°, ]$e_Nfu_p° _L$ip° ky¬^p¨ c|ku _pøep°,
lh° –ep¨ Aph_pf ‚hpku_° `\ L°$d dmi° ? _peL$ hu_h° R>° :
"lh° ≈° bp°gp° [p° - dfy c|rd `\° A°L$ V$lzL$p°;
hk¨[p° kSepÆ_p° r‚e kygc L$p¨ Ap ei Q|L$p° ?'
("V$lzL$p°', rhıde, `© - 88)
‚Zeh•aÎe_p cph kO_ fu[° kp∑_°V$dp¨ d|L$ep R>°. "h_' iujÆL$ kp\°_p
kp∑_°V$dp¨ r‚ep_p bp¸]°$l_° "ÍXy¨$ h_ rhlfhp ep°¡e N$l_ !' L$lu _S>fp°_p c∞df
gV$p°_u Ly¨$S>dp¨ cV$L$[p ≈° cpmu iL°$ [p° Ap_¨]$-Ap_¨]$ \i°. A^f_p MyÎgp h_
`V°$ qL$Îgp°g[p L¨$W$ _uX$_p nuAp° A_° Dfc|rd f riMf S>°hp¨ b° ı[_p° OpV$ugp
Ecp¨ R>°. Ap b^p¨ h√Q° l•ey¨ AV$hpB ≈e R>°. kp∑_°V$_p A¨[° L$rh flıe Mp°g° R>°.
Ap Ahgp°L$_ [p° ıh‡_ c|rd_p R>°. ArcÏeqL$[_p Apg°M__u _h[f dy÷p
kp∑_°V$_° fÁe b_ph° R>°. "[y¨ dpV$u_u dVy$L$u - ' iujÆL$ L¶$L$ _phufie kcf gpN° R>°.
kp∑_°V$_p DOpX$dp¨ L$rh L$l° R>° :
"[y¨ dpV$u_u dVy$L$u Of_p `prZepf° cf°gu'
r‚ep_° `prZepf° `pZu\u cf°gu dpV$u_u dVy$L$u L$lu [°_p NyZp° L°$hp R>°
S>°_p S>gdp¨ kyN¨^ ap°f[u A_° iu[m[p Ïep`[u A°hu Tuœ¨ - Tuœ¨ ˘]$ec|
Tdu_° ˘]$e c|rd_° Ap÷Æ L$f°gu R>°. ∆h[f S>du_° [y¨ fÁe kfp°hf S>°hu R>p°, S>°_p
S>mdp¨ X|$bL$u g°[p¨ \pL$ ]|$f \pe R>°. ”u≈ Q[yÛL$dp¨ O|Ohp[p kpNf_y¨ L$Î`_
d|L$u ‚u[Í`u dp°S>dp¨ dp°[u Mp°S>hp_u d\pdZ _peL$ L$f[p° lp°e [°hy¨ Apg°øey¨
R>°, A¨[° L$l° R>° :
"dpf° [p° [y¨ ∆h_, OV$-L$pkpf-tk^y ıhÍ`°,
f° ‚ur[_y¨ ‚L$V$ \hy¨ Ap ∆h_° `p” Í`° !'
("[y¨ dpV$u_u dVy$L$u', rhıde `© - 90)
`R>u_p æ$d° "`\' iujÆL$hpmp kp∑_°V$dp¨ jÛV$L$dp¨ d\yfp - edy_p -
Np°Ly$m_p ≈Zu[p A›epkp° ‹pfp ‚u[_u hp[ L$lu R>°. A° b^u hp[ `yfpZu flu
R>°. lh° `qfsı\r[ b]$gpB Q|L$u R>°. X$pdf_u `pL$u kX$L$p° `f L$p°gplgcepÆ A_°L$
207
hpl_p°_p •X$p¨_u Nr[\u Ngp¨_u cpjp cygp[u ≈e R>°. ‚–e°L$ Ql°fp A≈Œep
gpN° R>°, ≈Z° afu\u Ly$b≈ r_hpku _Nfdp¨ hkhp l•ey¨ [gk° R>°. cf°gu cuX$dp¨
A°L$p¨L$u b_°gp° dpZk ‚u[ L°$hu A_ych° A° Ap^yr_L$ k¨h°]$_ k¨]$c£ L$rhA° dyMf
L$eyØ R>°, [°_p dpV°$ i°j ıd©r[_p° OpV$ S> b√ep° R>°, S>°dp¨ [°_u `|[Æ[p L$fu iL°$ R>°,
`Z Ap`Zp L$pÏe_peL$_° [p° –ep¨ `Z ‚ur[_p° rhflu L$prg_pN X$k° R>°.
"gJ `pR>p° KX$u X|$bL$u S>d_pdp¨ ıd©r[qhi°,
aZpAp° a°gphu i[, rhfl_p° L$prge X$k° !'
("`\', rhıde, `©. 91)
‚Ze_u rham[p l[pipdp¨ _peL$ X|$b[p° A_ychpe R>°. A¨[° kp∑_°V$
KQL$pey¨ R>°. "lh° ˘]$e -' kp∑_°V$dp¨ ˘]$e_° k¨bp°^° R>°.
"lh° ˘]$e A° NB, NB S> bpY$_u A° d≈,
‚d— S>g ER>mpV$ AdmpV$ L$ep¨\u lh° ?'
("lh° ˘]$e', rhıde, `©. 92)
`l°gp¨_u ‚d— DR>pm, kyM]$ L°$a_p a°f QY$ph[u O|dfuAp° lh° idu R>°
Ap q]$hkp°_° ˘]$e [y¨ c|gu ≈ - c|gu ≈ A°hp¨ b° Aph[Æ_p°\u rhjp]$_p ]$]Æ$_°
hm QY$pÏep° R>°. ‚k¨N cf`|f ‚u[_y¨ `|f Ap°keyØ R>°, lh° [p° R>uR>fp ıdfZ_p
[mphX$pdp¨ ∆hhp_y¨ rhfl_p [p`° ∆h_ q]$hk° q]$hk° OV$u f¸y¨ R>°. `R>u i°j
L$W$p°f c|rd_u qfL[[p bQi°, L$pfZ rhfl_u ApN S>g_° DX$pX$u d|L$i° `R>u A°
Tfpdp¨ du_ Í`u ˘]$e, [pfu ]$ip L°$hu \i° ! rhfl_p bgh—f cph A¨qL$[
L$f[p kp∑_°V$dp¨ r‚ep_u [fa\u L$ip° ‚–ey—f L°$ HrN[ dm[p _\u. cph_p
Apg°M_dp¨ ]$f°L$ kp∑_°V$ L¶$L$ rhi°j _phufie kcf f¸y¨ R>°. A°L$[fau ‚Ze O|¨V$[p
]$i°e kp∑_°V$dp¨ ‚Ze_° æ$di: rhfl_p O°fp f¨N QY$ep R>°. S>°dp¨\u A¨[° [p° l[pip,
r_fpip, rMfi_[p, \L$phV$, Ap÷Æ[pceyØ k¨h°]$_ S> V$`L°$ R>°. L$rhA° ‚Ze h•aÎe
r_rd—° Ap ]$i kp∑_°V$ gøep¨ R>°. km¨N ]$i°e kp∑_°V$_p Ap¨[fk|”dp¨ rhflu ‚Ze
`X$ep° R>°. S>° ]$f°L$ kp∑_°V$_° kp¨L$m° R>°, A°L$ Ny√R> b_ph° R>°, æ$di: rhL$pkp–dL$
Apg°MÍ`° N|¨\pep _\u. ‚Zer_Í`Zdp¨ Apfp°l - Ahfp°l S>°hu `qfqı\r[
S>Íf ]°$Mpe R>°. A¨[° S>[p \pL$_p cph\u l[pip Aphu R>°.
L$rhA° "Nd° [p°', "A_y_e', "‚ur[', "[_° Qplu Qplu', "V$lzL$p°',
208
"h_', "`\' kp∑_°V$dp¨ riMqfZu R>¨]$ ‚ep°S>ep° R>°. riMqfZu_u rhrh^ Qpg\u
cph_u kO_[p r_Í`pB R>°. "L$h_', "lh° ˘]$e' dp¨ `©’hu_u R>V$p Mugu R>°, [p°
"[y¨ dpV$u_u dVy$L$u' _p° d¨]$pæ$pfi[p NSy> L$pY°$ R>°. bp_udp¨ [–kd, rlfi]$u, ]°$Ìe
iÂ]$p°_y¨ rdÓZ ≈°hp dm° R>°. "_°”pZÆhS>g°', "h‚æ$uX$_f[', "Alr_Æi',
"A_y_e', "hX$hpr¡_', "`©\yg`V$', "`Îgh', "D√R>g¨[' S>°hp¨ [–kd iÂ]$p°
; "Álp°b[', "dR>gu', "rbÎgu' S>°hp¨ rlfi]$u iÂ]$p° "fdL$Xy¨$', "DL$mpV$',
"AdmpV$' S>°hp ]°$Ìe iÂ]$p°_p° D`ep°N L$e°pÆ R>°. L$rhA° D`dp A_° D–‚°np,
hZpÆ_y‚pk S>°hp Ag¨L$pfp°_p kdyrQ[ D`ep°N\u bp_u_p kp¶]$eÆdp¨ h^pfp° L$e°pÆ
R>°.
L$rh_u ArcÏeqL$[_p Apg°M__u dy÷pdp¨ "Nd° [p°' dp¨ 8+4+2,
"A_y_e', "‚u[', "L$h_', "[_° Qplu Qplu', "h_', "[y¨ dpV$u_u dVy$L$u' dp¨
4+4+4+2, "V$lzL$p°' dp¨ 4+5+3+2, "lh° ˘]$e' dp¨ 4+4+3+3, "`\' dp¨
6+6+2 S>°hp rhcpS>_ ≈°hp dm° R>°. ‚pk k¨]$c£ "Nd° [p°' dp¨ aabbccdd,eeffgg, "A_y_e' dp¨ abba cddc effe gg, "L$h_' dp¨ abba cdcdeeffgg, "h_' dp¨ abba cddc efef gg S>°hu ‚pkd°mhZu L$fu R>°.
"kNÆ' k¨N∞l_y¨ kp∑_°V$ T|dMy¨ :
"kNÆ' k¨N∞ldp¨ "dfZOX$uA°' S>°hp ey¡dL$ `R>u "l∆ [p°', "Ad|¨TZ',
"hmy¨ –epf° `pR>p°', "lh°' S>°hp Qpf kp∑_°V$_y¨ A°L$ T|dMy¨ dm° R>°. Alv L°$fi÷dp¨
‚Zer_Í`Z f¸y¨ R>°. `l°gp kp∑_°V$dp¨ S> ‚Zeh•aÎe_p° ‚Q¨X$ k|f EW°$ R>° :
"l∆ N• L$pg° [p° KQL$u dyS> Mp¨^° lz¨ _uL$˛ep°
AL$pg° `pd°gu dfZ ‚u[_° Ap Of \L$u;'
("l∆ [p°', kNÆ, `©. 6)
S>°_u L$p°B Q°l bm[u _\u [° R>[p¨ ]$d° R>°. [°\u L$rh L$l° R>° lh° bp°gphp°
R>p° blz rh_e\u A° Ofdp¨ d_° S>ep¨ `l°gp¨ dpfu ‚ur[ g`ku l[u. L¶$L$ hM[
Af°, q]$hpgp° kp\° A\X$pB L°$V$gue dpfp L$h_\u cf°gu ‡epguAp° [|V$u R>°, S>°
M¨X$dp¨ lhp\u R>gL$p[p° –ep¨ pkpcph° ‚u[ d|R>pÆhi b_u R>°. ndp L$fip° b°
Ap¨Mp° V$`L$u ıdfu_° [p≈ dfZ ‚u[_°. Alv L$rh_u AL$pm° d|fTpe°gu ‚ur[_y¨
]$]Æ$ [fhf° R>°, [°_u fS|>Ap[ L$rhA° ApNhu fu[° L$fu R>°, "Ad|¨TZ' dp¨ r‚ep_p
209
r_hpk ı\p_° OZp q]$hk\u afL$[p° _\u, L$pfZ hl°[u _]$u_p b° L$p¨W$p S>°hu
`lp°mu _Nf_u kX$L$ R>°, kpdp L$p¨W°$ h«>$ MX$L$ `f [dpfy¨ k]$_ R>°, R>[p¨ dpŒey¨
l[y¨ [°hy¨ rdg_ `Z L$ep¨ TpTy¨ kyM]$ l[y¨. Alv ‚ur[_p° kpdp° `X$Op° k¨cpm[p°
_\u. ifd_p `X$]$pAp° lV$[p S> _\u. `p°[p_p ApNd_° ıhf `Z \¨cu S>[p°.
Df_p Ap_¨]$_p Nu[ idu ≈e R>°. L$rh ]|$f\u A° ıhf d^yf_y¨ `p_ L$fhp dpV°$
"[dpfu `pk° lz¨ _\u afL$[p° A°d kd∆' kp\° kp\° A°L$ ‚Ò `Z R>° : Ap "A
d|¨TZ... li° L°$ hmu bu∆ ?' hmy¨ –epf° `pR>p° kp∑_°V$dp¨ `Z rhflu ‚Ze_p
cph d|[Æ \ep R>°. S>_pf_u `pR>m X$Ndp¨ X$N d|L$u rhjd hpV$ blz S> A_ykf° R>°.
Ap¨Mp°A° q]$ipdp¨ blz M¢Qu. L$rh ApNm L$l° R>°, _kubdp¨ `Z L°$hp° r_]Æ$e `\
d˝ep° R>°, S>° `g°`g hmp¨L$p° g°_pfp° R>°. R>[p¨ A°L$ hM[ hı”_y¨ L°$ Aheh_y¨ ]$iÆ_
`pdu iL$ep° _\u. Aphy¨ ]$iÆ_ `Z ≈° \ey¨ lp°[ [p° dS>g dpV°$ Oœ¨ NŒey¨ lp°[.
Alv Akam f¸p_y¨ ]$]Æ$ hOy O°fy¨ R>°. A¨[° \pL$u_° "hmy¨ `pR>p°' A°hy¨ L$l° R>°. Sep¨
ıd©r[dp¨ `qfrQ[ Ql°fpAp° R>°, S|>_u ‚ur[ R>° S>° d_° c°V$u b°hX$u d|¨Thi°. L$rh_p
A°L$pL$u ‚hpkdp¨ Ïe\p - rhfl R>°, `Z ıd©r[_p ‚]°$i_p `\_u ≈Zu[u L°$X$uA°
`R>u\u Nr[ dm° R>°, `Z EgV$p_y¨ –ep¨ b°hX$u d|¨ThZ° ]$]Æ$ `Z b°hX$pe R>° :
"L$lz¨ iu fu[° L°$ Alv b^y¨e, A° [p° _rl S> _° ?'
("hmy¨ –epf° `pR>p°', kNÆ, `©. 8)
"lh°' kp∑_°V$dp¨ A°L$g[p_p NY$dp¨ ApÏep R>u _peL$_u sı\r[ L°$hu li°,
[°_u hp[ L$fu R>°. A°L$pfi[p°dp¨ _e_ Tdi°, d|L$ X|$kL$p¨ lhpdp¨ L¶$L$ E_p¨ h[yÆm
fQu d_° O°fu g°i°, ˘]$eÍ`u ^f[udp¨ b^p `X$ lQdQu EW$i°. gphp_p ^p°^°
gl°fp[p¨ gugp [©Z `Z kmNi° ‚ur[_p° ‚[p` L°$hp° R>° [° Alv Apg°øey¨ R>°.
L$rh_u ‚Zerham[p_y¨ ]$]Æ$ Akl_ue R>°. q]$hk [p° W$uL$ fp”u `Z A°V$gu S>
cep_L$ R>°. rham ‚Zeu_° Q¨÷ `Z qaL$L$p° gpN° R>°. [pfpAp°_u [X$[X$ Q°l
bm[u A_ych° R>°. TpX$ ‚°[ S>°hp¨ gpN° R>°. [dfp¨_u [uZu Qukp° hpeydp¨ cm[p¨
ıdip_p°_u Qpf° [fa Nd_u drg_ O|Zu gpN° R>°, r‚ep_u lı[udp¨ S> _peL$_°
kcf[p l[u. A¨[° ‚Ò `|R>° R>° :
"[_° A°L$pfi[p°dp¨ `|Ry>¨ : L$]$u L$]$u Aphy¨e \[y¨ ;
L$ip ]°$Mu[p L$pfZ hNf Ap¨ky Nfu S>[y¨ ?'
("lh°', kNÆ, `©. 9)
210
‚ı[y[ Qpf kp∑_°V$dp¨ l[pip, r_fpip_p ]$]Æ $_° hpQp dmu R> °.
‚Zeh•aÎe_p `qfZpd° Ap b^y¨ d˛ey¨ R>°. L$rh `n°\u \[p¨ ‚e–_p°_p° kpdp°
‚–ey—f kp¨`X$[p° _\u L°$ _\u L$ip° A° ‚L$pf_p° `X$Op° k¨cmp[p°. Alv `Z
≈Z° A°L$`nu ‚°d [fhf° R>°. L$rh `pk° ıd©r[_p° A°L$ dp” Ap^pf R>°, S>°dp¨ [°_u
A^|f`_° `|[Æ[p L$f° R>°. ‚\d kp∑_°V$dp¨ ‚Ze_p ]$]Æ$_p D]$πh°N_p° Aph°N `R>u_p
kp∑_°V$dp¨ id° R>°. kpd°\u S> ]|$f - fl°hp_p ‚e–_ L$f° R>°. "hmy pR>p° –epf°' kp∑_°V$dp¨
hpı[rhL$ `qfsı\r[\u kcp_ _peL$ `p°[p_p `qfrQ[ ıd©r[_p ‚]°$i_° fı[°
Nr[ L$f° R>°. R>°Îgp "lh°' kp∑_°V$dp¨ afu\u rhfp°^u k|f b¨X$ `p°L$pf° R>°, S>°dp¨ ]$]Æ$
`Z A°V$gy¨ S> kdpe°gy¨ R>°. Qpf°e kp∑_°V$ Afk-`fk A°L$ ‚Zerham[p_p
r_Í`Z\u ≈°X$pe°gp¨ R>°. cph_p r_Í`Zdp¨ rhrh^[p flu R>°, S>° kp∑_°V$Ny√R>
b_phhp klpeL$ f¸y¨ R>°.
L$rhA° Qpf°e kp∑_°V$dp¨ riMqfZu h©—_p° D`ep°N L$e°pÆ R>°. ‚\d kp∑_°V$dp¨
riMqfZu_u R>V$p ‚i¨k_ue flu R>°. ‚pkdp¨ A¨[_u b° `¨qL$[_p ‚pk ≈mÏep
R>°. Ap D`fp¨[ ıhf_p ‚pk ≈mhhp_u d\pdZ ≈°B iL$pe R>°. M¨X$r_ep°S>_dp¨
`l°gy¨, buSy>¨ i°L$πsı`efipB `Ÿr[_y¨, "hmy¨ –epf° `pR>p°' 6+8 A_° "lh°'
kp∑_°V$dp¨ 5+5+2+2 S>°hp rhcpNuL$fZ L$epØ R>°.
"A¨[fun' L$pÏek¨N∞l_p¨ kp∑_°V$T|dMp¨ :
"A¨[fun' L$pÏek¨N∞ldp¨ ‚pf¨c° d|L$pe°g "Apq]$d[p_u A°L$ A_yc|r[',
"hj°pÆ `R>u h[_dp¨', "h[__u rh]$pe \[p¨' ”Z kp∑_°V$ L©$r[Ap° h_, h[_
kp\°_y¨ L$rh_y¨ Or_ÛV$ [p]$p–Áe fS|> L$f[u kp∑_°V$L©$r[Ap° R>°. Alv k¨h°]$_dp¨ X°$gu
Ap A_yc|r[ `pR>p `Ng° i•ihu ]|$r_ep [fa gB Qpg° R>°. Ap k¨h°]$__°
klS>[p\u kp∑_°V$ ]°$ldp¨ |eØ R>°. ‚ı[y[ ”Z° kp∑_°V$_° A°L$ T|dMp¨_p¨ Í`dp¨ NZhp
lp°e [p° NZu iL$pe R>°. i•ihdp¨ dpZ°gp° kde Alv kmhm° R>°. A°\u S> A[u[
kp•\u ‡epfp° lp°e R>°, [°_y¨ hpf¨hpf ıdfZ L$fhy¨ Nd[y¨ lp°e R>°. ”Z° kp∑_°V$_p
Ap¨[fk|”dp¨ Ap k¨h°]$_ `X°$gy¨ R>°. S>° [°_u kNp°”ue[p rkŸ L$f° R>°. `∞\d kp∑_°V$
"Apq]$d[p_u A°L$ A_yc|r[' _p DOpX$dp¨ L$rh L$l° R>° :
"lz¨ Aphy¨ Ry>¨ `pR>p°, blz q]$_ `R>u, O°f; h_dp¨,
D[pfu _pMy¨ Ry> ¨ hk_`yf_p kÊe S>__p¨;'
211
("Apq]$d[p_u A°L$ A_yc|r[', A¨[fun, ©. 1)
h[__p h_dp¨ OZp¨ - OZp¨ q]$hk° Aph° R>° –epf° A° `qfh°idp¨ kÊe
k¨ıL©$r[_p¨ hpOp E[pfu _p¨M° R>°. [p° S> A° hp[phfZ_° `pdu iL$pe. hj°pÆ `R>u_y¨
Ap ApNd_ A_yc|r[dp¨ L°$hy¨ Í` g° R>°, ≈Z° _uQ° ^fbpe°g d|mc|[ ‚L©$r[
DR>pmp° dpf° R>°. a}gp°dp¨ KX$p E[fu d^yf `fpN_° QiQiu_° `uhp_u hp[, ^|m
kp\° ^|mde b_hp_u hp[, Apq]$d[p_u bmL$V$ A_yc|r[ [p° Ap `¨qL$[dp¨
A_ychpe R>° :
"Ál°L$u dpV$udp¨ h©jc d]$ugp° i© ¨N Ok[p°;
lz¨ [pX$p°dp¨ X$p°gy¨ Akrge[_p° Apkh Y$vQu.'
("Apq]$d[p_u A°L$ A_yc|r[', A¨[fun, ©. 1)
‚L©$r[ A_° h©r—_y¨ h_fr[_p kpeySe kp\° A°L$ Í` \hp_u hp[ Í`L$
‹pfp bfpbf_u k¨L°$[u R>°. ApS> `yfpœ¨ h_ L$rh_y¨ Of R>°.
`R>u_y¨ kp∑_°V$ "hj°pÆ `R>u h[_d¨p' A_yk¨^p_ ≈mh[y¨ lp°e [°hy¨ gpN°
R>°. ‚\d kp∑_°V$dp¨ h_-h[_dp¨ ApNd_ \pe R>° A_° A_yc|r[ A°L$ DR>pm g°
R>°, S>° ‚ı[y[ kp∑_°V$dp¨ ]$f°L$ i•ihu A[u[_p ı\p_p° kp\° ≈°X$pe°gu ıd©r[_°
h[Ædp_dp¨ hpNp°m° R>°. bmL$V$ k¨h°]$_\u i•ih ≈Z° `y_rS>Ærh[ \pe R>°. `l°gp
kp∑_°V$dp¨ h_dp¨\u `kpf \[p¨ A_ych°gy¨ k¨h°]$_ ApNm h^[p¨ M°[fp° - _]$u -
A°d h[_ [fa_u Nr[ kp\° ı\mp° kp\°_p° A[u[ [fhfu kpd° Aph° R>°. M°[f_p
`pL$_u kp°X$d_° L$rhA° i•ihu ]|$r_ep_u ]|$r^ep kp°X$d L$lu R>°. c|[-Ap¨bgu,
L$p°[f, ]$p[fXy¨$, M°[f_y¨ lm, L°$X$u hN°f° kp\° ≈°X$pe°gu A_yc|r[ bmL$V$ fu[°
r_Í`pB R>°. ”uSy>¨ kp∑_°V$ "h[_\u rh]$p[ \[p¨' A°hp iujÆL$ kp\°_y¨ R>°. h[__u
Apbp°lhpdp¨ AÎ` kde ∆hu, A[u[_° dpZu, L$rh _Nf [fa afu\u Nr[ L$f°
R>°, –epf° h[__° R>p°X$[p¨ \[y¨ ]y$:M EcfpB_° kpd° Aph° R>°. kp∑_°V$_p DOpX$dp¨ S>
rhM|V$p `X$hp_p cph r_Í`pep R>°.
"A° d|L$ey¨ h_, A° d|L$ep¨ S>_, OZ° hj£ d˛ep¨ S>° nZ;
d|Lep¨ Xy ¨ $Nf _° _]$u, h[__p¨ A° L$p°[fp°, M°[f;'
("h[__u rh]$pe \[p¨', A¨[fun, `©. 3)
212
^uf° ^uf° h[_ A_° [°_p° `qfh°i, [°dp¨ fl°[p¨ Ap–dS>_ b^p_° A°L$
`R>u A°L$ R>p°X$hp `X°$ R>°. _Nf [fa_p° ‚hpk S>°d S>°d ApNm h^° R>° [°d [°d
^ud° ^ud° `p]$f, _]$u, L$p°[fp°, Xy¨$Nf, h_, M°[f\u R|>V$p `X°$ R>°. cph_u ‚NpY$
Akf Y$p°f S>°hp - d|¨Np ‚pZu_° S>°d L$p°Y$ R>p°X$hp\u ]y$:M \pe [°d L$rh_° ]y$:M \pe
R>°. dpZk [p° bp°gu_° ]y$:M ÏeL$[ L$fu iL°$ Z d|¨Ny S>_phf ı\m kp\°_u dd[,
[°_p S|>_p ı\m_° R>p°X$hp\u S>°d [gM° R>° [°hu Ïe\p_p rhjp]$N∞ı[ cph bfpbf
Ïe¨rS>[ \pe R>°. Ap¨Mp° ◊Ìe Tug° R>°, hpQp b¨^ R>°, L°$X$u `f `N ApNm-ApNm
Nr[ L$f° R>°, l•ey¨ [fy_u L$p¨V$pmu X$pm° S>B hmN° R>°, DTfX$pe R>°, fL$[V$riep a}V°$
R>° A_° ^ud°\u Td° R>°. p_ `Z h[__p kudpX$p ky^u hmphhp kp\° - kp\°
Aph° R>°. [°_° `Z kudp Aphhp\u `pR>p hmhp_y¨ R>°. d|¨Np ‚pZu_u kp\°
Ap–due[p A¨N[ ıhS>_\u `Z rhi°j R>°. Apd gpNZu_° ky`°f° r_Í`u R>°.
kp∑_°V$ A¨[° Qp°V$ kp\° rhfd° R>° :
"ApO° M°[f ≈°J b° L$f L$fu KQp d_° hpf[u -
A° dpfu c∞dZp ? qfkpm riiy_° bp°gph[u bp l[u ?'
("h[_\u rh]$pe \[p¨', A¨[fun, `©. 3)
h[__° Apd°e dp[p_p Í`L$\u Ap°mMhpdp¨ Aph°gy¨ R>°. S>fidc|rd
kp\°_p° Ofpbp° A°V$gp° [p° ‚NpY$ R>° S>°_p\u AgN `X$hp\u h°]$_p \pe R>° S>°
dp[p_p Mp°mp\u AgN \hp_u OV$_p kdy R>°.
‚ı[y[ ”Z kp∑_°V$dp¨ h[__u A°L$ A°L$ hı[yAp° kp\° Ap–due[p
≈°X$pe°gu R>°. L$rh k¨h°]$__u Ap A_yc|r[_° kp∑_°V$ ApL$pf d˛ep° R>°. L$rh il°f\u
h[_ [fa Nr[ L$f° R>°. h[__u ApSy>bpSy>_p h_dp¨\u `kpf \[p¨ A_ych°gu
Apq]$d[p kpd° Aph° R>°, h_ S> ≈Z° Of b_° R>°. –ep¨\u ApNm h[__u
Apk`pk kudpX$p_p M°[fp° `p]$f_u _]$u, L$p°[fp° hN°f° ı\mp° `f\u `kpf \[p¨
k¨h°]$_ kmhm° R>°. h[_dp¨ AÎ`kde fp°L$pB_° afu\u rh]$pe g° R>° [°\u ”Z°
kp∑_°V$ æ$di: k¨h°]$__p QY$ph-D[pf Í`° A_° ApNd_ - fp°L$pZ - rh]$pe S>°hu
qæ$ep kp\°_p æ$d ≈mh° R>°. A°L$ ApR>p° Apg°M ≈°hp dm° R>°. ≈° L°$ L$rhA° [°_°
"kp∑_°V$”eu' L°$ "kp∑_°V$Ny√R>' L°$ "kp∑_°V$dpmp' S>°hy¨ D`iujÆL$ Ap‡ey¨ _\u.
k¨h°]$__p° Dcpf æ$di: h^[p° d|L$pep° R>°. kp∑_°V$_° æ$di: Apıhp]$hp `X°$ A°hu
213
sı\r[dp¨ Np°W$hpe°gp¨ R>°. ‚\d kp∑_°V$_u fQ_pkpg 26-9-1970 R>°. `R>u_p
bfi_° kp∑_°V$_u fQ_p kpg 4-9-1969 R>°. S>°\u kS>Æ_dp¨ ApNm - `pR>m
Np°W$hu A°L$ Apg°M b_phhpdp¨ L$rhA° S>Íf ›ep_ Ap‡ey¨ R>°. ‚\d kp∑_°V$_p
A_yk¨^p_° dyL$pe°gp¨ bfi_° kp∑_°V$dp¨ k¨h°]$__y¨ kp[–e ≈°hp dm° R>°. L$rhA° Alv
kp∑_°V$dpmp_y¨ D`iujÆL$ cg° Ap‡ey¨ _ lp°e `Z [° R>[p¨ rhL$pkp–dL$ Apg°M
A°L$ ApL©$r[ fQ° R>°.
‚ı[y[ ”Z° kp∑_°V$ M¨X$rhcpS>_dp¨ i°L$πsı`efipB `Ÿr[_p R>°.
‚pkd°mhZudp¨ ‚\d kp∑_°V$dp¨ ‚\d, q‹[ue Q[yÛL$dp¨ ıhf_p ‚pk ≈mÏep
R>°, ”u≈ Q[yÛL$dp¨ b° - b° `¨qL$[_p kdp_‚pk Np°W$h[p ‚pk Ap ‚dpZ°_p
b_° R>° : abab cddc eeff gg. bu≈, ”u≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨ iyŸ ‚pk dyL$pep R>°,
S>° Ap dyS>b R>° abba ccdd effe gg. L$rhA° ‚\d kp∑_°V$dp¨ riMqfZu
R>¨]$, bu≈, ”u≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨ ip]|Æ$grhæ$uqX$[ R>¨]$ ‚ep°S>ep° R>°. bp_u_u kyOX$[p
R>¨]$_p rhrh^ ge\u kp∑_°V$_p cph_° DW$ph d˛ep° R>°. ‚\d kp∑_°V$dp¨ a}gp°dp¨
KX$p E[fu d^yfk_y¨ `p_ A_° A° `Z "QiQiu' fu[° `uhp_u qæ$ep rhi°j
fu[° Apg°Mu R>°. [°hy¨ S> Apq]$d[p_p° [uh∞ph°N dl°L$[u dpV$udp¨ tiNX$p Ok[p°
d]$ugp bm]$_p ‚[uL$ hX°$ ky¨]$f fu[° r_͇ep° R>°. bu≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨ L$rh°A° Qpf
L$p¶k_p° D`ep°N L$fu cphr_Í`Zdp¨ A¨[f_p `X$Op_° rTÎep° R>°. `pL$_u ]|$r^ep
kp°X$d, ]$p]$p_u QpMX$u, L$p°[fp° `f afL$[p° c|[L$pm S>°hp k¨h°]$__° ky¨]$f fu[°
L$p¶k ‹pfp d|L$u L$rh L$dÆ ]$pMÏey¨ R>°.
Ap D`fp¨[ "kpNf [V°$', "hk¨[' hN°f° ky¨]$f kp∑_°V$ f¸p¨ R>°. "N∞uÛd'
kp∑_°V$ [°_p ApL©$r[rh^p_\u gˇe M¢Q° R>°. ‚ı[y[ fQ_pdp¨ M¨X$rhcpS>_ b° -
b° ¨qL$[_p kp[ ey¡dL$p° ‹pfp f√ey¨ R>°. "Aphu hjpÆ', "_hkS>Æ_', "if]$ k¨¬ep',
"if]$fS>_u' S>°hy¨ ey¡dL$ "ddÆf' L$pÏek¨N∞l_u `L©$r[rhjeL$ fQ_pAp° flu R>°.
"rhıde' k¨N∞ldp¨ "qnr[S>', "d°Opgp°L°$', "DOpX$', "E_pmp_p° q]$hk', "f°hp
[V°$ d›eplπ_-k¨›ep', "kNÆ' L$pÏek¨N∞ldp¨ "hk¨[°', "hjpÆf¨c', "hk¨[-ıap°V$',
"A¨[fun' L$pÏek¨N∞ldp¨ "hpk¨[u afaf', "i|mu D`f k°S>' k¨N∞l_p "if]$ [X$L°$',
"N∞uÛd : A°L$ A_yc|r[', "D_pmy b‡`pfp°', "k¸pq÷-`lpX$p°dp¨ A°L$ kp¨S>°' S>°hu
‚L©$r[ rhjeL$ fQ_pAp°dp¨ kNÆiqL$[_p° Dfid°j rhi°j L$mpep° R>°. L$rh_p
h[_‚ur[_p kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ `Z ‚L©$r[r_Í`Z \ey¨ R>°. `©’hu ‚ur[_p kp∑_°V$p°dp¨
214
`Z Ap r_Í `Z ≈°hp dm° R>°. "rhıde' k¨N∞l_p "qnr[S>', "h[_dp¨
i•ih]$iÆ_', "kNÆ' k¨N∞ldp¨_y "Alv d°]$p_p°dp¨', "A¨[fun' k¨N∞ldp¨ h[_‚ur[
L¶$L$ O°fpf¨N ^pfZ L$f° R>°. "Apq]$d[p_u A°L$ A_yc|r[', "hj°pÆ `R>u h[_dp¨',
"h[_\u rh]$pe \[p¨', "‚u[', "d^yf A_yc|r[' S>°hp kp∑_°V$p° L$gp–dL$ fu[°
ky¨]$f bfiep¨ R>°. k¨h°]$__u bmL$V$[p h[_`∞ur[_p kp∑_°V$dp¨ ky`°f° r_Mfu R>°.
L$rh `pk°\u ı\m ‚ur[_p \p°X$pL$ kp∑_°V$ d˛ep¨ R>°. "L$piu', "ApN∞pap°VÆ$',
"Q¨X$uNY$dp¨', "N¨Np]$iÆ_' S>°hp¨ kp∑_°V$ S>° "ddÆf' k¨N∞ldp¨ d|L$pep¨ R>°.
h_, h[_‚ur[ kp\° ‚Ze r_Í`Z L$f[p¨ Mpkp kp∑_°V$ Ap‡ep¨ R>°.
∞ur[_p° A_yfpN, dp]Æ$h[p, F>Sy>[p, ‚[unp A_° [°_p rhfl S>°hp ‚°d_p AgN-
AgN Í`p° rhjeN[ fu[° kp∑_°V$dp¨ d|L$ep¨ R>°. "ddÆf' k¨N∞l_p "ıdfZ r‚e_p¨',
"d_° \[y¨', "riiy_u D`L©$r[', "hmphu_° Aphy¨' dp¨ ”Z kp∑_°V$ r`[©hp–kÎe
kcf R>°. "rhıde' k¨N∞ldp¨ ‚Ze_u kdS>_p° rhL$pk _S>f° X°$ R>°. "S|>_p ”p°_p°
_pi L$f[p¨', "‚ur[_y¨ ıhÍ`', "Nd° [p°' \u "V$lzL$p°' ky^u_p kp∑_°V$Ny√R>dp¨
‚Zeh•aÎe, rMfi_[p [\p \pL$_° hZÆÏep° R>°. "kNÆ' k¨N∞ldp¨ "l∆ [p°', "hmy
–epf° `pR>p°' S>°hp¨, "A¨[fun' L$pÏek¨N∞ldp¨ "d^yf A_yc|r[', "[pfp° _ `”',
"fuk', "idZp¨', "NZp°[p°', "rdg_' S>°hp¨ kp∑_°V$p° ‚ZerhjeL$ R>°. "A_y_e'
k¨N∞ldp¨ "rhMyVy¨$' S>°hy¨ ‚Zeh•aÎe_y¨ ey¡dL$ D`fp¨[ "≈[L$ L$\p', "[fk\u
[©q‡[gNu_u nZp°_y¨ L$pÏe' A_° "ApÔg°j : A°L$ A_yc|r[' dp¨ ‚Zeb¨^_ A_°
≈[ue-Aph°N_u Dfid[ Ahı\p_° ‚[uL$p°\u dY$u_° k≈hu R>°.
Di_kπ\u S>e¨[ `pW$L$ Ap i©¨Npf r_Í`Z° AgN `X°$ R>°. "d©Nep'
k¨N∞ldp¨ ‚Ze_p DR>pmp Ap°R>p \ep R>°. ‚Ze_° [fk _]$u S>°hy¨ _pd d˛ey¨ R>°.
"i|mu D`f k°S>' L$pÏek¨N∞ldp¨ kp∑_°V$ ıhÍ`_p aL$[ Qpf S> L$pÏep° R>°. Alv
‚ZerhjeL$ kp∑_°V$ dm[p _\u. Ap›epr–dL$ A¨i ^fph[u kp∑_°V$L©$r[Ap°
L$rhA° S>° Ap`u R>° [° Ap dyS>b R>° : "L$ZÆ-`p\Æ', "d_yS> lz¨' (rhıde), "fpd_p°
`ÔQp[p`' (ddÆf). Ap D`fp¨[ L$rh[p_° L°$fi÷dp¨ fpMu "ApÏep¨ R>p° [p°-',
"A`|ZpÆ h•Mfu dpfu' (ddÆf) A_° tQ[_gnu fQ_pAp°dp¨ "AreS>ep°r['
(ddÆf), "AOfy', "26du ≈fieyApfu 1959', "Í`' (rhıde), "44dy b°k[p¨'
(kNÆ), d©–eyrhjeL$ tQ[_ fS|> L$f[p¨ "ıdip_dp¨ - 1' A_° "dfZ OX$uA°'
S>°hy¨ ey¡dL$ L$rh_u kp∑_°V$fpridp¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°.
215
L$rhA° i°L$πsı`efipB kp∑_°V$_° h y M°X$ey R>° [° R>[p¨ ıh[¨” fur[_p kp∑_°V$
D`f `Z lp\ AS>dpÏep° R>°. ‚pk bpb[° A¨[_p ey¡ddp¨ ‚pk ≈mhhp_p
‚e–_ L$epØ R>°. ArcÏeqL$[_° A¨[\u S> DQL$hp_u fur[ [°d_u blz ≈Zu[u
flu R>°, "[_° [p° ≈Z° Ap fd[ b^u' (d©Nep) kp∑_°V$dp¨ "[_° [p° ≈Z° Ap
fd[ b^u' A°hy¨ _]$u_° hpf¨hpf k¨bp°^u_° kp∑_°V$ ApL$pf `f–h° _hp° ‚ep°N lp\
^e°pÆ R>°. ArcÏeqL$[_u [pS>Nu, `∞L©$r[_y¨ e\p[\ r_Í`Z, `©’hu, lqfZu,
riMqfZu, hk¨[r[gL$p S>°hp R>¨]$p° rhr_ep°N ‹pfp kp∑_°V$_u dy÷p_° S>dph[p
S>e¨[ `pW$L$ rkŸlı[ kp∑_°V$L$pf f¸p¨ R>°.
216
Di_kπ
(7) L$rh Di_kπ_p° `qfQe
S>fid[pfuM : 28-9-1920
S>fidı\m : kphgu (rS>. hX$p°]$fp)
`|fy¨ _pd : _V$hfgpg Ly$b°fcpB `¨X$ep
D`_pd : Di_kπ
r`[p : Ly$b°fcpB fZR>p°X$cpB `¨X$ep
dp[p : grg[pb°_
: rinZ :
iÍAp[_y¨ ‚p\rdL$ rinZ rkŸ`yfdp¨ gu^y¨. kphgu dyL$pd° D—f
‚p\rdL$ A_° dp¬erdL$ rinZ X$cp°B dyL$pd° gu^y¨. B.k. 1938 dp¨ d°qV≤$L$ `pk
L$fu D√QrinZ dpV°$ hX$p°]$fp Nep. B.k. 1942 dp¨ dyøe rhje k¨ıL©$[ A_°
Np•Z rhje NyS>fp[u kp\° bu≈ hNÆdp¨ bu.A°. _u dy¨bB eyr_. _u ]$hu d°mhu.
B.k. 1944 dp¨ V$u.X$u. (V$uQvN qX$‡gp°dp) \e°gp¨. B.k. 1945 dp¨ dyøe rhje
NyS>fp[u A_° Np•Z rhje k¨ıL©$[ kp\° dy¨bB eyr_. _u A°d. A°. _u `]$hu bu≈
hNÆdp¨ `pk L$fu.
: k°hp - Ïehkpe :
Ïehkpe_u L$pfqL$]$w_u iÍAp[ B.k. 1942 \u fp°Tfu lpBıL|$gdp¨
rinL$ [fuL°$ L$fu. S>° B.k. 1946 ky^u L$epÆ `R>u B.k. 1946 dp¨ ApL$pihpZu
hX$p°]$fpdp¨ "_cp°hpZu' _p [¨”u [fuL°$ f¸p¨. B.k. 1947 \u B.k. 1957
NyS>fp[u_p A›ep`L$ [fuL°$ NpX$w L$pµg°S>, _hkpfu dyL$pd° k°hp Ap`u. B.k.
1957 \u NyS>fp[u_p A›ep`L$ [fuL°$ S>°. `u. Óp°a ApV$Æ$k L$pµg°S>, hgkpX$dp¨
k°hp Ap`u. B.k. 1968 \u B.k. 1980 ]$fÁep_ ApQpeÆ [fuL°$ A°S> L$p∑g°S>dp¨
k°hp Ap`u.
217
: rhi°j k°hpAp° :
B.k. 1966 \u `uA°Q.X$u._p dpNÆ]$iÆL$ [fuL°$_u k°hpAp° Ap`u R>°.
A°S> hjÆdp¨ `u.B.A°_. _p kÊe fl° R>°. B.k. 1977 dp¨ kprl–e AL$p]$du_u
NyS>fp[u cpjp_u kgplL$pf krdr[_p kÊe bfiep. B.k. 1979 dp¨ NyS>fp[u
A›ep`L$ k¨O_p ‚dyM [fuL°$ k°hp Ap`u R>°. B.k. 1983 dp¨ NyS>fp[u kprl–e
`qfj]$, kyf[ - Ar^h°i_dp¨ kS>Æ_ rhcpN_p A¬en [fuL°$_u k°hpAp° Ap`u
R>°. B.k. 1989 \u B.k. 1991 ky^u NyS>fp[u kprl–e `qfj]$_p ‚dyM
[fuL°$_u k°hpAp° Ap`u R>°.
: `pqf[p°qjL$p° :
Di_kπ_p dp°V$pcpN_p L$pÏek¨N∞lp°_° rhrh^ `pqf[p°qjL$p° ‚p‡[ \ep¨
R>°. "‚k|_', "Ap÷pÆ', "d_p°dy÷p', "[©Z_p° N∞l', "ı`¨]$ A_° R>¨]$', "Í` A_°
fk' (rhh°Q_ N∞¨\) hN°f° fpS>e kfL$pf ‹pfp `yfıL©$[ \ep¨ R>°. "ÏepLy$g h•ÛZh'
_° B.k. 1978 dp¨ Óu Afth]$ kyhZÆQ¨÷L$ d˝ep° R>°. B.k. 1980 dp¨ Ap S>
k¨N∞l_° ıh. Óu dl°fi÷ cN[ `pqf[p°qjL$ d˛ey¨ R>°. B.k. 1976 dp¨ "AÔh–\'
L$pÏek¨N∞l_° q]$Îlu_u kprl–e AL$p]$du A°hp°XÆ$ d˛ep° R>°. A° S> hjÆdp¨ ‚ı[y[
L$pÏek¨N∞l_° filp_pgpg pqf[p°qjL$ d˛ey¨ R>°. B.k. 1959 dp¨ Ly$dpfQ¨÷L$, B.k.
1971 dp¨ _dÆ]$ kyhZÆQ¨÷L$ ("[©Z_p° N∞l' dpV°$), B.k. 1981 dp¨ "ı`¨]$ A_°
R>¨]$' _° cpf[ kfL$pf_p° A°hp°XÆ$ d˛ep° R>°.
: ‚hpk :
Apby - DdfNp¨hdp¨ _p_`Zdp¨ ‚hpk L$f°gp, ]$qnZ NyS>fp[_p
rhrcfi_ ı\mp°dp¨ cÁep R>°. cpf[_p rhrh^ ‚]°$ip°dp¨ O|Áep¨ R>°. B.k. 1976
dp¨ rh]°$i_p° ‚hpk M°X$ep° R>°. D—f cpf[_p `lpX$u S>¨Ngp°dp¨ fMX$ep¨ R>°.
]$p∆ÆtgN - L$gL$—p - rblpf, [p° L$piu D—f ‚]°$i_p `lpX$u cpNp°dp¨ ‚hpk
M°X$ep R>°. JV$u, kp•fpÛV≤$, Ad]$php]$, BX$f, fpS>ı\p_, q]$Îlu, ApN∞p,
dlpbrg yf, l•]$fpbp]$, dybB, AS>¨[p, ]$qnZ cpf[_p¨ rhrh^ ı\mp°_p ‚hpk
218
L$epÆ R>°. A°L$ fu[° L$luA° [p° "‚hpku L$rh' R>°.
: kprl–en°”° ‚]$p_ :
L$pÏe k¨N∞lp° :
"‚k|_' (B.k. 1955), "_°`’e°' (B.k. 1956), "Ap÷pÆ' (B.k.
1959), "d_p°dy÷p' (B.k. 1960), "[©Z_p° N∞l' (B.k. 1964), "ı`¨]$
A_° R>¨]$' (B.k. 1968), "qL$L¨$Zu' (B.k. 1971), "cpf[ ]$iÆ_' (B.k.
1974), "AÔh–\' (B.k. 1975), "Í`_p ge' (B.k. 1976), "ÏepLy$g
h•ÛZh' (B.k. 1977), "`©’hu_° `qÚd Ql°f°' (B.k. 1979), "riiygp°L$'
(B.k. 1984), "Apfp°l-Ahfp°l' (B.k. 1989), "`©’hu Nr[_p° R>¨]$p°ge'
(B.k. 1993), "A°L$ dp_hu_° g°M°' (B.k. 1996), "hur\L$p' (k¨`p]$_
kyf°i ]$gpg), Di_kπ_p L$pÏep° (k¨`p. da[ Ap°Tp).
rhh°Q_ k¨N∞l :
"b° A¬ee_p°' (B.k. 1952), "Í` A_° fk' (B.k. 1966), "D`-
kNÆ' (B.k. 1973), "d|Îep¨L$_p°' (B.k. 1979), "rhh°Q_ rhh°L$' (‚L$pÌe)
ıd©r[L$\p :
"k]$πdp[p_p° Mp¨Qp°'.
‚hpkL$\p (‚L$pÌe) :
"`qÚddp¨ `NguAp°', "N¨Np-S>d_p_p ‚]°$idp¨'.
r_b¨^k¨N∞l : (‚L$pÌe) :
"R|>V$L$ g°Mp°', "EgV$u N¨Np'.
L$pÏefk]$iÆ_ : (‚L$pÌe) :
"\p°X$pL$ L$pÏepıhp]$p°'.
A°L$p¨L$u k¨N∞l : (‚L$pÌe) :
"X$p°iu_u hlz' _° bu≈ A°L$p¨L$u.
219
: Di_kπ_p¨ kp∑_°V$ :
L$rh Di_kπ_u L$pÏeep”p [`pk[p¨ A°d S>Íf L$l°hy¨ `X°$ L°$ A° Ap`Zp
dp°V$p N≈_p L$rh R> °. kS>Æ__p kp[–e° Arhf[ "Ly $dpf', "L$rhgp°L$',
"byrŸ‚L$pi', "[p◊’eÆ', "iÂ]$k©qÛV$', "`fb' S>°hp dyM`”p° ‹pfp L$rh[p_p°
M≈_p° g|¨V$phu f¸p R>°. cphprcÏeqL$[_° Í`bŸ L$fhp dpV°$ L$rh Di_kπ_p° r‚e
L$pÏe`∞L$pf kpµ_°V$ f¸p° R>°. kp∑_°V$ rhi°, hXÆ$Th\Æ rhi° L$l°hpey¨ R>° [°d Di_kπ
rhi° L$lu iL$pe. L$rh_° kp∑_°V$ lp\hNy R>°. klS>[p\u, kfm[p\u kp∑_°V$ [°Ap°
gMu iL°$ R>°, A°V$g° [p° kyf°i ]$gpg° Di_kπ_° "kp∑_°V$ A°qX$L°$V$' L$¸p¨ R>°.
B.k. 1939-40 \u L$rh[pep”p_u iÍAp[ lp°e ıhpcprhL$ fu[° [°d_°
fpS>°fi÷ - r_f¨S>_ eyNdp¨ d|L$u Ap`° R>°, `Z DR>°f OX$[f Np¨^ueyNdp¨ \e°gp¨ R>°.
[°d_u L$rh[p kp¶]$eÆfpNu flu R>°. fpS>°fi÷ - r_f¨S>__u Akf\u dyL$[ [°d_u
L$rh[p A°L$ Agpe]$u dy÷p D`kph° R>°. kS>Æ_h•`yÎe_y¨ _S>fpœ¨ [°d_p ‚rkŸ
\e°gp L$pÏek¨N∞lp°dp¨ kdpe°gy¨ R>°. 1. "‚k|_' (B.k. 1955), 2. "_°`’e°'
(B.k. 1956), 3. "Ap÷pÆ' (B.k. 1959), 4. "d_p°dy÷p' (B.k. 1960),
5. "[©Z_p° N∞l' (B.k. 1964), 6. "ı`¨]$ A_° R>¨]$' (B.k. 1968), 7.
"qL$L¨$Zu' (B.k. 1971), 8. "cpf[]$iÆ_' (B.k. 1974), 9. "AÔh–\'
(B.k. 1975), 10. "Í`_p ge' (B.k. 1976), 11. "ÏepLy$g h•ÛZh'
(B.k. 1977), 12. "`©’hu_° `qÚd Ql°f°' (B.k. 1979), 13. "riiygp°L$'
(B.k. 1984), 14. "Apfp°l-Ahfp°l' (B.k. 1989), 15. "`©’hu Nr[_p°
R>¨]$p°ge' (B.k. 1993), A_° 16. "A°L$ dp_hu_° g°M°' (B.k. 1996).
"‚k|_' k¨N∞ldp¨ "‚cp[', "ririf_u pR>gu fp[°', "hk¨[_y ıhpN[',
"ApÏep° hk¨[', "N∞uÛd d›epå' hN°f° F>[yAp° D`f_p kp∑_°V$p°_° Ahgp°L$[p
A°V$gy¨ S>Íf L$lu iL$uA° L°$ hk¨[, N∞uÛd, AjpY$A° [°d_u r‚e F>[yAp° lp°e [°hy¨
gpN° R>°. F>[yAp° D`f ApV$gp k–e A_° k¨øepdp¨ L$p°B L$rhA° kp∑_°V$ Ap‡ep
_\u. Ap D`fp¨[ kde_p ‚lfp° ‚cp[, d›epå, fpq”, k¨›ep [\p k|eÆ, Q¨÷,
220
[pfL$, [X$L$p°, [©Z S>°hp Afie ‚L©$r[_p [“hp° [°d_p rhjedp¨ ApÏep¨ R>°. "`©’hu
Nr[_p° R>¨]$p°ge' S>°hu kp∑_°V$dpmp Aphp S> k¨h°]$__p° Apg°M R>°. "d_p°dy÷p'
k¨N∞ldp¨ ririf, l°d¨[, hk¨[ A_° [X$L$p_p rhrh^Í`p° ApL$jÆL$ fu[° A¨qL$[ \ep
R>°. "fpq”›hr_', "lqfepmu', "hk¨[kde', "‚ipfi[nZ' S>°hu fQ_pAp°
"[©Z_p° N∞l' k¨N∞l_u, [p° "ı`¨]$ A_° R>¨]$' k¨N∞l_u, "L$pµg°S> V°$L$fu `f AjpY$',
"AjpY$_u A_yc|r[' (kp∑_°V$”eu) S>°hu kp∑_°V$ fQ_pAp°, "A_l]$_u kfl]°$'
S>°hu kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ ‚L©$r[ [fa\u k¨ıL©$r[ [fa_u Nr[_° Apg°Mu R>°. "AÔh–\'
k¨N∞ldp¨ "[X$qL$g L©$r[Ap°', "Í`_p ge' k¨N∞l_u "hk¨[ fpq”_p° hX$gp° : A°L$
BfiıV$fiV$ V≤$u', "`©’hu_° `qÚd Ql°f°' k¨N∞l_y¨ "l° [©Zh[u'; "Apfp°l-Ahfp°l'
k¨N∞ldp¨ "Ah[fZ' kp∑_°V$Ny√R>dp¨ ep”p ]$fÁep_ ‚L©$r[_u h√Q°_p hkhpV$_y¨
bep_ dm° R>°. kdN∞ L$pÏek¨N∞lp°dp¨ ‚L©$r[_p rhrh^ [“hp°_° k¨h°]$__p
Apg°MÍ`° Ak¨øe kp∑_°V$L©$r[ dm° R>°.
‚L©$r[ r_Í`Z_u S>°d Di_kπ_u L$rh[p_p° bu≈° ap¨V$p° ‚Zer_Í`Z
[fa Nep° R>°. L$rh_° bfi_° ‚°d M¢Q° R>° A°V$g° S> [° A¨[qfepm`œ¨ A_ych° R>°.
"d_° b¨_° M¢Q° ‚Ze; `©r\hu_p° fdZu_p°
lz¨ Ap M¢Qp - M¢Qu dlu Ahi fl¢kpB dfy¨ Ry>¨.'
("[©Z_p° N∞l', "lz¨ A¨[qfepm° Ry>¨' - `©. 117)
L$Î`_p_u c|rddp¨ L ¶ $L$ Ql°fp_° ı\p`° R> °. "fı[p° A_° Ql°fp'
kp∑_°V$Ny√R>dp¨ "a}giu ‚u[', "[_° lz¨ T¨My Ry>¨' S>°hu iÂ]$”eu O|¨V$[p L$rh q‹^pdp¨
AV$hpe R>°. "Akam', "_S>f' (d_p°dy÷p), "cg° KO_u Óp¨r[' (kp∑_°V$ ey¡dL$
Ap÷pÆ), "OX$u', "lh° [p°' (ey¡dL$) "D °qn[ r‚ep_°' kp∑_°V$Ny√R> ([©Z_p° N∞l),
"_hy¨ Of°œ¨', "kp°lpNfp[ A_° R>u', "A‹•[', "Apœ¨', "[d° kp\° fl°≈°' S>°hp¨
]$p¨ –e‚Ze ]$ipÆh[p "AÔh–\' L$pÏek¨N∞l_p kp∑_°V$p° A_° "Í`_p ge' k¨N∞l_p
"Md[u^f', "Ap_¨]$-‚u[ A_° Ap¨ky' S>°hu ‚Ze rhjeL$ fQ_pAp°dp¨ ‚Ze_u
rhrh^ f°MpAp° Apg°Mu R>°. NyS>fp[u L$rh[pdp¨ ‚Ze rhjeL$ fQ_pAp°dp¨ L$rh
Di_kπ_u ‚Ze rhjeL$ L©$r[Ap° A°L$ AgN ‹u` b_ph° R>°, S>°_p° A°L$ R>°X$p°
221
Ly$Vy¨$b A_° h[_‚ur[ [fa b¨^pe°gp° R>°. h[__p A_ychp° A_° k¨ıdfZp°dp¨
L°$V$L°$V$gp¨ Ql°fpAp° A_° ı\m k¨h°]$_p° kp\° Dcfpe R>°. "[©Z_p° N∞l' k¨Nldp¨_y¨
"hmu `pR>p h[_dp¨' kp∑_°V$Ny√R> "‚k|_', k¨N∞ldp¨ "hmphu bp Aphu' kp∑_°V$,
"`|. bp`p S>[p¨' S>°hu kp∑_°V$dpmp ([©Z_p° N∞l), "AÔh–\' k¨N∞ldp¨ "`qf'
(ey¡dL$), "b∞˚p¨X$_p h[_u' (kp∑_°V$”eu), "Í`_p ge' k¨N∞l_p¨ "Ofdp¨ `pR>p°
hm[p° h©Ÿ', "QZ° R>° tQ[pAp° Of dyS>' hN°f° Ly$Vy¨$b ‚°d_° D`kph° R>°.
L$rh_u Afie ‚L$uZÆ kp∑_°V$L©$r[Ap°dp¨ cqL$[, riiy A_° ı\mep”p -
‚hpk_p kp∑_°V$ f¸p¨ R>°, S>° A°L$ AgN rhcpN b_° R>°.
Di_kA°π dp” rh`yg kp∑_°V$fpridp¨ kp∑_°V$ Ap‡ep¨ L$f[p¨ L$l°hy¨ `X°$ L°$
rh`ygfpridp¨ kp∑_°V$dpmp, kp∑_°V$Ny√R>p° Ap‡ep¨ R>°, S>° NyS>fp[u kprl–e_u
L$rh[pdp¨ rhfg R>°. Afie L$p°B L$rhA° ApV$gp kp∑_°V$Ny√R>p° L°$ dpmp Ap‡ep _\u.
”°huk S>°V$gp ey¡dL$p°, `p¨Q kp∑_°V$”eu, `p¨Q kp∑_°V$Q[yÛL$p°, ”Z kp∑_°V$`¨QL$p°,
A°L$ kp∑_°V$jV$L$, "`|. bp`p S>[p¨' A_° "A_l]$_u kfl]°$' S>°hp kp∑_°V$AÛV$L$
"hmphu bp Aphu' (11, kp∑_°V$), "^u Aı\°rıV$L$k A°fiX$ A°ıL°$B`' (12,
kp∑_°V$), "cpf[ ]$iÆ_' (16, kp∑_°V$), "fı[p° A_° Ql°fp' (20, kp∑_°V$),
"Ah[fZ' (15, kp∑_°V$), " `p¨X$y$_u ‚°[p°qL$[' (9, kp∑_°V$), "_h≈[ riiy_u
Apk`pk' (5, kp∑_°V$), "`©’huNr[_p° R>¨]$p °ge' (27, kp∑_°V$) S>°hu
kp∑_°V$dpmpAp° A_° Ny√R>p°_° Ahgp°L$[p¨ Di_kπ_p k¨h°]$__u ‚Mf[p, ‚bm[p,
[uh∞[p, ‚NpY$[p_p° `qfQpeL$ `fQp° dm° R>°. "rh¤p\whNÆdp¨ Di_kπ hj°pÆ"rh¤p\whNÆdp¨ Di_kπ hj°pÆ"rh¤p\whNÆdp¨ Di_kπ hj°pÆ"rh¤p\whNÆdp¨ Di_kπ hj°pÆ"rh¤p\whNÆdp¨ Di_kπ hj°pÆ
ky^u "hmphu bp Aphu' kp∑_°V$_p L$rh [fuL°$ ≈Zu[p f¸p, [p° rh‹p_p°dp¨A°ky^u "hmphu bp Aphu' kp∑_°V$_p L$rh [fuL°$ ≈Zu[p f¸p, [p° rh‹p_p°dp¨A°ky^u "hmphu bp Aphu' kp∑_°V$_p L$rh [fuL°$ ≈Zu[p f¸p, [p° rh‹p_p°dp¨A°ky^u "hmphu bp Aphu' kp∑_°V$_p L$rh [fuL°$ ≈Zu[p f¸p, [p° rh‹p_p°dp¨A°ky^u "hmphu bp Aphu' kp∑_°V$_p L$rh [fuL°$ ≈Zu[p f¸p, [p° rh‹p_p°dp¨A°
"A_l]$_u kfl]°$' S>°hu [\p Afie "fı[p° A_° Ql°fp' kp∑_°V$dpmp_p kam"A_l]$_u kfl]°$' S>°hu [\p Afie "fı[p° A_° Ql°fp' kp∑_°V$dpmp_p kam"A_l]$_u kfl]°$' S>°hu [\p Afie "fı[p° A_° Ql°fp' kp∑_°V$dpmp_p kam"A_l]$_u kfl]°$' S>°hu [\p Afie "fı[p° A_° Ql°fp' kp∑_°V$dpmp_p kam"A_l]$_u kfl]°$' S>°hu [\p Afie "fı[p° A_° Ql°fp' kp∑_°V$dpmp_p kam
L$rh [fuL°$ kdunp[p f¸p¨ R>°. Apd Di_kπ_u ‚\d A_° A¨r[d Ap°mML$rh [fuL°$ kdunp[p f¸p¨ R>°. Apd Di_kπ_u ‚\d A_° A¨r[d Ap°mML$rh [fuL°$ kdunp[p f¸p¨ R>°. Apd Di_kπ_u ‚\d A_° A¨r[d Ap°mML$rh [fuL°$ kdunp[p f¸p¨ R>°. Apd Di_kπ_u ‚\d A_° A¨r[d Ap°mML$rh [fuL°$ kdunp[p f¸p¨ R>°. Apd Di_kπ_u ‚\d A_° A¨r[d Ap°mM
NyS>fp[u L$rh[p_p A°L$ ‚dyM kp∑_°V$ L$rh_u b¨^pB flu R>°; _° A°dp¨ k√QpBNyS>fp[u L$rh[p_p A°L$ ‚dyM kp∑_°V$ L$rh_u b¨^pB flu R>°; _° A°dp¨ k√QpBNyS>fp[u L$rh[p_p A°L$ ‚dyM kp∑_°V$ L$rh_u b¨^pB flu R>°; _° A°dp¨ k√QpBNyS>fp[u L$rh[p_p A°L$ ‚dyM kp∑_°V$ L$rh_u b¨^pB flu R>°; _° A°dp¨ k√QpBNyS>fp[u L$rh[p_p A°L$ ‚dyM kp∑_°V$ L$rh_u b¨^pB flu R>°; _° A°dp¨ k√QpB
R>° kp∑_°V$ k¨øep_u ◊qÛV$A° A_° L$pÏe–h_u ◊qÛV$A° kam kp∑_°V$p°_p k¨]$c£R>° kp∑_°V$ k¨øep_u ◊qÛV$A° A_° L$pÏe–h_u ◊qÛV$A° kam kp∑_°V$p°_p k¨]$c£R>° kp∑_°V$ k¨øep_u ◊qÛV$A° A_° L$pÏe–h_u ◊qÛV$A° kam kp∑_°V$p°_p k¨]$c£R>° kp∑_°V$ k¨øep_u ◊qÛV$A° A_° L$pÏe–h_u ◊qÛV$A° kam kp∑_°V$p°_p k¨]$c£R>° kp∑_°V$ k¨øep_u ◊qÛV$A° A_° L$pÏe–h_u ◊qÛV$A° kam kp∑_°V$p°_p k¨]$c£
`Z L$lu iL$pe L°$ Di_kπ A° bpb[° Ap`Zp ‚dyM kp∑_°V$L$pf R>°.'`Z L$lu iL$pe L°$ Di_kπ A° bpb[° Ap`Zp ‚dyM kp∑_°V$L$pf R>°.'`Z L$lu iL$pe L°$ Di_kπ A° bpb[° Ap`Zp ‚dyM kp∑_°V$L$pf R>°.'`Z L$lu iL$pe L°$ Di_kπ A° bpb[° Ap`Zp ‚dyM kp∑_°V$L$pf R>°.'`Z L$lu iL$pe L°$ Di_kπ A° bpb[° Ap`Zp ‚dyM kp∑_°V$L$pf R>°.'42
222
"R>°Îgu A^w k]$u' : (‚k|_)
‚\d L$pÏek¨N∞l "‚k|_' _p 28 kp∑_°V$dp¨ "R>°Îgu A^w k]$u' iujÆL$
kp\°_u A°L$ kp∑_°V$”eu d|L$pe°gu R>°. dp_h kdqÛV$ [fa_u dp_h[p_° gu^°
dp_hp DSS>hm cprh_u ÓŸp ‚ı[y[ kp∑_°V$”eudp¨ r_Í`pe°gu R>°. rheyŸp°_°
`qfZpd° rh›h¨i_p `qf`pL$Í `° k¨ıL©$r[ `Z ^ud° ^ud° lZpe R>°, Ap
ep[_pkcf `qfsı\r[ h√Q° `Z L$rh cpf[_u ApTp]$udp¨ _hkS>Æ__p¨ _hp¨
qL$fZp° S|>A° R>°.
‚\d kp∑_°V$dp¨ bÂb° eyŸ_u [pfp∆, bbÆf[p, rh›h¨iÍ`° L$pg_p L$fpg
ıhÍ`_u hp[ L$fu R>°. S>°_p\u ‚≈_p ≈_-dpg_° `pfphpf lpgpL$u cp°Nhhu
`X$u R>°. L°$V$gpe_° h[_dp¨\u lp¨L$u L$pY$ep, L°$V$gpe Ap–dS>_\u rhMyV$p `X$ep,
L°$V$gpe c|rd\u rh√R>°]$ `pÁep. ^_^pfie_u A_° dp_h[p_u AR>[ l[u A°hp
r^LL$pfhp ep°¡e k¨ıL©$r[_° ^ud°^ud°\u L$pg _pi L$fu f¸p° l[p°. Aphp L$fpgÍ`
dlp]°$h_° ‚kfi_ \B afu\u dp°lL$Í`° Aphhp_u Apf[ L$fu R>°.
bu≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨ L$rh dlpL$pg A°hp rih_° A^Æ _f-_pfu ıhÍ`° Sy>A° R>°.
A–epf ky^u rih_p L$fpg Í`_° S> ≈°ep L$eyØ, lh° `phÆ[u_y¨ L$ÎepZL$pfu Í`
fnZ L$f_pfy¨ ‚ip¨[ Í`_p ]$iÆ_ L$f° R>°. `R>u_p jÛV$L$dp¨ Ap A°L$ bpSy> k[[
kS>Æ_ QpÎep L$f° R>°, bVy$L$ hpd_ rhÍ` kdp rhop_ rhæ$dp°\u q”gp°L$_° Ap¨b°
R>°. Apd A° gOy fl°[y¨ _\u. L$rhA° kS>Æ_\u Nr[ ‚Nr[_u hp[ L$fu R>°. Nygpd
fpÛV≤$p°dp¨ Nygpdu_u S>¨∆fp° [|V°$ R>°, ‚≈_p ‚Q¨X$ bmhp\u. ”u≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨ L$rh
cpf[ [fa ı`ÛV$ Bipfp° L$f° R>°. Ap_¨]$ A_° ljÆ_u L°$V$gue _hu cph_pAp° EW°$
R>°. S>N[_NfuAp°_u kh£ kdp_ L$Î`_pAp°dp¨ L$p°B_y¨ ip°jZ _\u. rh_p
dpmpdp¨ fpÛV≤$›h≈°dp¨ lm, l\p°X$u, Aip°L$Qæ$Í`° dp_h-dp_h h√Q°_y¨ A¨[f
OV°$ R>° _° ^ud° ^ud° ∆h_ kp°_p S>°hy¨ _N]$Í`°, d_p°lfÍ`° `p°[p_p ^pf°gp gˇe
cZu æ$di: Nr[ L$f° R>°. `R>u_p M¨X$dp¨ cph`gV$p° d|L$u ı`ÛV$ hp[ L$f° R>°. Ap
b^y¨ dpfp ÍX$p cpf[dp¨ \B f¸y¨ R>°. [° ıh[¨” \ep°, ^f[u`y”p°_° ^f[u dmu
Aphu, ApTp]$u khÆ S>¡epA° hNÆrhlu_ fu[° Ac°]$ b_u ip°ci°. Alv ”Z
223
kp∑_°V$ `|ZÆ \ep¨ R>°. cphr_Í`Zdp¨ L$rh_° kp∑_°V$_u Qp•]$ `¨qL$[_u riı[ _X$u
R>°, dpV°$ Qp°\p kp∑_°V$ [fa Nep R>°, `Z [°_u dp” b° `¨qL$[ gMu R>°. A°\u ı`ÛV$
R>° L°$ L$rh_° Qp°\y¨ kp∑_°V$ gMhy¨ _\u A_° S>° b° `¨qL$[Ap° AgNÍ`° d|L$pB R>° [°
”u≈ kp∑_°V$_u Qp°V$ Í `° S> R> °. L$rhA° A¨[_u Ap b° `¨qL$[dp¨ rih_°
A^Æ_pfuÔhf_p ıhÍ`° r_lpm° R>°, S>°dp¨ rih_y¨ L$gpÍ` A_° phÆ[u_y¨ kS>Æ_p–dL$
d_p°lf Ap_¨]$]$peL$Í` R>°. L$rhA° [p° kp∑_°V$”eu_u iÍAp[dp¨ L$¸y¨ R>° L°$ "L°$hp°
L$fpg [d kp¨‚[ L$pgcpN !' Ap kp¨‚[ kde_u hp[ L$fhu R>°, S>°_p b° ıhÍ`p°dp¨
A°L$ Np¨^u ıhÍ` R>°. bu≈ ıhÍ` Í`° rlV$gf R>°. A^Æ _f_pfuf ıhÍ`_u
L$Î`_p kp\° rheyŸ_u [pfp∆, cep_L$[p kpd° cpf[_° ApTp]$u A`ph_pf
Np¨^u_° d|L°$ R>°. Apd ^uf° ^uf° k¨ıL©$r[ ∆rh[ b_[u ≈e R>°, _hkS>Æ_ \pe R>°.
Apd L$rh cpf[_u ApTp]$udp¨ A_° _hkS>Æ_dp¨ Dfi_r[_u ÓŸp Sy>A° R>°.
kdN∞”eu A°L$ bu≈ kp\° ≈°X$pe°gu R>°, `Z A¨[° [p° kp∑_°V$Ny√R> b_u_° AV$L°$
R>°. Alv ArcÏeqL$[ ”Z kp∑_°V$dp¨ kdphu iL$pe°g _\u. kp∑_°V$dp¨ k¨ıL©$[ [–kd
`]$phgu kp∑_°V$_° qL$gÛV$ b_ph° R>°.
"hk¨[pNd_' : (Ap÷pÆ)
"Ap÷pÆ' L$pÏek¨N∞ldp¨ 63 kp∑_°V$ R>°. "hk¨[pNd_' iujÆL$ _uQ° L$rhA°
A°L$ kp\° `p¨Q kp∑_°V$ d|L$ep¨ R>°, S>°dp¨_p ‚\d kp∑_°V$_y¨ iujÆL$ "ririfp`pe'
fpøey¨ R>°. ky¨]$f fu[° kp∑_°V$_p° DOpX$ d|L$ep° R>°. hk¨[_y¨ ApNd_ \[p¨ riqif_p
[X$L$p_p° `∞[p` L¨$B ApL$mp° b_° R>°. Aphu `qfsı\r[_p Apg°M__° L$rhA°
`phÆ[u A_° rih_p ◊ÛV$p¨[ ‹pfp D`pX$ey¨ R>° :
"he\u fyrQfp Np•fu L°$fy ¨ r_lpmu gB Í `,
q”`yflf_y¨ ≈Z° \p°Xy ¨ $ h¬ey¨ hmu L•$ [`.
("ririfp`pe', Ap÷pÆ, `©. 23)
"he\u fyrQfp Np•fu' S>°hu `©’hu `f hk¨[_y¨ Í` ≈°B_° rih S>°hp k|eÆ_y¨
[` ≈Z° h¬ey¨ _ lp°e ? A°hu D–‚°npeyL$[ bp_u\u hk¨[_p hp[phfZ_° MXy¨$
224
L$fu ]$u^y¨ R>°. ApNm L$rh `©’hu_° A°L$ Mp¨X$rZep S>°hu L$Î`° R>°, S>°dp¨ [X$L$p÷h
O|¨V$p[p° fl° R>°. [° blz fNX$hp\u A°_p¨ auZ `h_\u EX$u TuZu - TuZu f≈ Í °
W$epÆ R>°. kp∑_°V$_p A¨[° hk¨[_p° ‚cph - L$p°eg, cdfp, [¨rNep f \hp gp¡ep°
R>°. R>u_p A_yk¨^p_° d|L$pe°gp "`[¨rNep' iujÆL$hpmp kp∑_°V$dp¨ L$rh cdfpAp°,
L$p°eg_° hk¨[_p L$rhAp°_u D`dp Ap`° R>°. S>° `p°[p_p Np_\u dyMf bfiep R>°,
[p° `[¨rNep_° gp°cu L$¸p¨ R>°. `[¨rNep_° gp°cu L$l°hp_u kp\° ıhNÆ_p
D`h_dp¨\u hphpTp°X°$ OkX$pB_° Aph°gp a}gp°_u D`dp Ap`° R>°. p[mu Qu`_p°
Qu_u`¨Mp° ≈Z° `h_° _ M|gu Nep° lp°e ! A°d A°L$pA°L$ ^f[u_u _hu R>rb
A_ychpe R>°. h_ TpX$ g—pAp° - hZ£ N¨^° ©’hu A_p°Mu b_° R>°. ”u≈ kp∑_°V$_°
L$rhA° "hk¨[`¨Qdu' iujÆL$ Ap‡ey¨ R>°. Alv hk¨[_y¨ ‚cphL$ Apg°M_ \ey¨ R>°.
L$rh ‚pf¨cdp¨ S> L$l° R>° Aphp d^|f ‚kpf_p `|fp `p¨Q q]$hkp° hu–ep _\u –ep¨ S>
Ly$im dpmu_p lp\° S>° kS>Æ_ \B iL°$ [°hy¨ rhfg k≈Æey¨ R>°. a}gp°_u Ap°\° `p¨]$
Y¨$L$pB Nep R>°. TpX$ - a}gp°\u N|¨’ep NS>fp S>°hp bfiep R>°. ^f[u [m\u Ap L°$hp
KQp QX$ep R>° a}g_p R>pV$pAp° ! L$rh_° rhıde \pe R>°. h_Óu_u ip°cp_y¨ hZÆ_
L$f[p kp∑_°V$_° A¨[° L$rhA° ky¨]$f L$Î`_ Np°W$Ïey¨ R>° :
"‚\d fr[\u apVy¨$ apVy¨$ \[p¨ L$mu ip¨ h_,
kde `yfyj° fy¨ fy¨ hv¬ey¨ r_kNÆÓu_y¨ d_ !'
("hk¨[`¨Qdu', Ap÷pÆ, `©. 35)
`R>u A_yk¨^p_° "h•ch' iujÆL$hpmy¨ kp∑_°V$ Apg°øey¨ R>°. kde kdy]$pf°
Ap `©’hu A_¨[ R>V$pAp° ^f[u \B NB. Ly$kydgQu g—pAp°_p `yÛ`p°_p T|¨X$-
TpX$_p _h`Îgh° f[y¨bX$u Apcp ^fu R>°. Ap¨bpAp° Álp°f\u gQu `X$ep R>°.
S>°_p d^|f X|¨$Mp° Q|Nu L$p°eg A_° cdfpAp°A° h_h_ N≈hu d|L$ey¨ R>°. A¨[dp¨
L$rh L$l° R>° kL$g `©’huky¨]$fudp¨ Q•[fie_y¨ D]$pf Ó°ÛW$`œ¨ ‚NV$ey¨ R>°, S>°_° hk¨[_p
h•chÍ`° "ApeyÛe° e° r_N|Y$ ‚ljÆZ' A°d dy]$pde A_ych L$fph° R>°. A¨[_p
kp∑_°V$ "‚L$jÆ' dp¨ cph r_Í`Zdp¨ L$rh hmp¨L$ k|Qh° R>°. Qp°\p kp∑_°V$_u A¨r[d
`¨qL$[_y¨ `y_fph[Æ_ L$fu L$rhA° cph[¨[y_p° k°[y bp¨›ep° R>°. cph_° Alv ı\|m
225
hZÆ_dp¨\u KQ° DW$pÏep° R>°. Aphp hk¨[_p ‚cph\u Ap_¨]$ kdpr^gu_ L$rh_°
dy]$pde ]$iÆ_ gp^° R>°. "AÍ` AcpS>_' ‚–e° fr[ ‚NV$ \[u ApL$jÆZ_p°
A_ych L$fph[u S>° L¨$B `Z L$fhp_u B√R>p_° S>NpX°$ R>° _° f[ b_° R>°. eyhp_u
`fpæ$d hX°$ dyÌL°$g_° ∆[hp dpV°$_y¨ r_d¨”Z ıhuL$pf° R>°. ‚L©$r[ A_° S>_ h√Q°_u
f°Mp c|¨kpB ≈e R>° _° b∞˚p¨X$p°_p kudpX$p_° `Z DÎg¨O° R>°. Y¨$L$pe°gy¨ b^y¨ S> M|Îgy¨
\B A°L$pL$pf° X|$b° R>° _° Arcfi_ b_° R>°. d^y ‚L©$r[_p¨ `p¨Q c|[p°A° Ap L°$hp°
L$urdep° L$e°pÆ ! S>° "A_ychu flz¨ `p¨Q° c|[° d^y brlf¨[f° !' Q°[p° rhı[pf_p Aphp
cphp_ychdp¨ `l°p¨QpX$[y¨ kp∑_°V$ `¨QL$ rhfd° R>°.
kdN∞ L©$r[_° Ahgp°L$[p¨ ‚\d kp∑_°V$dp¨ hk¨[_p ApNd__p NfZÍ °,
bu≈dp¨ "`[¨rNep' S>°hp hk¨[_p iZNpf Í °, ”u≈dp¨ hk¨[_u ip°cp, Qp°\pdp¨
hk¨[_p° h•ch A_° A¨r[d kp∑_°V$dp¨ dp_h D`f ‚cphL$ AkfÍ`° N|¨\pep R>°.
cphr_Í`Z° b^p S> kp∑_°V$ A°L$d°L$ N|¨\pep R>°. A¨r[d kp∑_°V$dp¨ hmp¨L$ kcf
kdp`_ S>°hp° Apg°M L©$r[_° dpmp_y¨ Í` bn° R>°. rhL$pkp–dL$ Apg°M_ A¨[°
hmp¨L$ g°[y¨ Qp°V$kcf rhfd° R>°.
`p¨Q° p¨Q kp∑_°V$_p° OpV$ rdÎV$_ipB f¸p° R>°. l°gp¨ b° kp∑_°V$dp¨, Qp°\p,
`p¨Qdp kp∑_°V$dp¨ ‚pk d°mhZu abba cddc effe gg. ”u≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨ abab
cdcd efef gg S>°hu ‚pk `Ÿr[ Adgdp¨ d|L$u R>°. `p¨Q°e kp∑_°V$dp¨ lqfZu
R>¨]$ ‚ep°S>ep° R>°. kp∑_°V$dp¨ L$ep¨L$ ı\|gL$Î`_ kp∑_°V$_° lpr_L$pfL$ f¸p R>°. S>°dp¨
fÂbf_u L$p°\mu_y¨ [°dS> rMkL$p°gu_u QY$D[f_y¨ L$Î`_ L¨$BL$ M|¨Q° R>°. ‚ı[y[
L©$r[ [p. 29-1-54 _p fp°S> Apg°Mpe°gu R>°. ‚L©$r[‚ur[_° L$rhA° ky¨]$f fu[°
Apg°Mu R>°.
cpf[]$iÆ_ : (Ap÷pÆ)
NyS>fp[ eyhL$ æ°$p ¨N∞ °k ep°rS>[ L$f°gp ‚hpk_u A_yc|r[_° L$rhA°
"cpf[]$iÆ_' iujÆL$ _uQ° kp°m kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ Apg°Mu R>°. ‚ı[y[ L©$r[ AgN-AgN
fpS>e_p ≈°hp gpeL$ ı\mp°_p k¨h°]$_p°Í` R>°. S>°dp¨ L$ep¨e Br[lpk X$p°L$pep° R>°,
226
L$ep¨L$ `yfpZ_u L$Î`_p kmhmu R>° `yfpL$Î`Í `°, L$ep¨L$ d¨Ng cph_p
ArcgpjpÍ `° _hu e¨”k¨ıL©$r[ kp\°_u r_L$V$[pÍ `° R>°. B–epq]$ rhQpf
L$Î`_pAp°\u L©$r[Ap°_° ky¨]$f b_phu R>°.
‚\d kp∑_°V$ `°V≤$pLÆ$ipB R>°. S>°_p ‚\d AÛV$L$dp¨ L$rh d[ b_°gp `pX$p
S>°hu ^kdk[u V≤°$_dp¨ ‚hpk L$fu f¸p_p° r_]£$i kp¨`X°$ R>°. L$pÏe_p° DOpX$ ky¨]$f
R>°, `Z ky¨]$fdπ_p 13-7 _u gp°L$gdp¨ Aphy¨ S> L$Î`_ ‚ep°≈e°gy¨ R>°, A° [f[
ep]$ Aph° Mfy¨. AÛV$L$dp¨ A°L$\u h^y D`dp Ag¨L$pfdp¨ fpS>ı\p__u c|rd,
hp[phfZ, ‚pZuAp° ‹pfp fpS>ı\p__y¨ ky¨]$f rQ” Ecy¨ L$eyØ R>°. TX$`u V≤°$_dp¨\u
`kpf \[p¨ AfhÎgu_p¨ `hÆ[p¨ KV$_u hZ≈f gpNu R>°, A°hy¨ L$rh_y¨ Nr[iug
L$Î`_ A]$πc|[ R>°. kp∑_°V$_p jÛV$L$dp¨ fpS>ı\p__u c|rd_p Br[lpk_° Ahgp°L°$
R>°. cpf[_u AX$^u\u h^y rhæ$du [hpfuM fpS>ı\p_ kp\° ≈°X$pe°gu R>°. kp∑_°V$_°
A¨[° kd∞pV$_u Mp°S> d|L°$ R>°. `R>u_p kp∑_°V$_y¨ iujÆL$ R>° "L$pm [ø[ q]$Îlu'. L$rh
‚hpk L$f[p q]$Îlu `l°p¨√ep_p° r_]£$i dm° R>°. L$rhA° q]$Îlu_° Bfi÷_p fpS>e
kp\° kfMpdZu L$fu R>°. [p`kp°, Akyfp°_u _S>f Bfi÷_p fpS>e_° d°mhhpdp¨
flu R>° [°hu q]$Îlu `f lW$ugpAp°_u QY$pB \[u flu R>°. `R>u_p M¨X$dp¨ `yfpZ_p
L$p•fh`p¨X$hp°_° ep]$ L$f° R>°. ”u≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨ q]$Îlu_p ipkL$ dp°Ngp°_° ep]$ L$f° R>° _°
[°d_u ipk_‚\pdp¨ Qp¨]$_u S>°hu iu[m[p A_ych° R>°. dp°NgpB ı\p`–e,
bNuQpAp°_° ep]$ L$f° R>°. kp\° kp\° dp°Ngp°_p¨ ip°M_° Z ep]$ L$e°pÆ R>°. dp°Ng_p¨
ı\p`–e_° Ahgp°L$[p¨ L$rh ]y$r_ep_u A≈ebu kdp [pS>dlpg_p ı\m° [pS>_°
≈°[p¨ ‚u[_u Ly$dpi A_ych° R>°. L$pÏe_° A¨[° L$rh_° [pS>dl°g ’\f _rl L$dm_u
`p¨]$X$uAp° S>°hp° gpN° R>°. `p¨Qdy¨ kp∑_°V$ [pS>dlpg_p¨ A_yk¨^p_° A°L$ S> A_yc|r[
Í`° ApÏey¨ R>°. L$rh_y¨ k¨bp°^_ edy_p_° f¸y¨ R>° A_° iujÆL$ `Z "[pS>-edy_p' S>
R>°. edy_p ^fie R>°, L$pfZ _]$u [p° N¨Np `Z l[u, `Z ‚u[_u lhp L$ep¨ R>° –ep¨
! Alv S> lqf Np°`[Zp Í` ^fu h∞S>_pfuAp° kp\° Ly¨$S>_° Ny¨≈hu d|L$u R>°. hNX$p°
`Z fr[de L$fu ]$u^p° l[p°, `Z iplS>lp¨_p° ‚Ze kyk¨erd[ R>°. fr[de
h_dp¨\u A°L$ iyc∞a}g Q¨|V$u gB ‚azÎg, d©]y$ L$dm_u ApMu X$pmu kp\° [pf° qL$_pf°
227
S>°d ipfS>lp¨A° dyd[pT_p L°$idp¨ L$dm N|’ey [°d [pfp qL$_pfpÍ`u gV°$ [pS>dlpg
N¨|’ep° R>°. ◊ÌeL$Î`_ ‹pfp ArcÏeqL$[_° ky¨]$f Aplπgp]$ b_phu iL$ep R>°. R>Ã$p
kp∑_°V$_° "BS>_°f' S>°hy¨ iujÆL$ Ap‡ey¨ R>°. e¨”k¨ıL©$r[_p ‚cph\u Ası[–hdp¨
Aph°gp kp^_p°, a}V$[p kyf¨Np° A_° bygX$p°S>f_p L$peÆ\u ^d^du DW°$gu ^f[u
_]$u_p hl°[p `pZu kdp ^__° _p\hp L$peÆf[ bfiep R>°. L$pÏe_p A¨[° b° ◊Ìe_°
Ahgp°L°$ R>°. MuZdp¨ Qpg[p¨ e¨”p° [°_p° ^d^dpV$ A_° `lpX$_u V$p°Q° "‚cy L$pgu
d]$lf !' kp[dy¨ kp∑_°V$ cpL$fp_p¨Ng X°$d_p ı\m_u A_yc|r[Í`° Ah[eyØ R>°.
Nfub c|rd dpV°$ DX$pD`œ¨ _L$pdy¨ R>°. `pZu_y¨ A°L$ A°L$ V$u`y¨ D`ep°Nu R>°. L$rh
hfyZ]°$h_° ‚p\£ R>°, [°_p hpqf A_° huS> iqL$[ dpV°$. ApW$dy¨ kp∑_°V$ "e¨”k¨ıL©$r['
iujÆL$ kp\°_y¨ R>°, S>°dp¨ [° e¨”k¨ıL©$r[_° h^ph° R>°. `Z kp\° kp\° d__u L¶$L$
rhL© $r[[p° _\u gph[u_° ? A°hp ‚Ì_p\Æ kp\° kp∑_°V$ rhfd° R> °. cph
ArcÏeqL$[dp¨ kp∑_°V$ Eœ¨ E[f° R>°. "e¨”k¨ıL©$r[_°' iujÆL$ kp\°_p _hdp
kp∑_°V$dp¨ L$rhA° e¨”k¨ıL©$r[_° k¨bp°^u_° [°_p ape]$p [°d [°_p ce ı\p__°
Ahgp°L°$ R>°. L$rh,
"`|Ry>¨ ce\u cu[; Ap c|rd Adpfu cp°mu cgu,
[`p°h_ [fy kdp_ kyMi•–e_u ]$pre_u,
–elv æ$d[u [y¨ qL$e° ıhÍ ` : rd” L°$ ]y$Ìd_ ?'
("e¨”k¨ıL©$r[_°', cpf[ ]$iÆ_, `©. 81)
kp¶]$eÆcfu k©qÛV$_° _ÛV$ L$f[u k¨ıL©$r[_° L$rh A¨[° L$l° R>°, [y¨ Aph, lz¨ S>
[_° `gV$phu _pMui. Ap ApeÆ_u `∞\p R>° L$rh_p° ‚hpk lh° `|hÆ rhcpN ky^u
g¨bpe R>°. "ip¨r[r_L°$[_dp¨ ‚cp[' Í ° ]$kdy kp∑_°V$ dm° R>°, S>°dp¨ ip¨r[r_L°$[_-
dp¨ ‚h°i L$fhp kp\° fhufi÷_p\_p¨ Nu[p° L$rh_° ep]$ Aph° R>°. Alv L$p°eg_u
Nu[^pfpdp¨ A°_p° ≈Z° X$^p° k¨cmpe R>°. hmu L$rh_° Alv ‚hpku_p Ngp\u
\[p¨ Ahp°≈°\u S>° ip¨r[dp¨ Mg°g `X°$ R>° [° frhfi÷_p\_p rQ—_° ≈Z° `uX$u
f¸p lp°e A°hy¨ A_ych° R>°. –ep¨\u ‚hpk ]$qnZ q]$ipdp¨ a¨V$pe R>°. rldpge_u
_]$uAp°_u MuZ\u ‚hpl kdy÷ [fa hl° R>°. Alv d°]$p_p°_u kfg c|rd\u riMfu
228
OpV$ [fa Ap Npmpdp¨ hfkp]$ `X°$ R>°. S>°_u A_yc|r[ "`|hÆOpV$dp¨ hjpÆ' kp∑_°V$Í °
Ah[f° R>°. kp∑_°V$_p° bu≈° M¨X$ ‚dpZdp¨ L¨$BL$ kpfp° R>°. hjpÆ_u l°gu\u L$rh
‚kfi_ \ep R>°. R>p_p TfZpdp¨ cf`|f `|f ApÏep¨ R>°. Bfi÷^_yÛe_u h°Zu ≈Z°
_ug ÓuL°$idp¨ ip°cu fl° R>°. ‚L©$r[_u A_yc|r[ ı\m kp\° Apd ≈°X$pe°gu R>°.
`R>u_p A_yk¨^p_p–dL$ "`|hÆ OpV$dp¨ A°L$ A_yc|r[' S>°hy¨ kp∑_°V$ d|L$pey¨ R>°. Ap
A_yc|r[dp¨ "lz¨ gu_ bk [©q‡[ ip¨r[ dyq]$[p [Z° kpNf' b_u L$rh_° lh° L$p°B
aqfep]$ _\u L°$ _\u A_y[p` L°$ L$pd_p S>X$ rhk¨b¨^_u h√Q° `Z ‚L©$r[_p
Ly$m° a}g_p AgN N¨^_p kpd∞pS>e h√Q° `R>u ‚L©$r[_p A¨ip° `p°[p_p EOX$[p
A_ych° R>°. k¨ıL©$r[_p A–epf ky^u_p Y¨$L$pe°gp `X$ A°L$ `R>u A°L$ Mf° R>° A_°
‚L©$r[_p Ap¤ge kdp a}g, _]$u, rhl¨N, [fy b^p kp\° S|>_u gp°lu_u kNpB
[p∆ L$f° R>°. L$pÏep¨[° Ap_p° ‚cph ‚u[sıd[Í`° \pe R>°. b^p kp\° Adı[y¨
dgL$u `X$pe R>° [°dp¨ lhp\u ]$p°gpre[ \[p [©Z a}g_u S>°d `p°[° `Z ljÆ\u
]$p°gpre[ b_° R>°. kbm A_yc|r[\u L$pÏe KQL$pey¨ R>°. ky¨]$f ‚L©$r[L$pÏe `Z
bfiey R>°. [°fdy kp∑_°V$ "AS>¨[p_p riÎ`u_°' S>°hy k¨bp° _p–dL$ iujÆL$ f\u øepg
dm° R>°. L$rh_p° ‚hpk AS>¨[p ky u l°p¨√ep° R>°. riÎ`u_° k¨bp° u_° L$l° R>°, "riÎ`u
Alp°, L$qW$_ `’\fdp¨ DNpX$ey¨ / [° ıh‡__y¨ h_ dlpd©]y$ fÁe NpYy¨$ !' ‚ı[y[
kp∑_°V$dp¨ rhQpf kfm fu[° ‚NV$ L$e°pÆ R>°. "AS>¨[p_u NyapAp° ≈°[p¨' kp∑_°V$
A_yk¨^p_° d|L$ey¨ R>°, S>°dp¨ L$gp‹¨k \pe R>°. L$pm_u ‚qæ$epdp¨ `Z L$gp_u
ip[[p V$L°$ R>°, A°hp rhQpf d|L$pep R>°. "]°$h ]$iÆ_' _pdL$ ¨]$fdy kp∑_°V$ ‚hpk_u
kdpr‡[A° Ecy¨ R>°. ]°$i]$iÆ__u kdN∞ A_yc|r[dp¨ ]°$i_u rhrh^[p, c|rd_u
fyn[p, kp°lpdZp`Zpdp¨ fZ, h_, `lpX$uAp°, _]$u_p cepÆ n°”p° kp\° kp\°
kdN∞ F>[yQæ$_u rhrh^ gugpAp° S>°hu ∞L©$r[_° Z dpZu R>°, [p° rhrh^ dÆ_u
`Qf¨Nu ‚≈_° r_lpmu R>°, S>°_u kp\° Br[lpk_u ‚≈_° `Z ep]$ L$fu R>°.
kp∑_°V$_u kdpr‡[dp¨ L$rh ]°$i_° Qpl° R>°. "rhBr[lpk d°mpÍ`°, lz¨ ◊‡[ kd:
[pS>, Np°`yf, æy$k° AS>fi[p ı[y`°' Ny√R>_u A¨r[d kp∑_°V$fQ_p "lh° OfcZu'
R>°. S>°dp¨ D`dp Ag¨L$pf hX°$ L$pÏe_p° DOpX$ L$e°pÆ R>°. Qpfp° Qfu - `pZu `u
NdpZcZu hpR>fX$p_p¨ cp¨cfX$p_p¨ ÓhZ° `pR>u hm[u ^°_y¨ S>°d d__u ^°_y¨
229
OfcZu `pR>u hm° R>°. `qfrQ[ NyS>Æf ^f[u, S>°_p° Aœ¨A° Aœ¨ `qfrQ[ R>°.
Npd_u kud hV$phu Of_p Jbf° QY$[p Of_u `∞u[ h°g S>°d hvV$mpe hm° R>°.
Of_u Ap°kfudp¨ S> bpmL$p° Apqg¨N° R>° _° L$rh Of_u qaLL$f ^pfZ L$f° R>°, S>°d
rhfpV$`yf_u kuddp¨ ASy>Æ_° lr\epf ^pfZ L$f°gp.
]°$i-k¨ıL©$r[_p¨ ]$iÆ_ L$fph[p ‚ı[y[ kp∑_°V$Ny√R> rhi° fdZ kp°_u
S>Zph° R>°. "bpL$u, Ap Ny√R>_u dp°V$pcpN_u fQ_pAp°dp¨ [p° L$rh[p_p° N∞pa"bpL$u, Ap Ny√R>_u dp°V$pcpN_u fQ_pAp°dp¨ [p° L$rh[p_p° N∞pa"bpL$u, Ap Ny√R>_u dp°V$pcpN_u fQ_pAp°dp¨ [p° L$rh[p_p° N∞pa"bpL$u, Ap Ny√R>_u dp°V$pcpN_u fQ_pAp°dp¨ [p° L$rh[p_p° N∞pa"bpL$u, Ap Ny√R>_u dp°V$pcpN_u fQ_pAp°dp¨ [p° L$rh[p_p° N∞pa
kph _uQ° E[fu ≈e R>°. cph-Ap¨]$p°g__° b]$g° S>ep¨ L°$hm rhQpf - ‚n°`kph _uQ° E[fu ≈e R>°. cph-Ap¨]$p°g__° b]$g° S>ep¨ L°$hm rhQpf - ‚n°`kph _uQ° E[fu ≈e R>°. cph-Ap¨]$p°g__° b]$g° S>ep¨ L°$hm rhQpf - ‚n°`kph _uQ° E[fu ≈e R>°. cph-Ap¨]$p°g__° b]$g° S>ep¨ L°$hm rhQpf - ‚n°`kph _uQ° E[fu ≈e R>°. cph-Ap¨]$p°g__° b]$g° S>ep¨ L°$hm rhQpf - ‚n°`
R>° A°hp¨ L$pÏep°dp¨ k`pV$u`f_u cph_piug[p, dyMf[p A_° [f¨N byÀ$phpmuR>° A°hp¨ L$pÏep°dp¨ k`pV$u`f_u cph_piug[p, dyMf[p A_° [f¨N byÀ$phpmuR>° A°hp¨ L$pÏep°dp¨ k`pV$u`f_u cph_piug[p, dyMf[p A_° [f¨N byÀ$phpmuR>° A°hp¨ L$pÏep°dp¨ k`pV$u`f_u cph_piug[p, dyMf[p A_° [f¨N byÀ$phpmuR>° A°hp¨ L$pÏep°dp¨ k`pV$u`f_u cph_piug[p, dyMf[p A_° [f¨N byÀ$phpmu
ArcÏeqL$[fur[ S> dl]¨$i° ≈°hp dm° R>°. "cpL$fp_p¨Ng' B–epq]$ fQ_pAp°ArcÏeqL$[fur[ S> dl]¨$i° ≈°hp dm° R>°. "cpL$fp_p¨Ng' B–epq]$ fQ_pAp°ArcÏeqL$[fur[ S> dl]¨$i° ≈°hp dm° R>°. "cpL$fp_p¨Ng' B–epq]$ fQ_pAp°ArcÏeqL$[fur[ S> dl]¨$i° ≈°hp dm° R>°. "cpL$fp_p¨Ng' B–epq]$ fQ_pAp°ArcÏeqL$[fur[ S> dl]¨$i° ≈°hp dm° R>°. "cpL$fp_p¨Ng' B–epq]$ fQ_pAp°
]°$irl[tQ[_, ]°$i_u A_° `yfpZøep[ k¨ıL©$r[_u ‚isı[ A_° W$phL$p]°$irl[tQ[_, ]°$i_u A_° `yfpZøep[ k¨ıL©$r[_u ‚isı[ A_° W$phL$p]°$irl[tQ[_, ]°$i_u A_° `yfpZøep[ k¨ıL©$r[_u ‚isı[ A_° W$phL$p]°$irl[tQ[_, ]°$i_u A_° `yfpZøep[ k¨ıL©$r[_u ‚isı[ A_° W$phL$p]°$irl[tQ[_, ]°$i_u A_° `yfpZøep[ k¨ıL©$r[_u ‚isı[ A_° W$phL$p
rhQpf - tQ[_dp¨ AV$hpB ≈e R>°. R> °Îgp¨ b° kp∑_°V$p °dp¨ cf[M¨X$_urhQpf - tQ[_dp¨ AV$hpB ≈e R>°. R> °Îgp¨ b° kp∑_°V$p °dp¨ cf[M¨X$_urhQpf - tQ[_dp¨ AV$hpB ≈e R>°. R> °Îgp¨ b° kp∑_°V$p °dp¨ cf[M¨X$_urhQpf - tQ[_dp¨ AV$hpB ≈e R>°. R> °Îgp¨ b° kp∑_°V$p °dp¨ cf[M¨X$_urhQpf - tQ[_dp¨ AV$hpB ≈e R>°. R> °Îgp¨ b° kp∑_°V$p °dp¨ cf[M¨X$_u
h•rh›ekcf kd©qŸ_u `∞i¨kp A_° afu Of° `l°p¨√ep_p° Ap_¨]$ hZÆhpep R>°.h•rh›ekcf kd©qŸ_u `∞i¨kp A_° afu Of° `l°p¨√ep_p° Ap_¨]$ hZÆhpep R>°.h•rh›ekcf kd©qŸ_u `∞i¨kp A_° afu Of° `l°p¨√ep_p° Ap_¨]$ hZÆhpep R>°.h•rh›ekcf kd©qŸ_u `∞i¨kp A_° afu Of° `l°p¨√ep_p° Ap_¨]$ hZÆhpep R>°.h•rh›ekcf kd©qŸ_u `∞i¨kp A_° afu Of° `l°p¨√ep_p° Ap_¨]$ hZÆhpep R>°.
ı\m]$iÆ_ Sep¨ rhıde_y¨ L$pfZ bfiey¨ R>°, –ep¨ kpfu L$rh[p _u`∆ Aphuı\m]$iÆ_ Sep¨ rhıde_y¨ L$pfZ bfiey¨ R>°, –ep¨ kpfu L$rh[p _u`∆ Aphuı\m]$iÆ_ Sep¨ rhıde_y¨ L$pfZ bfiey¨ R>°, –ep¨ kpfu L$rh[p _u`∆ Aphuı\m]$iÆ_ Sep¨ rhıde_y¨ L$pfZ bfiey¨ R>°, –ep¨ kpfu L$rh[p _u`∆ Aphuı\m]$iÆ_ Sep¨ rhıde_y¨ L$pfZ bfiey¨ R>°, –ep¨ kpfu L$rh[p _u`∆ Aphu
R>°. ı\m]$iÆ_ S>ep¨ L°$hm rhQpf_y¨ r_rd— bfiey¨ R>°, –ep¨ kpdpfie `¤L©$r[R>°. ı\m]$iÆ_ S>ep¨ L°$hm rhQpf_y¨ r_rd— bfiey¨ R>°, –ep¨ kpdpfie `¤L©$r[R>°. ı\m]$iÆ_ S>ep¨ L°$hm rhQpf_y¨ r_rd— bfiey¨ R>°, –ep¨ kpdpfie `¤L©$r[R>°. ı\m]$iÆ_ S>ep¨ L°$hm rhQpf_y¨ r_rd— bfiey¨ R>°, –ep¨ kpdpfie `¤L©$r[R>°. ı\m]$iÆ_ S>ep¨ L°$hm rhQpf_y¨ r_rd— bfiey¨ R>°, –ep¨ kpdpfie `¤L©$r[
S> fQpB R>° A°hy¨ [pfZ Ap Ny√R> rhi° L$fu iL$pe.'S> fQpB R>° A°hy¨ [pfZ Ap Ny√R> rhi° L$fu iL$pe.'S> fQpB R>° A°hy¨ [pfZ Ap Ny√R> rhi° L$fu iL$pe.'S> fQpB R>° A°hy¨ [pfZ Ap Ny√R> rhi° L$fu iL$pe.'S> fQpB R>° A°hy¨ [pfZ Ap Ny√R> rhi° L$fu iL$pe.'43
"cp•r[L$kd©qŸ' : (Ap÷pÆ)
"cp•r[L$ kd©qŸ' iujÆL$ _uQ° L$rhA° "eyhp', "hp ÆL$e', "Ap°R>pdp Ap°Ry>¨'
S>°hp¨ ”Z kp∑_°V$ N|¨’ep¨ R>°. ‚ı[y[ kp∑_°V$”eudp¨ L$rhA° ]°$i `pk°\u A°hu A`°np
fpM° R>° L°$ eyhpiqL$[ k[[ ‚h©r—iug D¤du lp°e kplrkL$ lp°e, k“hiug lp°e,
iyŸ qf`pL$ lp°e, iqL$[ipmu lp°e, ıh‡_iug lp°e, Np•fh\u kf KQy fpM_pf
lp°e, ‚ep°Np° L$fu ]°$i_° kd©Ÿ L$f[p° lp°e [p° h©Ÿphı\pdp¨ k]$pe k¨[p°j, dyM`f
sıd[_u Apcp, Ly$Vy¨$bLy¨$S>_p ^vNp L$bufhX$_p \X$ S>°hp°, r_h©r—_p L$pmdp¨ lvQ
L°$ b°ku lvQ[p°, r_fp¨[° c|[L$pm_u duW$pi_u ıd©r[÷pn hpNp°m[p°, hpmy L$fu
”u∆ °Y$u kp\° Np°W$X$u dp¨X$[p° lp°e A°hy¨ if]$kp° hV$ph[p° lp°e A°hy¨ hp^ÆL$e ]°$idp¨
lp°e, ”u≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨ kyM kd©qŸ `f ◊qÛV$ dp¨X$u R>°. b^p `pL$p¨ dL$p_p° lp°e
ky^fpB_p [dpd gpc dm[p lp°e, L$`X$p¨ F>[yAp° ‚dpZ° `epƇ[ lp°e, A_pS>
230
`Z `epƇ[ lp°e, bu≈_° Ap`u iL°$ A_° Ar[r\_° k–L$pfu `Z iL$p[p° lp°e,
A°hy¨ ]°$idp¨ lp°e A°d L$rh B√R>° R>°, [p° S> cp•q[L$ kd©qŸhpmp° ]°$i L$l°hpe. L$rh_u
kdrhÛV$gnu cph_p kp∑_°V$”eu ky^u gB NB R>°, S>° Alv kp∑_°V$Ny√R>dp¨ ApL©$[
\e°g R>°. kfm ArcÏeqL$[_u dy÷p ]$f°L$ kp∑_°V$dp¨ flu R>°. rhi°j tQ[_ d|[Æ
\ey¨ _\u.
"fı[p° A_° Ql°fp' : ([©Z_p° N∞l) :
"[©Z_p° N∞l' L$pÏek¨N∞ldp¨ L$rh Di_kπ_u rkk©np D–L$V$ b_° R>°.
kNÆiqL$[_p bmhp_ ‚hpl° r_∆dy÷p D`kph° R>°. kdunL$p° - rhh°QL$p°_° lp\°
‚i¨kpe R>°. ‚ı[y[ k¨N∞ldp¨ A°L$kp° ]$i L$pÏep°_p° k¨N∞l L$e°pÆ R>°. S>°dp¨ `¨Qp°[°f [p°
kp∑_°V$ R>°, S>°dp_p 46 kp∑_°V$ [p° ey¡dL$p° - kp∑_°V$Ny√R>, kp∑_°V$dpmp_p azg dmu_°
f¸p R>°. "fı[p° A_° Ql°fp' _uQ° L$rhA° huk kp∑_°V$ d|L$ep¨ R>°. Ap A¨N° L$rh_y¨
r_h°]$_ R>° : "A°dp¨ dpfu A°L$ d_yÛe Ql°fp_u, ep”p_u hp[ R>°. dpfu "‚Ze'"A°dp¨ dpfu A°L$ d_yÛe Ql°fp_u, ep”p_u hp[ R>°. dpfu "‚Ze'"A°dp¨ dpfu A°L$ d_yÛe Ql°fp_u, ep”p_u hp[ R>°. dpfu "‚Ze'"A°dp¨ dpfu A°L$ d_yÛe Ql°fp_u, ep”p_u hp[ R>°. dpfu "‚Ze'"A°dp¨ dpfu A°L$ d_yÛe Ql°fp_u, ep”p_u hp[ R>°. dpfu "‚Ze'
L$rh[p L°$hm cphp–dL$ _\u, A°dp¨ ÏeqL[Ap°_p Ql°fpAp°_u f°MpAp° d¢ O|¨V$L$rh[p L°$hm cphp–dL$ _\u, A°dp¨ ÏeqL[Ap°_p Ql°fpAp°_u f°MpAp° d¢ O|¨V$L$rh[p L°$hm cphp–dL$ _\u, A°dp¨ ÏeqL[Ap°_p Ql°fpAp°_u f°MpAp° d¢ O|¨V$L$rh[p L°$hm cphp–dL$ _\u, A°dp¨ ÏeqL[Ap°_p Ql°fpAp°_u f°MpAp° d¢ O|¨V$L$rh[p L°$hm cphp–dL$ _\u, A°dp¨ ÏeqL[Ap°_p Ql°fpAp°_u f°MpAp° d¢ O|¨V$
O|¨V$ L$fu R>°; ≈Z° `|hÆS>fid° L$p°B Ql°fp° ≈°hp° A_° Qp¸p° R>°, [°_° lz¨ lh° ApO|¨V$ L$fu R>°; ≈Z° `|hÆS>fid° L$p°B Ql°fp° ≈°hp° A_° Qp¸p° R>°, [°_° lz¨ lh° ApO|¨V$ L$fu R>°; ≈Z° `|hÆS>fid° L$p°B Ql°fp° ≈°hp° A_° Qp¸p° R>°, [°_° lz¨ lh° ApO|¨V$ L$fu R>°; ≈Z° `|hÆS>fid° L$p°B Ql°fp° ≈°hp° A_° Qp¸p° R>°, [°_° lz¨ lh° ApO|¨V$ L$fu R>°; ≈Z° `|hÆS>fid° L$p°B Ql°fp° ≈°hp° A_° Qp¸p° R>°, [°_° lz¨ lh° Ap
S>fid° ip°›ep L$fy ¨ Ry> ¨ _° [°_u kp\° dm[u Aph[u f°MpAp° L$ep¨L$ ≈°J Ry> ¨, [p°S>fid° ip°›ep L$fy ¨ Ry> ¨ _° [°_u kp\° dm[u Aph[u f°MpAp° L$ep¨L$ ≈°J Ry> ¨, [p°S>fid° ip°›ep L$fy ¨ Ry> ¨ _° [°_u kp\° dm[u Aph[u f°MpAp° L$ep¨L$ ≈°J Ry> ¨, [p°S>fid° ip°›ep L$fy ¨ Ry> ¨ _° [°_u kp\° dm[u Aph[u f°MpAp° L$ep¨L$ ≈°J Ry> ¨, [p°S>fid° ip°›ep L$fy ¨ Ry> ¨ _° [°_u kp\° dm[u Aph[u f°MpAp° L$ep¨L$ ≈°J Ry> ¨, [p°
`R>u ApLy$mÏepLy$m b_u ≈J Ry>¨. R>°L$ "‚k|_' \u Ap T¨M_p Qpgy S> R>°, [°`R>u ApLy$mÏepLy$m b_u ≈J Ry>¨. R>°L$ "‚k|_' \u Ap T¨M_p Qpgy S> R>°, [°`R>u ApLy$mÏepLy$m b_u ≈J Ry>¨. R>°L$ "‚k|_' \u Ap T¨M_p Qpgy S> R>°, [°`R>u ApLy$mÏepLy$m b_u ≈J Ry>¨. R>°L$ "‚k|_' \u Ap T¨M_p Qpgy S> R>°, [°`R>u ApLy$mÏepLy$m b_u ≈J Ry>¨. R>°L$ "‚k|_' \u Ap T¨M_p Qpgy S> R>°, [°
h^y_° h^y [uh∞ \[u Aphu R>° _° L$]$ue° idu _\u.'h^y_° h^y [uh∞ \[u Aphu R>° _° L$]$ue° idu _\u.'h^y_° h^y [uh∞ \[u Aphu R>° _° L$]$ue° idu _\u.'h^y_° h^y [uh∞ \[u Aphu R>° _° L$]$ue° idu _\u.'h^y_° h^y [uh∞ \[u Aphu R>° _° L$]$ue° idu _\u.'44
L$rh_u Ap T¨M_p_p° Apg°M ≈°BA° - L$rhA° ‚\d kp∑_°V$ "d^yf _dZp
√l°fp' _p° DOpX$ ky¨]$f fu[° L$e°pÆ R>°. ‚pf¨c\u S> d^yf _dZp Ql°fpAp°_° "lhp
dlv ‡epguAp°' kp\° d|L$u [°_p L$k|¨bg Apkh_p L°$a_u hp[ L$fhp dp¨N° R>°, `Z
_S>f l∆ A°_° `uA° _ `uA° –ep¨S> [° S> ^p°fu fı[° `[¨rNep S>°hu ]$f°L$ h]$_°
EX°$, b°k° R>°. d^yf fk `u[p¨ OZu hM[ L$rh_° _S>f DW$phhu `X$[u. `R>u_p
Q[yÛL$dp¨ cph-cph_pAp°_p° A°L$ k°f KQ° QY°$ R>°. d yf _dZp Ql°fpAp° ∆h_dp¨
NpY$p R>pep S>°d lıep R>° [° b^p S> KX°$ _e_dp¨ E[epÆ R>°, S>°_p\u `\ ES>mp°
b_u ]$u ° R>°. [° "NÁep [° Ql°fpAp° D`f _e_p° _uX$ fQ[p¨' S>°hu ¨qL$[\u bfpbf
‚\d kp∑_°V$_y bu≈ kp∑_°V$ kp\° cphk¨ p_ L$eyØ R>°. NÁep [°_u kp\° ‚u[ bp¨ [p
231
L$rhA° ∆h_ep”p rhL$kphu R>° S>° ep”p_° L$rhA° dp°n ky^u g¨bphu R>°. ∆h__°
Ql°fpAp°_u NZ”u\u dp`[p¨ h^y S>° b°L$ Ql°fp dm° [°_° Qplu g°hp¨ dp¨N° R>°.
”uSy>¨ i°L$πsı`efipB OpV$_p "ce L$ip° ?' kp∑_°V$dp¨ ‚u[_° a}g\u `Z ap°fu L$lu
[°_p° ce ip° lp°e ? L$pÏe_peL$ k¨bp°^_p–dL$ kp\° ‚u[_p ]$p°f N|¨\hhp d\° R>°.
A¨[° L$l° R>° "[_° hvV$pey¨ R>° _c; Mbf R>° L°$ ? _X$ey¨ L¨$B ?' `R>u_p kp∑_°V$_y¨ iujÆL$
"iÂ]$”eu' fpøey¨ R>°. A° iÂ]$”eu bu∆ L$iu _rl `Z "[_° lz¨ T¨My Ry>¨' R>° Ap
iÂ]$”eu_° O|¨V$u O|¨V$u_° A°V$gu KX$u E[fu NB R>° L°$ [° kp\° L$gd `Z OkpB_°
V|¨$L$u \B NB R>°. Qplhp_u ‚qæ$ep_p° Apg°M V|¨$L$p° [p° _\u S>. L$pÏe_peL$ ]$]Æ$
rhflÍ`u rhj `pB_° "[_° lz¨ T¨My Ry>¨' _p [ufL$mp_° ^pf L$pY°$ R>°, _° A¨^pfu d^
fS>_uA° A° ”eu_p [uf_° _yÛe f QY$phu M¢Qu_° hl°[y d|L°$ R>°. R>u L$pÏe_peL$
L$l° R>°. "[y¨ Sep¨ lp° –ep¨ if hv^u S>i° k°p¨kfy¨ [_°'. Alv ÓŸp_p° k|f k¨cmpe R>°.
`Z ≈° A° `pRy>¨ afi° [p° A°_° Tughp dpV°$ `p°[° [p° Ecp S> R>°. "bfpbf Apd
S>' iujÆL$ kp\°_y¨ kp∑_°V$ Qp°\p kp∑_°V$_p A_yk¨^p_° A°L$cph_° N|¨\[y¨ f¸y¨ R>°.
‚Ze_p ]$p°f_° N|¨\hp dpV°$ r‚ep_° L$l°[p lp°e [°hp° DOpX$ d|L$u r‚ep_° S>fuL$
`Z lghp_u _p `pX°$ R>°, L$pfZ lg_-Qg_\u Ap¨M_p Tughp D`k[u R>bu
d°mhhp `R>u ch-ch fMX$hy¨ `X$i° A°hu ]$l°i[ \pe R>°. r‚ep_u kh£ tQ[p
L$pÏe_peL$ p°[p_p n° gB g°hp dp¨N° R>° _° r‚ep_° kfidyM A°d S> lk[u dy÷pdp¨
b°kpX$hp dp¨N° R>°, k°p¨]$eÆ_y¨ `p_ L$fhp dp¨N° R>°, ıh‡__u Í`ku kp\° `p°[p_p
‚Ze_p rhfl_° L$l°hp ^pf° R>°. bpfpnfuAp° O|¨V$u R>°, Af° ApM° ApMp° iÂ]$L$p°j
dp°Y°$ R>° `Z r‚ep hp¨Qu iL°$, kd∆ iL°$ L°$ [°_° hv^u iL°$ A°hp° iÂ]$ S>X$ep° _\u.
sıd[_p yÛ`p°\u iZNpf°gp Ofdp¨ r‚ep L$]$d d|L$i° Mfu ? k¨ie_° hpı[rhL$[p-
_p° f¨N QY°$ R>° _° L$pÏe_peL$ rh_d∞ `Z° `fL$uep ‚u[_u kpd° d|L°$ R>°:
"[_° lz¨ Apd¨”u iL$ui L$]$u_p O°f - L$]$u_p
[y¨ [pfu d°m° ≈° _uL$mu S> `X°$ A° [fa... [p° ...'
("Akag', [©Z_p° N∞l, `©. 67)
_e__p _uX$dp¨ hk°gp° Ql°fp° L$]$pQ rhdyM b_[p° A_ychpe R>° S>°_u
232
h°]$_p L$pÏe_peL$_° `n° A°V$gu b^u R>° L°$ [° "lh° Ap fı[pAp° D`f afu A° kp• _
b_i°'. "lh°' A_° "afu' dp¨ A[u[dp¨ b_°gp ‚k¨N L°$ Ql°fp kp\° bp¨^°gu ‚u[
afu\u kp¨‚[_p kdedp¨ iL$e b_i° _rl, hpı[rhL$[p_° `pÁep `R>u_y¨ ]$]Æ$
blz ApL$fy¨ lp°e R>°. Ofdp¨ `|fpe°gp¨ L$pÏe_peL$_° fı[p ky^u ]$p°fu iL°$ A°hy¨ L$p°B
Ly$[|lg afu Alv L$]$u pRy>¨ afi° _rl. AÛV$L$dp¨ Akam[p_y¨ qfZpd A_° afu\u
A° iL$e _\u A°hy¨ Apg°M_ L$epÆ `R>u jÛV$πL$dp¨ `Z A° hpı[rhL$[p_° h^y O°fp
f¨N° f¨Nu R>°. ”u≈ kp∑_°V$\u R>Ã$p kp∑_°V$ ky^u A°L$ kp¨L$m d|L$u R>°. Apfp°l L$epÆ
`R>u kp[dp kp∑_°V$\u Ahfp°l iÍ \pe R>°. ApW$dp kp∑_°V$ "rhfl_p¨ Ap¨ky' dp¨
`\ `f fMX$_pfp ^p°fu lh° M|Z° S>B_° cfpep R>°. rhfl_p Ap¨ky kpf[p A°
b^p¨ S> dp°[u b_u Q|L$ep¨ R>° _° L$pÏe_peL$ A°hp Mfu `X°$gp dp°[uAp°_° A°L$W$p
L$fu afu\u _e_° d|L$hp Qpl° R>°, [° `R>u cu[f cf[u fr[_u QY°$ R>°. Alv A°L$
≈[_p° ıhuL$pf _S>f° `X°$ R>°. R>¨]$, ge A_° ArcÏeqL$[_u R>V$p cf[u - Ap°V$_p°$
ı`iÆnd A_ych L$fph° R>°. A¨[° -
"lz¨ ≈œ¨ : S>° ApÏep A^f f iyc∞ sıd[ \B,
ıhe¨ [° Ap¨Mp°\u Ah _u[f[p f° flu flu. '
("qhfl_p¨ Ap¨ky', [©Z_p° N∞l, `©. 69)
_hdy¨ kp∑_°V$ "d©NS>m' dp¨ ‚pf¨c° ıh‡__u Í`ku_p¨ Ql°fp_° ep]$ L$f° R>°.
L$pÏe_peL°$ fı[p `f S>° r‚ep_p Ql°fp kp\° ‚ur[ bp¨^u R>°, [°Z° ≈Z°
L$pÏe_peL$_° Qpf° bpSy>\u bp¨^u ]$u^p° R>°, hk¨[° Qpl°gp° Ql°fp° h•ipM° kpM b_u
T|g° R>°. Qp°d°f Ïep`u_° A¨[° Ap Ql°fp_° A_y_e L$f[p¨ L°$hp° Ap¨QL$p° gpN° R>° :
"`fp°hu A¨Nygp° AgL$, KQL$u ApıeL$dm,
_dy¨ lz¨ S>ep¨ ...... kpd° [fhfu fl° f° d©NS>m'
("d©NS>m', [©Z_p° N∞l, `©. 70)
A¨[° d©NS>m_p° Apcpk R>° A°hy Ap¨NmuAp°\u gV$p°_° KQL$u dyML$dm_°
AptgNhp_u Arcgpjp\u _d° R>°, –ep¨ kpd° d©NS>m_° `pd° R>° _° Ahi[p cepÆ
234
cpf° ]y$:M kp\° kp∑_°V$ rhfd° R>°. rhfl_p ]y$:M-]$]Æ$_° ArcÏeqL$[ Í`° _hdy¨ kp∑_°V$
`Z N|¨’ey¨ R>°, [p° ]$kdp kp∑_°V$ "[y¨ ^pf° [p°.....' dp¨ L$rhA° DOpX$dp¨ S> D_pmp_p
q]$hk_p L$Î`__° rhag ‚ur[_p dpNÆ_u A°L$ f°Mp ‹pfp ky¨]$f fu[° d|[Æ L$fu iL$ep
R>°. D_pmp_p gp¨bp q]$hk_° \pL°$gp° pL$p° Ng b_u kp¨S>° r‚ep_° k]$__p [uˇZ
riMf° l°p¨i° _d° R>°, –epf° ANpiudp¨ \pL$u ku_° _u[f[u [y¨ [pfu gV$_° rhM°f[u
li°. `ku_p° dyM`f\u iu[ `h_ ip°ju g°[p° li°. `R>u ^ud°\u L$pÏe_peL$
A_y_e L$f[p¨ L$l° R>°, ANpiudp¨ S>epf° kyM]$ Qp¨]$ T|gi° –epf° [y¨ ^pf° [p° dpfp
rhi° L¨$BL$ rhQpfu iL°$ "[y¨ ^pf° [p° k¨›epkd [y¨ L¨$B L|$Zu \B iL°$'. ArNepfdp¨
kp∑_°V$ "‚°d_p `pW$' dp¨ ApNm h^° R>° "L$]$u L$]$uL$ [y¨ Aphu Aphu fu[° ıdfu ≈°
d_° :' L$pÏe_peL$_° Alv ÓŸp R>° L°$ L$epf°L$ r‚ep_° p°[p_pdp¨ fk X$i°. ‚ur[_p
`pW$ L$pÏe_peL$ riMhpX°$ R>°, ‚u[dp¨ T|L$phhp_p, Ahi b_hp rhi°_p. R>u_p
AÛV$L$dp¨ ◊ÛV$p¨[ kp\° `p°[p_° ≈°X$u A¨[° ‚Ò `|R>° R>° L°$ lh° dpfpdp¨ L$p¨B fk `X°$
A°hy¨ Mfy¨ ? ÓŸpdp¨ f[ L$pÏe_peL$ kp∑_°V$ "r‚e°, Qpgp° `pR>p¨' dp¨ ‚\d S>°d
A≈Zu ÏeqL$[Ap° b_u S>hp dp¨N° R>° :
"[dp°_° _p aphu dyS> ‚u[, Mfy¨ ? [p° `X$u flu,
_ aph° A° L$p°_° - Aiy¨ L$iy¨L$ dpfu ‚u[ dlv.'
("r‚e°, Qpgp° `pR>p¨', [©Z_p° N∞l, `©. 73)
L¨$B L°$V$gp A_y_e - rh_e L$f[p¨ L$f[p¨ r‚ep_p¨ rhdyM`Zp\u
L$pÏe_peL$ L¨$BL$ hpı[rhL$ sı\r[ [fa `l°p¨Q° R>°, e\p\Æ_° ıhuL$pf° R>°. r‚ep_°
k¨bp°^u_° L$l° R>° [p° [d° kp• ıdfZp°, Nu[p°, ıh‡_p°, A^f`f\u, sıd[ `f[
Q|¨V$u gp° _preL$p [p° bX$cpNu R>°. [°Z° [p° L$iy¨ ]°$hp_y¨ _\u, afu\u l[p [°hp
`qfQe rh_p_p ‚\d S>°hp S> `Z L$l°[p L$l°hpe ≈e R>°. A¨[° [p° L$lu S> EW°$
R>°, [d_° Qp¸p hNf _rl flu iLy¨$ dpV°$ fı[pdp¨ _ Aphhp_y¨ L$l° R>°. [°fdp kp∑_°V$
"`fı`f `fp°n°e' _° `°V$p iujÆL$ dm° R>° "`yfyj' S>°hy¨, S>°dp¨ ‚\d AÛV$L$dp¨ AgN
AgN fu[° rh[ph°gp kde rhi° rhQpf° R>°. d˛ep [°_°e OZp° kde \B Nep°.
L$pÏe_peL$ L¨$BL$ ıhı\ bfiep° R>° _° A[u[_° rhıd©[ L$fhp Qpl° R>°. rhjehı[y_p¨
235
r_Í`Zdp¨ Apd cphhmp¨L$ Alv kpL$pf \[p° ≈°B iL$pe R>°. R>u_y kp∑_°V$ "ı”u'
S>°hp `°V$p iujÆL$dp¨ EOX°$ R>°. ‚\d jÛV$L$dp¨ `∞L©$r[_p Agk b`p°fu h°mp_y¨ ◊Ìe
D`kpÏey¨ R>°. S>°dp¨ kyM_u ıd©q[ kp\° A^ÆdvQ°g Ap¨Mp°A° h©n_u R>pepdp¨
hpNp°m[p bm]$_p hZÆ_ kp\° |ZÆ L$epÆ bp]$ AÛV$L$dp¨ q‚ep_u DqL$[Í`° d|L$pey¨
R>°, S>° A–epf ky^u Abp°g l[u. ‚ı[y[ DqL$[dp¨ `p°[° kp°cp¡eh[u ı”u R>°
A_° A[u[dp¨ L$p¨BL$ Ql°fp kp\° \e°gu ‚u[_° hpNp°m° [p° A°dp¨ `p` \[y¨ li° ?
A°hu q‹Op A_ych° R>°. ı”u˘]$e_u kfg[p kp∑_°V$_p A¨[° Qp°V$dp¨ hZÆhu R>°.
Alv ı`ÛV$ øepg dm° R>° L°$ ‚u[_y¨ M¢QpZ dp” A°L$ [fau _\u, bfi_° [fau R>°.
‚u[ A°L$dpNwe _\u. i°L$πsı`efipB OpV$dp¨ "h©Ÿ ‚ur[' iujÆL$ fph[p ¨]$fdp¨
kp∑_°V$_p iujÆL$_p° ›hr_ A°hp° R>° L°$ Ddf h^hp kp\° h©Ÿ ‚u[_y¨ ıhÍ` L°$hy¨ lp°e
? ‚\d Q[yÛL$dp¨ _peL$ h©Ÿ \ep° R>°, `\pfudp¨ R>° _° [°_u Mbf A¨[f ≈Zhp
_preL$p NB R>°, dpV°$ S> _peL$ [°_° _∆L$ b°kpX$hp dp¨N° R>°, S>°\u [°_° ı`iÆ L$fu
iL°$. hmu _preL$p_° nZ fp°L$php_y¨ `Z hu_h° R>°. "ib' iujÆL$ ^fph[y¨ k—fdy¨
kp∑_°V$ i°L$πsı`efipB OpV$dp¨ R>°, S>° cph[¨[y_p A_yk¨ p_° Apg°Mpey R>°. dfZ_p
R>°Îgp [bLL$pdp¨ L$pÏe_peL$ ‚u[_p [¨[y_° Tpgu ∆hu f¸p° R>° A°hy¨ L$l° R>°.
_preL$p_° A¨[° S>Zphu iL°$ R>° ‚–en -
"d_° ≈° ^pfp° - Ap nZ S> ]$a_phu ]$B iL$p°,
[d° l•e° Mp°]$u L$bf `Z fpMu ‚\d\u !'
("ib', [©Z_p° N∞l, `©. 77)
S>° L$p¨B cp°Nhhy¨ `X$ey¨ R>° [° [p° _peL$_p S> `n° f¸y¨ R>°. _peL$_p° L$fyZ
rQ–L$pf Apbp]$ fu[° ÏeL$[ \ep° R>°. k—fdp¨ kp∑_°V$ "Af°, A° √l°fpAp° !' dp¨
‚\d kp∑_°V$_p° cph[¨[y A_yk¨^p_ `pd° R>°. "Af°, A° √l°fpAp° Oœ¨ QdL$u_°
Qpgu S> Nep !' `¨qL$[dp¨ d^yf _dZp √l°fpAp°_° A_ycÏep `R>u Af°, Ap
Ql°fpAp° S>°hy D]$πbp° _ _peL$_° L$fph° R>°, S>°dp¨ [°_p° L$Vy$ rhjp]$ ÏeL$[ \[p° ≈°hpe
R>°. fı[° dm°gp Ql°fpAp° [pfp S>°d QdL$u, TbL$u_° Mp°hpB Nep R>°. b^p _S>f_y¨
_|f \p°Xy¨$ - \p°Xy¨$ lZu_° Nep R>°, A°V$gp° Ahkp]$ _peL$_° S>Íf X¨$M° R>°. Tp¨Mp \[p¨
235
_e_dp¨ ıd©r[_u cu_u QdL$Í`° A° rTgpep° R>°. "‡lpX$Td[p°' iujÆL$ kp\°_y¨
kp∑_°V$ æ$d AY$pfdp¨ L$rhA° ‚pf¨cdp¨ rhjp]$, h°]$_p_° _hpÍ ° fS|> L$epÆ R>°. ‚Ze_p
h«>$ S>°hp Op\u ˘]$e[g_y¨ `p[pm th^pey¨ R>°, `Z [°dp¨\u ‚NV$ey¨ R>° N¨Np S>°hy¨
rhdg _uf, S>° hZ \¨Êey¨ hlu f¸y¨ R>°. Ap [p° Td[p° ‡lpX$ R>° ≈Z° rhjp]$_p
gphp_° `Z hd_ L$e°pÆ R>°. L$pÏep¨[° _peL$ A° nZ n[_u Tp¨Mu - `p¨Mu ep]$_°
Tdu f¸p° R>° :
"D_pmy L$p° L$pQp OV$ kd l∆ ffi^∞ i[\u,
cu_u dpV$u N¨^° Di_k[Zp° ‡lpX$ Td[p° '
("‡lpX$ Td[p°', [©Z_p° N∞l - `©. 79)
kp∑_°V$ Ap°NZuk - "lh° ApS>°' dp¨ `°gp fdZue Í`p°_u _S>f [p° NN_
hX°$ cfpe R>°, S>°_p _ugp A[gdp¨, S>gdp¨ Í`f[_ ÷hu A°L$pL$pf bfiep¨ R>°. A°L$
S> A° S> kfp°hfdp¨ NN_ ıdip_ S>°hy¨ i|fie cpk° R>°, Í`p° Nep R>° `Z [°_p° ge
EX$u f¸p° R>°. lh° [p° ‚[unp dp” R>° L°$ Ap _ughfZdp¨\u L°$hy¨ Í` ‚NV$i° ?
"li° cıd° g°‡ey¨ rih[œ¨ ? O_Ìepd_y¨ li° ?' Alv _peL$_u dp_ksı\r[
`Z ıhı\ bfiep_p° r_]£$i kp¨`X°$ R>°. A¨q[d hukdp kp∑_°V$_° iujÆL$ d˛ey¨ R>°
"Sy>_p √l°fp ≈N°' S>° _peL$_p ıhı\ rQ— Ahgp°L°$ R>°, bu≈_p Ql°fpAp°_° S>°dp¨
`p°[p_p rhi° iy¨ R>° ? L$p°B NdNu_ lk° R>°, L$p°B L$fyZ [pL°$ R>°, L$p°B _e_ S>g
k¨[pX°$ R>°, L$p°B D`pg¨c Ap`° R>°, L$p°B Mygpkp dp¨N° R>°, _peL$ Mygpkp° `Z Ap`°
R>°, S>°dp¨ [°_p L$fyZ_° hpQp dmu R>° :
"Mfy¨ : d¢ k¨b¨^p° S>N[ kl ]$u^p _ V|¨$L$hu,
ndıh, L$epf° [p° fd|S> ∆hhpdp¨e `X$u R>°;
("S|>_p √l°fp ≈N°', [©Z_p° N∞l, `©. 81)
Ql°fp\u Ql°fp_y¨ Qæ$ |ZÆ \pe R>°. L©$r[_° A¨[° _peL$_p ]$e_y¨ qfh[Æ_
A_ychpe R>°. fı[° S>[p¨ Ql°fp kp\° bp¨^°gu ‚u[ _peL$ `n° E\g`p\g kS>£
R>°. ‚u[_p cphEcfp Ahfp°ldp¨ AV$hp[p _peL$_° [p° rhjp]$, Ahkp]$, rhfl_y
237
]$]Æ$ Ap`° R>°, _peL$ b^y¨ c|gu S>hp dp¨N° R>°. (`f[) _preL$p_° ]$B ]°$hp dp¨N° _°
`fı`f `fp°n b_u S>hp dp¨N° R>°. [°fdp kp∑_°V$\u cphpg°M_dp¨ hmp¨L$ d|L$ep°
R>°, _peL$ ıhı\[p d°mh° R>°. hpı[rhL$[p\u rQ—_u iyŸ[p d°mÏep `R>u [°_p
˘]$e_p TfZ_° iyŸ L$f° R>°. `p°[p_u r‚ep L$p°B_u kp•cp¡eh[u `–_u b_u Q|L$u
R>°, [°_p° ıhuL$pf `Z L$fu iL°$ R>°. ‚u[rhfl_u Ar¡_dp¨ [`u iyŸ kp°_p S>°hu
`rh”‚ur[ b_° R>°. cph_p Apfp°l - Ahfp°l h√Q° `kpf ‚hprl[ cphhmp¨L$
gB kp∑_°V$dpmp hukdp¨ kp∑_°V$ rhfd° R>°, `Z R>°Îgy¨ kp∑_°V$ h^pfp_y¨ lp°e [°hy¨
gp¡ep L$f° R>°. cphhmp¨L$ `R>u A°L$ cphQæ$ Ap°NZukdp¨ kp∑_°V$° `|ZÆ \[y¨
A_ychpe R>°. A¨r[d kp∑_°V$ M¨X$rhcpS>_dp¨ A¨[° L$rhA° ey¡d `¨qL$[_° b]$g°
”Z `¨qL$[ d|L$u R>°.
Ap kp∑_°V$dpmp A¨N° b° rh‹p_ rhh°QL$p°_p d¨[Ïep° [`pkhp S>°hp¨ R>°.
fdZ kp°_u S>Zph° R>°, "Alv L$p°B km¨N L$\p[¨[y [p° fQp[p _\u, `Z d^yf"Alv L$p°B km¨N L$\p[¨[y [p° fQp[p _\u, `Z d^yf"Alv L$p°B km¨N L$\p[¨[y [p° fQp[p _\u, `Z d^yf"Alv L$p°B km¨N L$\p[¨[y [p° fQp[p _\u, `Z d^yf"Alv L$p°B km¨N L$\p[¨[y [p° fQp[p _\u, `Z d^yf
_dZp Ql °fp_u rhrh^ d y÷pAp ° _ ° A °\u fQp[u L $ rh_u rhrh^_dZp Ql °fp_u rhrh^ d y÷pAp ° _ ° A °\u fQp[u L $ rh_u rhrh^_dZp Ql °fp_u rhrh^ d y÷pAp ° _ ° A °\u fQp[u L $ rh_u rhrh^_dZp Ql °fp_u rhrh^ d y÷pAp ° _ ° A °\u fQp[u L $ rh_u rhrh^_dZp Ql °fp_u rhrh^ d y÷pAp ° _ ° A °\u fQp[u L $ rh_u rhrh^
d_:sı\r[Ap°\u rhrcfi_ riÎ`pL©$r[Ap° hX°$ E`ku fl°[p¨ ky¨]$f ı\p`–e_p°d_:sı\r[Ap°\u rhrcfi_ riÎ`pL©$r[Ap° hX°$ E`ku fl°[p¨ ky¨]$f ı\p`–e_p°d_:sı\r[Ap°\u rhrcfi_ riÎ`pL©$r[Ap° hX°$ E`ku fl°[p¨ ky¨]$f ı\p`–e_p°d_:sı\r[Ap°\u rhrcfi_ riÎ`pL©$r[Ap° hX°$ E`ku fl°[p¨ ky¨]$f ı\p`–e_p°d_:sı\r[Ap°\u rhrcfi_ riÎ`pL©$r[Ap° hX°$ E`ku fl°[p¨ ky¨]$f ı\p`–e_p°
A_ych Ap kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ \pe R>°.'A_ych Ap kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ \pe R>°.'A_ych Ap kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ \pe R>°.'A_ych Ap kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ \pe R>°.'A_ych Ap kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ \pe R>°.'45
fOyhuf Qp•^fu S>Zph° R>°, "fı[p° A_° Ql°fpdp¨ A°L$ AM¨X$ A_yc|r["fı[p° A_° Ql°fpdp¨ A°L$ AM¨X$ A_yc|r["fı[p° A_° Ql°fpdp¨ A°L$ AM¨X$ A_yc|r["fı[p° A_° Ql°fpdp¨ A°L$ AM¨X$ A_yc|r["fı[p° A_° Ql°fpdp¨ A°L$ AM¨X$ A_yc|r[
_\u, [pf[Áe _\u. dp_h_° Qplhp_u M°h_p, ‚°d ‚p‡[ _ \ep_y¨ ]$]Æ$,_\u, [pf[Áe _\u. dp_h_° Qplhp_u M°h_p, ‚°d ‚p‡[ _ \ep_y¨ ]$]Æ$,_\u, [pf[Áe _\u. dp_h_° Qplhp_u M°h_p, ‚°d ‚p‡[ _ \ep_y¨ ]$]Æ$,_\u, [pf[Áe _\u. dp_h_° Qplhp_u M°h_p, ‚°d ‚p‡[ _ \ep_y¨ ]$]Æ$,_\u, [pf[Áe _\u. dp_h_° Qplhp_u M°h_p, ‚°d ‚p‡[ _ \ep_y¨ ]$]Æ$,
ep”u L$rh_° fı[pdp¨ rhQpf[p° L$fu_° Mku S>[p¨ Ql°fpAp° A_° Aphp b^pep”u L$rh_° fı[pdp¨ rhQpf[p° L$fu_° Mku S>[p¨ Ql°fpAp° A_° Aphp b^pep”u L$rh_° fı[pdp¨ rhQpf[p° L$fu_° Mku S>[p¨ Ql°fpAp° A_° Aphp b^pep”u L$rh_° fı[pdp¨ rhQpf[p° L$fu_° Mku S>[p¨ Ql°fpAp° A_° Aphp b^pep”u L$rh_° fı[pdp¨ rhQpf[p° L$fu_° Mku S>[p¨ Ql°fpAp° A_° Aphp b^p
A_ychp°dp¨\u ≈N[u d_:sı\r[Ap°_y¨ Apg°M_ R>°.'A_ychp°dp¨\u ≈N[u d_:sı\r[Ap°_y¨ Apg°M_ R>°.'A_ychp°dp¨\u ≈N[u d_:sı\r[Ap°_y¨ Apg°M_ R>°.'A_ychp°dp¨\u ≈N[u d_:sı\r[Ap°_y¨ Apg°M_ R>°.'A_ychp°dp¨\u ≈N[u d_:sı\r[Ap°_y¨ Apg°M_ R>°.'46
M¨X$r_ep°S>_dp¨ cph_° A_yÍ` kp∑_°V$_p M¨X$ `pX$ep R>°, [° S> ‚dpZ°
‚pk Z Np°W$Ïep R>°. ‚\d kp∑_°V$ - d yf _dZp Ql°fp 8+4+2; dp°n 5+7+2;
iÂ]$”eu 6+3+3+2; bfpbf ApdS> 6+4+4; d©NS>m 8+4+2; r‚e° Qpgp°
`pR>p 4+7+3; Af°, A° √l°fpAp° 4+4+3+3; ‡lpX$ Td[p° 4+3+3+4; S|>_p
Ql°fp ≈N° 4+4+4+2. bpL$u_p kp∑_°V$ æ$d 3,15,16,19 i°L$πsı`efipB,
kp∑_°V$æ$d 7, 13 `°V≤$pLÆ$ipB, kp∑_°V$æ$d 11, 14 - 6+8 S>°hp `°V≤$pLÆ$_u bfpbf
EÎV$u rhcpS>_ `Ÿr[hpmp [\p kp∑_°V$æ$d 6,8,10 km¨N Qp•]$ `¨qL$[ S>°hp
237
rdÎV$_ipB ‚L$pf_p R>°. ‚pk `f–h° L$rhA° ıh[¨”fur[_u ‚pk`Ÿr[ fpMu R>°.
dp°V$p cpN_p kp∑_°V$p°_p A¨[_u b° `¨qL$[Ap°_p ‚pk ≈mÏep R>°. A°L$ dp”
kp°mdp¨ kp∑_°V$dp¨ abba cddc effe gg S>°hp ‚pk R>°. L$rhA° Í`L$, D`dp,
D–‚°np Ag¨L$pf\u L$pÏebp_u_° ky]$f b_phu R>°. Ap f¸p¨ A°_p \p°X$p¨L$ D]$plfZp°
"S>[u g\X$[u ^p°fu fı[° `[¨N iu a}g`°' (d^yf _dZp Ql°fp)
"dyS> ∆h__p `¨\° R>pep ÷zdp° kdS>° lıep¨' (d^yf _dZp Ql°fp)
"[_° dpfu ap°fu a}giu ‚u[_p° [° ce L$ip° ?' (ce L$ip° ?)
"Álpfu ‚ur[_p ‚\d k`_p ip¨ d^yqfL°$ !' (bfpbf Apd S>)
"[lpfp l•epdp¨ h∞Z dyS> d|L$u ≈e buS> ip° -' (Akam)
"kfu S>• k°hpep¨, Ah [N[ dyL$[pag kdp¨' (rhfl_p¨ Ap¨ky)
"lh° Ap h•ipM°, ‚Ze am_u kpM kfMp¨' (d©NS>m)
"AL•$L$pe° ApMp° W$ghB S>[p° gpNZu OV$' (dp°n)
"S>[u d|L$u dp°[u Ad|gM Alv gp°Q_ [V°$ !' (rhfl_p Ap¨ky)
"ıdip_° Ap ≈Z° idu Í`rQ[p cıd hfZ;' (lh° ApS>°)
"ıdip_° ≈Z° L°$ fS>L$Z EW°$ R>° kmhmu' (S|>_p √l°fp ≈N°)
"Oku R>p°gu R>p°°gu L$gd[Zu [uZu AZu L$fu' (iÂ]$”eu)
`¨qL$[dp¨ km¨N ]$u^Æ "C' _p Apg°M_dp¨ if_p aZp_° Okhp_u
‚qæ$ep_u ‚bm[p A_° Ap ‚qæ$ep ]$u^ÆL$pm_u R>° A°hy¨ Ïe¨rS>[ \pe R>°.
R>¨]$p°rh^p_dp¨ L$rhA° "d^|f _dZp √l°fp' A_° "‚°d_p `pW$' dp” b° S>
kp∑_°V$dp¨ lqfZu R>¨]$ A_° bpL$u_p¨ b^p¨ S> kp∑_°V$dp¨ riMqfZu R>¨]$_p° rhr_ep°N
L$e°pÆ R>°. riMqfZu_u Ah_hu R>V$pAp° Alv ≈°hp dm° R>°. "bfpbf ApdS>'
kp∑_°V$_p DOpX$_p ‚pf¨c\u S> riMqfZu_p Apfp°l - Ahfp°l eyL$[ R>¨]$p°ge
cph_u cf[uAp°V$_p° ı`iÆnd A_ych L$fph° R>°. "qhfl_p¨ Ap¨kydp¨_p' L$pÏe_p¨
DOpX$_p° riMqfZu_p° ge _peL$_p rhjp]$_° Apbp]$ ÏeL$[ L$f[p° f¸p° R>°. A¨[_u
”Z `¨qL$[dp¨ `p¨Q `r[Ap°_p Ïepepd _peL$_p AÓy kp\° ge_° r_:Ôhpk_p
X|$kL$p¨ L°$hp¨ g°hX$ph° R>°. cpjp A_° cph_y¨ A_° R>¨]$_y¨ kpd¨S>ıe "r‚e Qpgp°
238
`pR>p¨'dp¨ ky¨]$f fu[° ≈mÏey¨ R>°. ‚ı[y[ kp∑_°V$_p A¨[° A\pÆ_yL$|g `¨qL$[rhfiepk
cphr_Í`Z_° L°$hp° D`L$pfL$ f¸p° R>°.
L$rhA° rQ—dp¨ ‚ı[y[ huk kp∑_°V$_u A_yc|r[ L°$huL$ O|¨V$u R>° [° [`pkhp
S>°hu R>°. "ce L$ip° ?' 5-1-61 \u A_yc|r[_° Apg°M d˛ep° R>°, S>°_° dpmpdp¨
Np°W$h° R>°. ”u≈ æ$d° `R>u "Akag' kp∑_°V$ 6-1-61 dp¨ gMpey¨ R>°, S>°_° Np°W$Ïey¨
R>°. R>Ã$p æ$d° "d^yf _dZp Ql°fp' 28-3-61 _p k≈Æey¨ R>° S>°_° dpmp_y¨ ‚\d
dp°[u b_pÏey¨ R>°. A_° dpmp_° A¨[° gV$L$rZey¨ kp∑_°V$ "Sy>_p √l°fp ≈N°' [p. 7-
9-61 dp¨ gMphy¨ R>°. bpL$u_p¨ h√Q°_p¨ kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ L$p°B B.k. 1962 _p hjÆ_u
Sy>]$p - Sy>]$p drl_p_u Sy>]$u Sy>]$u [pfuM° [p° L$p°B kp∑_°V$ B.k. 1963 _p hjÆ_u
Sy>]$p Sy>]$p drl_p_u Sy>]$u Sy>]$u [pfuM° gMpep¨ R>°. O_uc|[ Akfdp¨ [p° dp” b° S>
kp∑_°V$ R>°, S>°dp¨ "`yyfyj' kp∑_°V$æ$d - 13 A_° "ı”u' kp∑_°V$æ$d - 14, bfi_° [p.
2-10-63 dp¨ A°L$ S> [pfuM° gMpep¨ R>°. km¨N dpmpdp¨ B.k. 1961 _p
kS>Æ__p 6 kp∑_°V$p°, B.k. 1962 _p hjÆ_p kS>Æ__p 5 kp∑_°V$p° A_° B.k.
1963 _p hjÆ_p 9 kp∑_°V$p° R>°. A°L$ S> rhje_u A_yc|r[_° L$rhA° ”Z hjÆ
ky^u rQ—dp¨ O|¨V$e° fpMu R>°. `R>u `pR>m\u Apg°Mpe°gp¨ kp∑_°V$p°_° ApX$pAhmp¨
ApL©$r[rh^p_ fQhp Np°W$Ïep¨ R>°. Óu fdZ kp°_u A_° fOyhuf Qp•^fuA°
L$\p[¨[y_u km¨N[p _\u A°hy¨ S>ZpÏey¨ R>°, `Z ApL©$r[rh^p__p dpmMp_°
ıhuL$peyØ R>°, A°V$g° ‚ı[y[ L©$r[ kp∑_°V$dpmp AhÌe b_° R>°.
"D`°nL$ r‚ep_°' : ([©Z_p° N∞l) :
"fı[p° A_° Ql°fp' kp∑_°V$dpmp_p rhje kp\° L¨$BL$ A¨i° A_yk¨^p_Í °
L$rhA° "D`°nL$ r‚ep_°' S>°hy¨ kp∑_°V$ Q[yÛV$e d|L$ey¨ R>°. Alv L$rhA° "‚–epOp[',
"EgVy¨$', "L$bfdp¨e', "c|[' S>°hp¨ °V$p iujÆL$ fph[p¨ kp∑_°V$ A°L$ kp\° Apg°øep¨
R>°. D`°np `pd°gp° _peL$ hı[yr_Í `Zdp¨ L°$fi÷ı\p_° f¸p° R>°. [°_p ‚Ze
rham[p\u dm°gp ]$]Æ$_° [°_p D]$πNpf ‹pfp S> fS|> L$fu R>°. r‚ep L$pÏe_peL$ [fa
_S>f L$f[u _\u, Abp°gp gB_° b°W$u R>°. [°\u ≈Z° [°_p° k|eÆ Ap\du Nep° R>° _°
Op°f A¨^L$pf a°gpep° R>°. Abp°gpdp¨ [°_p° L$gL$g[p° `u`mp° ≈Z° d|L$ \ep° R>°.
239
Apd r‚ep_p D`°npcepÆ Ïehlpf kpd° _peL$ qfkpe R>° _° Of_u blpf _
_uL$mhp_y¨ _L$L$u L$f° R>°. R>[p¨ l•epdp¨ _preL$p [fa_p° ı_°l kmhm° R>°. `R>u_p
A_yk¨^p_° d|L$pe°gp¨ "EgVy¨$' kp∑_°V$_p AÛV$L$dp¨ _peL$_p D]$πNpfdp¨ D`°np
L$f_pf r‚ep_° k¨bp°^u_° L$l° R>°, dpfp D`f\u [¢ S>° l°[ Ap°Ry>¨ L$eyØ R>° [° `Z dpfu
‚Zedy÷p kph A°d [p° _rl S> ]|$f \pe. b^u S> bpSy>A°\u EgV$p_u dpfu
Qpl[_u V$uMmu lhp [_° A°L$pfi[p°dp¨ QuY$hu d|L$i°. _peL$_° Aiyc \hp_u
i¨L$p_p° DQpV$ `Z fl° R>° L°$ S>° q]$hk° _pqeL$p D`°np L$fi° –epf° dy¨TpB dfi° A°hu
_preL$p_u ld]$]$w kp\° kfm ArcÏeqL$[dp¨ ‚ı[y[ kp∑_°V$ `|fy¨ \pe R>°. `R>u_p
"L$bfdp¨e' kp∑_°V$dp¨ ld]$]$w_u h©qŸ \[u A_ychpe R>°. _preL$p_° V$uMmu L$f[p
`h_p° `Z A°L$ kde° `X$i° Z S>[p S>[p d|L$ X|$kLy¨$ S>Íf d|L$[p S>i°. _peL$ Ap
b^y¨ L$bfdp¨ k|[p° k|[p° ≈°B A_ychu iL$i°. `R>u _peL$_u ep]$ S> AÓy b_u
V$`L$i° A_° _preL$p_p "r‚e' D]$πNpf_p `X$OpAp° rNqfAp°dp¨ `X$Opi°. _peL$
A¨[° D–L¨$W$ b_° R>°. L$bfdp¨ `Z S>¨` _\u [°_° -
"[y¨ dpf° dpV°$ \• fX$ui - ^|m lz¨ ^fie \Bi,
[_° fp°[u ≈°hp L$bf dlv A°hp° [X$`ui...'
("L$bfdp¨e', [©Z_p° N∞l, `©. 84)
A¨r[d kp∑_°V$ "c|[' dp¨ ‚u[_p A^|fp Afdp_ _peL$_° A`pr\Æh Í`
bn° R>°. rh÷p°l_p° k|f L¨$BL$ bmhp_ bfiep° R>°.
"lh° S>epf° S>epf° d^fS>_uAp°dp¨ lXy$Xy$X|$
lhp_p Np°mpAp° [h Of [Zp¨ ‹pf r[rdf°
lgph° _° W$p°L°$; [fX$ \L$u - hp[pe_ \L$u
O|ku i•epM¨X$ ° ifuf `f_y ¨ Ap°Y$Z [h
DfpX$u d|L°$ [p° - QdL$ui _ - A° lz¨ S> lBi.'
("c|[', [©Z_p° N∞l, `©. 85)
Ap A¨N° fOyhuf Qp•^fu S>Zph° R>° " "c|[' dp¨ A°L$psfi[L$ ‚Ze_y¨" "c|[' dp¨ A°L$psfi[L$ ‚Ze_y¨" "c|[' dp¨ A°L$psfi[L$ ‚Ze_y¨" "c|[' dp¨ A°L$psfi[L$ ‚Ze_y¨" "c|[' dp¨ A°L$psfi[L$ ‚Ze_y¨
240
D–L$V$ Apg°M_ R>°. r_fpip_y¨ L$pÏep°rQ— rh÷p°ldp¨ D–L$V$ Apg°M_ R>°. r_fpip_y¨ L$pÏep°rQ— rh÷p°ldp¨ D–L$V$ Apg°M_ R>°. r_fpip_y¨ L$pÏep°rQ— rh÷p°ldp¨ D–L$V$ Apg°M_ R>°. r_fpip_y¨ L$pÏep°rQ— rh÷p°ldp¨ D–L$V$ Apg°M_ R>°. r_fpip_y¨ L$pÏep°rQ— rh÷p°ldp¨ ÍÍÍÍÍ `pfi[f Ap L$pÏe_u`pfi[f Ap L$pÏe_u`pfi[f Ap L$pÏe_u`pfi[f Ap L$pÏe_u`pfi[f Ap L$pÏe_u
‚r[ `¨qL[_° bgh—f L$fu d|L°$ R>°. b¨^ ‹pf° `p°Y°$gu r‚ep_p ifuf `f_y¨‚r[ `¨qL[_° bgh—f L$fu d|L°$ R>°. b¨^ ‹pf° `p°Y°$gu r‚ep_p ifuf `f_y¨‚r[ `¨qL[_° bgh—f L$fu d|L°$ R>°. b¨^ ‹pf° `p°Y°$gu r‚ep_p ifuf `f_y¨‚r[ `¨qL[_° bgh—f L$fu d|L°$ R>°. b¨^ ‹pf° `p°Y°$gu r‚ep_p ifuf `f_y¨‚r[ `¨qL[_° bgh—f L$fu d|L°$ R>°. b¨^ ‹pf° `p°Y°$gu r‚ep_p ifuf `f_y¨
Ap°Y$Z DX$pX$u d|L$hp blpf_p r[rdf° lhp_p Np°mp b_u lzXy$Xy$X|$ L$f[p° ‚ZeAp°Y$Z DX$pX$u d|L$hp blpf_p r[rdf° lhp_p Np°mp b_u lzXy$Xy$X|$ L$f[p° ‚ZeAp°Y$Z DX$pX$u d|L$hp blpf_p r[rdf° lhp_p Np°mp b_u lzXy$Xy$X|$ L$f[p° ‚ZeAp°Y$Z DX$pX$u d|L$hp blpf_p r[rdf° lhp_p Np°mp b_u lzXy$Xy$X|$ L$f[p° ‚ZeAp°Y$Z DX$pX$u d|L$hp blpf_p r[rdf° lhp_p Np°mp b_u lzXy$Xy$X|$ L$f[p° ‚Ze
‹pf lgph° R>°. hp[pe__u [fX$ \L$u ‚h°iu_° `°gy¨ rhıd©r[_y¨ Ap°Y$Z ]|$f‹pf lgph° R>°. hp[pe__u [fX$ \L$u ‚h°iu_° `°gy¨ rhıd©r[_y¨ Ap°Y$Z ]|$f‹pf lgph° R>°. hp[pe__u [fX$ \L$u ‚h°iu_° `°gy¨ rhıd©r[_y¨ Ap°Y$Z ]|$f‹pf lgph° R>°. hp[pe__u [fX$ \L$u ‚h°iu_° `°gy¨ rhıd©r[_y¨ Ap°Y$Z ]|$f‹pf lgph° R>°. hp[pe__u [fX$ \L$u ‚h°iu_° `°gy¨ rhıd©r[_y¨ Ap°Y$Z ]|$f
L$fhp d\° R>°. Alv Nr[iug L$Î`_ fQpey¨ R>°. r[rdfph©— lhp_p Np°mpAp°dp¨L$fhp d\° R>°. Alv Nr[iug L$Î`_ fQpey¨ R>°. r[rdfph©— lhp_p Np°mpAp°dp¨L$fhp d\° R>°. Alv Nr[iug L$Î`_ fQpey¨ R>°. r[rdfph©— lhp_p Np°mpAp°dp¨L$fhp d\° R>°. Alv Nr[iug L$Î`_ fQpey¨ R>°. r[rdfph©— lhp_p Np°mpAp°dp¨L$fhp d\° R>°. Alv Nr[iug L$Î`_ fQpey¨ R>°. r[rdfph©— lhp_p Np°mpAp°dp¨
Np°r`[ rh÷p°l, `R>u r‚ep_p ıh‡_dp¨ Np°r`[ rh÷p°l, `R>u r‚ep_p ıh‡_dp¨ Np°r`[ rh÷p°l, `R>u r‚ep_p ıh‡_dp¨ Np°r`[ rh÷p°l, `R>u r‚ep_p ıh‡_dp¨ Np°r`[ rh÷p°l, `R>u r‚ep_p ıh‡_dp¨ ÍÍÍÍÍ `p¨[f `pd° R>° A_° A¨[° cV$L$[p°`p¨[f `pd° R>° A_° A¨[° cV$L$[p°`p¨[f `pd° R>° A_° A¨[° cV$L$[p°`p¨[f `pd° R>° A_° A¨[° cV$L$[p°`p¨[f `pd° R>° A_° A¨[° cV$L$[p°
ıhf b_[p¨ hmu ”uSy>¨ S> ıhf b_[p¨ hmu ”uSy>¨ S> ıhf b_[p¨ hmu ”uSy>¨ S> ıhf b_[p¨ hmu ”uSy>¨ S> ıhf b_[p¨ hmu ”uSy>¨ S> ÍÍÍÍÍ `pfi[f `pd° R>°. ‚pf¨cdp¨ Ap¨^u_u S>°d Apæ$dL$`pfi[f `pd° R>°. ‚pf¨cdp¨ Ap¨^u_u S>°d Apæ$dL$`pfi[f `pd° R>°. ‚pf¨cdp¨ Ap¨^u_u S>°d Apæ$dL$`pfi[f `pd° R>°. ‚pf¨cdp¨ Ap¨^u_u S>°d Apæ$dL$`pfi[f `pd° R>°. ‚pf¨cdp¨ Ap¨^u_u S>°d Apæ$dL$
b_u EW$ep° l[p° [° ‚°d cV$L$[p ıhf_y¨ rR>fi_–h `pd[p¨ h°]$_p S>Nph° R>°b_u EW$ep° l[p° [° ‚°d cV$L$[p ıhf_y¨ rR>fi_–h `pd[p¨ h°]$_p S>Nph° R>°b_u EW$ep° l[p° [° ‚°d cV$L$[p ıhf_y¨ rR>fi_–h `pd[p¨ h°]$_p S>Nph° R>°b_u EW$ep° l[p° [° ‚°d cV$L$[p ıhf_y¨ rR>fi_–h `pd[p¨ h°]$_p S>Nph° R>°b_u EW$ep° l[p° [° ‚°d cV$L$[p ıhf_y¨ rR>fi_–h `pd[p¨ h°]$_p S>Nph° R>°
A_° k˘]$e_° Ai°j`Z° ∆[u ≈e R>°. Ap kp∑_°V$dp¨ ”Z S> hpL$ep° R>° A_°A_° k˘]$e_° Ai°j`Z° ∆[u ≈e R>°. Ap kp∑_°V$dp¨ ”Z S> hpL$ep° R>° A_°A_° k˘]$e_° Ai°j`Z° ∆[u ≈e R>°. Ap kp∑_°V$dp¨ ”Z S> hpL$ep° R>° A_°A_° k˘]$e_° Ai°j`Z° ∆[u ≈e R>°. Ap kp∑_°V$dp¨ ”Z S> hpL$ep° R>° A_°A_° k˘]$e_° Ai°j`Z° ∆[u ≈e R>°. Ap kp∑_°V$dp¨ ”Z S> hpL$ep° R>° A_°
ge AM¨X$ R>°. Di_kπ_p¨ L$pÏep°_° k‚pZ L$fu S>[y¨ `°gy¨ dy¡^bm Alvge AM¨X$ R>°. Di_kπ_p¨ L$pÏep°_° k‚pZ L$fu S>[y¨ `°gy¨ dy¡^bm Alvge AM¨X$ R>°. Di_kπ_p¨ L$pÏep°_° k‚pZ L$fu S>[y¨ `°gy¨ dy¡^bm Alvge AM¨X$ R>°. Di_kπ_p¨ L$pÏep°_° k‚pZ L$fu S>[y¨ `°gy¨ dy¡^bm Alvge AM¨X$ R>°. Di_kπ_p¨ L$pÏep°_° k‚pZ L$fu S>[y¨ `°gy¨ dy¡^bm Alv
A_h¤ L$pÏerkqŸ ky^u `l°p¨Q° R>°.'A_h¤ L$pÏerkqŸ ky^u `l°p¨Q° R>°.'A_h¤ L$pÏerkqŸ ky^u `l°p¨Q° R>°.'A_h¤ L$pÏerkqŸ ky^u `l°p¨Q° R>°.'A_h¤ L$pÏerkqŸ ky^u `l°p¨Q° R>°.'47
‚ı[y[ Qpf° kp∑_°V$dp¨ cphr_Í`Zdp¨ ‚Zerham[p L°$fi÷ı\p_° R>°.
_peL$_p rh÷p°l_° A°L$ QY$phæ$ddp¨ ^ud° ^ud° [uh∞ b_ph[p¨ A¨r[d kp∑_°V$
fQ_pA° D–L$V$ b_pÏep° R>°. b^p¨ kp∑_°V$p°_° æ$di: Apıhp]$hp `X°$ A°hp° Apg°M
S>Íf Alu¨ `X$ep° R>°, S>° L©$r[_° kp∑_°V$dpmp_p ıhÍ` ky^u ]$p°fu ≈e R>°. ‚\d
kp∑_°V$ i°L$πsı`efipB OpV$dp¨ R>°. buSy>¨ A_° ”uSy>¨ 8+4+2 S>°hp A_° A¨r[d
kp∑_°V$ 5+6+3 S>°hp¨ M¨X$rhcpS>_dp¨ hl¢√ep R>°. ‚pk ıh[¨” ‚L$pf_p¨ b^p¨
kp∑_°V$dp¨ fpøep R>°, `Z A¨r[d b° `¨qL$[Ap°_p ‚pk ≈mÏep R>°. R>¨]$p°rh^p_dp¨
Qpf°e kp∑_°V$ riMqfZu R>¨]$dp¨ R>°.
"`|. bp`p S>[p¨' ([©Z_p° N∞l) :
L$rh_p h•eqL[L$‚°d_u dy÷p ≈°ep R>u Ly$Vy¨$b‚°d_u dy÷p "`|. bp`p S>[p¨'
iujÆL$ _uQ°_p¨ ApW$ kp∑_°V$dp¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°. Alv r`[p∆_p ıhNÆhpk `R>u
ip°L$p¨S>rgÍ`° gMpe°g kp∑_°V$p° k¨L$rg[ \ep¨ R>°. S>°dp¨_y¨ ‚\d kp∑_°V$ "h–kgfk'
dp¨ ı`iÆ dp”\u A_pepk h_ ApMy¨e lku EW°$, A°d d^yNN_ S>°hp k]$_dp¨
r`[p∆_p rifR>” _uQ° k¨[p_p°Í`° Ly¨$S>Ngu S>°hp qhL$ku Nep. Ad_° ririfp°_u
ApR>u kfMu Ap¨Q `Z Aphhp _ ]$u^u. dyMdp¨ fpd_u ^|_ L$f[p¨, L$ÎepZÍ`
241
ApiuhpÆ]$_u dy÷p b^p D`f L$f[p¨ Aphp° k[`p]$ı`iÆ r`[pÍ `° c|rddp¨
h–kgfk Í`° rhQf[p° ]$uW$p°. r`[p_p h–kgfkdp¨ L$rh [fbp°m bfiep `R>u,
"fpM A_° a}g' kp∑_°V$dp¨ S>° M¨cp D`f h°g S>°hp `p°[° ER>epÆ R>°. "Adpfp M¨cp
D`f lh° TpX$ b_u QY$u_° Nep R>°' dp¨ r`[p_p d©–ey_° hZÆÏey¨ R>°. L$rh A_°
Ly$Vy ¨$buAp°_° r`[p_y¨ h©Ÿ ifuf Ïlpgy¨ R>°, S>°Z° A^wk]$u ky^u Ly$Vy ¨$buAp°_°
Ap√R>p›ep l[p¨, r`[p h°]$pfi[u l[p. [°_p A°L$pA°L$ Ahkp_\u L$rh_° ApÚeÆ
\pe R>°. "h°]$pfi[' kp∑_°V$dp¨ r`[p A°L$ q]$hk Apd S> b^y¨ d|L$u QpÎep S>i° A°hu
]$l°i[ l[u. rh^p[p r`[p_p [__°, d__° `Z rir\g L$f[p° l[p°. ky]$pdp S>°hp
_p_L$X$u bQL$u gB_° ‚cy_u `pk° `l°p¨√ep R>° ! Qp°\p kp∑_°V$ ".. _° [p°e ....' dp¨
r`[p_p ÏeqL$[–h_° D`kph° R>°. AÛV$L$dp¨ h^[u he_y¨ V$p¨L$œ¨ g• rh^p[p OX°$ R>°
–epf° [dpfu c÷ ‚r[dp b_° R>°. r`[p_p ÏeqL$[–h_° `R>u Apg°M[p L$rh [°_u
L$fyZp, rih`¨\u ApQpf, k¨kpfu[`ıhu S>°hu f°MpAp° A¨qL$[ L$f° R>°. jÛV$L$dp¨
r`[p_p d©–ey_y¨ ]y$:M, [°_p ip°L$_u hp[ L$fu R>°. dp[p_p h•^Ïe_y¨ ]y$:M r`[p_°
‚Ò L$fhp ky^u gB ≈e R>° :
"Adpfu dp[p_p L$f - rif - L$`pm°\u E[fu
S>[p¨ kp•cp¡eÓu k¨]°$i [d_° L¶$ \[y¨ _' [y¨ ?'
(".. _° [p°e ...', [©Z_p° N∞l, `©. 89)
`p¨Qdp kp∑_°V$ ".. lh° O°f `” gM[p¨' dp¨ r`[p_p° ı_°l k¨[p_dp¨ ]|$f
f¸° L°$hp° ÏeL$[ \pe R>°. Alv r`[p_u rb_l•ep[u R>°, `Z `”dp¨ [p° V°$h dyS>b
"r‚e r`[p∆' A°hy¨ k¨bp°^_ gMpe ≈e R>°. `R>u [°_° R>°L$[p L$rh ˘]$e_° ]y$:M
\pe R>°. AÓy V$`L$u `X°$ R>° _° lh° Mpgu `X°$gp [° ı\p__° ]y$:M kp\° r_fMu fl°
R>°. r`[p_u kyL$gL$X$u R>pep¨ kdy¨ rifR>” ]|$f \[p¨ [°_p ifuf_u tQ[p rhi°_u
`” rhN[ `Z NB, ≈Z° hı[u ApMu NB. `R>u_p jÛV$L$dp¨ ıhNÆ-`©’hu h√Q°
`” Ïehlpf_u Ïehı\p _ lp°hp_° L$pfZ° [d_° `”p° hNf L°$hy¨ AX$hy¨ - AX$hy¨
gpN[y li°. R>Ãz$ kp∑_°V$ "`”fk' S>°hp iujÆL$ kp\° A_yk¨ p_° Np°W$hpe R>°. r`[p_p
Ahip_ `R>u L$rh ıhı\[p\u [°_p r`[©hp–kÎe_° ep]$ L$f° R>°. r`[p_p
242
`”fkdp¨ h[__u kud-F>[y-L©$qj [mphp°_p kdpQpfp° R>gL$[p fl°[p ≈Z° gOyL$
R>pep¨ S>°hp A° k¨]$c£ r`[p_u TuZu TuZu rhN[dp¨ [°_u tQ[p_° L$rhA° hZÆhu
R>°. lh° Aphu tQ[p hNf [d_° Np°W$[y¨ _lv lp°e A°d S>Zphu bfi_° ∞yhp°_° ≈°X$[u
∆h_L$X$u [|V$ep_y¨ ]y$:M, h°]$_p cpf°gu `X$u R>°. riMqfZu_p ‚–e°L$ er[A°
er[dp¨ h©Ÿ r`[p_u L$pep E`k[u ≈e R>°, _° A°_p° Acph h°]$_p_° h^pf[u
fl° R>°. kp[dp kp∑_°V$ "lz¨ ≈œ¨ -' dp¨ r_er[_p æ$d_° ıhuL$pf[p h•eqL[L$‚°d_°
rhı[pf[p kdqÛV$ ky^u gB Qpg° R>°. d_yÛe° Ïlpgp ıhS>__p d©–ey_p ]y$:M\u
V°$hphy¨ S> f¸y¨. d©–ey_° rih kp\°_p rdg__y¨ hf]$p_ NZu Nphy¨ S> f¸y¨ AÛV$L$dp¨
d©’ey k¨b¨^u qagk|au ÏeL$[ L$f° R>°, Z cph`gV$pÍ` jÛV$L$dp¨ r`[p_p rifR>”
kfMy¨ ıhS>__y¨ S> d©–ey hkdy¨ b_u fl° R>°. lh° ]|$f\u `” gM[p ıd©r[Í`u if
hv^u f¸y¨ R>°. A¨r[d kp∑_°V$ "lz¨ dyS> r`[p' cphr_Í`Z° rhriÛV$ dy÷p ^pfZ L$f°
R>°. ]|$f fl°[p° `y” r`[p_p Ahkp_ bp]$ ‚\d hM[ `p°[p_p Of° h[_dp¨ ≈e
R>°. hX$ug\u leyÆceyÆ Of lh° lhX$ AhL$pi S>°hy¨ gpN° R>°. ‚hpk_p¨ hı”p° E[pfu
`|≈ L$fhp b°k[p° `y” r`[p_y¨ `¨rQey¨ `l°f° R>° _° A°L$ _hp° S> A_ych \pe R>°.
cph hmp¨L$Í`° jÛV$L$dp¨ `p°[pdp¨ Í`p¨[f_u qæ$ep ‚pf¨cpe R>°.
r`[p_u V°$h° S>[p¨ `y” ≈Z° Ap¨[qfL$ bp¸ bfi_° fu[° r`[pde b_° R>°.
ıdfZp_ych _uQ° r`[p_p° ‚√R>fi_ ip°L$ Ap fu[° hl°[p° A_ychpe R>°, `Z
kp∑_°V$_° A¨[° "r`[p_y¨ Ahkp__° ıdfZ, h[Ædp__p° ip°L$p_ych _° cprh_p°"r`[p_y¨ Ahkp__° ıdfZ, h[Ædp__p° ip°L$p_ych _° cprh_p°"r`[p_y¨ Ahkp__° ıdfZ, h[Ædp__p° ip°L$p_ych _° cprh_p°"r`[p_y¨ Ahkp__° ıdfZ, h[Ædp__p° ip°L$p_ych _° cprh_p°"r`[p_y¨ Ahkp__° ıdfZ, h[Ædp__p° ip°L$p_ych _° cprh_p°
dfZp_ych A°d ”Z° Ahı\pAp°_p° Q•[rkL$ kpnp–L$pf L$rh L$f° R>°.'dfZp_ych A°d ”Z° Ahı\pAp°_p° Q•[rkL$ kpnp–L$pf L$rh L$f° R>°.'dfZp_ych A°d ”Z° Ahı\pAp°_p° Q•[rkL$ kpnp–L$pf L$rh L$f° R>°.'dfZp_ych A°d ”Z° Ahı\pAp°_p° Q•[rkL$ kpnp–L$pf L$rh L$f° R>°.'dfZp_ych A°d ”Z° Ahı\pAp°_p° Q•[rkL$ kpnp–L$pf L$rh L$f° R>°.'48
"__pdue° dpfu _ufMy¨ `R>u - _° cX$cX$ rQ[p,
flz ¨ ≈°B dpfy ¨ ib bm[y¨ lz ¨; lz ¨, dyS> r`[p !'
("lz¨ dyS> r`[p', [©Z_p° N∞l - `©. 93)
‚ı[y[ kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ A°L$\u kp[ kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ L$rhA° km¨N cph‚hpl_°
ku^u f°Mpdp¨ Apg°øep R>u ApW$dp kp∑_°V$dp¨ cph_u Í`p¨[f_u ‚qæ$epÍ ° hmp¨L$
gB `|ZÆ b_° R>°. r_er[_p æ$d_° ıhuL$pf[u, r`[p_y¨ ı\p_ `y” r`[p b_u g° R>°
[°_p d©–ey `R>u.. A°d cprh [fa Nr[ L$f[u - L$f[u r_er[_u k¨bŸ k¨OV$_p
243
k|Qh[u hufd° R>°. h•eqL[L$ cphp° r`[p_p khÆ kpdpfieÍ`dp¨ `qfhr[Æ[ \B
khÆgnu b_u fl° R>° _° A° fu[° L$rh cph_° DW$phu_° A°L$ KQpB bnu R>°. Apd
kdN∞ fu[° Agp°L$[p "`|. bp`p S>[p¨ -' kp∑_°V$dpmp_p° ApL$pf ^pfZ L$f° R>°.
L$rhA° kp∑_°V$æ$d - 1 dp¨ 5+6+3; kp∑_°V$æ$d - 2 dp¨ 6+4+4; kp∑_°V$æ$d
- 3, 6 km¨N Qp•]$ `¨qL$[Í`° rdÎV$_ipB, kp∑_°V$æ$d - 4, 5, 7, 8 `°V≤$pLÆ$ipB
`Ÿr[_p M¨X$ rhcpS>_hpmp f¸p¨ R>°. ‚pk ıh[¨” fuq[_p `k¨]$ L$epÆ R>°. A¨[_u
b° `¨qL$[_p ‚pkp° ≈mÏep R>°. klS> fu[° D`dp `∞ep°∆ iL$_pf Di_k°π D`dp,
Í`L$, D–‚°np S>°hp¨ Ag¨L$pfp°\u L$pÏebp_u_° iZNpfu R>°. R>¨]$p°rh^p_dp¨ km¨N
ApW°$ kp∑_°V$L©$r[Ap°dp¨ riMqfZu R>¨]$_° ‚iıe fu[° `∞ep°S>ep° R>°. L$fyZfk_°
riMqfZudp¨ A]$πc|[ fu[° hlpÏep° R>°. L$epf°L$ er[ gp° , [p° L$epf°L$ er[A° er[A°
h°]$_p, cph_p DR>pm r_͇ep R>°. ‚ı[y[ kp∑_°V$dpmp A_yc|r[_p ”Z DR>pm°
`|ZÆ L$fu R>°. S>° kp∑_°V$dpmp_° A¨[° 30-11-60, 6-12-60 A_° 22-2-61
S>°hu [pfuMp° Ap`u R>° [°_p `f\u øepg dm° R>°. k¨h°]$__° A°L$ hjÆ O|¨V$ey¨ R>°.
"hmu `pR>p¨ h[_dp¨' ([©Z_p° N∞l) :
h[_‚°d_° ÏeL$[ L$f[y¨ kp∑_°V$ Q[yÛe_p ‚\d kp∑_°V$ "kdef\' dp¨
L$rhA° kde_u hp[ L$fu R>°. fpS>°fi÷ ipl_u "ApeyÛe_p Ahi°j°' _u ep]$_°
[p∆ L$fph[u ‚ı[y[ fQ_p Di_kπ_u L$rh–hiqL[_p° rhriÛV$ `qfQe Ap`u
fl° R>°. L$rhA° Qpf kp∑_°V$L©$r[ ‹pfp kde, ‚L©$r[ A_° dp_hu h√Q°_p pfı`qfL$
k¨b¨^p° rhi°_u L$rh_u kdS> AkfL$pfL$ fu[° ÏeL$[ L$fu R>°. Ap_y¨ `qfZpd ‚\d
kp∑_°V$ "kdef\' dp¨\u kp¨`X°$ R>°. L$rh ≈Z° N[ kde_° _ufMu iL°$ R>°. ]$qnZ
[fa\u D—f [fa Ne°gp kde° R>p°X°$gp A¢ pZp° ‹pfp N°fy d°mh° R>°. L$rh kde_u
q]$ip kp\° kde_u Nr[ `Z Ahgp°L°$ R>°. kde_y¨ `N°fy¨ ]$bph[p¨ S>Zph° R>° A°
kde f\ `f\u E[fu Qpgu_° Nep° R>°. S>ep¨ ]$f°L$ QfZ° [©Z ENu _uL$˛ey¨ R>°.
Alv L$rhA° kde_p dp`_° `Z Ahgp°L$ey¨ R>°. A° dp` M¨X°$f `f EN°gp [©ZÍ °
≈°e°gp¨ kde_p N[ ıhÍ` Í ° L$pÏep¨[° L$rh S>Zph° R>°. kde hX$ugp°, h©Ÿp° hN°f°_°
f\dp¨ _p¨Mu_° lfZ L$fu Nep° dpV°$ S> b^y¨ M¨X°$f S>°hy¨ b√ey¨ R>°. S>°_p `f kde_y¨
244
[©ZıhÍ` ]°$Mp ]°$ R>°. A°L$ °Y$u_p rhkS>Æ_ R>u _hu °Y$u_y Ah[fZ Z [©Z_p
DNhpdp¨ r_]£$ipe°gy¨ R>°. L$rh DQL$ ∆h° "N©l‚h°i' L$f° R>°. L$by[fp°_u `p¨Mp°_u
thTpV$\u hmNZu A_° [°_p `f_p¨ hı”p°, L°$g°fiX$f, [°_p `p_pAp°, `hÆ_u
r[r\Ap° af\u EW°$ R>°. "Af° L¶$ `°Y$uAp° DR>ufu EX$u N• QL$πQL$ L$fu.' kde [°_u
dy÷pAp° d|L$[p° Nep° R>°. Ap^p[p°_u Óyr[ A_° ◊Ìedp_ L$Î`_p°\u ∆ZÆ Of_y¨
[p◊ÌerQ” L$rhA° D`kpÏey¨ R>°. L$rhA° dpmp A_° QL$gu_p ‚[uL$ ‹pfp S>fidu_°
∆hu Ne°gu `°Y$u_° Qv^u R>°. kp∑_°V$ "∆h_ - dfZ - ]$iÆ_' \u hmp¨L$ d|L°$ R>°.
ı\|m]$iÆ_ lh° k| d]$iÆ_ b_° R>°. ıhı\[p ‚p‡[ L$epÆ R>u dfZ rhi°_y [pV$ı’e
L°$mh° R>°. [©Z‚°du L$rh ıhN©l° ‚h°i L$epÆ `R>u bpfuL$pB\u Ahgp°L°$ R>°. Of
[©Z_uX$ kfuMy¨ `l°gp¨ QL$guAp°_p¨ QvQv Ahp≈°\u h_ S>°hy¨ Np¨S>[y¨ l[y¨, [°_u
S>¡epA° lh° L$b|[fp°_y O| O|, L$fp°rmep_p ≈mp - ∆ZÆ Mp°Mp, d√R>fp°-dpMuAp°_p
Of bfiep R>°. [°_u bpSy>dp¨ Nfp°mu rhj g`L$[u ∆c° ◊Ìedp_ \pe R>°. lhX$
Of_p kp¨`∞[ kde_p Mpgu`Zpdp¨ AcphN∞ı[ `uX$p_y¨ hfhy¨ Í` `dpe R>°.
Nfp°mu_u rhj g`L$[u ∆cdp¨ L$rhA° dfZ_° gphu d|L$ey¨ R>°. L$rh lh° dfZ\u
Q°p¨L$[p _\u. L$pÏep¨[° [©Z_p° rhı[pf L$bf ky^u g¨bpep° R>°. "Opk A_° L$pm'
kp∑_°V$_p DOpX$dp¨ -
"◊Np°' dvQu fiepmy¨ : L$bf[Zu rdÀ$u [©Z [©Z !
^ud° ^ud° \p[y¨ Of `uNmu rdÀ$u L$Z L$Z !'
(".. Opk A_° L$pm', [©Z_p° N∞l - `©. 97)
[©Z_p ıhÍ`_° L$rh Ap¨Mp° dvQu Ahgp°L°$ R>°, lh° [°_p Npd, Of_u
ıd©r[Ap° b^y¨ S> rhge `pd° R>°, fl° R>° dp” A°L$gy¨ [©Z. S>°_p¨ rhı[pfdp¨ L$rh
A°L$pL$pf_p ]$iÆ_dp¨ gu_ b_° R>° _° AM¨X$[p A_ych° R>°.
"ky[°gu rdÀ$u `° _hg [©Z fp°d$p¨Q glf° !
S>_°[p_y¨ ≈°B [©Z Í` rhcy Ap rif° Y$m°. '
(".. Opk A_° L$pm', [©Z_p° N∞l - `©. 97)
245
S>__u_° [©Z Í`° _hp ıhÍ`dp¨ `pd° R>°. S>° rhcyıhÍ` R>° S>°_p° fp°dp¨Q
gl°fpe EW°$ R>°.
Qp°\p kp∑_°V$_° A¨[° L$rh kde_° ÏepøepbŸ L$f° R>°. _Nfk¨ıL©$r[ h√Q°\u
‚L©$r[_p fÁe A°hp h[_ [fa L$rhA° L$f°gu Nr[dp¨ hu[°gp¨ kde_p° L¨$` R>°. A°
L¨$`dp¨ `Z ıhı\[p R>°. S>°_p `f ]$iÆ_dp¨ `Ngp¨ `X°$ R>°.
‚ı[y[ kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ rhQpf_p Apg°M_dp¨ _hu dy÷p bnu R>°. kde-
L$pm_° L°$fi÷ı\ fpMu h[_ [fa Nr[ L$f[p° _peL$ h[_ `l°p¨√ep `R>u A[u[_p
M¨X°$fp°dp¨ af[p kde_° Ahgp°L°$ R>°. Ap kde_p ‚hpldp¨ Oœ¨ Dk°V$pe Ney¨ R>°,
rhkS>Æ_ `pÁey¨ R>° _° _hy¨-_hy¨ A° ı\p_° kS>Æ_ `Z \[y¨ f¸y¨ R>°. ApMf° A° `Z
kde_p ‚hpldp¨ rhgu_ \hp_y¨, Ap Qæ$ k[[ Qpghp_y¨ A°d dfZ_° `Z
ıhı\[p\u Ahgp°L$u _peL$ [©Zdp¨ rhcyÍ` S>__u_° Sy>A° R>° _° A°d A°L$ _hy¨
]$iÆ_ gp^° R>°, [°dp¨ [° gu_ b_° R>°. Apd rhQpf_° ı\|mdp¨\u k|ˇd [fa gB
S>[p¨ Ap Qpf° kp∑_°V$ dpmp_u ApL©$r[ ^pfZ L$f° R>°. ”u≈-Qp°\p kp∑_°V$dp¨ ]$iÆ_
gp^[p hmp¨L$ kp\° kp∑_°V$dpmp |ZÆ \pe R>°. L$rhA° ‚ı[y[ Qpf kp∑_°V$_° kp∑_°V$-
Ny√R> L$¸y¨ R>°.
L$rhA° ‚\d kp∑_°V$ "kdef\' _° 4+4+2+4; "N©l‚h°i' _° 5+6+3;
"∆h_-dfZ-]$iÆ_' _° 4+4+3+3; "Opk A_° L$pm' _° 4+4+4+2 S>°hp M¨X$
rhcpS>_dp¨ hl¢√ep R>°. ‚pk`Ÿr[ ıh[¨” ‚L$pf_u ıhuL$pfu R>°. b^p¨ S> kp∑_°V$p°dp¨
L$rh_p° r‚e R>¨]$ riMqfZu f¸p° R>°. riMqfZu_p Ah_hp ge ‚\d kp∑_°V$
A_° q‹[ue kp∑_°V$dp¨ d|L$ep¨ R>°. cph_° A_yÍ` L$pÏebp_u flu R>°. ‚ı[y[ L©$r[
31-10-61 dp¨ fQpe R>°.
"dy¨bB : A°Lh°qfeddp¨' ([©Z_p° N∞l) :
dy¨bB rhjeL$ ı\mgnu R> kp∑_°V$p° "A°L$h°qfeddp¨' A°hy¨ L$lu dpR>guOf
k¨b¨^dp¨ hp[ L$f° R>°. S>°dp¨ ‚\d kp∑_°V$ "Í`f¨N' dp¨ dpR>guAp°_p Í`f¨N r_lpmu
[°_° ∆h[p S>m_y¨ ∆h_ L$¸y¨ R>°, `Z b^y¨ S> L©$q”d R>°. L$rh [°_p k¨]$c£ `p°[°
246
‚L©$r[ h√Q°\u dy¨bB S>°hp¨ A°L$h°qfeddp¨ Aphu Np°W$hpep R>° A°hu Np°r`[ h°]$_p
≈Z° ‚NV$ L$f° R>°, S>°dp¨ cf[u L°$ [f¨N _\u. bu≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨ dpR>gu S>°d S>m
blpf flu iL$[u _\u, S>m S> A°_y¨ ∆h_ R>°, bfpbf [°_u kp\° `p°[p_° d|Lu$
≈Z° S>m blpf_y¨ `p°[° dpR>gy¨ R>° A°hp° cph A_ych° R>°. dlpgˇdu_p ı\m
rhjeL$ kp∑_°V$dp¨ dlpgˇdu_p MX$L$ f Ec°gp L$rh dp°≈_p¨ pR>p hm[p¨ pZu
dT^pf° A≈Œep ‹u` [fa S>hp ggQph° R>°. d__p dlp_Nfdp¨ \[u ]$p°X$^pd
Nr[iug[p_° kdeQæ$ kp\° ]$p°X$[y¨ b[phu d¬efp”u_p kde° dlpdpep S>°hu
h©r—Ap° ‚NV°$ R>° _° _Nf_p bu≈ Ql°fp_y¨ L$rh ]$iÆ_ L$fph° R>°. A¨r[d kp∑_°V$dp¨
N∞pÁek¨ıL©$r[_° ep]$ L$f° R>°, kp\° iiu S>°hu ıd©r[_u Np¨W$X$u bp¨ u_° L$rh ıdfZ_p
Ap¨kyAp° hX°$ [°_° `gpm[p aaX$[p d_° W$N_Nf\u Q°[[p lp°e [°hy¨ gpN° R>°.
fM°_° fp¨L$_u `p°V$gu L$p°B DW$phu ≈e. ‚ı[y[ R> kp∑_°V$ AgN-AgN Apıhp]$u
iL$pe A°hp¨ f¸p¨ R>°. ‚\d b° kp∑_°V$p° A_yk¨^p_ ≈mh° R>°. `R>u_p kp∑_°V$ L$p°B
ı\m rhjeL$ R>°, [p° b° kp∑_°V$p° kde_° [pL°$ R>°, [°\u dy¨bB - A°L$h°qfeddp¨
dy¨bB kp\° ı\m rhjeL$ A_yc|r[ ^fph° R>° S>° A°L$ T|dMy¨ b_ph° R>°.
"AjpY$_u A_yc|r[Ap°' : (ı`¨]$ A_° R>¨]$)
‚L©$r[_y¨ [“h L$rh_° l¨d°ip¨ ApL$qjÆ[ L$f[y¨ f¸y¨ R>°. F>[y_u rhrh^ fdZp¨
L$rhA° Turg R>°. Ap–dS>N[dp¨ A°_u A_yc|r[Ap°_° A_ychu R>°, S>°_° L$rhA°
iÂ]$ı\m `Z L$fu R>° A°hu S> AjpY$_u A_yc|r[Ap° kp∑_°V$”eu Í`° L$rhA°
Apg°Mu R>°. `∞\d kp∑_°V$dp¨ hjpÆ_u rTZu Tfdf `R>u `©’hudp¨ Q°[_p ‚NV°$ R>°.
Opk Í`°, AmriepÍ`°, L$uX$uAp°Í`°, `[¨rNep Í`° L$pÏep¨[° buS>dp¨\u ^pfie_p°
aZNp° \hp_u OV$_p kp\° ‚\d kp∑_°V$_° `|ZÆ L$eyØ R>°. bu≈ kp∑_°V$_° "kS>Æ__p°
D¤d' iujÆL$ Ap‡ey¨ R>°. h¨]$p_u [|V°$gu `p¨M_° L$uX$uAp° D¤d\u ]$f ky^u D`pX$u
≈e R>°. L$uX$u_p L$pbfrQ[fp L$V$L$_u D¤dgugp r_lp˛ep R>u QL$gu_p dpmp_p
k¨dpS>Æ_dp¨ QL$gu_p D¤d_° r_lpm° R>°. Q•[fieS>N[dp¨\u S> [pmp° dm° R>°,
d©–ey_p dyM° S> ∆h__p° dpmp° DR>fu f¸p° R>° A°hy¨ rhı[de X$p°L$pe R>°, `R>u_p
kp∑_°V$_° "rhkS>Æ_' iujÆL$ Ap‡ey¨ R>°. A_fp^pf hjpÆ blpf Qpgy R>° _° L$rh Of_u
247
Qpf q]$hpgp° h√Q° R>°, `Z Of_u A^MyÎgu bpfudp¨\u hfkp]$_u A°L$ hpR>V$_p°
ı`iÆ L$rh_p A¨[fdp¨ kmhmpV$ `°]$p L$fu ≈e R>°. `R>u -
"Ası[–h_u ^f[u Apq]$d kp°X$d° [°
Ál°L$u EW$u Ah f¸p° _lv c°]$ L$p °B'
("rhkS>Æ_', ı`¨]$ A_° R>¨]$ - `©. 31)
Ası[–hdp¨ Apq]$d`œ¨ ‚NV°$ R>°, S>°dp¨ L$rh []$pL$pf \pe R>° L$rh ≈Z°
‚L©$r[_p [“hp°Í`° Í`p¨[f A_ych° R>°.
‚ı[y[ ”Z kp∑_°V$dp¨ tQ[_k°f ≈°hp dm° R>°. AjpY$ F>[y_u A_yc|r[
Apq]$d_p Ap¤ge_° S>NpX°$ R>° _° Í``qfh[Æ__u ‚qæ$ep A_ych° R>°. _hQ°[__u
k©qÛV$dp¨ AgN-AgN Apıhp]$u iL$p[p kp∑_°V$, kp∑_°V$-Ny√R> b_ph° R>°.
"A_l]$_u kfl]°$' : (ı`¨]$ A_° R>¨]$)
kp`y[pfp, X$p¨Ndp¨ ıa}f°gp "A_l]$_u kfl]°$' L©$r[dp¨ L$rhA° ApW$ kp∑_°V$
d|L$ep¨ R>°. " "A_pdu Ape°pÆdp¨' A° Ap Ny√R>_y¨ `l°gy¨ kp∑_°V$ R>°, S>° bpL$u_p" "A_pdu Ape°pÆdp¨' A° Ap Ny√R>_y¨ `l°gy¨ kp∑_°V$ R>°, S>° bpL$u_p" "A_pdu Ape°pÆdp¨' A° Ap Ny√R>_y¨ `l°gy¨ kp∑_°V$ R>°, S>° bpL$u_p" "A_pdu Ape°pÆdp¨' A° Ap Ny√R>_y¨ `l°gy¨ kp∑_°V$ R>°, S>° bpL$u_p" "A_pdu Ape°pÆdp¨' A° Ap Ny√R>_y¨ `l°gy¨ kp∑_°V$ R>°, S>° bpL$u_p
kp[°e kp∑_°V$_u rhjeiqL[kudp_° k¨L°$[[y¨, L¨$BL$ A¨i° r_S>dp¨ kdph[y¨kp[°e kp∑_°V$_u rhjeiqL[kudp_° k¨L°$[[y¨, L¨$BL$ A¨i° r_S>dp¨ kdph[y¨kp[°e kp∑_°V$_u rhjeiqL[kudp_° k¨L°$[[y¨, L¨$BL$ A¨i° r_S>dp¨ kdph[y¨kp[°e kp∑_°V$_u rhjeiqL[kudp_° k¨L°$[[y¨, L¨$BL$ A¨i° r_S>dp¨ kdph[y¨kp[°e kp∑_°V$_u rhjeiqL[kudp_° k¨L°$[[y¨, L¨$BL$ A¨i° r_S>dp¨ kdph[y¨
_° æ$di: ‚NV$ph[y ¨ N¨Np°”uriMf b_u fl° R> °.'_° æ$di: ‚NV$ph[y ¨ N¨Np°”uriMf b_u fl° R> °.'_° æ$di: ‚NV$ph[y ¨ N¨Np°”uriMf b_u fl° R> °.'_° æ$di: ‚NV$ph[y ¨ N¨Np°”uriMf b_u fl° R> °.'_° æ$di: ‚NV$ph[y ¨ N¨Np°”uriMf b_u fl° R> °.'49
d_dp¨ A[©r‡[ A_°
`qf[©r‡[_u A°L$ kudp R>°. A° kfl]°$\u, ≈Z° A_l]$_u kfl]°$_u ep”p_p°
Apf¨c \ep° R>°. Ap ep”p A°V$g° ApÚe°pÆ_u ep”p, _pd hNf_u ep”p. S>°dp¨
A≈Œep `lpX$p°, h©np°_p NuQ DOX$[p¨ hNX$pAp° R>°, S>°_° ]°$hp S>°hu k¨opAp°
`Z _\u. A_pdu hl°[p TfZpAp°_p L¨$L$Zkdp T¨L$pf, A≈Œep `Z°pÆ_p
Mf[p¨ `p¨]$_u Xy$NXy$Nu "Alv R>p°X$u ]•$_° NZ[fu Ecu k¨ıL©$r[ d|¨Nu !' k¨ıL©$r[
S>°hu k¨ıL©$r[ `Z d|L$ b_u R>°. Alv [°d_y¨ Agpe]y¨$ ÏeqL[–h S> cgp L$ep¨ R>° ?
A_° b_° R>° dp” _pd hNf_u l°Qp_. _Nf_y _pd Z R>°Îg° c|kpe R>°. k¨ıL©$r[
D`f Apq]$d[p_u khpfu kp\° ‚\d kp∑_°V$ `|ZÆ \pe R>°. bu≈ kp∑_°V$ "h_dp¨
kX$L$' dp¨ A_pdu ApÚe°pÆ_u ep”pdp¨_p ep”u `p°[p_p° `qfQe `Z Nydph° R>°,
`Z Nydphhp_u kp\° [° d°mh° R>° Ah_hu [fyk¨op. Ap k¨op `pÁep `R>u hmu
248
_hp¨ S> ApÚe°pÆ kpd° Aph° R>°. Apq]$d[p_u ‚\d dy÷p Í`° S>°hu l[u [°hu l∆
`Z Ap¤NX$uAp° A°d S> `X$u flu R>°. `lpX$ hv^[u KX$p hpY$p° S>°hu kX$L$p°,
]|$T[p Op S>°hp¨ TfZp¨Ap°, ı\m°-ı\m° L$ep¨ L$`pB NB R>° _k_k [Zu ≈m,
Lep¨L$ [p° Ap¨[fX$pAp° blpf ApÏep¨ li° _° ? lh° A° ApÚe°pÆdp¨ ]$]Æ$ cm° R>°.
"cm° R>° ApÚe£ ]$f]_y¨ L$iy¨ cp_ d_dp¨;
[fy Í `° ] | $Ty ¨, kX$L$Í ` T|L y ¨ $ ifddp¨'
("h_dp¨ kX$L$', ı`¨]$ A_° R>¨]$ - `©. 49)
”u≈ "[fyhfp°dp¨' kp∑_°V$dp¨ L$pÏe_peL$ Ahgp°L°$ R>°, lh° Y$p°mphp° kX$L$p°\u
]|$f Nep R>°. A]$bkf riı[ V|$L$X$dp¨ Ec°gp R>° h©np°, S>°_u Apk`pk S>du_
Mp°]$hp\u d|rmep¨ ]°$MpB f¸p¨ R>°, S>° MyÎgp¨ d|rmep¨ _Nf k¨ıL©$r[_u ep]$ L$fph°
R>°. [fyAp°_p MyÎgp d|rmepAp° _Nf_p¨ Ofp°_p `pB` S>°hp¨ gpN° R>°. kp◊Ìep°
‹pfp ◊Ìe_° ‚–en L$fphhp_p° L$rh_p° D`æ$d ]°$Mpe R>°. Alv ApNm_p kp∑_°V$dp¨
S>° A◊Ìe Ap¨[fX$pAp°_u L$mhp_u hp[ R>° [°_° ≈Z° ◊Ìedp_ L$fhp [fa_p°
r_]£$i `Z dm° R>°, `Z [fy k¨op `pd°gp L$rh_° _Nf k¨ıL©$r[ c|gpB _\u.
L$`pe°gp Y$p°mphp°, S>¨Ngp°_y¨ Í`L$p–dL$ hZÆ_, fp^°Ìepd idpÆ_° "hpY$ d|L$[u"hpY$ d|L$[u"hpY$ d|L$[u"hpY$ d|L$[u"hpY$ d|L$[u
kX$L$, ]|$T[p Op S>°hp¨ TfZ A_° blpf _uL$mu X°$gp¨ A¨”L$ "d°gp°X≤$pd°qV$L$'kX$L$, ]|$T[p Op S>°hp¨ TfZ A_° blpf _uL$mu X°$gp¨ A¨”L$ "d°gp°X≤$pd°qV$L$'kX$L$, ]|$T[p Op S>°hp¨ TfZ A_° blpf _uL$mu X°$gp¨ A¨”L$ "d°gp°X≤$pd°qV$L$'kX$L$, ]|$T[p Op S>°hp¨ TfZ A_° blpf _uL$mu X°$gp¨ A¨”L$ "d°gp°X≤$pd°qV$L$'kX$L$, ]|$T[p Op S>°hp¨ TfZ A_° blpf _uL$mu X°$gp¨ A¨”L$ "d°gp°X≤$pd°qV$L$'
Akf S>fidph° R>°, S>° BÛV$ _\u. A°L$hpf [fyk¨op `pÁep `R>u [fyhfp°dp¨\uAkf S>fidph° R>°, S>° BÛV$ _\u. A°L$hpf [fyk¨op `pÁep `R>u [fyhfp°dp¨\uAkf S>fidph° R>°, S>° BÛV$ _\u. A°L$hpf [fyk¨op `pÁep `R>u [fyhfp°dp¨\uAkf S>fidph° R>°, S>° BÛV$ _\u. A°L$hpf [fyk¨op `pÁep `R>u [fyhfp°dp¨\uAkf S>fidph° R>°, S>° BÛV$ _\u. A°L$hpf [fyk¨op `pÁep `R>u [fyhfp°dp¨\u
h©np°_u ^vNu d|muAp° _Nf_u `pB`h©np°_u ^vNu d|muAp° _Nf_u `pB`h©np°_u ^vNu d|muAp° _Nf_u `pB`h©np°_u ^vNu d|muAp° _Nf_u `pB`h©np°_u ^vNu d|muAp° _Nf_u `pB`ÍÍÍÍÍ `° hZÆhpe A° L°$hy ¨ ? ≈° L°$ ep__u`° hZÆhpe A° L°$hy ¨ ? ≈° L°$ ep__u`° hZÆhpe A° L°$hy ¨ ? ≈° L°$ ep__u`° hZÆhpe A° L°$hy ¨ ? ≈° L°$ ep__u`° hZÆhpe A° L°$hy ¨ ? ≈° L°$ ep__u
ep¨q”L$[p_p Q°`\u Aphy¨ \ey¨ lp°e, `Z ‚r[[uS>_L$ _\u gpN[y¨'ep¨q”L$[p_p Q°`\u Aphy¨ \ey¨ lp°e, `Z ‚r[[uS>_L$ _\u gpN[y¨'ep¨q”L$[p_p Q°`\u Aphy¨ \ey¨ lp°e, `Z ‚r[[uS>_L$ _\u gpN[y¨'ep¨q”L$[p_p Q°`\u Aphy¨ \ey¨ lp°e, `Z ‚r[[uS>_L$ _\u gpN[y¨'ep¨q”L$[p_p Q°`\u Aphy¨ \ey¨ lp°e, `Z ‚r[[uS>_L$ _\u gpN[y¨'50
A°d
A‚[ur[L$f gp¡ey¨ R>°, [p° fOyhuf Qp•^fu_° "”u≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨ "riı[° V|$L$X$udp¨'"”u≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨ "riı[° V|$L$X$udp¨'"”u≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨ "riı[° V|$L$X$udp¨'"”u≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨ "riı[° V|$L$X$udp¨'"”u≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨ "riı[° V|$L$X$udp¨'
L°$ "_NfN©l_u `pB`' S>°hp¨ kp◊Ìe ‹pfp ◊Ìe_° ‚–en L$fphhp_p° D`æ$dL°$ "_NfN©l_u `pB`' S>°hp¨ kp◊Ìe ‹pfp ◊Ìe_° ‚–en L$fphhp_p° D`æ$dL°$ "_NfN©l_u `pB`' S>°hp¨ kp◊Ìe ‹pfp ◊Ìe_° ‚–en L$fphhp_p° D`æ$dL°$ "_NfN©l_u `pB`' S>°hp¨ kp◊Ìe ‹pfp ◊Ìe_° ‚–en L$fphhp_p° D`æ$dL°$ "_NfN©l_u `pB`' S>°hp¨ kp◊Ìe ‹pfp ◊Ìe_° ‚–en L$fphhp_p° D`æ$d
ıhuL$pfpep° R>°, [°_° L$pfZ° fur[ h¨L$pe R>°. L$rh[p `pR>u `X$° R>°, L°$d L°$ ApıhuL$pfpep° R>°, [°_° L$pfZ° fur[ h¨L$pe R>°. L$rh[p `pR>u `X$° R>°, L°$d L°$ ApıhuL$pfpep° R>°, [°_° L$pfZ° fur[ h¨L$pe R>°. L$rh[p `pR>u `X$° R>°, L°$d L°$ ApıhuL$pfpep° R>°, [°_° L$pfZ° fur[ h¨L$pe R>°. L$rh[p `pR>u `X$° R>°, L°$d L°$ ApıhuL$pfpep° R>°, [°_° L$pfZ° fur[ h¨L$pe R>°. L$rh[p `pR>u `X$° R>°, L°$d L°$ Ap
Ag¨L$fZ rQ”Zp\u ApNm S>[y¨ _\u. Alv [p° kp]$u ku^u `¨qL$[Ap° h^yAg¨L$fZ rQ”Zp\u ApNm S>[y¨ _\u. Alv [p° kp]$u ku^u `¨qL$[Ap° h^yAg¨L$fZ rQ”Zp\u ApNm S>[y¨ _\u. Alv [p° kp]$u ku^u `¨qL$[Ap° h^yAg¨L$fZ rQ”Zp\u ApNm S>[y¨ _\u. Alv [p° kp]$u ku^u `¨qL$[Ap° h^yAg¨L$fZ rQ”Zp\u ApNm S>[y¨ _\u. Alv [p° kp]$u ku^u `¨qL$[Ap° h^y
˘¤ b_u flu R>°. '˘¤ b_u flu R>°. '˘¤ b_u flu R>°. '˘¤ b_u flu R>°. '˘¤ b_u flu R>°. '51
A_pdu ApÚe°pÆdp¨\u kcp_[pdp¨ ‚h°ihp R>[p¨ - L$iy¨L$
[pfhhp_p° ‚e–_ \[p° lp°hp¨ R>[p¨, A¨r[d b° `¨qL$[dp¨ kp]$Nu ‚NV$u R>° :
249
"Alp°, Ap h©n°\u a}g Mfu `X$ey¨ L$p°B ldZp¨,
_\u _°p¨^° g°hu, Alv hmu L$iu A°_u NZ_p ?'
("[fyhfp°dp¨', ı`¨]$ A_° R>¨]$ - `©. 50)
Qp°\p kp∑_°V$ "A–\cph' _u ‚pf¨c_u `¨qL$[Ap° kdN∞ L©$r[_u
A_yc|r[_° kdS>hp D`ep°Nu b_u iL°$ R>° :
"Alp°, Ap ApÚe£ dyS>\u Ney¨ L$p°B buS> kfu !,
Ly ¨ $hpfu c|rddp¨ Nl_ `X$ _uQ° S>B W$ey Ø,
A_° fp °dp ¨Qp°_y ¨ [[X$u _uL$˛ey ¨ S> ¨Ng _ey Ø
NB rc_u rc_u AX$L$u rimu S>ep¨ hpeyglfu !'
("A–\cph ', ı`¨]$ A_° R>¨]$ - `©. 51)
Alv Ası[–h L$p°BL$ nZ° ı\rN[ \pe R>°. Ası[–hdp¨\u kfu S>[y¨
buS> Ly¨$hpfu c|rddp¨ S>B W$f° R>° _° [°_° cu_u iump hpeyglfu_p ı`iÆ dp”\u S>
"[[X$u _uL$m° R>° S>¨Ng _eyØ '. Q•[fie ı\rN[ \[y¨ A_ychpe R>° _° `R>u h©n
S>°d ^fp`f fp°`pe R>° _° `N _uQ°_p kmhmpV°$ `©’hu_° `pf _uL$mu Aı\cph
A_ych° R>°. kp¨‚[_p k¨]$cÆ_° c°]$u A_pq]$L$pm ky^u k¨b¨^_° A]$πcy[ fu[° kfm
`]$phrgdp¨ Apg°Mpep° R>° :
"A_pq]$\u ≈Z° kde `V$ O°O|f `u`mp°,
Ecp° Ry>¨ fp[p°X$ - L$uX$u Ecf[u-`p°`X$u ce°pÆ'
("A–\cph', ı`¨]$ A_° R>¨]$ - `©. 51)
`Z Alv Nu[p_p `u`mp\u Sy>]$p S> Í`° rhgk° R>°. `p¨Q_p kp∑_°V$
"‚ipfi[ kyjdp' dp¨ kde A°L$ ‚NpY$ ‚iprfi[ Í`° a°gpB_° "AOp°fu S>°hp° lgQg
rh_p_p° `X$u fl°' R>°. L$ep¨L$ hk[u R>°, L$ep¨L$ Ly$lpX$u_p Op \pe R>°, `Z h__y¨
h•S>fie A°hy¨ S> fl° R>°. R>Ã$p kp∑_°V$ "L$pm X|$bL$u A°L$ [¨÷p' dp¨ A°L$ Mf[y¨ `p¨]$
Np°m-Np°m Qæ$ph° af[y¨ ÿqÛV$_° Qæ$ph° R>° _° A°dp¨ eyNpfi[p° Oydfp[p fl° R>°. Mf°gp
`ZÆ_° kdeÍ`u S>¨[y QpfZu S>°hy¨ L$p°f° R>°. kf[y¨ - kf[y¨ [° `©’hu_p c|[gdp¨ KX°$
250
E[fu ≈e R>°. d_ kuT[y¨ fl° R>° _° rhkS>Æ_ `R>u kS>Æ_ `pd[y¨ `ZÆ kS>Æ_ -
rhkS>Æ_ - kS>Æ__p Qæ$_y¨ ‚[uL$ b_u fl° R>°. kp[dp kp∑_°V$ "`lpX$p°_u `°gu
`pf' _p DOpX$dp¨ ‚\d - q‹[ue kp∑_°V$dp¨ \e°gp¨ A_pdu`Zp_° A_° [fyk¨op_°
kp\ÆL$ L$f[y¨ fl° R>°. A° [fy k¨op S> Ap–dkpnp–L$pf R>°. S>N[ `p°[p_p S>° ıhÍ`_°
Sy>A° R>°, Ap°mM° R>° [° `p°[° _\u. L$rh kde_p b^p M¨X$p°dp¨ `p°[p_° A_ych° R>°
_° R>°Îg° kde_° A_ych° R>°. ipr`[ `fu_u ApL©$r[dp¨ "fl° L$p° A°L$p¨L$u fV$[ dyS>_°
fpS>Ly¨$hfu', A¨r[d "A_pæ$pfi[p°_p BS>_' kp∑_°V$dp¨ A_pæ$p¨[p°_p BS>_ Ap`_pf
`fu, `fu fl°[u _\u `Z fpS>Ly¨$hfu b_° R>°. crhÛeL$pm_u S>° L$pÏe_peL$ ep_°
L$rh_u ‚[unp L$fu flu R>°. L$p•[yL$ce°pÆ Dfidp]$ Ïeh^p_ W°$L$u S>hp [–`f b_° R>°.
L$rh_u `pk° R>° [° kOmy¨ "ApeMy¨ T°f' S>°hy¨ gpN° R>°. "lh° [p° lz¨ fil• L°$ _rl qnr[S>
S>° fl° A`kfu' A`kf[u A_° A_pæ$pfi[ ]|$f_u qnr[S>_° L$pm_p ”u≈
`qfdpZ_p Dd°fZ kp\° A_l]$ l]$-A_l]$_° `pf S>hp d\[p L$rh_u Ap
ApL$p¨npdp¨ qæ$eph°N ı`©lZue R>°. Q¨÷L$p¨[ V$p°`uhpmp ‚ı[y[ L©$r[ rhi° S>Zph°
R>°: "A_l]$_u kfl]°$' dp¨ _pNfu Q°[_p_p Apq]$d Q°[_p‚h°i_p° fp°dp¨Q"A_l]$_u kfl]°$' dp¨ _pNfu Q°[_p_p Apq]$d Q°[_p‚h°i_p° fp°dp¨Q"A_l]$_u kfl]°$' dp¨ _pNfu Q°[_p_p Apq]$d Q°[_p‚h°i_p° fp°dp¨Q"A_l]$_u kfl]°$' dp¨ _pNfu Q°[_p_p Apq]$d Q°[_p‚h°i_p° fp°dp¨Q"A_l]$_u kfl]°$' dp¨ _pNfu Q°[_p_p Apq]$d Q°[_p‚h°i_p° fp°dp¨Q
A_° Apq]$d - Q°[_p `f _pNfu Q°[_p_p° \[p° hm[p° ‚–epfp°` A_° R>°hV$A_° Apq]$d - Q°[_p `f _pNfu Q°[_p_p° \[p° hm[p° ‚–epfp°` A_° R>°hV$A_° Apq]$d - Q°[_p `f _pNfu Q°[_p_p° \[p° hm[p° ‚–epfp°` A_° R>°hV$A_° Apq]$d - Q°[_p `f _pNfu Q°[_p_p° \[p° hm[p° ‚–epfp°` A_° R>°hV$A_° Apq]$d - Q°[_p `f _pNfu Q°[_p_p° \[p° hm[p° ‚–epfp°` A_° R>°hV$
ı\mkde rhi°j `qfdpZdp¨ `qfid[y¨ Apq]$d _pNfu bm_y¨ k¨h°]$_ı\mkde rhi°j `qfdpZdp¨ `qfid[y¨ Apq]$d _pNfu bm_y¨ k¨h°]$_ı\mkde rhi°j `qfdpZdp¨ `qfid[y¨ Apq]$d _pNfu bm_y¨ k¨h°]$_ı\mkde rhi°j `qfdpZdp¨ `qfid[y¨ Apq]$d _pNfu bm_y¨ k¨h°]$_ı\mkde rhi°j `qfdpZdp¨ `qfid[y¨ Apq]$d _pNfu bm_y¨ k¨h°]$_
iÂ]$Q°[_p_u KX$u A_° k•rfi÷e c|rdL$pA° E[fhp d’ey¨ R>° A_° Ny√R>_p¨iÂ]$Q°[_p_u KX$u A_° k•rfi÷e c|rdL$pA° E[fhp d’ey¨ R>° A_° Ny√R>_p¨iÂ]$Q°[_p_u KX$u A_° k•rfi÷e c|rdL$pA° E[fhp d’ey¨ R>° A_° Ny√R>_p¨iÂ]$Q°[_p_u KX$u A_° k•rfi÷e c|rdL$pA° E[fhp d’ey¨ R>° A_° Ny√R>_p¨iÂ]$Q°[_p_u KX$u A_° k•rfi÷e c|rdL$pA° E[fhp d’ey¨ R>° A_° Ny√R>_p¨
R>°Îgp¨ b° kp∑_°V$p° "`lpX$p°_u °gu`pf' A_° "A_pæ$pfi[p°_p BS>_' _p¨ k¨h°]$_R>°Îgp¨ b° kp∑_°V$p° "`lpX$p°_u °gu`pf' A_° "A_pæ$pfi[p°_p BS>_' _p¨ k¨h°]$_R>°Îgp¨ b° kp∑_°V$p° "`lpX$p°_u °gu`pf' A_° "A_pæ$pfi[p°_p BS>_' _p¨ k¨h°]$_R>°Îgp¨ b° kp∑_°V$p° "`lpX$p°_u °gu`pf' A_° "A_pæ$pfi[p°_p BS>_' _p¨ k¨h°]$_R>°Îgp¨ b° kp∑_°V$p° "`lpX$p°_u °gu`pf' A_° "A_pæ$pfi[p°_p BS>_' _p¨ k¨h°]$_
OV$L$p° A°L$dp¨ kdphu _ iL$pe A°hu Ar_hpeÆ [p ‚NV$ L$fu iL$[p¨ _\u, [°OV$L$p° A°L$dp¨ kdphu _ iL$pe A°hu Ar_hpeÆ [p ‚NV$ L$fu iL$[p¨ _\u, [°OV$L$p° A°L$dp¨ kdphu _ iL$pe A°hu Ar_hpeÆ [p ‚NV$ L$fu iL$[p¨ _\u, [°OV$L$p° A°L$dp¨ kdphu _ iL$pe A°hu Ar_hpeÆ [p ‚NV$ L$fu iL$[p¨ _\u, [°OV$L$p° A°L$dp¨ kdphu _ iL$pe A°hu Ar_hpeÆ [p ‚NV$ L$fu iL$[p¨ _\u, [°
dp” MV$L°$ R>°.'dp” MV$L°$ R>°.'dp” MV$L°$ R>°.'dp” MV$L°$ R>°.'dp” MV$L°$ R>°.'52
fOyhuf Qp•^fu L$l° R>° [°d "ı\mdp¨\u kdedp¨ A_° kde_°"ı\mdp¨\u kdedp¨ A_° kde_°"ı\mdp¨\u kdedp¨ A_° kde_°"ı\mdp¨\u kdedp¨ A_° kde_°"ı\mdp¨\u kdedp¨ A_° kde_°
AZ≈Z R>°X°$ EOX$\u flıede[p ky^u A_yc|r[_p° Ap rhı[pf lp°e R>°.AZ≈Z R>°X°$ EOX$\u flıede[p ky^u A_yc|r[_p° Ap rhı[pf lp°e R>°.AZ≈Z R>°X°$ EOX$\u flıede[p ky^u A_yc|r[_p° Ap rhı[pf lp°e R>°.AZ≈Z R>°X°$ EOX$\u flıede[p ky^u A_yc|r[_p° Ap rhı[pf lp°e R>°.AZ≈Z R>°X°$ EOX$\u flıede[p ky^u A_yc|r[_p° Ap rhı[pf lp°e R>°.
l]$ A_° A_l]$ h√Q° A_ych[p fl°hy¨ A° ‚ı[y[ k¨N∞l_p L$rh_u ‚r[opl]$ A_° A_l]$ h√Q° A_ych[p fl°hy¨ A° ‚ı[y[ k¨N∞l_p L$rh_u ‚r[opl]$ A_° A_l]$ h√Q° A_ych[p fl°hy¨ A° ‚ı[y[ k¨N∞l_p L$rh_u ‚r[opl]$ A_° A_l]$ h√Q° A_ych[p fl°hy¨ A° ‚ı[y[ k¨N∞l_p L$rh_u ‚r[opl]$ A_° A_l]$ h√Q° A_ych[p fl°hy¨ A° ‚ı[y[ k¨N∞l_p L$rh_u ‚r[op
gpN° R>°.'gpN° R>°.'gpN° R>°.'gpN° R>°.'gpN° R>°.'53
fp^°Ìepd idpÆ_° qnr[S> ≈Z° fpS>L$fiep_p ‚[uL$ S>°hu gpN° R>°.
"a}g_y¨ Mfu S>hy¨ L°$ ApÚeÆ buS>_y¨ kfu S>hy¨ A_° [° Ly ¨ $hpfu c|rddp¨ Abp°V$"a}g_y¨ Mfu S>hy¨ L°$ ApÚeÆ buS>_y¨ kfu S>hy¨ A_° [° Ly ¨ $hpfu c|rddp¨ Abp°V$"a}g_y¨ Mfu S>hy¨ L°$ ApÚeÆ buS>_y¨ kfu S>hy¨ A_° [° Ly ¨ $hpfu c|rddp¨ Abp°V$"a}g_y¨ Mfu S>hy¨ L°$ ApÚeÆ buS>_y¨ kfu S>hy¨ A_° [° Ly ¨ $hpfu c|rddp¨ Abp°V$"a}g_y¨ Mfu S>hy¨ L°$ ApÚeÆ buS>_y¨ kfu S>hy¨ A_° [° Ly ¨ $hpfu c|rddp¨ Abp°V$
fp°dp¨Qp°dp¨A° L$rh_p° ‚√R>fi_ fr[ fp°dp¨Qp°dp¨A° L$rh_p° ‚√R>fi_ fr[ fp°dp¨Qp°dp¨A° L$rh_p° ‚√R>fi_ fr[ fp°dp¨Qp°dp¨A° L$rh_p° ‚√R>fi_ fr[ fp°dp¨Qp°dp¨A° L$rh_p° ‚√R>fi_ fr[ (eros) cph Ïe¨rS>[ L$f° R>°.'cph Ïe¨rS>[ L$f° R>°.'cph Ïe¨rS>[ L$f° R>°.'cph Ïe¨rS>[ L$f° R>°.'cph Ïe¨rS>[ L$f° R>°.'54
`f¨[y
fdZ kp°_u_° A° Apq]$d Aph°N_° k¨]$c£ DrQ[ gpN° R>° "... k¨ıL©$r[_p [¨[yAp°_°"... k¨ıL©$r[_p [¨[yAp°_°"... k¨ıL©$r[_p [¨[yAp°_°"... k¨ıL©$r[_p [¨[yAp°_°"... k¨ıL©$r[_p [¨[yAp°_°
rh√R> °]$u ]$B_° r_rbX$ ‚L© $r[_° Ap–kdp[π L$f[p¨ L$rh_u cphrhcp°frh√R> °]$u ]$B_° r_rbX$ ‚L© $r[_° Ap–kdp[π L$f[p¨ L$rh_u cphrhcp°frh√R> °]$u ]$B_° r_rbX$ ‚L© $r[_° Ap–kdp[π L$f[p¨ L$rh_u cphrhcp°frh√R> °]$u ]$B_° r_rbX$ ‚L© $r[_° Ap–kdp[π L$f[p¨ L$rh_u cphrhcp°frh√R> °]$u ]$B_° r_rbX$ ‚L© $r[_° Ap–kdp[π L$f[p¨ L$rh_u cphrhcp°f
251
d_p°]$ipdp¨ Ecp° \[p° ApW$dp kp∑_°V$dp¨_p° Ap ApMp° fp°d°rfiV$L$ `qfh°id_p°]$ipdp¨ Ecp° \[p° ApW$dp kp∑_°V$dp¨_p° Ap ApMp° fp°d°rfiV$L$ `qfh°id_p°]$ipdp¨ Ecp° \[p° ApW$dp kp∑_°V$dp¨_p° Ap ApMp° fp°d°rfiV$L$ `qfh°id_p°]$ipdp¨ Ecp° \[p° ApW$dp kp∑_°V$dp¨_p° Ap ApMp° fp°d°rfiV$L$ `qfh°id_p°]$ipdp¨ Ecp° \[p° ApW$dp kp∑_°V$dp¨_p° Ap ApMp° fp°d°rfiV$L$ `qfh°i
A°L$ A__yc|[ flıe_° `pdhp_u Acu‡kp_y¨ A°L$ A__yc|[ flıe_° `pdhp_u Acu‡kp_y¨ A°L$ A__yc|[ flıe_° `pdhp_u Acu‡kp_y¨ A°L$ A__yc|[ flıe_° `pdhp_u Acu‡kp_y¨ A°L$ A__yc|[ flıe_° `pdhp_u Acu‡kp_y¨ ÍÍÍÍÍ ` ‚NV$hhpdp¨ ep°≈ep° R>°.` ‚NV$hhpdp¨ ep°≈ep° R>°.` ‚NV$hhpdp¨ ep°≈ep° R>°.` ‚NV$hhpdp¨ ep°≈ep° R>°.` ‚NV$hhpdp¨ ep°≈ep° R>°.
A°\u A° fr[cph D]$p— c|rdL$pA° KQL$pB_° kdN∞ k©qÛV$_y¨ k¨Qg_ Tug[uA°\u A° fr[cph D]$p— c|rdL$pA° KQL$pB_° kdN∞ k©qÛV$_y¨ k¨Qg_ Tug[uA°\u A° fr[cph D]$p— c|rdL$pA° KQL$pB_° kdN∞ k©qÛV$_y¨ k¨Qg_ Tug[uA°\u A° fr[cph D]$p— c|rdL$pA° KQL$pB_° kdN∞ k©qÛV$_y¨ k¨Qg_ Tug[uA°\u A° fr[cph D]$p— c|rdL$pA° KQL$pB_° kdN∞ k©qÛV$_y¨ k¨Qg_ Tug[u
A°L$ iqL$[ b_u fl° R>°.'A°L$ iqL$[ b_u fl° R>°.'A°L$ iqL$[ b_u fl° R>°.'A°L$ iqL$[ b_u fl° R>°.'A°L$ iqL$[ b_u fl° R>°.'5`
‚ı[y[ L$rh ı\|mdp¨\u L$p°B rhriÛV$ c|rdL$p [fa_u ep”p S>°hu flu R>°.
"ı\mdp¨\u kdedp¨' rhı[f[u ep”p R>°. kde kp\° flu A_pdu ApÚe°pÆ
A_ych[p _peL$ h©n h√Q° Mf[p `Zp£_p kdedp¨ AV$hp[p° qnr[S> `pf_p
kde [fa ep”p L$f° R>°. rhQpf_° Apfp°l - Ahfp°l S>°hp¨ r_Í`Z L$f[p¨ kde_p
”u≈ `qfdpZ ky^u gB ≈e R>°, S>° A°L$ kp∑_°V$dpmp_u ApL©$r[ b_ph° R>°. ApW$
kp∑_°V$_p Apg°M__u A_yc|r[_p Apg°Mdp¨ [p. 6-1-66, 7-1-66, 7-9-
66 S>°hu A°L$ S> hjÆ_u [pfuMp° ]$ipÆhu R>°, [°dp¨ A°L$ S> O_uc|[ Akf_p° øepg
dm° R>° "A_l]$_u kfl]°$' Di_kπ_u L$pÏerhi°j rkŸ L$f[u L©$r[Ap°dp¨_u A°L$
L$gpk¨rh^p_ ^fph[u L©$r[ flu R>°.
R>¨]$p°rh^p_dp¨ Alv `Z b^p S> kp∑_°V$dp¨ riMqfZu R>¨]$ ‚ep°∆_°
Ah_hu R>V$pAp° L$epf°L$ er[ c¨N L°$ lıh ]$u^Æ_u R|>V$ gB_°, cphr_Í`Z°
D`ep°Nu b_pÏep° R>°. M¨X$r_ep°S>_ `f–h° i°L$πsı`efipB OpV$_u kp∑_°V$ L©$r[ _¨.
4, 5, 6, 8 [\p Afie kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ kp∑_°V$æ$d - 1 dp¨ 4+5+3+2; kp∑_°V$æ$d - 2
dp¨ 5+3+4+2; ”u≈dp¨ 3+7+2+2; A_° kp[dp kp∑_°V$dp¨ 4+4+3+3 S>°hp
rhcpS>_ lp\ ^epØ R>°. ‚pk `f–h° kp∑_°V$æ$d R>Ã$pdp¨ aabb ccdd effe gg
S>°hp [\p Afie kp∑_°V$dp¨ A¨[_u b° `¨qL$[dp¨ ‚pk ≈mÏep R>°, [° rkhpe ıh[¨”
fur[_p ‚pk fpøep R>°. D`dp, D–‚°np\u L$pÏebp_u ky¨]$f b_phu R>°. Ap f¸p¨
\p°X$p¨L$ D]$plfZp° -
- "Ney¨ f° fl• `|¨W°$ F>[y`fZ_u `pdfu kdy¨' (h_dp¨ kX$L$)
- "KQ°fp ^pbp\u _NfN©l_u `pB` kdu' ([fyhfp°dp¨)
- "L$fpX$p°_u _uQ° ; AS>Nf kdu L¶$L$ d|muA°' ([fyhfp°dp¨)
252
- "Ecp¨ R>° kp^y_p NZ kd; L$elv [p° gL$X$u_p' ([fyhfp°dp¨)
- "AOp°fu_p S>°hp° lgQg rh_p_p° `X$u fl°' (‚ipfi[ kyjdp)
- "aV$pL$X$p_u ≈Z° kyf[u g|d_u hpV$ gugyX$u !' ([fyhfp°dp¨)
- "A_pq]$\u ≈Z° kde`V$ O°O|f `u`mp°' (A–\ cph)
- "L|$V°$ ≈Z° `p¨Mp°, EX$EX$ L$f° V|$L$\u V|$L°$' (A_pæ$pfi[p°_p¨ BS>_°)
"hmphu bp, Aphu' : (ı`¨]$ A_° R>¨]$)
h[_‚°d [\p Ly$Vy¨$b ‚°d_u ]$u^Æk¨h°]$_pAp° L$rh_° kp∑_°V$Ny√R> [\p
kp∑_°V$dpmpAp°_p Apg°M_ [fa ]$p°fu NB R>°. dp[p_p d©–ey `R>u [°_° ıdip_°
hmphu ApÏep¨ `R>u S>__u_p hp–kÎe cph_° ıdfZdp¨ Tug° R>°. ‚ı[y[ L©$r[_p
‚\d "hmphu bp, Aphu' kp∑_°V$_p EOpX$dp¨ L$fyZ cph Apg°M° R>°. S>° dp[pA°
A–epf ky^u ∆h_cf kp\ Ap‡ep° [° k¨[p_p°_° `p]$f ky^u f≈, [l°hpfp°dp¨
kS>m _e_° hmph[u Aphu R>° [°_° ApS>° Ar¡_]°$h_° kd`w_° hmphu_° ApÏep¨
R>°. q]$Ïe ‚°fZp]$p”u S>__u `¨Qdlpc|[dp¨ rhgu_ \pe R>°. kp∑_°V$_p A¨[°
AhL$pidp¨ S>N[r`[p rih ıhÍ`dp¨ buS> f°Mp A¨L$pe R>°, [° buSy>¨ L$p°B _rl
`Z, dp[p S> buS> Í`° Mugu R>°. dp[p_p q]$Ïe_ÏeÍ`_° L$rh r_lpm° R>°.
"_dÆ]$pdp¨ a}g `^fph[p¨' kp∑_°V$L©$r[ A_yk¨^p_° Np°W$hpB_° Aph° R>°. AÛV$L$dp¨
_dÆ]$p d•ep_p ‚hpl_° k¨bp°^u kOmy¨ ]$]Æ$, ip°L$, `uX$p_° dp°n dm≈° _° dp[p_p
a}g_° `¨`pmu hpl_dp¨ hlph≈° A°hu ‚p\Æ_p L$f° R>°. jÛV$L$dp¨ Ap¨ky_u ÓŸp¨S>rg
f°hpd•ep_° A`£ R>° _° ‚p\£ R>°. [dpf° Mp°m° S>__u_° rQf r_÷pkyM dm°. ”u≈
kp∑_°V$dp¨ cph_° L¨$BL$ DW$ph° R>°. dp[p_° hmphu ApÏep R>u Ofdp¨ rhc|r[ ıhÍ °
Ïep`u_° rhı[f°gu A_ych° R>°. "`f¨[y f°MpAp° `qfrQ[ d_° A° dyM[Zu' A°
`qfrQ[ dyMf°Mp_° Ap rh[[ Í`dp¨e Ap°mMu g° R>°. h[_-Of h¨V$p°mdp¨ h√Q°,
cv[p°dp¨ V$NydNy \[u ]$uhX$u S>°hu L°$ k¨›epL$pm° X$p°g[u [ygku_p R>p°X$_u Apcp
S>°hu L°$ r`[p_p `|≈`pdp¨ `df[u O|`kmudp¨ A° `qfrQ[ f°MpAp°_° D`k[u
r_lpm° R>°. Qp°\p kp∑_°V$dp¨ r`[p_p k¨kpf° kfp°hf_p `⁄ S>°hu dp[p_p Sy>]$p-
Sy>]$p rQ”p°_° "ıdfZp° S> ıdfZp° - 1' dp¨ L$ep¨L$ ^pfie huZ[u R>bu R>°, [p°
253
L$ep¨L$ [°_° R>p¨X$[u, fp¨O[u R>bu R>°. [p° L$ep¨L$ apV°$gp¨ hı”p°_° kp¨^[u, L$ep¨L$
hp¨L$pQ|L$p Anfp°\u `” gM[u, L$ep¨L$ k¨›epL$pm° ]°$hOfdp¨ ]$uhp° ‚NV$ph[u,
_plu_° TuZu L$p¨kL$u\u hpm Ap°mph[u, iZNpf_p ‚[uL$ Qp¨]$gp° L$f[u Sy>]$u
Sy>]$u dp[p_u dy÷pAp° ıdfZdp¨ E`k° R>°. N©rlZu_p Í`dp¨ dlpg[u dp[p_y¨
ıdfZ hpNp°m° R>°. Ap S> cph_° L$rhA° `p¨Qdp kp∑_°V$ "ıdfZp° S> ıdfZp° - 2'
dp¨ ApNm h^pf°g R>°. S>°d¨p dp[p_u rb_lep[u\u Of_u fh°ip° k|_u `X$u R>°,
Ap°fX$p° gv‡ep hNf_p° `X$ep° R>°. TuZp-TuZp cf[\u N|¨\°gp [p°fZ dp[p_u
ıd©q[Í`° l∆ T|g° R>°. dp[p_p Acph_y¨ ]y$:M q]$hpmu_p h°L°$i_dp¨ h[_cZu
S>[p \pe R>°. "ıdfZp° S> ıdfZp° - 3'dp¨ h°L°$i_dp¨ k¨[p_p°_u `°Y$u b^u rcfi_
fyrQ_u A_° Sy>]$p ^¨^p A_° ı\mp°A°\u Aphu_° h[__p Ofdp¨ Ecfp[u dm°gp
d°mpdp¨ b^p h√Q° hX$u hX$hpB S>°hu ip°cu flu R>°, S>° X$mL$[u Ap¨M° b^p_°
hmph[u –epf° d__u Sy>]$pB `Z `°gp V$p¨L$p brMep_u S>°d kp¨^u g°[u. kp∑_°V$
kp[dy¨ "_ÛV$p° dp°l:' dp¨ L$rh tQ[_dp¨ kf[p lp°e [°hy¨ gpN° R>°. L$epf°L$
dp°lphı\pdp¨ nZdp¨ S> \[y¨ L°$ S>__u NB [p° b^y¨ Ney¨. rh_pL$pfZ Adı[y¨
Qpl_pfy¨ [pfp S>°hy¨ L$p°B dm[y¨ _\u. qaL$f R>° Ap_u [°\u L$rh_° _pm_p° k¨b¨^
ep]$ Aph° R>°. d©–ey\u `y_S>Æfid_u hQdp¨ S>fid\u rhM|V$p `X$u S>hp_u h°]$_p
Np°W$hpe°gu R>°. L$rh kde`pf_u "≈[L$L$\p' _° DL°$ghp d\° R>°. ApW$dy¨ kp∑_°V$
Apd A_yk¨^p_° d|L$pe°gy¨ kp∑_°V$ R>°. L$rh ≈[L$ L$\p_u rgr` hp¨Q[p L$l° R>°.
dfycp°d D`f L$epf° Ny‡[ L©$qjn°”° agh[u, S>°_p° ‚hpl L$epf°e [|V°$gp° _\u. L$p°B
`lpX$u S>°d `\fpe°gu S>__u_u Np°]$dp¨ TfZÍ`° S>fid g°[p°, S>ep¨ [y¨ buX$ Í °
Ïep`°gu l[u –ep¨ lz¨ ]y$^kcf L$Zkg° ]$pZp° bfiep° l[p°. l∆ `Z dpf° S>fid
g°hp° li° [p° dpf° [pfy¨ F>Z QY°$gy¨ R>° [° Q|L$hhy¨ R>° dpV°$ [pfp D]$f° afu - afu S>fid
gBi. "Arcop_' dp¨ S>__u_p Sy>]$p-Sy>]$p S>fid_° [°_p hp–kÎe_p Adufk\u
L$rh Ap°mMu g°i° A°hu `|ZÆ ÓŸp R>°. ]$kdp¨ kp∑_°V$ "Ad° \pL$ep lpepÆ' dp¨ riiy
kfMp¨ Aby^, S>°_° "dfZ' S>°hy¨ D√QpfZ `Z kp¨c˛ey¨ _\u [°hp L$p°B byŸ,
kprh”u, i¨L$f S>°hu q]$Ïe ÏeqL$[ _\u. [°\u kde_p° d|Y$-dpf Md[p¨ A_° Nygpdp°
S>°hp° bp°≈° dp\° gB_° `Ng°-`Ng° lp¨au f¸p¨ R>uA°. Y$pm° Y$pm° dfZ_° ifZ°
254
S>B f¸p R>uA°. ‚ı[y[ kp∑_°V$ cphr_Í`Z_p kp[–e_° AV$L$ph° R>°. tQ[__p
`qfkfdp¨ L$rh Sy>]$p dpN°Æ DÕ$e_ L$f[p lp°e A°hy¨ cpk° R>°. cpf[ue k¨ıL©$r[_p
]$iÆ__° L$rh Apg°Mhp ggQpep R>°. A¨r[d kp∑_°V$ "kp¨S>_p° kp]$' _p DOpX$dp¨
L$rh L$l° R>°, dp[p Ad° [pfu `pR>m S> R>uA°. Ad° S>° B¨X$p_p a}V$hp\u rhl¨N
bfiep R>uA° [° kp¨S>° rir\g \pL$ep `pL$ep -
"Q|Nu Qp¨Q° EX$ep Nl_ cfu ApL$pi _e_°,
Ad° `p¨Mp° hvTu S>fuL$ L$fu ‡lp°mu qnr[S>_°'
("kp¨S>_p° kp]$', ı`¨]$ A_° R>¨]$ - `©. 78)
`p¨Mp°dp¨ _c_° cfu, dpmpdp¨ `pR>p aepÆ R>uA° _p_p _e_dp¨ cfhp
dpV°$ ∆h Qpgp° OfcZu kS>Æ_ - rhkS>Æ__p Qæ$dp¨ ]$iÆ__p _hp DX$p_p° L$rhA°
L$epØ R>°. A¨[° L$rh `fgnu hpZudp¨ L$l° R>° :
"afu `pR>p _uX°$, _uX$\u ^f[udp¨ dmu S>hy¨,
afu `pR>p HX°$ S>__u, [h S>fidu afL$hy¨.'
("kp¨S>_p° kp]$', ı`¨]$ A_° R>¨]$ - `©. 78)
‚ı[y[ L©$r[ L$rhA° dp[p_p Ahkp_ `R>u ip°L$p¨S>rg Í`° gMu R>°, S>°dp¨
hp–kÎefk_u d|r[Ækdp S>__u_y¨ A_° N©rlZuAp°_u Sy>]$u-Sy>]$u dy÷pdp¨ dp[p_p
ÏeqL[–h_u f°MpAp° Apg°Mu R>° _° dp[p_y¨ A°L$ f°MprQ” b_pÏey¨ R>°. rhi°j
kpdpfie\u khÆ kpdpfie [fa rhQpfcph Nr[ L$f[p lp°e [°hy¨ Alv S>Zpe R>°.
dp[p_p h•eqL$[L$ Apg°M_dp¨\u L$rh `fgnu tQ[_dp¨ gB S>[p lp°e [°hy¨ gpN°
R>°. dp[p_p k¨h°]$_dp¨ L$fyZ_u R>p¨V$ ]°$Mpe R>°. k¨[p_p°_u tQ[pAp°_p° bp°≈° hl_
L$f[u dp[p "a}g kfMu ap°fu' Z b_u iL°$ R>°. hı[yrhQpf_p Apg°M_dp¨ ku^u
Nr[ S>°hy¨ Apg°M_ ‚p‡[ \pe R>°. A¨r[d kp∑_°V$dp¨ S>fid - dfZ A_° `pR>p°
S>fid S>°hy¨ Qæ$ Arhf[ Qpgy S> R>°, A°hp ]$iÆ_ kp\° kp∑_°V$ rhfd° R>°. kp\° kp\°
kp∑_°V$Ny√R> `Z rhfd° R>°. ]$kdy¨ kp∑_°V$ cphr_Í`Z° Afie\u Sy>]y¨$ `X$[y¨ lp°e [°hy¨
gpN° R>°. kdN∞ fu[° ≈°BA° [p° ‚ı[y[ L©$r[ kp∑_°V$T|dMp¨ S>°hu gpN° R>°, kp∑_°V$dpmp
[p° _lv S>.
255
”Z Q•”uL$pÏep° : (ı`¨]$ A_° R>¨]$)
F>[yAp° dp_hk¨h°]$_ `f rhrh^ Akf L$f° R>°. A° A¨N°_p `|fphp k¨ıL©$[
kprl–edp¨ `Z `X$ep R>°, [p° Ap`Zp NyS>fp[u d¬eL$pgu_ "apNy' A_°
"bpfdpku' [p° F>[y_° L°$fi÷dp¨ fpMu S> gMpep R>°. L$rh Di_kπ_u A_yc|r[dp¨
Q•”_u ‚cphL$ Akf rTgpe R>°, S>° "”Z Q•”u' L$pÏep° iujÆL$ kp\° iÂ]$ı\
\pe R>°. Alv ‚\d b° kp∑_°V$_° "b° [¨÷pAp°' S>°hp iujÆL$ Ap`° R>°, S>°dp¨ Q•”u
`h__p° ı`iÆ \[p¨ L$rh [¨÷pdp¨ gu_ b_° R>°. r‚ep_y¨ ıdfZ k¨h°]$_dp¨ EW°$ R>°.
˘]$edp¨ cpf°gu hp[p° q‚ep_° rhS>_ fı[p `f fMX$[p¨ - fMX$[p¨ L$fhp_u
Arcgpjp ≈N° R>°. Q•”_u fS>_u [°_p `h_p° kp\° r‚ep_p° L$ip° k¨b¨^ R>° L°$ ?
A°hu q‹Opdp¨ AV$hp[p Q¨÷]$iÆ_dp¨ r‚ep_y¨ ]$iÆ_ A_ych° R>°.
"[d° R>p° lp, S>ep°–ı_p dlv L$elvL$, ≈œ¨ kyfrc\u
Qufu _pMy¨ S>ep°–ı_p `V$g ? _uL$mp° R>p° `|¨W$m\u ?'
("b° [¨÷pAp°', ı`¨]$ A_° R>¨]$ - `©. 80)
kp∑_°V$ bu≈dp¨ Ap [¨÷phı\p g¨bpe°gu R>°. Apcpku r‚ep_y¨ kpr_¬e
L°$mh° R>°. L$rh_° ApÚeÆ R>° L°$ Ap b^y¨ `°gp Q•”u `h__° L$pfZ° S> li°, _lv [p°
[©Z\u gOy _\u `p°[° _S>f S>ep¨ _pM° R>° –ep¨ [fk\u d¨X$pB ≈e R>°, lhp_p
Ap¨]$p°g_p° ıMg_ A_ych° R>°. [d° Q¨÷_p qL$fZ S>°hu Ag¨L©$[ `fu \B Q¨÷_u
bpfuA°\u Arckpf° Aphp° R>p°. lhpdp¨ hı”_p¨ pghdp¨ EX$[p¨ R>°X$p_u d©]y$ Tp`V$
A_ych° R>° _° r‚ep_y¨ kpr_›e L°$mh° R>°, `Z r‚ep_u fd[ Sy>]$u R>°, dpV°$ S> L$rh
L$l° R>°.
"[d° Aphp¨ L$epf° `Z _h l[p¨ Ap–due d_°.'
”u≈ kp∑_°V$ "Q•”°rfi÷e' dp¨ ApNgp kp∑_°V$_y¨ A_yk¨^p_ ≈mh° R>°.
ApÚe°pÆdp¨ NfL$ph L$rh r‚ep_y¨ ıdfZ ApL©$r[_p° Qd–L$pf R>° L°$ ? he_u ‚u[_u
L$p°B L©$r[ ? L°$ Q•”_p kde_u L$p°B dpep ? L$rh d_dp¨ _|[_ Brfi÷e_p ‚cph_°
r_lpm° R>°, [uˇZ _S>f\u S>° L¨$B Í`° dp” [°_° hv¬ep R>° A°dp¨ d^y S>°hp, L$p°B T°f
256
S>°hp, L$p°B Adu S>°hp, L$p°B ı_°lcu_p, L$p°B ky¨hpmp, L$p°B kdcphhpmp, L$p°B
gukpÍ`_y¨ ApL¨$W$ `p_ _hp S> A_ychdp¨ gB ≈e R>° L°$ lh° A°L$ D√R>hpk `Z
O|¨V$[p S>° `X°$ R>° [°dp¨ A°L$ A°L$ a}g Mughu iL°$ A°V$gu hpk cfu R>°.
‚ı[y[ "”Z Q•”u L$pÏep°' dp¨ L$rh_° Q•”_u A_yc|r[ \pe R>°. r‚ep_u
A_y`sı\r[ L¨$BL$ [¨÷pdp¨ gu_ b_ph° R>°. L$rh ≈Z° ‚–e°L$ Í` [“h `f\u
r‚ep_p° Ql°fp° hp¨Qhp_u L$p°rij L$f° R>° _° ≈[° S> Q•”u_p Brfi÷edp¨ Í`p¨[f `pd°
R>°. kp∑_°V$dpmp S>°hp° knd rhje L°$ A_yc|r[ Alv r_Í`Zdp¨ _ lp°hp\u
kp∑_°V$”eu b_u AV$L°$ R>°.
"dm[u Aph[u f°MpAp°' : (ı`¨]$ A_° R>¨]$) :
‚ı[y[ "dm[u Aph[u f°MpAp°' _p Qpf kp∑_°V$dp¨ r‚ep_p ıhÍ`_u
Mp°S> d|L$u R>°, NN_dp¨ X$[u Adphıep_p lpX$_° [p°X$u_° a}V$[u Q¨÷_u gL$uf_u
f°Mp ‚r[ hmp¨L°$ L$rh_° `|_d fQphu Ap`° R>°. `R>u l•epdp¨ Mmcm[p° kpNf
A^ufp° b_° R>°. R|>V$u f°MpAp°dp¨ r‚ep_u ApL©$r[ b_[u _\u. [°\u A¨[fdp¨
KX$p E[pfu ]°$hp dp¨N[p L$rh ıh‡_dp¨ Aphhp_y Aplπhp_ Ap ° R>°. L$rh k]$πNyZu
R>°, dpV°$ ]$f°L$ ‚p\Æ_pdp¨ r‚ep_y¨ iyc hp¨R>° R>° _° A¨[° A¨[fdp¨ b_ph°gp ky¨]$f
dp°V$p dL$p_dp¨ dmhp_u B√R>p ^fph° R>°. kL$g dfZ bp]$ r‚ep_° `pdu iL$pi°
A°hu ÓŸp `Z ^fph° R>°, `Z A°L$dpNwe ‚u[_p° hm[p° ‚r[Op[ Alv _\u.
[°\u ‚Zerham[p L$rh_° A¨[dyÆMu b_ph° R>° _° A¨[fdp¨ R|>V$L$ f°Mp hX°$ b_ph°gu
iL$g kp\° `p°[p_p ıhÍ`_° Npmu_° `|ZpÆL$pf° k∆Æ_° cS>i° Ap Í`_° Alv
‚Zerham[p_p cph_° kfm fu[° Apg°øep R>°. kp∑_°V$p°_° ApNm `pR>m
Apıhp]$u iL$pe [°hp R>°, [°\u kp∑_°V$ T|¨dMy¨ b_u fl° R>°.
"Br[lpk_u Ap bpSy>A°\u' : (ı`¨]$ A_° R>¨]$) :
‚hpku L$rhA° ‚hpk_p k¨h°]$__° kp∑_°V$ ]°$ldp¨ ApL$pepÆ R>°, A°dp¨ kp∑_°V$
- Ny√R>p° ky^u `Z Nep R>°. L$rhA° kp°fW$_p° ‚hpk L$f°gp° S>°_p k¨h°]$_dp¨ Qpf
kp∑_°V$_y¨ Q[yÛL$ ıa}f°gy¨ S>°dp¨_p ‚\d kp∑_°V$_y¨ iujÆL$ R>° : "D`fL$p°V$_p¨ M¨X°$fp°dp¨
257
af[p¨'. Alv S|>_pNY$_p D`fL$p°V$_p ı\m kp\° ≈°X$pe°gp Br[lpk_° A¨qL$[ L$f°
R>°. rhS>°[pAp° Alv L°$V$gp¨ ApÏep, `Z [° D`f kp•\u dp°V$p° rhS>°[p b_u_° L$pm
Ecp° f¸p° R>°. ≈Z° b^p h•chp°_° E≈X$u_° rd_pfp A_° O|¨dV$p°_p a}V$hpdp¨
dysıgdipk_ Apg°Mu iL$ep R>° :
"lh° dsıS>]$p ° e° DS>X$ - iu[ kp°X$p[u QfL$ °;
E¡ep Opk° k|[p kde tkl_u epm afL° $'
("E`fL$p°V$_p¨ M¨X°$fp°dp¨ af[p¨ ', ı ¨]$ A_° R>¨]$ - ©. 104)
dsıS>]$p° `Z DSS>X$ b_u R>°. W¨$X$u QfL$\u hpk dpf[u cv[ D`f DN°gy¨
Opk ≈Z° tkl_u Qpm R>°. Alv L$Î`_ hX°$ ky¨]$f rQ” D`kpÏey¨ R>°. kde ›h¨k_y¨
‚[uL$ b_u Ecp° R>°. bu≈ kp∑_°V$ "d›eeyNp°dp¨ c∞dZ' dp¨ Ap¤ kde S>e_p
_pfpAp° S>°hp d_yÛe° S>NpX°$gp [° l∆ idu iL$ep _\u. lhp_° ^∞|S>[u Ap¨^u_p
c|[ NY$dp¨ c•fh_p Ahp≈° S>°hp ^|Z° R>°. ]$NpAp°, Ny‡[c°p¨efpAp°, rhgpkp°,
rh÷p°lp°, rhjg, rhS>ep°, Myfi_k cf°gp Mdufp°_° h°fp°, S>°dp¨ fL$[hfZp¨ `Z°pÆ
EOX°$ R>°. L$rh_u _S>fdp¨ d›eeyN_p OdkpZ eyŸ, h°W$ L$f[u ‚≈_u uW°$ EW$[u
Nygpdu_u kp°m, _fbrg_p rif√R>°]$p°, ‹¨‹eyŸp° b^p Nr[iug ◊Ìehpmp fQ[p
R>°L$ ApW$du `¨qL$[A° OX$uhpf AV$L$u ApNm h^° R>°. A¨[° fpZuhph Aphu AV$L°$
R>°. k|_u fpZuhph_p ky‡[ S>mdp¨ _y`|f_p° fh MmL°$ R>°. Óyr[L$Î`_ ‹pfp ky¨]$f
d|[Æ L$e°pÆ R>°. ”u≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨ "rNf_pf_p° lpX$' dp¨ qNf_pf ≈°B Alp°cph ÏeL$[
L$f° R>°, Br[lpk° Alv b^y¨ S> bNpX$u _pøey¨ R>°. L$rh A¨[° MuZ_u hp]$mu hX°$
rNf_pf_u S|>_u `pV$u c|¨ku _pMhp dp¨N° R>°. kp∑_°V$ ArcÏeqL$[dp¨ Eœ¨ D[f°
R>°. A¨r[d Qp°\p kp∑_°V$_° "kpkZrNfdp¨ fpq” : Br[lpk dp°n' A°hy¨ iujÆL$ Ap`°
R>°. kpkZdp¨ ^ud° ^ud° c¢L$pf fpq” `Nfh L$f° R>° _° lh° S>ep¨ –ep¨ Ap¨Mp° [N[u
fl° R>° _° [°_u `R>hpX°$ tkl_u epm lhpdp¨ thTp[u Aph° R>°. AÛV$L$dp¨ fpq”_y¨
cep_L$ Í` fvR>_p L$Î`_ ‹pfp k∆hpfp°`Zdp¨ [°_u fyn[p, h°^L$[p `|hÆL$
Apg°øey¨ R>° :
258
"lh° Ap fpq”_y ¨ fvR> AX$L$[y ¨ f yn ı`fi°;
g|Mp L° $i°, Aph° QfZ k| ¨O[y ¨ k| ¨O[y ¨ k°'
("kpkZ Nufdp¨ fpq” : Br[lpk dp°n', ı`¨]$ A_° R>¨]$ - `©. 107)
cep_L$ hp[phfZ_u cep_L$[p_° h^y O°fu L$f° R>° :
"S>[p \¨cu pkp° A^f, _c_p° ]$u‡[ ]$u`X$p°;
riL$pfu dy÷pdp¨ Ah g`L$hp [–`f MX$p °'
("kpkZ Nufdp¨ fpq” : Br[lpk dp°n', ı`¨]$ A_° R>¨]$ - `©. 107)
‚ı[y[ ‚hpk_p ı\mgnu k¨h°]$_ Sy>]$u Sy>]$u kp∑_°V$ dy÷pdp¨ Apg°Mpe°g
lp°e km¨N ApL©$r[_p° Apg°M fQ[p _\u. ‚\d b° kp∑_°V$ Br[lpk_p rhje
r_Í`Zhpmp f¸p R>°, `Z `pR>m_p b° kp∑_°V$p° A_yk¨^p_ ^fph[p _\u.
R>°Îgy¨ [p° dp” ‚L©$r[ r_Í`Zhpmy¨ kp∑_°V$ R>°, [°\u kp∑_°V$Ny√R> b_u AV$L°$ R>°.
[°d R>[p¨ kNÆiqL$[_p QdL$pfp ‚pf¨c_p b° kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ A_° A¨[_p kp∑_°V$_p
bu≈ M¨X$dp¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°.
"hk¨[`¨Qdu' : (A–\)
"A–\' L$pÏek¨N∞ldp¨ ‚L©$r[r_Í`Z° kpfp° rlıkp° fp°L$pep° R>°. Alv
"hk¨[`¨Qdu' S>°hp F>[yrhjeL$ kp∑_°V$ `¨QL$dp¨ hk¨[F>[y_u A_yc|r[ Apg°Mu
R>°. S>°_p ‚\d kp∑_°V$_° "DOpX$' A°hy¨ ‚pf¨rcL$ qæ$ep k|Qh_pf iujÆL$ d˛ey¨ R>°.
hk¨[`¨Qdu_p° hpey L$rhrQ—dp¨ L$iy¨L$ KQp-_uQy¨ L$fu Mmcmphu d|L°$ R>°. k|eÆ_u
dp°V$u Tpm° q]$_ cc|L$u EW°$ R>°. ririf_u L$mu rhipm a}g b_° R>°. q]$ipAp°_p
L$X$L$ q]$L$π [X$L$p ]$g°]$g V$À$pf bfiep R>° :
L$iy ¨L$ aaX° $ R> ° Ap¨Mp°dp ¨ a |] y ¨ $ k|_L$pf_y ¨
L$iy ¨L $ cd[y ¨ c© ¨ c© ¨ ≈Z° b^° cZL$pf_y ¨
]$g Mfu S>[p¨ fpq” QpXy ¨ $ M|g° cdfu - Mfhy ¨
Ÿyr[ fhfh° rM√Qp° rM√Qp, d^y ]$]$X ° $ g√ey ¨
("hk¨[`¨Qdu', A–\ - `©. 16)
25
A°L$ `R>u A°L$ Nr[iug L$Î`_p°\u hk¨[_p DOpX$_p hp[phfZ_°
bfpbf_y¨ bp¨^u Ap‡ey¨ R>°. bu≈ kp∑_°V$ "a|gp°_° AS>hpm°' dp¨ L$rh Di_kπA°
hfie]°$hu_y¨ Agp•qL$L$Í` ≈°ey¨ R>°, [°_° d|[Æ L$f° R>° :
"h_-Nl__p A¨^pf° L$p ° aV$pL$ a}V$u L$mu,
lhX$ A`|∆ ]° $fu_p L$p ° M|Z° ‚NV$ep° ]$uhp°.'
("a}gp°_° AS>hpm°', A–\ - `©. 19)
hk¨[_p a}gp° h_-Nl__p A¨^pf_° hv^[p A`|S> ]°$fu_p M|Z° ‚NV$[p
]$uhp S>°hp cpk° R>° _° h_]°$h[p_y¨ Apq]$hpku Í ` ‚NV°$ R>°. ”u≈ kp∑_°V$
"hk¨[np°c' dp¨ -
"[qX$[ kfMu r[fpX$p °dp ¨ [X$L$ ]$B [|V$ep °,
ririf kf_p° kp° - kp° k|e£ k`prV$[ Ape_p°.'
("hk¨[np°c', A–\ - `©. 20)
hZpÆ_y‚pk_p¨ "[' hZÆ_p Aph[Æ_ ‚\d `¨qL$[dp¨ A_° bu∆ `¨qL$[dp¨
"k' hZÆ_ ‹pfp [X$pL$ [|V$hp_u qæ$ep kpL$pqf[ \B R>°. A° ApL$pqf[ OV$_p bu∆
L$p°B _rl `Z ririf kfp°hf_p [|V$hp_u R>°. L$Î`_p iqL$[_y¨ KQy¨ DX$p_ ≈°hp
dm° R>°. Ap`Zp L$rh_° a}g_p a|V$hp_p° ¬hr_ k¨cmpe R>° _° S>° AhpS> `R>u\u
h_ NS>h[p° b_u fl° R>°. A°L$ N|Y$p\Æ L$rh[p_p kS>Æ_ [fa `Z q]$ip k|Q_ L$f°
R>°. Qp°\p kp∑_°V$dp¨ hk¨[_u A_yc|r[ NpY$ A_ychpe R>° :
"L$ZL$Z Alp° [¨b| S>°hp° [Zpeg [¨[ \¶'
kL$g lı[udp¨ _hp ≈°d QY°$ R>°. _hp Í`f¨N ^pfZ L$f[u ‚L©$r[_°
`¨Q°rfi÷e° A_ychpe R>° [°\u Ap_¨]$ - Ap_¨]$_p ı`¨]$_p° DW°$ R>°. Ap Ap_¨]$_p°
ge L$rh_° cu[f° gB Qpg° R>° :
"S>gr^ [giu KQu _uQu; fyr^f fN° fN°,
fr[_u ¤yr[\u `©’hu √l°fp ° hk¨[ ip° TN° !'
("fp°d ljÆZ', A–\ - `©. 21)
260
fr[_u ¤yr[\u `©’hu_p° Ql°fp° hk¨[ S>°hp° ES>mp° bfiep° R>°. fN°fNdp¨
hk¨[ Ïep`u NB R>°. A¨r[d `p¨Qdp kp∑_°V$_° "dyl}[Æ' iujÆL$ Ap‡ey¨ R>°. L¨$BL$ A°hy¨
bfiey¨ R>° S>° b^y¨ S> k¨NqW$[ L$f° R>°. Ap¨[f Nlhfdp¨ L¨$BL$ ANp°Qf k¨ep°≈e R>° _°
_hy¨ b_u ‚kh pd[p \_N_u f¸y¨ R>°. Alv cpf[ue dudp¨kL$p°A° S>° ‚r[cp_u
hp[ L$fu R>° [° Ap L$pÏedp¨ `X$u R>°. "L$iy¨L$ ÷h[y¨ A°L$pL$pf°, dV$u S>[y¨ f° ‹e'
A°L$pL$pf_u c|rd D`f\u L$p°B `Z nZ° L$iy¨L$ ‚khi°.
‚ı[y[ `p¨Q kp∑_°V$ L$\re[Ïe_p r_Í`Zdp¨ æ$di: Np°W$hpe°gp R>°.
Apıhp]$ L$f[u hM[° km¨N æ$di: kp∑_°V$ Apıhp]$hp `X°$ A°hp° Apg°M ^fph° R>°.
km¨N `p¨Q°e kp∑_°V$_° Apıhp]$[p L$pÏe‚°fZp rTg[p° A°L$ L$rh L$rh[p_p kS>Æ_
L$dÆ ky^u L$B fu[° ≈e R>°, [° A°L$ ‚L©$r[L$pÏe r_rd—° L$l°hpey¨ R>°. S>° kp∑_°V$dpmp
b_hp ky^u ≈e R>°.
R>¨]$ ‚ep°S>_dp¨ `p¨Q°e kp∑_°V$dp¨ lqfZu R>¨]$ ‚ep°S>ep° R>°. ‚pk `f–h°
Qp°\p kp∑_°V$dp¨ abba ccdd eeff gg S>°hp ‚pk d°mÏep R>°. bpL$u_p kp∑_°V$dp¨
ıh[¨” ‚pk`Ÿr[ d|L$u R>°. M¨X$r_ep°S>_dp¨ ‚\d kp∑_°V$_° 8+6 S>°hu BV$prge_
`Ÿr[ ‚dpZ° M¨X$r_ep°S>_ kp∑_°V$æ$d b°, ”Z, `p¨Qdp¨ 4+4+4+2 S>°hu
i°L$πsı`efipB `Ÿr[_u M¨X$`Ÿr[, [p° kp∑_°V$ - 4 dp¨ 4+4+6 S>°hu M¨X$`Ÿr[
fpMu R>°. L$pÏebp_u Apg¨L$pqfL$ flu R>°.
"^u Aı\°qV$L$k A°fiX$ ^u A°ıL°$B`' : (Aı\)
L$rh_p L$pÏek¨N∞lp°dp¨ ‚hpk r_rd—° gMpe°gp¨ kp∑_°V$ - Ny√R>p° OZp¨ f¸p¨
R>°. Alv ]°$hgpgu S>[p¨ X$p¨N_p h_dp¨ Ap kp∑_°V$ k≈Æep R>°. ‚hpk_u A_yc|r[_p
Apg°M Í`° Alv L$rhA° bpf kp∑_°V$dp¨ A° A_yc|r[_° ApL$pqf[ L$fu R>°. ‚\d
kp∑_°V$_° "pk_p° lzdgp°' A°hy¨ iujÆL$ Ap‡ey¨ R>°. `h_ rh_p_u riqif_u fpq”A°
Aı\dp_p ]$]$wA° fS>_u_° k[p¨ S>° pk E`X°$ R>° [°_y¨ AkfL$pfL$ Apg°M_
\ey¨ R>°. pk_mu apVy¨$apVy¨$ b_° R>° S>° k|fS> Aph[p¨ fpl[ \pe R>°.
"AQg cv[dp¨ \‡`u \‡`u d|L$u QZu R>° q]$ip'.
261
ı[Â^[p_y¨ DW$phu _ iL$pe [°hy¨ Ny¨Nmph_pfy¨ hS>_ ≈Z° Np°W$hpey¨ R>°.
bu≈ kp∑_°V$ "pkT¨Tp' _u iqL$[ L°$hX$u R>° ≈° [° blpf a}¨L$pe°g lp°[ [p° ^f[u
`f E\g`p\g k∆Æ ]°$[, `lpX$p°_u kgpd[u ≈°Mdp[, h__p h_ T¨T°X$p[,
kdy÷dp¨ lp°X$uAp°_° X|$bpX$[ A_° ApL$pi_p L¨$BL$ [pfpAp°_° L$pQp `pL$p M°fhu
_pM[. ky¨]$f L$Î`_p° ‹pfp T¨Tphp[ S>°hu ‚Mf[p pk_u T¨Tpdp¨ flu R>° A°hy¨
ÏÈL$[ L$fu iL$ep R>°. Alv kp\p° kp\ pk_p ]$]$w_° \[u `uX$p_p° ]y$:M]$peL$
rQ[pf d|L$u Ap‡ep° R>°. ”u≈ kp∑_°V$ "_pku R|>Vy¨$ Ry>¨'dp¨ L$rh "cur_ _Nfu_u cur_
cur_ cv[p° [Zu cvk\u "c' _p A°L$\u h^y Aph[Æ_p° ‹pfp `uX$p_u cvk_°
h^pfu R>°, `Z A° cvk R>° cur_ _Nfu_u A°e `pR>u cu_u cvk\u [°_° ≈Z
_ \pe [°d "rNqfh_ [Zu MyÎgpi° S>° Ecp° flu lp¨a[p° ' dp¨ _pku S>hp \[u
D[phm ≈Z° A¨[° lp¨a QX$ph[u lp°e [°d gpN° R>°. ]$d_p ]$]$w_° d©–eyce "dlp]$g
fpnku Ly$kyd' ‹pfp ÏeL$[ L$e°pÆ R>°, S>° L$rh_° ≈Z° lp\ g¨bphu_° N∞lu S>hp d\u
f¸y¨ R>°, `Z L$rh A°dp¨\u R>V$L$u ≈e R>° _° ]$p°X$[p h_]°$h[p_° QfZ° ≈e R>°.
Alv _Nfdp¨\u \e°gp° R|>V$L$pfp° `Z d|L$pep° R>°. kp∑_°V$ Qp°\p "kyLL$u lhpdp¨'
A°L$ A°L$πıV$ku Í`° cph_p Dfidp]$dp¨ Ah[f°gy¨ R>°. L$rhA° ”u≈ kp∑_°V$_u ¨qL$[_°
Qp°\p kp∑_°V$_u ‚pf¨c_u `¨qL$[ [fuL°$ d|L$u cph_p° A°L$ Tp°gp° gB_° Qp°\p kp∑_°V$
`f Nep R>°. rNqfhf_u MyÎgu lhpdp¨ ApÏep `R>u dp°L$mpi A_ych[p ‚NV$[u
lhp f [|X$u X°$ R>°. _Nfdp¨ cvkpB Ne°gu Brfi÷ep°_° [fp°[p∆ b_ph° R>°. afu\u
Ap lhp dmi° L°$ L°$d ? A°hu i¨L$p R>° dpV°$ L$l° R>° :
""afu _e dm°; MyÎg° dp°Y ° $ ]$i° q]$i lz ¨ ^ky ¨,
ER>u_y¨ e, AÎep Apgp°_° L$p° d_° buSy>¨ a°aky¨.''
("kyLL$u lhpdp¨ A°L$ A°L$πıV$ku', Aı\ - `©. 37)
L$rhA° cph_u Dfidp]$ Ahı\p_° b[phhp kp∑_°V$dp¨ Qp°\u `¨qL[\u
bpfdu `¨qL$[ ky^u `¨qL$[_p ‚pf¨c° "`' hZÆdp¨ ”Zhpf "‚NV$[u' iÂ]$ ‹pfp
A_° `R>u\u "`h_' iÂ]$ ‹pfp d|L$u R>°. A°L$ D—fp°—f Dfidp]$ h^[p° lp°e A°hu
fur[ AM–epf L$fu R>°. lhp_u A°L$πıV$ku A_ycÏep `R>u lh° [X$L$p_u A°L$πıV$ku
262
D]$πch° R>°. kp∑_°V$ `p¨Qdpdp¨ Af°rbe_ _pBV$πk_u hp[pÆ S>°d Nyap_y¨ ‹pf MyÎgy¨
\ey¨ R>°. ≈]y$\u S>°_° L$rh `p°[p_y¨ _kub kdS>° R>°. `lpX$p° lufL$ S>°d TNdNu
EW$ep R>°. A¨[° L$rh q‹Op A_ych° R>° L°$ cp°S>_u S>°d q]$_ fpq”Ap°_° Ap [X$L$p
Ap`u ]°$hp L°$ `p°W$p°cfu_° O°f gB S>hp ? R>Ã$p kp∑_°V$ "Qpgp°' dp¨ L$rh ıhpcprhL$
fu[° _Nfk¨ıL©$r[_p¨ hk_p°_° D[pfu _pMhp L$l° R>° _° `R>u hNX$pD hÎL$g ^pfZ
L$fhp_u dl°√R>p fpM° R>°. L$rh dyMf bfiep R>°. "Qpgp°, rif° QmL$[p [X$L$p
QX$phuA°'. kp[dp kp∑_°V$_° "rNqfkdpS>dp¨ - [fy kdpS>dp¨' S>°hy¨ iujÆL$ Ap‡ey¨
R>°. `lpX$p° S>°hu kdpS> k¨ı\pdp¨ [fyAp°_u kdpS> hı[u R>°. bfi_° lmudmu_° fl°
R>°. L$epf°e L$p°B L$gl_u hp[ _\u. DSS>X$ M°[fp°dp¨ TpX$ ≈Z° i[f¨S>_p
øep]$pAp° R>°, ‚L©$r[ A°L$ i[f¨S> S>°hu gpN° R>°. kp∑_°V$ ApW$ "`¨MuAp°dp¨' `¨Mu _
lp°[ [p° TuZp L$gfh _ lp°[ _° ‚cp[_y¨ iy¨ \p[ ? A°hu bprgi hp[p° L$f[p lp°e
A°hy¨ gpN° R>°. _c_y¨ ‚cp[ AÍ` b_u fl°[ Ap `¨MuAp° S> `p°[p_u Qp¨Q\u,
L$gfhp°\u ApL$pi_° f[u A°L$ L$fu d|L°$ R>°. ‚L©$r[_p¨ [“hp°_u Qpl[dp¨ L$rh ApNm
h^° R>°. "rhh[Æ' kp∑_°V$dp¨ rNqfh_dp¨ \p°X$p q]$hk_p° hkhpV$ L$e°pÆ, R>[p¨ L$rh
Í`p¨[f A_ych° R>°. Ap¨[fdp¨ b^y `lpX$, S>¨Ng, TpX$, `nuAp°, `¨MuNp_,
r_dÆg Tfœ¨ - Ap¨M ≈Z° A°L$ L$QL$X$p_u `qf`|ZÆ dy÷p b_° R>°, S>°dp¨ S>¨Ng A_°
b^y¨ S> R>° W$p¨kp° - W$p¨k. L$rh_° ‚L©$r[_u NpY$ Akf \pe R>°. Alv ‚L©$r[‚ur[_p¨
]$iÆ_ \pe R>°. ]$kdy¨ kp∑_°V$ "d_drZ_u `°g°`pf' dp¨ L$rh ‚L©$r[_p [“hp°_u
Apf`pf_p flıe_° `L$X$hp d\° R>°. "ANd `fu_° gp°L°$ dpfy¨ ‚h°ihy¨ Apa}Xy$ !'
ArcÏeqL$[_p° ‚hpl Alv ≈Z° a¨V$p[p° lp°e [°d gpN° R>°. ArNepfdp¨ kp∑_°V$
"lh° ER>m, _pQ, L|$]$' iujÆL$dp¨ ”Z qæ$ep`]$p°_° d|L$ep¨ R>°. L$rh d__° k¨bp°^u
hp[ L$f° R>°, d__° hNX$pD b_u S>hp L$l° R>°. R|>V$L$pfp_p° DX$ph fu[° dlp°–kh
dpZhp L$l° R>°. h_dp¨ ‚u[_u b°hapB _\u A°hy¨ L$lu _Nfk¨ıL©$r[dp¨ hk_pf
dp_h\u AgN `pX$u_° [°_y¨ ı\p_ KQy¨ bˇey¨ R>°. A¨[° kgpl Ap`° R>° : "lh° S>hy¨
_ ÏeqL$[dp¨ Alv_u Apc ‡lp°mpB\u'. bpfdp kp∑_°V$dp¨ d__° dpfu_° _p R|>V$L°$
B√R>p _ lp°hp¨ R>[p¨ _Nfdp¨ ‚h°i L$fhp° `X°$ A°hu sı\r[ Aphu Q|L$u R>°, dpV°$ S>
L$rh "`y_f: _Nf A`lfZ' S>°hy¨ iujÆL$ ‚ep°S>° R>°. d_drZ_° KX°$ Ry>`phu_°
263
_Nf_p° ]y$:ipk_ ≈Z° A¨N° A¨Ndp¨ g`°V$pe°gp h__° lf° R>°, L$rh_° X$f `Z R>°.
‚ı[y[ L©$r[dp¨ L$rhA° R> kp∑_°V$dp¨ Aı\dp_p ]$]$w_u N|¨NmpdZ, Ïe\p
[°_p [uh∞ ]$]Æ$ hN°f° _Nfdp¨ X$ep fl°hp\u L°$ Í ¨^php\u \pe R>°. Ap_u kpd° ‚L©$r[
[fa_p° [uh∞ Dfidp]$ `Z R>[p° \[p° fl° R>°. bpL$u_p R> kp∑_°V$dp¨ ‚L©$r[[“hp°
[fa_p° fpN-A_yfpN hZÆhpep° R>°, S>° Dfidp]$ ApNm_p R> kp∑_°V$dp¨ l[p° [° A°L$
^pfp°_° A°L$_° A°L$ rhQpf Sy>]$u fu[° Apg°Mu L©$r[_° g¨bphu R>°. `fu_u L$Î`_p
S>°hp ANd ‚]°$i_u Mp°S> S>°hy¨ h√Q° kp∑_°V$ cph_° Sy>]$u q]$ipA° Nr[ L$fph[y¨ f¸y¨
R>°, `qfZpd° km¨N cphr_Í`Zdp¨ rir\g[p Aphu R>°. Apd Alv Apg°M__p°
L$p°B rhriÛV$ Apg°M dm[p° _\u [°\u kp∑_°V$ Ny√R> b_u L©$r[ AV$L$u R>°.
"b∞˚p¨X$_p h[_u' : (Aı\)
"b∞˚p¨X$_p h[_u' kp∑_°V$”eudp¨ b∞˚p¨X$_p h[_u A°hp L$p°B ∆h `©’hu
`f Ah[f° R>°. [°\u hpf°hpf° Of_u blpf _uL$mu `X°$ R>° _° `L$X$u D`pX$u_° Ofdp¨
gphhp X°$ R>°. L$pÏep¨[° N©rlZu_p dyM° "Agu' A°hp gp°L$bp°gu_p iÂ]$p°dp¨ L$l°hpey
R>° L°$ Ly$M°\u Apc Ah[eyØ R>° [°_° S>fid Ap`_pf dp[p Ry¨> A°V$g° lz¨ `Z hpf¨hpf
Ap°V$g° ≈J Ry>¨. bu≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨ ApS> rhQpf_° d|L$ep° R>°. blpf_p° ∆h Ofdp¨ L°$]$
L°$d flu iL°$ ? "S>ep¨ ER>epÆ Agu ! lh° _uX$ A° S> _p Nd° ?' dp[p R>° A°V$g°
Ofdp¨ `|f° R>°, `Z ≈mu_p krme° Ecu fı[° S>_pf b^p_° kp]$ ]°$ R>° [°d_p° S>°
`qfhpf R>° [°dp¨ Qp¨]$p\u L|$[fy¨ - L$pN - `[¨rNey¨ S>°hp kd|l_p° R>°. ”u≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨
Ap blpf_p¨ [“hp°dp¨ b∞˚p¨X$_p° ∆h lmudmu ≈e R>°, `Z `p°[° blpf_u R>°.
riiy_p S>N[dp¨ L$iu L$pd_u QuS> b_u iL$[u _\u A°V$g° L$pÏe_preL$p R>p°cugu
`X$u ≈e R>°.
‚ı[y[ kp∑_°V$”eu A°L$ cph[¨[yA° k¨L$mpe°gu R>°. b∞˚p¨X$u ∆h_° S>fid
Ap`_pf dp[p rhje_p L°$fi÷dp¨ R>°. [°_p dyM° ”Z° kp∑_°V$ dyL$pep¨ R>°. [°\u dp[p
A_° b∞˚p¨X$u ∆h A°hp riiy_u hp[ ”Z° kp∑_°V$dp¨ N|¨\pe°gu R>°. riiy b∞˚p¨X$u
∆h lp°hp\u hpf°hpf° Of_u Qpf q]$hpgdp¨\u blpf ]$p°X$u ≈e R>°. dp[p_p° ∆h
264
R>° A°V$g° `L$X$u_° `pR>u gph° R>°, `Z blpfu ∆h_° Of kp\° L$ep¨\u Np°W°$ ? [°\u
≈rme° V$vNpB_° `Z blpfu ]y$r_ep kp\° k¨b¨^ bp¨^° R>°. riiy_u fd[dp¨
fdL$X$pdp¨ L°$ fd[_p cpNu]$pfp°dp¨ `Z b^p Afie R>° [°dp¨ fMX$[y¨ L|$[fy¨ R>°,
L$pNX$pAp° R>°, `[¨rNep R>°, [°\u dp[p_° d_ \pe R>° L°$ `p°[° riiy_p `qfhpfdp¨
blpfu R>°. Alu¨ L$rh A_° ∆h A°hp b° `p”p°_p k¨]$c£ `Z rhQpfu iL$uA°.
_Nfk¨ıL©$r[dp¨ L°$]$u L$rh_° [°_p° Apq]$dge hpf°hpf° kÊe k¨ıL©$r[\u R>V$L$u ]|$f
h_dp¨ ‚L©$r[dp¨ S>hp Qpl° R>° A°d _p[p° blpfu S> f¸p° R>°. km¨N rhQpf A°L$ S>
‚hpldp¨ Qpg° R>°. ”Z° A°L$ S> rhjehı[y\u k¨L$mpe°gp kp∑_°V$ lp°hp¨ R>[p¨ cph_p
rhrh^ `gV$p L°$ rhQpfdp¨ hmp¨L$_p Acph° ‚ı[y[ L©$r[ ”Z kp∑_°V$_y¨ A°L$ T|dMy¨
Ny√R> b_° R>°.
"`|hw cpf[°' (Í`_p ge) :
"Í`_p ge' L$pÏek¨N∞ldp¨ "`|hw cpf[°' iujÆL$ kp\°_u L©$r[dp¨ L$rhA°
`p¨Q kp∑_°V$ d|L$ep¨ R>°. ‚\d kp∑_°V$ "L$p¨Q_ T¨Op_u ArcdyM°' dp¨ ]$p∆ÆtgN_u
r[ı[p _]$u_u L$p¨L$fu D`pX$u DR>pm[p [f¨N fpQ° R>°. bu≈ kp∑_°V$ "]$p∆ÆtgN\u
cpf[ ]$iÆ_' dp¨ ]$p∆ÆtgN_u `hÆ[ue `lpX$u ›ep_ı\ rih A_° byŸ S>°hu gpNu
R>°, S>°_u [m°V$udp¨ cf[M¨X$ kd\m Í`° ≈Z° L$p°B ApZdp¨ a°gpe°gp° R>°. kp∑_°V$dp¨
hZÆ__u r_Í`Zfur[ Aph[p kp∑_°V$ L$\˛ey¨ R>° A¨[° Qp°V$ S>°hy¨ f¸y¨ _\u. kp∑_°V$
”u≈ "]$p∆ÆtgN \u ◊Ìe-ÓpÏe L$gL$—p' dp¨ L$p_MS|>fp_p Í`L$\u L$gL$—p
_Nfu_° L$ip cph hNf_u d©–eydp¨ Apmp°V$[u L$lu R>°. L$rh ]$p∆ÆtgNdp¨ k|[p
k|[p _Nfu_p Ahp≈° A_ych° R>°. Qp°\p kp∑_°V$dp¨ "D–L$gdp¨ ∆h_f\_p¨ Qæ$p°'
dp¨ Ap°qfıkpdp¨ ‚hpku Nr[dp_ Qæ$p° sı\f fl°hp ]°$[p _\u. ‚pf¨cdp¨
A•r[lprkL$ ı\m° Br[lpk ep]$ L$f° R>°. S>Nfi_p\_p f\_p¨ `•X$p¨_° QY$phu ]$u^y¨
R>°, buSy>¨ `•Xy¨$ dlpLÆ$f\_y¨ QY$phu_° X$NydNy V$peX$p_u Nr[ ‚p‡[ L$fu R>°, Alv
Ap°qfıkp_p ı\mgnu _pd Aph° R>°, ‚hpk Nr[de R>° A°V$gy¨ S> L$l°hpey¨ R>°.
A¨r[d kp∑_°V$ "]$p∆ÆtgN : Y$m[u kp¨S>° O°f\u' dp AÛV$L$ddp¨ ]$p∆ÆtgN_p d_p°lfu
◊Ìe_° Ap¨M kdph° R>°. rldpge_p `hÆ[p° i¨L$f_p rihtgN S>°hp gpN° R>°. ka°]$
265
rld_u f°Mp hæ$ Í ° QdL°$ R>°. lpX$u h_p°_u OV$pAp° AOp°fu_p gV$_u S>°d N|QhpB
NB R>°. jÛV$L$dp¨ A¨^pfy¨ ‚kfhp\u b^y¨ S> rhgu_ \pe R>°, A°L$ dp” Mp°fX$p_p
q]$hp_p° ‚L$pi ]°$Mpe R>°. hp¨L$p hp¨L$p V|¨$L$ QY$[p ÏeqL$[ kp\° kp¨S>_° kfMphu R>°.
‚L©$r[_y¨ ky¨]$f Apg°M_ Alv \ey¨ R>°.
‚ı[y[ `p¨Q kp∑_°V$ `|hw cpf[_p ]$p∆ÆtgN A_° Ap°qfıkp_p ‚hpk
]$fÁep_ ıa}f°gp¨ R>°. L$rh_° ‚L©$r[ hlpgu R>°. k¨ıL©$r[dp¨\u hpf¨hpf ‚L©$r[dp¨ X°$gp
Apq]$d ge_° `L$X$hp L$rh d’ep R>° A°hp° S> A°L$ ‚e–_ Alv `Z fl°gp° R>°.
‚L©$r[_p hZÆ_r_Í`Zdp¨ [°d_u L$gd_p QdL$pfp A_ychhp dm° R>°. ‚hpk_p
ı\mgnu hZÆ_ A_° k¨h°]$_ km¨N cph_p° Apg°M fQu iL$[p _\u. [°\u
‚ı[y[ L©$r[ kp∑_°V$Ny√R> b_° R>°.
"_h≈[ riiy_u Apk`pk' : (riiygp°L$) :
L$rh_u h[_‚ur[_p ap¨V$p kp\° Ly$Vy¨$b‚ur[ [fa_p° A°L$ ‚hpl ≈°X$pe°gp°
R>°. "riiygp°L$' L$pÏek¨N∞ldp¨ dp[p A_° riiy_u Apk`pk_u L©$r[Ap°_° d|L$u R>°.
AdyL$ L$pÏep°, S>° Ap rhje_° A_yÍ` l[p A_° `|hÆ_p k¨N∞ldp¨ ‚rkŸ \e°gp¨,
[°_° Alv A°L$” L$fu_° d|L$ep¨ R>°. ‚ı[y[ "_h≈[ riiy_u Apk`pk' _uQ° L$rhA°
R> kp∑_°V$ d|L$ep¨ R>°. k¨h°]$__° ky¨]$f r_Í`Zi•gu\u ‚ı[y[ L©$r[ DW$ph]$pf b_u
R>° S>°_p ‚dpZÍ`° ‚\d L©$r[ "_hp°Y$pdp¨\u dp[p' kp∑_°V$dp¨ ‚p‡[ \pe R>°.
AÛV$L$dp¨ dp[p b_hp\u _preL$p_p ip°M, Afdp_p° b^p T|¨V$hpe R>° [°hp cph
N|¨\pep R>°.
"[°¨, [¢ dpfy¨ kyM lfu gu^y¨ Ap°Y$hp - ‡l°fhp_y¨,
Mphy¨ `uhy¨, lfhy¨ afhy¨, A°.... Ry>V$p ıl°ghp_y¨.'
("_hp°Y$pdp¨\u dp[p', riiygp°L$ - `©. 3)
_preL$p AL$mpdZ A_ych° R>°. h^ydp¨ [°_p° `r[_° lf[p° af[p° ]°$Mu
\p°X$u BjpÆ A_° fp°j `Z \pe R>°. jÛV$L$dp¨ cph`gV$p° d|L$u dp[p_y¨ hp–kÎe
TpÎey¨ fl°[y¨ _\u. A¨r[d `¨qL$[dp¨ _preL$p_p° cph L°$hp° rTgpe R>°. "[y¨ luZu lz¨
266
flu S> iL$u i¢ ApV$gp° L$pm, bpm !' _h≈[ qX$Ác ‚–e° dp[p_p D]$πNpfp° Í °
"_h≈[ qX$Ác ‚–e° dp - 1' kp∑_°V$ A_yk¨^p_° ApÏey¨ R>°. Alv ArcÏeqL$[dp¨
_pqhfie ApÏey¨ R>°. dp[p_° gpN° R>° L°$ qX$Ácdp¨ dp” [°_u f°Mp E[fu R>° A°V$gy¨ S,>
bpL$u L$p°B `|hÆ S>fid_p° _p[p° [d° ≈mÏep° R>°. Ap¨Mp° EOX$u –epf° kpd° dp[p S>
l[u, `Z _p_p ◊Np°dp¨ [p° b∞˚p¨X$_y¨ ıh‡_ R>°. A¨[° `p•fprZL$ `yfpL$Î`_ Í °
L©$ÛZ A_° dp[p eip°]$p_° ep]$ L$f° R>°. ”u≈ kp∑_°V$ "_h≈[ qX$Ác ‚–e° dp-
2'dp¨ dp[p_p l•epdp¨ L¶$L$ d|¨ThZ R>°. bu≈ kp∑_°V$_p cph[¨[y_° `L$X$u kp∑_°V$
ApNm h¬ey¨ R>°. _p_p bpmL$_u ◊qÛV$ l∆ kN`Z_p° _p[p° bp¨^u iL$[u _\u.
[°\u S> [° qV$L$u qV$L$u_° ≈°B fl° R>° L°$ A° ◊qÛV$dp¨ N[ S>_d_u L$p°B ‚uR>_p° [pmp°
d°mhu f¸y¨ lp°e [°hy¨ dp[p_° gpN° R>°. A¨[° rhfpNu ]$p]$p∆ `Z _h≈[ riiy
kp\° dpep bp¨^° R>°. dp[p-riiy h√Q° ”uSy>¨ `qfdpZ ]$p]$pÍ`° Dd°fpe R>°. "d_°
bp¨^u ]$u^p° Ofiy¨ afu, a|¨V$ep _hkf°...' ∆h__u k¨¬epA° ]$p]$p ≈Z° _hıhf\u
Ofdp¨ b¨^pB ≈e R>°. Ap rhQpf_p° `X$Op° `pX°$ R>° `R>u_p kp∑_°V$ "Ofd¨p `pR>p¨
af[p¨ ]$p]$p_u DqL$['dp¨ kp∑_°V$ ]$p]$p_u DqL$[\u EOX°$ R>°. S>°dp¨ ]$p]$p_° Ofdp¨
b¨ _ \pe R>° A° cph ]$p°lfphu ApNmp_p kp∑_°V$ kp\° A°L$ cphk°[y bp¨ ° Ap‡ep°
R>°. `R>u A° S> cph[¨[y kp∑_°V$dp¨ Ïep`u hm° R>°. ]$p]$p _h≈[ riiy kp\° dd–h
bp¨^° R>°. jÛV$L$dp¨ ]$p]$p ^fd - k–k¨N L$fhp Of_p° Jbfp° R>p°X$u kp¨S>_p _uL$m°
R>°, `Z AÛV$L$dp¨ ]$p]$p_° ≈Z° _hriiyA° Ofdp¨ `pR>p bp°gphu gu^p R>° A°hp
cph N|¨\pep R>°.
"A_pepk°, a}V$ep ıhf_u N∞lu g• [p¨[ kfy¨ Ry>¨,
Of° KX$p° KX$p°, A[g dyS> S>fid°e Nfy¨ Ry>¨.'
("Ofdp¨ `pR>p af[p ]$p]$p_u DqL$[', riiygp°L$ - `©. 6)
"`©’hu ]$unp' kp∑_°V$dp¨ bpmL$_u ◊qÛV$ lh° sı\f \B R>° dp[p kp\° lh°
L¨$BL$ dd–h° b¨^pi° _° "k¨b¨^p°_y¨ L$iy¨L$ `X$i° _pd'. dp[p lh° riiy [fa A]$Áe
M¢QpZ A_ych° R>°. A¨r[d kp∑_°V$ "b^u Q°ÛV$p_u A°L$ S> Ïe¨S>_p' dp¨ bpmL$
`|fu kdS>\u Ap¨M a°fh° R>°. dp[p S>° [fa ≈e [° [fa k|fS>dyMu_p a}g_u
267
D`dp\u bfpbf kd≈hu iL$ep R>°. riiy cphh[yÆm_y¨ L°$fi÷ b_° R>° _° |fp Ofdp¨
Ïep`°gp h[yÆm_p Qy¨bL$ue n°”dp¨ dp[p `|fpe R>°. OfL$pddp¨ `fp°hp[u dp[p_y¨
k[[ ›ep_ Ahi`Z° bpmL$ kp\° fl° R>°.
‚ı[y[ kp∑_°V$dpmp rhi° fdZ kp°_u S>Zph° R> °, "Di_kπ_p ¨"Di_kπ_p ¨"Di_kπ_p ¨"Di_kπ_p ¨"Di_kπ_p ¨
riiyL$pÏep°dp¨ kdN∞[ep S> ° cph N| ¨\pep° R> °, A°_p° ALÆ $ ≈Z° L° $ ApriiyL$pÏep°dp¨ kdN∞[ep S> ° cph N| ¨\pep° R> °, A°_p° ALÆ $ ≈Z° L° $ ApriiyL$pÏep°dp¨ kdN∞[ep S> ° cph N| ¨\pep° R> °, A°_p° ALÆ $ ≈Z° L° $ ApriiyL$pÏep°dp¨ kdN∞[ep S> ° cph N| ¨\pep° R> °, A°_p° ALÆ $ ≈Z° L° $ ApriiyL$pÏep°dp¨ kdN∞[ep S> ° cph N| ¨\pep° R> °, A°_p° ALÆ $ ≈Z° L° $ Ap
kp∑_°V$Ny√R>dp¨ E[e°pÆ R>°. "‚\d riiy' dp¨ dp[p_y¨ S>° "A_¨[ Ly$[|lg' ‚NV$ey¨kp∑_°V$Ny√R>dp¨ E[e°pÆ R>°. "‚\d riiy' dp¨ dp[p_y¨ S>° "A_¨[ Ly$[|lg' ‚NV$ey¨kp∑_°V$Ny√R>dp¨ E[e°pÆ R>°. "‚\d riiy' dp¨ dp[p_y¨ S>° "A_¨[ Ly$[|lg' ‚NV$ey¨kp∑_°V$Ny√R>dp¨ E[e°pÆ R>°. "‚\d riiy' dp¨ dp[p_y¨ S>° "A_¨[ Ly$[|lg' ‚NV$ey¨kp∑_°V$Ny√R>dp¨ E[e°pÆ R>°. "‚\d riiy' dp¨ dp[p_y¨ S>° "A_¨[ Ly$[|lg' ‚NV$ey¨
l[y ¨ [° A°V$gu S> [pS>Nu kp\° Alv `Z A_ychpe R>°. khÆ `qfrQ[l[y¨ [° A°V$gu S> [pS>Nu kp\° Alv `Z A_ychpe R>°. khÆ `qfrQ[l[y¨ [° A°V$gu S> [pS>Nu kp\° Alv `Z A_ychpe R>°. khÆ `qfrQ[l[y¨ [° A°V$gu S> [pS>Nu kp\° Alv `Z A_ychpe R>°. khÆ `qfrQ[l[y¨ [° A°V$gu S> [pS>Nu kp\° Alv `Z A_ychpe R>°. khÆ `qfrQ[
cphS>N[dp¨ `Z A°L$pr^L$ hpf A-`|hÆ[p_p° A_ych L$fph[u Di_kπ_ucphS>N[dp¨ `Z A°L$pr^L$ hpf A-`|hÆ[p_p° A_ych L$fph[u Di_kπ_ucphS>N[dp¨ `Z A°L$pr^L$ hpf A-`|hÆ[p_p° A_ych L$fph[u Di_kπ_ucphS>N[dp¨ `Z A°L$pr^L$ hpf A-`|hÆ[p_p° A_ych L$fph[u Di_kπ_ucphS>N[dp¨ `Z A°L$pr^L$ hpf A-`|hÆ[p_p° A_ych L$fph[u Di_kπ_u
L$Î`_p iqL$[_p° Z Alv ¤ A_ych \pe R>°. ApMpe Ny√R>dp¨ A_pepkL$Î`_p iqL$[_p° Z Alv ¤ A_ych \pe R>°. ApMpe Ny√R>dp¨ A_pepkL$Î`_p iqL$[_p° Z Alv ¤ A_ych \pe R>°. ApMpe Ny√R>dp¨ A_pepkL$Î`_p iqL$[_p° Z Alv ¤ A_ych \pe R>°. ApMpe Ny√R>dp¨ A_pepkL$Î`_p iqL$[_p° Z Alv ¤ A_ych \pe R>°. ApMpe Ny√R>dp¨ A_pepk
kp∑_°V$dpmp fQpB Aphu R>°. A°L$ km¨N cph[¨[ydp¨ rhrcfi_ k¨h°]$_tb]y$Ap°kp∑_°V$dpmp fQpB Aphu R>°. A°L$ km¨N cph[¨[ydp¨ rhrcfi_ k¨h°]$_tb]y$Ap°kp∑_°V$dpmp fQpB Aphu R>°. A°L$ km¨N cph[¨[ydp¨ rhrcfi_ k¨h°]$_tb]y$Ap°kp∑_°V$dpmp fQpB Aphu R>°. A°L$ km¨N cph[¨[ydp¨ rhrcfi_ k¨h°]$_tb]y$Ap°kp∑_°V$dpmp fQpB Aphu R>°. A°L$ km¨N cph[¨[ydp¨ rhrcfi_ k¨h°]$_tb]y$Ap°
`fp°hp[p¨ ≈e R>°.'`fp°hp[p¨ ≈e R>°.'`fp°hp[p¨ ≈e R>°.'`fp°hp[p¨ ≈e R>°.'`fp°hp[p¨ ≈e R>°.'56
‚ı[y[ kp∑_°V$dpmp "_h≈[ riiy_u Apk`pk' _p R> kp∑_°V$, ‚pk
[\p M¨X$rhcpS>_dp¨ Ap ‚L$pf_p¨ f¸p¨ R>° : kp∑_°V$ æ$d - 1 `°V≤$pLÆ$ipB fQ_p R>°,
S>°_p ‚pk abba cdcd effe gg S>°hp R>°. kp∑_°V$æ$d - 2, 4+6+4 S>°hp,
kp∑_°V$æ$d - 3, 3+7+4 S>°hp, kp∑_°V$æ$d - 4, 6+6+2 S>°hp, kp∑_°V$æ$d - 5,
4+4+6 S>°hp A¨L$ rhcpS>_hpmy¨ R>°. A¨r[d kp∑_°V$ 4+4+6 S>°hp rhcpS>_hpmy¨
R>°, S>°dp¨ ‚pk aaaa bcbc ddee ff S>°hp¨ d°mÏep R>°. bpL$u_p kp∑_°V$æ$d -
2, 3, 4, 5 dp¨ ıh[¨” fur[_u ‚pk`Ÿr[ A`_phu R>°. R>¨]$ ep°S>_dp¨ ‚\d
kp∑_°V$ A_° A¨r[d kp∑_°V$ d¨]$pæ$pfi[p R>¨]$dp¨, bpL$u_p¨ kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ riMqfZu R>¨]$
‚ep°S>ep° R>°. L$pÏebp_u cph_° D`L$pfL$ Ag¨L$pqfL$ flu R>°. Alv ]$f°L$ kp∑_°V$_u
kS>Æ_ [pfuM _°p¨^u R>°. ‚\d kp∑_°V$ [p. 28-9-78; buSy>¨ kp∑_°V$ [p. 30-9-
78; ”uSy>¨ kp∑_°V$ [p. 30-9-78; Qp°\y¨ kp∑_°V$ [p. 1-10-78; 5p¨Qdy¨ kp∑_°V$
[p. 29-10-78; R>Ãz¨$ kp∑_°V$ [p. 31-10-78 A°d kS>Æ__u [pfuMp° ≈°[p¨
k¨h°]$_ A°L$uNpmpdp¨ L$pÏe]°$l° Ah[eyØ R>°. kp∑_°V$ Qp°\y - p¨Qdy Apg°Mdp¨ ApNm-
`pR>m Np°W$h°gp R>°, k¨dpS>Æ_ ‚qæ$epdp¨ L$rh_° A°d ep°¡e gp¡ey¨ li° [°\u.
268
"kh–kp ]$uL$fu_° rh]$pe V$pZ°' : (riiygp°L$) :
"khÆ–kp ]$uL$fu_° rh]$pe V$pZ°' iujÆL$ _uQ° L$rhA° Qpf kp∑_°V$ d|L$ep¨ R>°.
S>°dp¨_y¨ ‚\d kp∑_°V$ "rh]$pe riiy_°' dp¨ ‚\d Q[yÛL$dp¨ bpmL$_y¨ bp°My¨ dyM,
]|$^N¨^u lpıe, cp°mp _e_ qhL$rk[ rh_° rhıde\u Sy>A° R>°. ud° ud° bpmL$
Í`, f¨N, ıhf, Nr[ A_° ı`iÆ\u rh_° Ap–dkp[π L$f° R>°. Ap b^pdp¨ L$p°_p
[fa_p° `n`p[ h^pf° R>°, [° lz¨ ≈œ¨ Ry>¨. ”u≈ Q[yÛL$dp¨ cph_° DW$ph[p L$rh
bpmL$_° S>Zph° R>°, iyÛL$ A_° kM[ ]y$r_ep h√Q° Ly$Zp¨_e_dp¨ L$B fu[° ıh‡__°
fnip°° ? A¨[dp¨ A°L$ ]y$:M cfu hpZudp¨ h–k_° Ap¨ky\u hp–kÎe_y¨ L$hQ l°fph°
R>°. bu≈ kp∑_°V$ "_° `p°[p_p R>°Îgp R>°Îgp i•ih_°e' _p° DOpX$ "riiy l°' S>°hu
Apl\u DOX°$ R>°. QfZ Of° `pR>p af° R>°, ≈Z° bpmL$_p S>fid\u ∆h[f `pRy>¨
aeyØ R>°. bpmL$_p klS> lpıe\u b∞˚p¨X$ MuÎep¨ R>°. A¨[dp¨ L$rh L$l° R>° :
"[dpf° [p° S>fidu b^y¨ S> _hy¨' [y¨ : [pSy>¨ _° ‡l°g h°Îgy¨,
Adpfy¨ e° kp√Qy¨ _eyØ riiy `œ¨, qL≠$ [y f° R>°g°R>°Îgy¨'
("_° `p°[p_p R>°Îgp R>°Îgp i•ih_°e', riiygp°L$ - `©. 22)
`R>u_p kp∑_°V$ "rh]$pe `R>u Ofdp¨ `pR>p° af[p° h©Ÿ - 1' iujÆL$ Ap‡ey¨
R>°. kp∑_°V$_p DOpX$dp¨ Q¨÷ `∞ip¨[ [g\u ]$X$p S>°hp° ER>mu ‚pfi[ _cdp¨ k°hN
kfu ≈e [°_u `pR>m kdy÷ L$ep¨ ky^u ^k° ? A°hp ‚L©$r[_p [–hp° ‹pfp riiy
A_° ıhS>__p° k¨b¨^ kd≈Ïep° R>°, "`f¨[y L$]$u tk^y\u _h eyNpe Bfi]y$gNu'.
A¨r[d kp∑_°V$ rh]$pe `R>u Ofdp¨ `pR>p° af[p° h©Ÿ - 2 dp¨ Q¨÷ ≈[p¨ Of ApMy¨
‚ip¨[ \B ≈e, X|$kLy¨$ hndp¨ kdu ≈e, X|$dp\u cv[p° b°hX$u hmu NB R>°, Ofdp¨
‚h°i L$fhp\u bpmL$_p° Mpgu`p° dl°k|k \pe R>°, Of bp°rTg b_° R>°. kp∑_°V$_°
A¨[° L$fyZ_u `fpL$pÛW$p dyL$pB R>°.
"Tdu DTfX$p cfpe; `Z Ïl°Z Ïl°[y ¨ _\u..,
_ dp°[u O_b¨^, dp” R>u` cu_u fl° c°S>\u.'
("rh]$pe `R>u Ofdp¨ `pR>p° af[p° h©Ÿ - 2', riiygp°L$ - `©. 24)
269
^_ dp°[u hNf_u Mpgu R>u`dp¨ dp” c°S> S> V$L°$ R>°. h©Ÿ_u h°]$_p_°
ky¨]$f L$Î`_\u ‚ep°∆ L$fyZ_° D`pX$ep° R>°.
‚ı[y[ L©$r[_u A¨]$f riiy_p d©–ey\u [°_p ıhS>_p°, A°dp¨e Mpk L°$fi÷dp¨
R>° h©Ÿ, S>°_p ˘]$edp¨ O°fu L$fyZ_u V$if EW°$ R>°, bpmL$_° rh]$pe `Z [°S> Ap`u
f¸p° R>° A°hp cph d|[Æ L$epÆ R>°, `Z L©$r[_y¨ dyøe iujÆL$ "kh–kp ]$uL$fu_° rh]$pe
V$pZ°' L$rh_u [fa A¨Nyrgr_]£$i L$f° R>° h©Ÿ A° L$rh `p°[° S> R>°, [°\u A¨N[gnu -
ÏeqL$[gnu b_u fl° R>°. L©$r[dp¨ dp[p_p ]y$:M_u R>pep dp” `Z _\u. L$rh_u
N|Y$ Ïe\p kp∑_°V$ ‹pfp fS|> \e°gu R>°. A¨[_u b° L©$r[ cphr_Í`Z° kpfu flu R>°.
A°L¨$]$f° L$p°B rhi°j Apg°M Alv _\u, [°\u L©$r[_° kp∑_°V$Ny√R> L$l°hu h^pf° DrQ[
fl°i°.
"]$p]$p∆ A_° riiy' : (riiygp°L$)
riiygp°L$ L$pÏek¨N∞ldp¨ "]$p]$p∆ A_° riiy' iujÆL$ _uQ° ”Z kp∑_°V$ d|L$ep¨
R>° S>°dp¨_y¨ ‚\d kp∑_°V$ R>°, "h©Ÿ A_° ”u∆ `°Y$u'. kp∑_°V$_p DOpX$dp¨ S> h©Ÿ ”u∆
`°Y$u_° fdpX$u f¸p° R>°. –epf° [° `p°[p_p riiyL$pg_° hpNp°m° R>°. `R>u_p jÛV$L$dp¨
`p°[° riiy dV$u_° eyhp_u hV$phu_° h©Ÿ bfiep_u rhN[ r_Í`u R>°. A¨[_p ey¡dL$dp¨
bpmL$_p r_]$p°jÆ lpıe° lk[p° h©Ÿ hlpg\u riiy_° V$`pf° R>° _° A¨]$f° ≈Z° p°[p_°
`Z.
bu≈ kp∑_°V$_° "A¨[NÆr[' iujÆL$dp¨ d©[riiy_p Acph ]$p]$p_° dl°k|k
\pe R>°. riiy_° rh]$pe Ap‡ep `R>u riiy_u _p_u _p_u `NguAp° Ofdp¨ `X°$gu
A_ych° R>°. Ofdp¨ kOm° `NguAp° `X°$gu R>°. L$pÏep¨[° ]$p]$p_° A°hy¨ dl°kyk \pe
R>° L°$ afu `pR>p° L$p°B bVy$L$ Ah[pfu Sy>]$u fu[° ]$p]$p_p ˘]$e_° ∆[° _° A°d Ddf_p
`pR>gp cpN_y¨ ∆h_ Ap_¨]$\u hu[°. "rhÍ` ]$iÆ_' iujÆL$ kp\°_p ”u≈
kp∑_°V$dp¨ `©’hu D`f lep[u_p° tk^y ER>mu f¸p° R>°, S>°dp¨ gOy dpR>guAp° S>°hu
`NguAp° k°gpfp dpfu `©’hu A_° Apc_° A°L$ L$f° R>° [°_y¨ ]$iÆ_ ]$p]$p L$f° R>°.
]$p]$p_u L$uL$udp¨ h°g S>°hu hvV$mpB hm° R>°. L$pÏep¨[° ]$p]$p Ahgp°L°$ R>°, Aphu _p_u
270
`NguAp°, S>° Qpf° [fa Nr[de R>°. MNp°m° `NguÍ` rhp° ≈Z° fr[de gpN°
R>°. Alv L$rhA° cph_° `gV$phu _pMu rhÍ`dp¨ [°_p° ge a°gpe°gp° R>° A°hy¨
k|rQ[ ]$iÆ_ d|L$ey¨ R>° A°d ÏeqL$[gnu cph_° kdqÛV$gnu ky^u rhı[pe°pÆ R>°.
”Z° kp∑_°V$ A°L$ cph[¨[y\u b¨^pe°gp¨ R>°. ‚\ddp¨ ”u∆ `°Y$u_p riiy_° fdpX$[p
`p°[° riiyde b_° R>°, [°dp¨ L$pm_p A[u[_° hpNp°m° R>°. R>u_p kp∑_°V$dp¨ riiy_p°
Acph L¨$BL$ rhlπhm b_ph° R>°, `Z [° Ïe\p kddp¨ `qfZd° R>°. b∞˚p¨X$dp¨
Ïep`°gp A°L$ khÆkpdpfie Í`° riiy_p _hp Í`_° Ahgp°L°$ R>°. Alv cph Í`p¨[f
`pdu _hu KQpB kf L$f° R>°, A°d A°L$ ApL©$r[ b_° R>°, S>° kp∑_°V$dpmp_y¨ Í` bn°
R>°. ”Z° kp∑_°V$ A°L$ S> O_uc|[ Akfdp¨ gMpe°g R>°. ‚\d kp∑_°V$ [p. 14-7-
80; buSy>¨ [p. 17-11-80; ”uSy>¨ [p. 19-11-80 S>°hu [pfuMp°dp¨ k≈Æe°gp¨
R>°. ‚\d kp∑_°V$ 6+6+2 S>°hp M¨X$dp¨ rhcp∆[ R>°, S>°_p ıhf_p ‚pk d°mÏep
R>° bpL$u_p bfi_° kp∑_°V$ i°L$πsı`efipB `Ÿr[_p R>°, S>°dp¨ ‚pk kp∑_°V$ bu≈dp¨
abba cddc efef gg, kp∑_°V$æ$d - 3 dp¨ aabb ccdd eeff gg S>°hp
‚pk d°mÏep R>°. ”Z° kp∑_°V$dp¨ riMqfZu R>¨]$ ‚ep°S>ep° R>°. A¨r[d kp∑_°V$dp¨
D`dp Ag¨L$pf cph_° `p°jL$ fu[° ApÏep° R>°.
`©’hu Nr[_p° R>¨]$p°ge :
‚ı[y[ L©$r[dp¨ Ly$g k–ephuk (27) kp∑_°V$ dZL$pAp° R>°. L$rhA° "[©Z
eyN\u dp¨X$u_° [pfL$ eyN ky u_p rhL$pk_u hp[' L$lu R>°, S>° A°L$ ıh[¨” L$pÏek¨N∞l
Í`° ‚rkŸ \e°gu R>°. NyS>fp[u kprl–edp¨ Ap rhfg OV$_p R>°. k¨h°]$__u
bmL$V$[p, k¨h°]$_ kd©qŸ L$rh_° L°$hu ep”p L$fph° R>° [°_y Ap ◊ÛV$p¨[ R>°. Ap ep”p_y
‚\d kp∑_°V$ "‚\d ‚kh° ©’hu' R>°, S>°dp¨ L$rhA° b∞˚p¨X$ gedp¨ ©’hu_p‚kh_u
hp[ L$fu R>°. `©’hu dpV°$ L$rhA° ‚cy`y”u, `©r\hudp, ‚k|[p S>°hp _pfu_p Sy>]$p¨ -
Sy>]$p¨ Í` bˇep¨ R>°. ‚\d Q[yÛL$dp¨ _hp°Y$p_u ‚\d ‚kh S>°hu L$lu R>°. `©’hu,
h_Óu, kpNfp°, [©ZbvX$p°, `lpX$p°, r_fTfpAp°\u kcf b_° R>°. Ap `©’hu `f
rhL$pk_p° Apf¨c \pe R>° Ap bu≈ kp∑_°V$ "`©’hu h_k¨ıL©$r[' dp¨ Apg°Mpe R>°.
`©’hu `f rhL$pkdp¨ q]$Ïe¤yr[ - dp_hÍ` ‚NV°$ R>° A_° dp_h kp\° h_k¨ıL©$r[
271
‚NV°$ R>°. ”u≈ kp∑_°V$ "L©$qjkÊe[p_p° Apf¨c' dp¨ ©’hu f_p° rhL$pk]$p°f ApNm
h^° R>°. h_k¨ıL©$r[ `R>u L©$qjk¨ıL©$r[ Apf¨cpe R>°. `©’hu D`f am-a}g, `¨Mu
V$lzL$p b^p¨ guguyX$p¨ [p° DdmL$p kcf `iyAp°_p¨ ‚pZ l[p. L©$qjkÊe[p ‚NV$u
[°dp¨ L$Zbu Ó°ÛW$ b_° R>°. Ap ‚Nr[ kp∑_°V$ Qp°\pdp¨ "`©’hu, L©$qj kÊe[p_p
kyhÆZeyNdp¨' ApNm h^° R>° :
""lfp ApÚe°pÆdp¨ ‚NV$u flu `©’hu riMqfZu,
‚r[ i•g° i© ¨N° afL$u flu L$p ° ] ° $h_u ^≈,
‚r[ [u\£ OpV° $ ı_r`[ _u[fu ]° $h_u ‚≈,
_ugpL$pi° i|fie° [fu flu gug° hZÆ ^fZu''
("`©’hu, L©$qjkÊe[p_p kyhZÆeyNdp¨', `©’hu Nr[_p° R>¨]$p°ge - `©. 16)
h_Óud°mpdp¨ lqfepmu n°” gMdu cm° R>°, A°L$Í` b_° R>°, fp_° cpg°
r`em ¤yr[_° Adu ‚NV°$ R>° _° `R>u,
"ıhe¨ A° ip°c° R>° ıhdfZd©N iu ıhZÆeyNdp¨'.
kp∑_°V$-`\u Ahfp°l d|L$pe R>°. A–epf ky^u kS>Æ__u rhN[° _°p¨^ d|L$[p¨
kyhZÆeyN ky^u cf[u_y¨ qQ” Apg°øey¨, lh° `[_-Ahfp°l d¨X$pe R>°. "`©’hu `f
‚\d rhL$pf_p° S>fid' dp¨ rhL$pfuh©r— S>fid° R>°. kyhZÆde ApL©$r[dp¨ A°L$ L$g¨L$_p°
X$pO D`k° R>°. Ap h©r—_° `p°jhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. khÆ r_ed rhkfu Ap L$peÆdp¨ d¨X$u
`X$ep° R>° dp_hu. kp∑_°V$_u A¨r[d i°f L$fyZÏe\p_° D`kph° R>°.
""Y$˛ep –ep¨ [p° i©¨Np°, fyr^f hlu ApÏey¨ _]$u _uQ°,
lZpep° ≈Z° ApÓdd©NS>, iu Quk kduf° !''
("`©’hu `f ‚\d rhL$pf_p° S>fid', `©’hu Nr[_p° R>¨]$p°ge - `©. 17)
Ap cphk¨h°]$_ kp∑_°V$ - 6 dp¨ ApNm h^° R>°. S>°dp¨ k¨hp]$u fQ_p L$ep¨L$
[|V$u R>°, S>°_u Akf `©’hu_° \B R>°. dpZk° kÊek¨ıL©$r[_p r_edp° R>p°X$u
ıhp\Æ◊qÛV$ A`_phu c°]$cph_° p°j° R>°, _° dp_hr[ ‚dpZ° _p_p-_p_p V|$L$X$pdp¨
rh_p° _L$ip° A¨L$pe R>°. A¨]$fp°A¨]$f_p TOX$p eyŸp° kS>£ R>° Apd b^u bpSy>_p
272
^LL$pAp° kl_ L$fu_° Z ©’hu p°[p_u Nr[_° sı\f L$fu flu R>°. ‚L©$r[ - r_er[
`p°[p_p° æ$d ≈mh° R>° `Z dpZk ≈mh[p° _\u. `qfZpd° A° ^L$L°$gpe R>°,
`p°[p_p `[_cZu. kp∑_°V$ - 7 "`©’hu L$ŒhpÓd' \u "AQgpe[_cZu'dp¨
ApÓd k¨ıL©$r[\u k¨ı\p∆h_ hlu Aphu fl°W$pZu∆h_ b_° R>°. Ofp°_u cv[p°
R>[p¨ h√Q° hfie ‚pL©$r[L$ hp[pe_ L°$hy¨ Alv lh° ! [°_° ‚h°i _\u "_ Aph° `¨Mu
L°$ `h_, _c_u "Aph' _ "≈'. Ap_u Akf\u `©’hu_u Nr[ ^udu `X°$ R>°.
kp∑_°V$ - 8 "`©’hu, ”u≈ ^ydpX$p_p S>fid°' dp¨ L$rhA° dpZk_u rhL©$r[ fur[Ap°
ApNm h^u R>° A°hy¨ _°p¨^u `©’hu A°L$ `R>u A°L$ ]y$:M]$ ^L$L$p A_ych° R>°. [°dp¨
hmu Ap°tQ[p° ^ydpX$p° _uL$m° R>°. ”u≈ `qfbmÍ`° ^ydpX$p ‚\d\uS> bÂb° l[p.
lh_-eo_p A_° Of_p Q|gp_p `Z Ap ”u≈ ^ydpX$p eh_ Ly$m_p° R>°, S>° ApN
‚NV°$ R>°, S>°_p\u gugp h_p° cfMpe R>°.
""^ydpX$p bÂb° [p° ‚\d\u l[p; A°L$ lh_°,
lrhj° kp°X$p[p°, Ahf OfQ|g°\u _uL$˛ep°;
`f¨[y Ap ”u≈° eh_Ly$m_p°, ApN ENÎep°;
]$hpr¡_ e° ]°$øep° L$]$u-L$]$u l[p° Xy¨$Nf h_°.''
("`©’hu, ”u≈ ^ydpX$p_p S>fid°', `©’hu Nr[_p° R>¨]$p°ge - `©. 20)
”u≈ ^ydpX$p_u L$Î`_p kp∑_°V$_° ky¨]$f fu[° D`L$pfL$ b_u_° Aphu R>°,
Ap rhQpf cph kp∑_°V$æ$d - 9 "`©’hu, h_ ‚Zpi° - _Nfk¨ıL©$r[_p S>fid°' dp¨
g¨bpÏep° R>°. ”u≈ ^ydpX$p_° L$rhA° bpV$gudp¨\u ApTp]$ \[p¨ fpnku ∆_ S>°hp
Í`L$\u iZNpe°pÆ R>°. AÛV$L$dp¨ bpV$gudp¨\u _uL$m[p ∆__u h°Nugu Nr[ ‚–e°L$
nZ° fpnku fl° R>°, S>° `p°[p_u rhL©$[ Nr[dp¨ h_-`nuAp° J]$f_u c|M k¨[p°jhp
D]$fdp Ap°e£ ≈e R>°. `R>u_p Q[yÛL$dp¨ L$rh _Nfk¨ıL©$r[_° ApNm L$f° R>°.
"Ak[π_° dpephu k`_ kfMp¨ hı[y Ecfp°' d_yÛe_u Apkyfu h©r—\u `p°[° S>
`p°[p_° cuX$u f¸p° R>° [°hy¨ bep_ L$fu L$rh d_yÛe_° ‚L©$r[_p fnL$ [fuL°$ _lv
`Z cnL$ [fuL°$ NZph° R>°. ]$kdp kp∑_°V$dp¨ Ap rhQpf[¨[y_° ApNm h^pe°pÆ R>°.
fpnkuh©r—_p° `X$R>pep° S>ep¨ - S>ep¨ `X°$ R>° –ep¨ - –ep¨ h_, buX$, M°[f L$p¨B
273
lqfepmy¨ fl°[y¨ _\u. "hı[y-hı[u-cuX$cqf[ il°fp° S> EcepØ' il°fdp¨ hsı[_u
NuQ[p h^° R>°.
""rhepB h°Ìep\u _NfuL|$M r_–e° kNfcp;
lh°guAp° Ac∞¨ı`©i, _∆L$dp¨ T|¨`X$`À$u;''
("`©’hu, fpnku Nu^h©r—dp¨', `©’hu Nr[_p° R>¨]$p°ge - `©. 22)
_ur[_u f°Mp Ap°m¨Nu dp_hu gp°cu b_° R>°, A° fu[° "`©’hu, fpnku
Nu^h©r—dp¨' k`X$pe R>°. kp∑_°V$ (ArNepf- 11) "`©’hu_u Mp°fhp[u
kd[ygp'dp¨ fpnku h©r—hpmp dp_h° `©’hu_u hfhu ]$ip L$fu R>° _° A°Z° S>
`©’hu_u d|m ge_u Nr[dp¨ Ahfp°^ Ecp L$epØ R>°, `qfZpd° kd[ygp Mp°fhpe
R>° -
""hky^p_p ky^p kqfM hkyAp° khÆ cu[fu;
hfy S> °hp A°Z° ‚Mf _Mf° g• ETfX$u;
–hQp A°_u gu^u r_fdd`Z° f° E[fX$u;
^fp_u MpguMdπ qV$_iu NB Np°bpB NNfu.''
("`©’hu_u Mp°fhp[u kd[ygp', `©’hu Nr[_p° R>¨]$p°ge - `©. 23)
Mpgu \e°gu NNfudp¨ ^p°bp `X°$ R>°, ky¨]$f L$Î`_p hX°$ `epÆhfZ_p \[p
_pi_° bfpbf Ïe¨rS>[ L$e°pÆ R>°. lh° Bf `©’hu_u Ap _hu R>bu ≈°B Ap°mMu
iL°$ [°d _\u.
kp∑_°V$ - 12 "`©’hu_u lfucfu MuZ_p° _pi' dp¨ L$rh `pR>p hmu
A[u[_° hpNp°m° R>°. S>fid kde° ©’hu D`f S>° ¤©r[Í` lfucfu l[u, F>qjAp°_p
ApÓdp° hN°f°\u ip°c[u A° b^y¨ S>[y¨ f¸y¨ R>°. A¨r[d ¨qL$[dp¨ L$rh Ïe\p A_ych°
R>°, "Af°, [|V$ey¨ –epf° b^y¨ S> ; S|>_u _ur[ fr[ F>r[ !' [°d_y¨ kp∑_°V$ "`©’hu,
b≈fy rhL©$r[dp¨' ANpD_y¨ kS>Æ_ R>°, S>° ‚ı[y[ kp∑_°V$dpmp_p cph_° A_yÍ`
lp°hp\u h√Q° Np°W$hu ]$u^y¨ R>°. kp∑_°V$_p° DOpX$ ky¨]$f fu[° L$e°pÆ R>°. b≈f h^[y¨
≈e R>°, QY$[p `|f_u S>°d, S>° ^ud° ^ud° kud M°[fp°_° hpV$ X$|bpX$[y¨ ApNm h^°
274
R>°. il°f_p h^[p ‚kpf_° b≈f_p Í`L$ ‹pfp ky¨]$f fu[° d|[Æ L$fu iL$ep R>°.
"`©’hu h^[u hı[u_u rhL©$r[dp¨' L$rhA° b≈f_u rhL©$r[dp¨ il°f_p a°gphp_°
rhL©$r[ L$lu R>°. lh° Alv dp_hhı[u_° rhL©$r[ NZ° R>°. fpaX$p_p L$Î`_\u h^[u
hı[u_° fS|> L$fu iL$ep R>°. L$rhA° h^[u hı[u_° "c|¨X$ZS>Zu iu T|¨`X$`À$u' dp¨
Mpk L$fu_° Nfubudp¨ kbX$[u ∆h_ L$pfpNpf kdu hı[u_u hp[ L$f° R>°. `¨]$fdp
kp∑_°V$ "`©’hu_u lfu kÊe[p_p° _pi' dp¨ A°L$_u A°L$ hp[_° afu\u ]$p°lfphu R>°.
L$rh_° flu flu_° h_ A_° ApÓd k¨ıL©$r[ kp¨cm° R>°. F>qjeyN_u S>° _ur[_u
‚\p l[u [° V$L$u _\u. [°_p° Aakp°k R>°. h_k¨ıL©$r[dp¨ `¨Qc|[p° lmudmu fl°[p
l[p. `R>u L$rh L©$qjeyN_u _ur[_u hp[ L$f° R>°, `yfpZp kp¶]$eÆ ı\m lh° _\u.
d_yÛe_u My]$_u d|r[Æ S> S>ep¨ M¨qX$[ R>° `R>u buSy>¨ V$L°$ L$ep¨\u ?
kp∑_°V$ - 16 "`©’hu D`f [|V$[p° d_yÛe' dp¨ L$rhA° afu A° S> hp[_°
]$p°lfphu R>°, ‚ı[pf L$f[p¨ lp°e [°hy¨ A_ychpe R>°. d_yÛe A¨]$f\u A_° blpf\u
[|V$ep° R>° [° lh° b∞˚p¨X°$ afu `p°[p_° ı\p`hp d\u f¸p° R>° A°hu rMfi_[p b[phu
R>°. kp∑_°V$ - 17 " ©’hu pR>° Ng° ‚pN•r[lprkL$[pdp¨' kp∑_°V$dp¨ L$rh_° rhjp]$_p°
D`pe S>X°$ R>°. `©’hu_u Ap Nr[\u ]y$:M \pe R>°, [°\u [° `©’hu_° EgV$u Nr[A°
d|L$hp dp¨N° R>° _° A° fu[° `yfpZp eyNdp¨ S>B iL$pe [p° ! A°d A° A•r[lprkL$
kde_° hpNp°m° R>°. rhQpf_° _hp dpN£ ApNm h^pf° R>°. kp∑_°V$ - 18 "`©’hu,
`y_Ú _hp [©Zpf¨c cZu' dp¨ `©’hu_° afu _hu Nr[ dm° [° dpV°$_p ‚e–_
Apf¨chp_u hp[ L$f° R>°. kp∑_°V$ - 19 "`©’hu, `lpX$p° rh_p_u \i° [p° ?' dp¨
L$rh_° Ahkp]$ \pe R>°. h__° afu\u DNpX$u iL$pi°, `Z dp°V$p dp°V$p `lpX$p°_°
L°$hu fu[° b_phu iL$pi° ? k¨h°]$__° L$rh dfp°X$ Ap`° R>,° dp_hu_u depÆ]$p_u
f°Mp `Z ]$p°fu Ap`° R>°. "`©’hu, afu _hp kyhZÆeyN [fa' kp∑_°V$ - 20 dp¨ L$rh
ÓŸphp]$u b_° R>° A_° A° bm° buS>_u kp\° flu afu\u lqfepmu æ$psfi[ gphhp
dp¨N° R>°. Apd [° `©’hu_° gughfZu, [©Zdeu b_phhp dp¨N° R>°. "`©’hu b∞˚
`X$p°idp¨' kp∑_°V$ - 21 dp¨ L$rh Ap _hp rhQpf_p dpN£ ApNm h^° R>°. L$rh
b∞˚p¨X$dp¨ fl°gp [pfp rhp°_u kyOqV$[ Ïehı\p ı\p`hp_u hp[ L$f° R>°. Ap
275
b^p h√Q° [©Z_u ‚r[ÛW$p L$fi°. afu\u ^fp`f "L$ŒhpÓd' kdyy¨ kyk¨hp]$u
hp[phfZ b_phi° _° `¨Qc|[p°_° `fı`f kp¨L$mu kyfyrQ cepÆ b_phi° _° A°d
`©’hu `f_u F>[yQæ$ fdZp r_erd[ b_phhp_u ÓŸp ‚NV$ph° R>°. kp∑_°V$ - 22
"`©’hu rhS>eı[p°”' dp¨ L$rh ıhNÆc|rddp¨ ]°$h_° L©$qj kÊe[p_p `pW$ cZphhp
dp¨N° R>°.
""lz ¨ ] ° $h_° dfZ iuMhu ]• $i, S> °\u L ° $,
R>° _Ïe S>fid[Zu [pTNu, A° iy¨ [° iuM°''
("`©’hu rhS>e ı[p°”', `©’hu Nr[_p° R>¨]$p°ge - `©. 34)
"_hp kyhZÆeyN_p° dp_h' kp∑_°V$ - 23 dp¨ i[ iL$g\u [|V°$gp° S>° dp_hu
l[p° [° Q°[_p_u _hu d_yÛe ≈r[ Í`° ApL$piu A_° `©’hu kp\°_p° k¨]$cÆ d°mh°
R>°. "[©Zp°_p, [pfp_p Aey[ brMep]$p°f\u kuÏep°' R>° A°_p° √l°fp° lh° ‚[ur[L$f
gpN° R>°, byŸ S>°hp°, Np¨^uQpg Qpg_pfp° L$i° `Z Ahmp° _ cV$L$_pf S>° kdqÛV$
ApMu_p° ‚r[r_r^ bfiep° R>°, A°hp° L$rh, M°X|$[, F>qj `Z R>°. "A°L$ _hp
dlpL$pÏe_p k¨ch_u iL$e[p, [°_p° NyZ^dÆ rhh°L$' A°L$ `|ZÆ L©$qj`yfyj_p Í °
bfiep° R>° A°hy¨ L$rh k|rQ[ L$f° R>°. kp∑_°V$ - 24 "`©’hu, _hp dlpL$pÏe [fa' dp¨
`©’hu_° [©Z_y¨ ‚[uL$ g• h_k¨ıL©$r[dp¨ `pR>u d|L$u b∞˚p¨X$dp¨ [°_p Ap¤gedp¨
[f[u d|L$hp B√R>° R>°. L$rh_° d_ [° "ApL$piueyN [œ¨ dlpL$pÏe' R>°. Ap L$peÆ
`p°[p\u \B iL$i° ! A°hu q‹Op Z A_ych° R>°. "dp_h, ¤php ©r\hu Q°[_pdp¨'
kp∑_°V$ - 25 _p DOpX$dp¨ hfpl Ah[pf_p `yfpL$Î`__° gB ‚ge L°$ Ap•¤p°rNL$
k¨ıL©$r[_p ”u≈ ^ydpX$p_p ‚ge\u S>° DŸfu ^fp [°_° `°gp° bVy$L$, hpd_ dp_hu
[©Z_p ‚[uL$ ‹pfp ≈Z° q”cyh_ g°hp d\° R>°. hfpl Ah[pf_p ‚ge\u L°$
Ap•¤p°rNL$ ”u≈ ^ydpX$p_p ‚ge\u S>° ^fp ENfu NB l[u [°_° bV$yL$ `]$_p°
dp_hu [©Z\u g°hp d\° R>° A°d _hg[d _peL$ b_° R>°. ≈Z° L$gL$u_p _hp
Ah[pf Í`° Ah[e°pÆ R>°. ApNm Nu[_p [“hop__° fS|> L$f° R>°.
""lh° lz¨ A^°pÆ Ry>¨ A^k, Af^p° E›hÆ `Z Ry>¨,
lh° lz¨ A^°pÆ Ry>¨ `©’hu, Af^p° Apc `Z Ry>¨,
276
lh° lz ¨ A^°pÆ^°p Æ [©Z `yfyj, [pfp `yfyj Ry> ¨;
S>V$pdp¨ [pfp R>°, fS> MfX$hpmp° QfZ Ry>¨.''
("dp_h, ¤php `©r\hu Q°[_pdp¨', `©’hu Nr[_p° R>¨]$p°ge - `©. 37)
Q•[fie ‚r[cpipmu - gOydp¨\u rhfpV$ b_[p dp_hu_° L$rhA° rhfpV$
Í` bˇey¨ R>°. L$rhA° cphhmp¨L$ ‹pfp hl°Z_° gV$pÏey¨ R>°. kp∑_°V$ - 26 "ApL$piu
‚r[cp_u A°L$ [¨÷p' dp¨ [¨÷phı\pdp¨ ©’hu_u ¤yr[de, lqfepmu kcf l°gp\u
Sy>]$u S>° frhdpmpdp¨\u R>V$L$u A≈Œep b∞˚p¨X$p° cZu _uL$mu S>[u lp°e A°hu
R>rbAp° rTgpe R>°. Alv `©’hu_u _|[_ Nr[ ApL$pqf[ f° R>°. A¨r[d kp∑_°V$ -
27 "`©’hu, `|ZÆ[p [fa Nr[dp¨' `©’hu_° dm°g _|[_ Nr[ rhj° L$rh L$l° R>°.
"Nr[ R>° [p° R>¨]$p°ge - _f[_° c| ÍdT|d°' _hp kplkcZu_u S>° Nr[ R>° _hp
`qfZpd gph_pf R>° A°hu ÓŸp ÏeL$[ \pe R>°. A¨[dp¨ L$rh afu\u _hu L©$qj
k¨ıL©$r[_° Apf° Ec°gu `©’hu_° Sy>A° R>°.
""^fpe° kp[°e° hfZ MuÎey¨ [° d°O ^_yÛe,
Mc° g• - ≈Z° L°$ lm gB - MX$p° L©$qÛV$ `yfyj !''
("`©’hu, `|ZÆ[p [fa Nr[dp¨', `©’hu Nr[_p° R>¨]$p°ge - `©. 39)
L$rhA° "`©’hu Nr[_p° R>¨]$p°ge' kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ `epÆhfZ k¨b¨^u q¨Q[p
ÏeL[ L$fu R>°, S>°_° L$rhA° ‚pf¨cdp¨ `epÆhfZdp¨ A°L$ kyk¨hpq]$[p l[u [° hı[u,
h©r—, gp°c, Ap•¤p°NuL$fZ_p ‚kpf\u [°_u k¨hpr]$[pdp¨ Ly$Wy$fpOp[ \pe R>°. ©’hu
[°_p Ap¤ge_u Nr[dp¨\u √ey[ \pe R>° _° A°d F>[y`qfh[Æ_ `Z iL$e b_°
A°hp [|V$[p dplp°g h√Q° ÏeqL$[ `Z A¨]$f\u-blpf\u [|V°$ R>°, `Z [|V$ep `R>u
L$rh A_° `y_: _hu q]$ip [fa gB S>hp dp¨N° R>°. A°L$ _hu Q°[_p_u ≈N©r[Í °
d|L$hp_u ÓŸp ÏeL$[ L$f° R>°. S>°_° L$rhA° `l°gp¨ Qpf kp∑_°V$dp¨ `©’hu_p S>fid\u
L©$qjk¨ıL©$r[_p kyhZÆeyN ky^u_y¨ r_Í`Z L$eyØ R>°. `R>u_p¨ Qpf kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ `©’hu
`f Ar_ÛV$_p° `∞\d rhL$pf ‚NV°$ R>°°, –ep¨\u dp¨X$u Ap•¤p°NuL$fZ_p ”u≈ ^ydpX$p
ky^u_y¨ r_Í`Z L$f° R>°. `R>u_p¨ Qpf kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ ”u≈ ^ydpX$p\u h__p rh_pi,
fpnku Nu^h©r—\u ©’hu_u kd[ygp Mp°fhp[u lp°e [°h¨y r_Í`Z L$eyØ R>°. R>u_p¨
277
Qpf kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ `©’hu D`f b≈fy rhL©$r[, h^[u hı[u, lfu kÊe[p, k¨ıL©$r[_p°
rh_pi A_° [|V$[p d_yÛe_u hp[ L$fu R>°. `R>u_p¨ Qpf kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ A[u[ [fa
`pR>p¨ `Ngp¨_u Nr[ d|L$u R>° _° _hpeyN_p rhQpf° hmp¨L$ d|L$u _hp kyhZÆeyN_y¨
r_Í`Z L$eyØ R>°. `R>u_p Qpf kp∑_°V$dp¨ `©’hu b∞˚ `X$p°iudp¨\u dp¨X$u _hp
dlpL$pÏe [fa_y¨ r_Í`Z L$fu _hu Nr[ A`£ R>°. `R>u_p¨ ”Z kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ `©’hu_°
`|ZÆ Nr[dp¨ d|L°$ R>° _° kp∑_°V$dpmp `|ZÆ L$fu R>°. kp∑_°V$_p b^p dZL$p¨ A°L$ rhQpf
cph\u N|¨\pe°gp R>°, Alv rhQpf_° kp°m kp∑_°V$dp¨ Apfp°l - Ahfp°leyL[
Apg°Mu k—fdp¨ kp∑_°V$\u hmp¨L$ d|L°$ R>° _° kp∑_°V$ - 20 `R>u ÓŸphp]$u Nr[_p°
bu≈° hmp¨L$ d|L°$ R>°. A¨r[d ”Z kp∑_°V$dp¨ [°_u `|[Æ[p L$f[p¨ lp°e [°hy¨ Apg°Mu
A°L$ ApL©$r[ b_ph° R>°. kp∑_°V$ kyqÔgÛV$ fu[° kyN∞¨r\[ R>°, S>° dpmp_y¨ Í` Ap`° R>°.
Q¨÷L$p ¨[ V$p °`uhpmp_p° Ap A¨N°_p° Arc‚pe R>°, "Ap kp ∑_ °V $dpmp_p °"Ap kp ∑_ °V $dpmp_p °"Ap kp ∑_ °V $dpmp_p °"Ap kp ∑_ °V $dpmp_p °"Ap kp ∑_ °V $dpmp_p °
rhfp°^pcpk A° R>° L°$ A° k¨fQ_pN[ fu[° rhfp°^pcpk A° R>° L°$ A° k¨fQ_pN[ fu[° rhfp°^pcpk A° R>° L°$ A° k¨fQ_pN[ fu[° rhfp°^pcpk A° R>° L°$ A° k¨fQ_pN[ fu[° rhfp°^pcpk A° R>° L°$ A° k¨fQ_pN[ fu[° (Structurally) kyN∞¨r\[ R>°, kyN∞¨r\[ R>°, kyN∞¨r\[ R>°, kyN∞¨r\[ R>°, kyN∞¨r\[ R>°,
`f¨[y `p°[p_u fu[° `f¨[y `p°[p_u fu[° `f¨[y `p°[p_u fu[° `f¨[y `p°[p_u fu[° `f¨[y `p°[p_u fu[° (Textually) `qfÛL©$[ _\u.'`qfÛL©$[ _\u.'`qfÛL©$[ _\u.'`qfÛL©$[ _\u.'`qfÛL©$[ _\u.'57
‚ı[y[ kp∑_°V$dpmp_p ‚ı[ph_p_p g°Mdp¨ eih¨[ iyL$g S>Zph° R>°,
""d_yÛe_y¨ Ah[fZ A° `©’hu `f TmL°$gp ∆h__u rhL$pkep”p_y¨ A°L$
drldph¨[y ‚L$fZ R>°. Apq]$d d_yÛe S>ep¨ ky^u ‚L©$r[ kp\° d°mdp¨ l[p° –ep¨
ky u [p° _•krNÆL$ qfh°idp¨ A° Mug[p° f¸p°, Z [°_u rhL$k[u Q°[_pA° [°_pdp¨
S>° Ap–dcp_ ‚NV$pÏey¨ [°\u d°m [|V$ep°. L$rhA° ApfŒeL$k¨ıL©$r[ A_° [°dp¨\u
rhL$k°gu L©$qjk¨ıL©$r[ ky^u_u Ahı\pAp°_° rbf]$phu R>°, `Z S>°_° [°Ap°
L$pfMp_p_u k¨ıL©$r[ L$l° R>°, [° rhop_ A_° V°$L$_p°gp°∆_u ]$°Z\u [°Ap° rMfi_
R>°. d_yÛe A¨]$f\u A_° blpf\u [|V$[p° f¸p° R>° [°_u A° rMfi_[p R>° ; A°hp
rhL$pkdp¨ [°d_° khÆ[p°dyMu rh_pi_p¨ rQå ◊qÛV$Np°Qf \pe R>°.
"`Z L$rh Apiphp]$u R>° [|V$[p° [|V$[p°e° d_yÛe p°[p_u rı\r[ rhi°"`Z L$rh Apiphp]$u R>° [|V$[p° [|V$[p°e° d_yÛe p°[p_u rı\r[ rhi°"`Z L$rh Apiphp]$u R>° [|V$[p° [|V$[p°e° d_yÛe p°[p_u rı\r[ rhi°"`Z L$rh Apiphp]$u R>° [|V$[p° [|V$[p°e° d_yÛe p°[p_u rı\r[ rhi°"`Z L$rh Apiphp]$u R>° [|V$[p° [|V$[p°e° d_yÛe p°[p_u rı\r[ rhi°
kcp_ \B_° `p°[p_° afu Ïehsı\[ L$fi° A_° rhfpV$ Q•[fie kp\° d°mkcp_ \B_° `p°[p_° afu Ïehsı\[ L$fi° A_° rhfpV$ Q•[fie kp\° d°mkcp_ \B_° `p°[p_° afu Ïehsı\[ L$fi° A_° rhfpV$ Q•[fie kp\° d°mkcp_ \B_° `p°[p_° afu Ïehsı\[ L$fi° A_° rhfpV$ Q•[fie kp\° d°mkcp_ \B_° `p°[p_° afu Ïehsı\[ L$fi° A_° rhfpV$ Q•[fie kp\° d°m
kp^i° A°hu ÓŸp A°dZ° ÏeL$[ L$fu R>°. Apd 27 kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ d_yÛe_pkp^i° A°hu ÓŸp A°dZ° ÏeL$[ L$fu R>°. Apd 27 kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ d_yÛe_pkp^i° A°hu ÓŸp A°dZ° ÏeL$[ L$fu R>°. Apd 27 kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ d_yÛe_pkp^i° A°hu ÓŸp A°dZ° ÏeL$[ L$fu R>°. Apd 27 kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ d_yÛe_pkp^i° A°hu ÓŸp A°dZ° ÏeL$[ L$fu R>°. Apd 27 kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ d_yÛe_p
D–\p_, `[_ A_° `y_fy–\p__u L$\p [°dZ° L$pÏe_u fu[° Apg°Mu R>°.'D–\p_, `[_ A_° `y_fy–\p__u L$\p [°dZ° L$pÏe_u fu[° Apg°Mu R>°.'D–\p_, `[_ A_° `y_fy–\p__u L$\p [°dZ° L$pÏe_u fu[° Apg°Mu R>°.'D–\p_, `[_ A_° `y_fy–\p__u L$\p [°dZ° L$pÏe_u fu[° Apg°Mu R>°.'D–\p_, `[_ A_° `y_fy–\p__u L$\p [°dZ° L$pÏe_u fu[° Apg°Mu R>°.'58
278
Óu Q¨÷L$p¨[ V$p°`uhpmp_° ‚ı[y[ L©$r[dp¨ EZ` ◊qÛV$Np°Qf \B gpN° R>°;
[°Ap° S>Zph° R>° L°$ "k≈Æe°gu L©$r[ k¨dpS>Æ_ dp¨N° R>° [° EN°gu `¨qL$[Ap° [fa"k≈Æe°gu L©$r[ k¨dpS>Æ_ dp¨N° R>° [° EN°gu `¨qL$[Ap° [fa"k≈Æe°gu L©$r[ k¨dpS>Æ_ dp¨N° R>° [° EN°gu `¨qL$[Ap° [fa"k≈Æe°gu L©$r[ k¨dpS>Æ_ dp¨N° R>° [° EN°gu `¨qL$[Ap° [fa"k≈Æe°gu L©$r[ k¨dpS>Æ_ dp¨N° R>° [° EN°gu `¨qL$[Ap° [fa
`pR>p afu_° _ ≈°hp_u Ap]$[ A_° [–L$pg ‚L$pi_dp¨ dp°L$gu Ap`hp_u`pR>p afu_° _ ≈°hp_u Ap]$[ A_° [–L$pg ‚L$pi_dp¨ dp°L$gu Ap`hp_u`pR>p afu_° _ ≈°hp_u Ap]$[ A_° [–L$pg ‚L$pi_dp¨ dp°L$gu Ap`hp_u`pR>p afu_° _ ≈°hp_u Ap]$[ A_° [–L$pg ‚L$pi_dp¨ dp°L$gu Ap`hp_u`pR>p afu_° _ ≈°hp_u Ap]$[ A_° [–L$pg ‚L$pi_dp¨ dp°L$gu Ap`hp_u
[pgph°gu_° L$pfZ° L$p°B rhQpf, L$p°B byÀ$p° cpjp_u `∞pL©$[ Ahı\pA° flu[pgph°gu_° L$pfZ° L$p°B rhQpf, L$p°B byÀ$p° cpjp_u `∞pL©$[ Ahı\pA° flu[pgph°gu_° L$pfZ° L$p°B rhQpf, L$p°B byÀ$p° cpjp_u `∞pL©$[ Ahı\pA° flu[pgph°gu_° L$pfZ° L$p°B rhQpf, L$p°B byÀ$p° cpjp_u `∞pL©$[ Ahı\pA° flu[pgph°gu_° L$pfZ° L$p°B rhQpf, L$p°B byÀ$p° cpjp_u `∞pL©$[ Ahı\pA° flu
≈e R>°. Ap L$rh L$p°B ‚r[op_° ‚r[`pq]$[ L$fhp _uL$˛ep R>°. Alv ‚r[op_°≈e R>°. Ap L$rh L$p°B ‚r[op_° ‚r[`pq]$[ L$fhp _uL$˛ep R>°. Alv ‚r[op_°≈e R>°. Ap L$rh L$p°B ‚r[op_° ‚r[`pq]$[ L$fhp _uL$˛ep R>°. Alv ‚r[op_°≈e R>°. Ap L$rh L$p°B ‚r[op_° ‚r[`pq]$[ L$fhp _uL$˛ep R>°. Alv ‚r[op_°≈e R>°. Ap L$rh L$p°B ‚r[op_° ‚r[`pq]$[ L$fhp _uL$˛ep R>°. Alv ‚r[op_°
‚r[`pq]$[ L$fhp S>[p¨ OZp¨ ı\p_ r_b¨^_p b_u Nep¨ R>°. Ap L$\p fÁe‚r[`pq]$[ L$fhp S>[p¨ OZp¨ ı\p_ r_b¨^_p b_u Nep¨ R>°. Ap L$\p fÁe‚r[`pq]$[ L$fhp S>[p¨ OZp¨ ı\p_ r_b¨^_p b_u Nep¨ R>°. Ap L$\p fÁe‚r[`pq]$[ L$fhp S>[p¨ OZp¨ ı\p_ r_b¨^_p b_u Nep¨ R>°. Ap L$\p fÁe‚r[`pq]$[ L$fhp S>[p¨ OZp¨ ı\p_ r_b¨^_p b_u Nep¨ R>°. Ap L$\p fÁe
b_[u W°$fW°$f AV$L°$ R>°. A°_p Ïeh^p_p° `Z A°dZ° (eih¨[ iyL$g°) Qv¬epb_[u W°$fW°$f AV$L°$ R>°. A°_p Ïeh^p_p° `Z A°dZ° (eih¨[ iyL$g°) Qv¬epb_[u W°$fW°$f AV$L°$ R>°. A°_p Ïeh^p_p° `Z A°dZ° (eih¨[ iyL$g°) Qv¬epb_[u W°$fW°$f AV$L°$ R>°. A°_p Ïeh^p_p° `Z A°dZ° (eih¨[ iyL$g°) Qv¬epb_[u W°$fW°$f AV$L°$ R>°. A°_p Ïeh^p_p° `Z A°dZ° (eih¨[ iyL$g°) Qv¬ep
_\u. Ap\u S> "b.L$.W$p. A_° Ddpi¨L$f A_° fpS>°fi÷ipl_p S>°hy¨ rhQpf‚^p__\u. Ap\u S> "b.L$.W$p. A_° Ddpi¨L$f A_° fpS>°fi÷ipl_p S>°hy¨ rhQpf‚^p__\u. Ap\u S> "b.L$.W$p. A_° Ddpi¨L$f A_° fpS>°fi÷ipl_p S>°hy¨ rhQpf‚^p__\u. Ap\u S> "b.L$.W$p. A_° Ddpi¨L$f A_° fpS>°fi÷ipl_p S>°hy¨ rhQpf‚^p__\u. Ap\u S> "b.L$.W$p. A_° Ddpi¨L$f A_° fpS>°fi÷ipl_p S>°hy¨ rhQpf‚^p_
L$rh[p_y¨ Ap A°L$ Ah[fZ R>°.' A°hp A°d_p r_ÛL$jÆ_° cp¡e° S> ıhuL$pfuL$rh[p_y¨ Ap A°L$ Ah[fZ R>°.' A°hp A°d_p r_ÛL$jÆ_° cp¡e° S> ıhuL$pfuL$rh[p_y¨ Ap A°L$ Ah[fZ R>°.' A°hp A°d_p r_ÛL$jÆ_° cp¡e° S> ıhuL$pfuL$rh[p_y¨ Ap A°L$ Ah[fZ R>°.' A°hp A°d_p r_ÛL$jÆ_° cp¡e° S> ıhuL$pfuL$rh[p_y¨ Ap A°L$ Ah[fZ R>°.' A°hp A°d_p r_ÛL$jÆ_° cp¡e° S> ıhuL$pfu
iL$pe [°d R>°. b. L$. W$pL$p°f_u O_[p, Ddpi¨L$f_y¨ kp•ÛW$h, fpS>°fi÷ ipl_p°iL$pe [°d R>°. b. L$. W$pL$p°f_u O_[p, Ddpi¨L$f_y¨ kp•ÛW$h, fpS>°fi÷ ipl_p°iL$pe [°d R>°. b. L$. W$pL$p°f_u O_[p, Ddpi¨L$f_y¨ kp•ÛW$h, fpS>°fi÷ ipl_p°iL$pe [°d R>°. b. L$. W$pL$p°f_u O_[p, Ddpi¨L$f_y¨ kp•ÛW$h, fpS>°fi÷ ipl_p°iL$pe [°d R>°. b. L$. W$pL$p°f_u O_[p, Ddpi¨L$f_y¨ kp•ÛW$h, fpS>°fi÷ ipl_p°
`qf`pL$ Ap b^p¨\u Ap kp∑_°V$dpmp Mpku ]|$f R>°. Mf°Mf [p° Ahkp]$S>fie`qf`pL$ Ap b^p¨\u Ap kp∑_°V$dpmp Mpku ]|$f R>°. Mf°Mf [p° Ahkp]$S>fie`qf`pL$ Ap b^p¨\u Ap kp∑_°V$dpmp Mpku ]|$f R>°. Mf°Mf [p° Ahkp]$S>fie`qf`pL$ Ap b^p¨\u Ap kp∑_°V$dpmp Mpku ]|$f R>°. Mf°Mf [p° Ahkp]$S>fie`qf`pL$ Ap b^p¨\u Ap kp∑_°V$dpmp Mpku ]|$f R>°. Mf°Mf [p° Ahkp]$S>fie
Apip_y¨ Ap L$pÏe S|>S> A`hp]$ rkhpe Ahkp]$ ‚°f° [°hy¨ R>°.'Apip_y¨ Ap L$pÏe S|>S> A`hp]$ rkhpe Ahkp]$ ‚°f° [°hy¨ R>°.'Apip_y¨ Ap L$pÏe S|>S> A`hp]$ rkhpe Ahkp]$ ‚°f° [°hy¨ R>°.'Apip_y¨ Ap L$pÏe S|>S> A`hp]$ rkhpe Ahkp]$ ‚°f° [°hy¨ R>°.'Apip_y¨ Ap L$pÏe S|>S> A`hp]$ rkhpe Ahkp]$ ‚°f° [°hy¨ R>°.'59
L$rhA° M¨X$r_ep°S>_dp¨ kp∑_°V$æ$d - 9 dp¨ 8+6 A_° kp∑_°V$æ$d - 22 km¨N
Qp•]$ `¨qL$[_p rdÎV$_ipB `Ÿr[_p A_° bpL$u_p b^p¨ S> 4+4+4+2 S>°hu
i°L$πsı`efipB Ÿr[ A`_phu R>°. ‚pk`Ÿr[ b^p¨ S> kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ abba cddc
effe gg S>°hu fpMu R>°. R>¨]$r_Í`Zdp¨ kp∑_°V$ - 13 dp¨ `©’hu R>¨]$ A_° kp∑_°V$ -
22 dp¨ hk¨[r[gL$p R>¨]$ ‚ep°S>ep° R>°. bpL$u_p b^p¨ S> kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ riMqfZu R>¨]$
‚ep°S>ep° R>°. L$rhA° My]°$ L$byÎey¨ R>° L°$ "d|m 25 kp∑_°V$p° A°L$ - ]$p°Y$ drl_pdp¨"d|m 25 kp∑_°V$p° A°L$ - ]$p°Y$ drl_pdp¨"d|m 25 kp∑_°V$p° A°L$ - ]$p°Y$ drl_pdp¨"d|m 25 kp∑_°V$p° A°L$ - ]$p°Y$ drl_pdp¨"d|m 25 kp∑_°V$p° A°L$ - ]$p°Y$ drl_pdp¨
km¨N A°L$ d|X$dp¨ flu fQpep¨ R>°.'km¨N A°L$ d|X$dp¨ flu fQpep¨ R>°.'km¨N A°L$ d|X$dp¨ flu fQpep¨ R>°.'km¨N A°L$ d|X$dp¨ flu fQpep¨ R>°.'km¨N A°L$ d|X$dp¨ flu fQpep¨ R>°.'60
Sy>]$p - Sy>]$p R>¨]$dp¨ gMpe°gp¨ b° kp∑_°V$p°
ANpD_p kS>Æ__p R>°, S>° Alv dpmp_u ApL©$r[dp¨ ep°¡e ı\p_° d|L$ep¨ R>°. ]$u^Æ
L©$r[ lp°hp¨ R>[p¨ kp∑_°V$dpmp A°L$ km¨N L©$r[ [fuL°$ Apıhp¤ flu R>°. ]$u^Æ L©$r[
lp°hp\u hZÆ__u fur[A° kp∑_°V$ L$epf°L$ gMpep¨ R>°.
"Ah[fZ' : (Apfp°l - Ahfp°l)
B.k. 1983-84 dp¨ q]$Îlu_u kprl–e AL$p]$du_u cpjp kprl–e
rhr_de ep°S>_p_p D`æ$d° L$rhA° D—f‚]°$i_u kprl–eep”p L$f°gu, S>°dp¨
gM_p•, L$piu, ‚epN, Ly¨$dpD_p rldpge° afhp_y¨ b_°gy¨. k¨ıL©$r[_p° A^: `p[
279
≈°B L$rh k¨h°]$_ A_ych° R>° _° "Ah[fZ' iujÆL$ _uQ° 15 kp∑_°V$p°_° Np°W$h° R>°.
Alv _S>f kdn _dÆ]$_y¨ "rlfi]$yAp°_u `X$[u' A_° b.L$.W$p. _p "Apfp°lZ' _°
fpMu "`X$[u'_° L°$fi÷dp¨ gB iujÆL$ `Z `X$[u - "Ah[fZ' fpøey¨ R>°, A°hu
A°d$_p r_h°]$_dp¨\u _°p¨ dm° R>°. ‚ı[y[ L©$r[_p DOpX$dp¨ L$rhA° "E›hÆ lpX$p°_u
Q°[_pdp¨' S>°hy¨ kp∑_°V$ Np°W$Ïey¨ R>°. rldpge_p NN_ hv^[p `hÆ[p°_° L$rh ‚Ò
`|R>° R>° "[d° iy¨ R>p° ?' `Z b^p `hÆ[p° duWy¨$ dp•_ ^f° R>°. L$rh_° gpN° R>° `hÆ[p°
ApL$picZu S> L¨$B dfdp° Mp°g°° R>° _° [pfpAp°_u kp\° fd° R>°. riMf°, KQpBA°
L$rh A°L$g`œ¨ A_ych° R>°. kp∑_°V$ - 2 "KQpBAp°_p ip`' dp¨ rldpge_p hÆ[p°
›ep_ı\ rih S>°hp gpN° R>°. KQpB_u A°L$g`Zp_u A¬^f sı\r[_° `hÆ[
_kub NZ[p¨ `Z L$rh_° E›hpÆhı\pdp¨ ip` S>Zpe R>°. [°d_° d|L$ riMfp° S>X$
S>°hp gpN° R>°. Alv Q°[_ _\u, dpV°$ [p° L$l° R>°-
""Sy>Ap°_°, L$ep¨e° R>° [r_L$ [©Z`—ue [d_° !
Af°, [p°e° \p°X$u L$uX$u hmN[u Aph[, [_°,
A_° a}V$ep¨ lp°[° Ly$kyd - [u[u Op°X$p - rhlN-_°,
`[¨Np°e° \p°X$p¨ ‡gh[, Ly$_bp_° hmNZ°.''
("KQpBAp°_p ip`', Apfp°l-Ahfp°l - `©. 34)
kp∑_°V$ - 3 "k¨ıL©$r[_p° ‚p[:L$pg' dp¨ L$rh rldriMf_u iyc∞iyrQ[p_°
[°_p¨ Abp°V$ i©¨Np°dp¨ _c_u _u[fu _ugd R>bu R>°. –ep¨ l∆ `©’hu_p° L$rh hpZu
gB_° `l°p¨√ep° _\u.
""`fp-`Ìe¨[udp¨ Afh Td[y¨ b∞˚Tfœ¨ !
_uQ° L¶$ ApÏey¨ R>° l∆ l∆; l∆ b∞˚hfœ¨ !''
("k¨ıL©$q[_p° ‚p[: L$pg', Apfp°l-Ahfp°l - `©. 35)
b∞˚hZÆ b_u `fp-`Ìe¨[udp¨ Td°gy¨ b∞˚Tfœ¨ _uQ° ApÏey¨ R>°. [°_p
`X$hp_p - ‚hpl kp[–e dpV°$ L$rhA° "l∆' iÂ]$_° ”Zhpf Aphr[Æ[ L$fu_°
klS>[p\u cph fS|> L$e°pÆ R>° Ap TfZp¨ kp\° L¨$B DXy$NZ ‚hpldp¨ hlu ApÏep°
280
R>°, L$pfZ Ap b∞˚Tfœ¨ R>°. _uQ° Aph[p A° ‚hpldp¨ F>qj_p k¨›ep`|S>__y¨
`∞\d a}g [fu f¸y¨ R>°. L$rh_° –ep¨ k¨ıL©$r[_p° ∞p[: L$pg _S>f° X$ep° R>°. k¨ıL©$r[_p
Ap DNdL$pm_° ıdfu L$rh ^fie[p A_ych° R>° :
""cg° Ap N¨Np_u iyrQ ¤yr[ ^fp k¨ıL©$r[-kfu,
Adpfu MuZp°dp¨ R>g R>g[ R>¨]$p[u E[fu.''
("k¨ıL©$q[_p° ‚p[: L$pg', Apfp°l-Ahfp°l - `©. 35)
kp∑_°V$ - 4 "N¨Nph[fZ' dp¨ N¨Np_p Ah[fZ_° L$rh ^fie NZ° R>°.
L$rh `yfpL$Î`_ Í`° kpNf_p `y”p°_u hp[ L$f° R>° `Z A° kp° `y”p°_p `]°$ - `]°$
k¨ıL©$r[ Mugu NB R>°. "F>Qp-Np•-M°[u_u, S>_`]$_u eop°_u rhS>eu !' L$pÏep¨[°
"Br[lpkp°' A°hy¨ blzhQ_ d|L$u `R>u_p hfhp Br[lpk_y¨ k|Q_ L$eyØ R>°, S>° drg_
R>° L$rh [°_u Ïe\p A_ych° R>°. kp∑_°V$ - 5 "L$piu ‚h°i° k_dp[_u `ygL$' dp¨
L$piu ‚h°i[p L$rh_° F>qj Ly$m_p k¨[p_ lp°hp_u gpNZu S>fid° R>°. L$rh
A[u[cZu S>[p¨ [°_p h_, Xy¨$Nfp, _]$uAp°_° Qpl° R>°. A°L$ Apq]$hpku b_u_°
Apq]$d [“hp°_° `pdhp_u hp[ L$fu R>° _° A°d L$rh ıhÍ`p¨[f A_ych° R>°. R>Ãz¨$
kp∑_°V$ "R>uR>fp`Zp_p° Ahkp]$' dp¨ L$piu_Nfu_° ≈°[p¨ Ahkp]$ \pe R>°, L¨$BL$
R>uR>fp`œ¨ ]°$Mpe R>° [°_u k¨ıL©$r[_u fur[dp¨.
""lh° kpd° L$piu_Nf, S>elv hpku S> kOmy¨,
Alv b∞p˚u rh¤p lhX$, Alv b∞˚°e c∞dZp,
Alv kp°X$p[p b∞p˚Z - rhby^ kp• ›hpfi[hfZp,
b^y ¨ d°gy ¨ O°gy ¨ L y $kyd dm tk]| $f _u[ey Ø.''
("R>uR>fp`Zp_p° Ahkp]$', Apfp°l-Ahfp°l - `©. 38)
"NcpÆNpf_p A¨^pfpdp¨' kp∑_°V$ - 7 dp¨ L$pÏe_peL$ rihk¨dyM Ecp° R>°
_d∞ b_u_°, `Z q”cyh_[Zp _p\ ı`©lp hNf_p sı\f R>° _° `R>u Ahkp]$_u
hpZudp¨ L$pÏe_peL$ S>Zph° R>°. Ap NcÆN©l_p S|>_p A¨^pfp¨ Np¨Y$p bfiep¨ R>°.
a|gp°_p \fp°dp¨ N¨^ A_° [°dp¨ rih_y¨ r_dpÆÎe`œ¨ kX°$gp `pZudp¨ kX$[y¨
281
A_ychpe R>°. Alv b^y¨ kS>Æ_ S|>_y¨ \B Ney¨ R>°, S>ep¨ L$]$u k|eÆ `Z X$p°L$pep°
_\u. i[ k]$u\u A°V$gp dpV°$ gughfœ¨ - i°hpmeyL$[ bfiey¨ R>°. L$pÏep¨[° L$rh
Apæ$p°i kp\° S>Zph° R>° :
""\[y¨ : NcpÆNpf° ^ku S>J ? a}¨Ly¨$ i¨M T|¨V$hu ?
l\p°X$p TvL$u_° cek|QL$ ]$p¶ O¨V$ bS>hu ?''
("NcpÆNpf_p A¨^pfpdp¨', Apfp°l-Ahfp°l - `©. 39)
kp∑_°V$ - 8 "L$piu rh_p\_p d¨q]$fdp¨ Ahkp]$'dp¨ L$rh d|Y$ dr[\u
ApSy>bpSy>_p S>N[_° _ufM° R>°. [°_u _S>fdp¨ r[rdf cf°gu i°fuAp° S> Aph° R>°.
[°dp¨ L$ep¨e ¤yr[ _\u. L$rh L$V$pneyL$[ hpZudp¨ L$piudp¨ a°gpe°gu ^dpØ^[p [fa
D`lpk cfu hpZu D√Qpf° R>° :
""h©jp°, _° Mp^°gp h©jc hL$epÆ M|¨V$ kfMp,
lfpep h°]$pfi[u ^fd-L$fd n°”Qqfep,
Mf° V$pZ° b°W$p Ngu dlv S>, \•, lp\ Nrmep;
S>fp_p ≈X$e°\u Sy>N∆fZ EW$ep S> TfMp.''
("L$piurh_p\_p d¨q]$fdp¨ Ahkp]$', Apfp°l-Ahfp°l - `©. 40)
L$rh k¨ıL©$r[_u Aphu Ah]$ip r_lpmu Apæ$p°i W$pgh° R>°. kp∑_°V$ - 9
"L$piu, b^y hpku S>' dp¨ Ap cph_° ApNm h^pf° R>°. N¨Np_° Dÿ°iu S>Zph° R>°,
b^y¨ S> Ney¨ R>°. KQpB Nl_ b∞p˚u A[g_p, Alv rldrNqf_u Y$m[u MuZ
_\u. Alv [p° R>° -
""[V°$ Ecu L$piu, MMX$^S> _° Mp°Mgu `yfu,
yfpZp R>p`p_u umu X$u NB ı[u kfMu''
("L$piu, b^y¨ hpku S>', Apfp°l-Ahfp°l - `©. 41)
`yfpZp R>p`p_u `ı[u_p L$Î` ‹pfp L$rhA° L$piu_u b°lpgcfu S|>_u
sı\r[ Qv^u R>°. ]$kdy¨ kp∑_°V$ - "]$ipd°^ OpV°$ ÓpŸ_u X|$bL$u' dp¨ rhQpf_°
_hu Nr[ Ap`° R>° L$rh_° Ap Ah]$ip Nd[u _\u. [°dp¨ `qfh[Æ_ B√R>° R>°, [°\u
282
L$l° R>° L°$ lz¨ S>N[cf_y¨ `p` dp\° ^fu S>mdp¨ X|$bL$u gNphy¨ Ry>¨, dgu__p ‚[uL$
kdu L$piu_Nfu_° dp\° d|L$u X|$bL$u gNphy¨ Ry>¨, A°d L$rh ‚ge B√R>° R>°, S>°dp¨
L$piu A¨^p°m b_°.
""[d° ≈Ap°, \pAp° ‚ge dlv ıhplp R>[fuAp°,
fy ¨^fi[u MyÎgpip° NN_¤yr[_u, kS>Æ_ S|>_u,
`gp¨W$uAp°, ≈Ap° Agk[d A°]$u hL$fuAp°,
S>V$pAp°, ≈Ap° f°, Sy>N Sy>N TvV°$gu gM-S|>-_u.''
("]$ipd°O OpV°$ ÓpŸ_u X|$bL$u', Apfp°l-Ahfp°l - `©. 42)
]$ipd°O OpV°$\u L$rh [`ÆZ L$f° R>° N¨Np_° ‚]y$qj[ ≈°B DN∞hpZudp¨ fS|>
L$f° R>°. kp∑_°V$ - 11 "A¨r[d ÓpŸ [`ÆZ' dp¨ L$rh My]$_u ≈[_° t`X$ Í`° [`ÆZdp¨
d|L°$ R>°. r`[© ]°$hNZ_° ÓpŸ Í`° A¨Np¨N_° A`Æhp dp¨N° R>°, Ap–dp`ÆZ gB gp°
A°d S>Zph° R>° :
""afu ÓpŸ° Xy$bL$u, l∆e afu Xy$ÂL$u S> A[g°,
rhk∆ÆL$pep ]•$, _uL$mu `Xy¨$ \• c|[ c|[g°...''
("A¨r[d ÓpŸ - [`ÆZ', Apfp°l-Ahfp°l - `©. 43)
km¨N cph[¨[y ≈mh[y¨ kp∑_°V$ - 12 "Op°Op bp`p_y¨ c|[, ‚epNdp¨' dp¨
L$rh k¨h°]$_pdp¨ ≈Z° Í`p¨[f \pe R>°. pr\Æh lh° A`pr\Æh b_° R>°. N¨Np-edy_p_°
Ahgp°L°$ R>°, [°_° lh° N¨Np `rh” _\u gpN[u.
""lh° Ap N¨Np [° S>__u _\u f°, dp” S>m R>°,
A_° Ap L$ptg]$u dlve Mug[y¨ _p L$dm R>°,
[`p[p° N¨Npdp¨ rih rif Me°pÆ L°$i _ hl°,
hZp[y¨ _p Aph° de|f`vR> L$ptg]$u ‚hpl°.''
("Op°Opbp`p_y¨ c|[, ‚epNdp¨', Apfp°l-Ahfp°l - `©. 44)
_]$uAp°_u Ah]$ip r_lpmu L$rh˘]$e Ïe\p A_ych° R>° "_h°kf_u
rkk©np' kp∑_°V$æ$d - 13 dp¨ L$rh hfpl Ah[pf_p `yfpL$Î`__° d|L$u _hp ‚pZ°
283
[p∆ a}g_u kp•fc_° a°gphp B√R>° R>° _° A°d b∞˚p_u Arc_h k©qÛV$_p r_dpÆZ
dpV°$_u `m_u L$rh ‚r[np L$fu fl° R>° ! "¤p• A_° ¤yr[cZu' dp¨ S|>_y¨ b^y¨ Dk°V$u,
a¢L$u ‚hpldp¨ [Zphu ]°$hp dp¨N° R>° _° ¤yr[de b_phhp_u T|¨b°i DW$ph° R>°.
""_'[p° S>epf° L$p°B ÍY$ fd i©N° - MuZ° - h_°,
afu A° l}¨apf° Akg a}¨ahp° R>° ‚-Zh_°.''
("¤p• A_° ¤yr[ cZu', Apfp°l-Ahfp°l - `©. 46)
A¨r[d kp∑_°V$ - "_|[_ rih_u D`gsÂ^' dp¨ `©’hu_° Arc_hg
‚pZ\u kS>Æhu R>°, _° _hp ApL$pi° [f[u d|L$hu R>°.
"EM°Xy ¨ $ Ry > ¨ V$p °Q° S>X$u ]$u^p iiug°M `L$X$u,
dyW$pdp¨\u < _° N∞lu q”iyg ip°, Ly$Ÿ rih-ip°,
lz ¨ i© ¨N°\u i© ¨N° cV$L y ¨ $ R y > ¨ ag¨Np°\u, ]$hip°,
k[u_y¨ ≈Z° L°$ ib KQL$u, l•ep \L$u S>X$u.''
("_|[_ rih_u D`gsÂ^', Apfp°l - Ahfp°l - `©. 47)
fy÷[p_p cph kp\° L$rh_° - "d_° Ap°lp°, E›h£ `fd rih Mp°ep°, afu
S>X$ep'. A°d `y_: k¨ıL©$r[_p D–\p__° `pd° R>°.
‚ı[y[ `¨]$f kp∑_°V$p° A°L$ cphh[yÆm b_ph° R>°. ‚pf¨c rldpge_p i©¨N°
fl°gu A°L$g[p\u \pe R>° _° TfZp_p ‚hpl° [° _uQ° E[f° R>°. ”u≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨
AfŒek¨ıL©$r[_y¨ k|Q_ ‚hpldp¨ [f[p F>qj_p `|≈_p¨ a}g ‹pfp hp[phfZ
D`kpÏey¨ R>°. Qp°\pdp¨ `hÆ[ue kp¶]$eÆ dpŒep `R>u N¨Np_]$u_p Ah[fZ_u hp[
L$f° R>° _° `R>u_p kp∑_°V$dp¨ [°_u rhÍ` ]$ip\u Ahkp]$ ÏeL$[ L$f° R>°. A° S> N¨Np_p
_uf_° kpdpfie S>m L$l° R>°. Alv ”u≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨ S>° ‚hpldp¨ ‚≈_y¨ a}g [f[y¨ l[y¨
[°_p bfpbf rhfp°^u cphÍ`° kp∑_°V$æ$d - 9 dp¨ hl°[p¨ Aph[p¨ ‚]|$qj[ ‚hpl_p
S>m lh° `yr_[ _\u fl°[p¨, [°\u Apæ$p°i W$pghu `qfh[Æ_ dpV°$ ‚ge T¨M° R>°.
A¨[° afu\u `©’hu `f _hp ‚pZ `|fhp B√R>° R>°. A¨r[d kp∑_°V$dp¨ E›h£ `fd
rih S>° Mp°hpep l[p [° S>X°$ R>°. S>V$pdp¨\u N¨Np Arc_hÍ`° cc|[u dpaL$ Mf° R>°
284
Alv `y_: r_dpÆZ R>° _° A°d afu Ó©¨N ky^u `l°p¨√ep R>°.
`∞ı[y[ L©$r[ rhi° ‚huZ ]$f∆ S>Zph° R>°, "”u∆ L©$r[ "Ah[fZ' `¨]$f"”u∆ L©$r[ "Ah[fZ' `¨]$f"”u∆ L©$r[ "Ah[fZ' `¨]$f"”u∆ L©$r[ "Ah[fZ' `¨]$f"”u∆ L©$r[ "Ah[fZ' `¨]$f
kp∑_°V$_p° Ny√R> R>°. ]$f°L$ kp∑_°V$_p° hmp¨L$ ıh[¨” R>°. R>[p¨ D—f cpf[_ukp∑_°V$_p° Ny√R> R>°. ]$f°L$ kp∑_°V$_p° hmp¨L$ ıh[¨” R>°. R>[p¨ D—f cpf[_ukp∑_°V$_p° Ny√R> R>°. ]$f°L$ kp∑_°V$_p° hmp¨L$ ıh[¨” R>°. R>[p¨ D—f cpf[_ukp∑_°V$_p° Ny√R> R>°. ]$f°L$ kp∑_°V$_p° hmp¨L$ ıh[¨” R>°. R>[p¨ D—f cpf[_ukp∑_°V$_p° Ny√R> R>°. ]$f°L$ kp∑_°V$_p° hmp¨L$ ıh[¨” R>°. R>[p¨ D—f cpf[_u
ep”p ]$fÁep_ L$rhA° S>° L¨$B D√Q-AhQ A_ycÏey¨ A° OV$_p Alv A°L$ep”p ]$fÁep_ L$rhA° S>° L¨$B D√Q-AhQ A_ycÏey¨ A° OV$_p Alv A°L$ep”p ]$fÁep_ L$rhA° S>° L¨$B D√Q-AhQ A_ycÏey¨ A° OV$_p Alv A°L$ep”p ]$fÁep_ L$rhA° S>° L¨$B D√Q-AhQ A_ycÏey¨ A° OV$_p Alv A°L$ep”p ]$fÁep_ L$rhA° S>° L¨$B D√Q-AhQ A_ycÏey¨ A° OV$_p Alv A°L$
k|”k|”k|”k|”k|”ÍÍÍÍÍ `° flu R>°. D–`L$pdp¨\u _peL$ Ar^–`L$p ky^u `l°p¨Q° R>°. ‚L©$r[ -`° flu R>°. D–`L$pdp¨\u _peL$ Ar^–`L$p ky^u `l°p¨Q° R>°. ‚L©$r[ -`° flu R>°. D–`L$pdp¨\u _peL$ Ar^–`L$p ky^u `l°p¨Q° R>°. ‚L©$r[ -`° flu R>°. D–`L$pdp¨\u _peL$ Ar^–`L$p ky^u `l°p¨Q° R>°. ‚L©$r[ -`° flu R>°. D–`L$pdp¨\u _peL$ Ar^–`L$p ky^u `l°p¨Q° R>°. ‚L©$r[ -
`lpX$p° b^y¨ rQ—_° cfu ]°$ R>,° Z L$prg]$pk_u °W°$ KQ°\u ≈°[p¨ Ap _peL$_°`lpX$p° b^y¨ rQ—_° cfu ]°$ R>,° Z L$prg]$pk_u °W°$ KQ°\u ≈°[p¨ Ap _peL$_°`lpX$p° b^y¨ rQ—_° cfu ]°$ R>,° Z L$prg]$pk_u °W°$ KQ°\u ≈°[p¨ Ap _peL$_°`lpX$p° b^y¨ rQ—_° cfu ]°$ R>,° Z L$prg]$pk_u °W°$ KQ°\u ≈°[p¨ Ap _peL$_°`lpX$p° b^y¨ rQ—_° cfu ]°$ R>,° Z L$prg]$pk_u °W°$ KQ°\u ≈°[p¨ Ap _peL$_°
`Z _uQ°_u `©’hu S> h^y D]$pf - fdZue gpN° R>°, A°hp° Ap_¨]$ L$rh_°`Z _uQ°_u `©’hu S> h^y D]$pf - fdZue gpN° R>°, A°hp° Ap_¨]$ L$rh_°`Z _uQ°_u `©’hu S> h^y D]$pf - fdZue gpN° R>°, A°hp° Ap_¨]$ L$rh_°`Z _uQ°_u `©’hu S> h^y D]$pf - fdZue gpN° R>°, A°hp° Ap_¨]$ L$rh_°`Z _uQ°_u `©’hu S> h^y D]$pf - fdZue gpN° R>°, A°hp° Ap_¨]$ L$rh_°
k¨ıL©$r[_p Ly$m-d|m ky^u M¢Qu ≈e R>°. [°_u ≈°X$p ≈°X$ L$piu A_° N¨Np_y¨k¨ıL©$r[_p Ly$m-d|m ky^u M¢Qu ≈e R>°. [°_u ≈°X$p ≈°X$ L$piu A_° N¨Np_y¨k¨ıL©$r[_p Ly$m-d|m ky^u M¢Qu ≈e R>°. [°_u ≈°X$p ≈°X$ L$piu A_° N¨Np_y¨k¨ıL©$r[_p Ly$m-d|m ky^u M¢Qu ≈e R>°. [°_u ≈°X$p ≈°X$ L$piu A_° N¨Np_y¨k¨ıL©$r[_p Ly$m-d|m ky^u M¢Qu ≈e R>°. [°_u ≈°X$p ≈°X$ L$piu A_° N¨Np_y¨
]$iÆ_ L$rh_°, _peL$_° KX°$\u lQdQphu Ahkp]$ h√Q° `Z d|L$u Ap`° R>°.]$iÆ_ L$rh_°, _peL$_° KX°$\u lQdQphu Ahkp]$ h√Q° `Z d|L$u Ap`° R>°.]$iÆ_ L$rh_°, _peL$_° KX°$\u lQdQphu Ahkp]$ h√Q° `Z d|L$u Ap`° R>°.]$iÆ_ L$rh_°, _peL$_° KX°$\u lQdQphu Ahkp]$ h√Q° `Z d|L$u Ap`° R>°.]$iÆ_ L$rh_°, _peL$_° KX°$\u lQdQphu Ahkp]$ h√Q° `Z d|L$u Ap`° R>°.
L$rh ANpD_u L©$r[dp¨ L$e¨pL$ fy÷[p_p r_L$rh ANpD_u L©$r[dp¨ L$e¨pL$ fy÷[p_p r_L$rh ANpD_u L©$r[dp¨ L$e¨pL$ fy÷[p_p r_L$rh ANpD_u L©$r[dp¨ L$e¨pL$ fy÷[p_p r_L$rh ANpD_u L©$r[dp¨ L$e¨pL$ fy÷[p_p r_ÍÍÍÍÍ `Zdp¨ MuÎep¨ R>°, [°d Alv `Z`Zdp¨ MuÎep¨ R>°, [°d Alv `Z`Zdp¨ MuÎep¨ R>°, [°d Alv `Z`Zdp¨ MuÎep¨ R>°, [°d Alv `Z`Zdp¨ MuÎep¨ R>°, [°d Alv `Z
A°hp hZÆ_dp¨ A_°fp° L$kb ]$pMh° R>°. L$V$pn_p° rhr_ep°N `Z kprc‚peA°hp hZÆ_dp¨ A_°fp° L$kb ]$pMh° R>°. L$V$pn_p° rhr_ep°N `Z kprc‚peA°hp hZÆ_dp¨ A_°fp° L$kb ]$pMh° R>°. L$V$pn_p° rhr_ep°N `Z kprc‚peA°hp hZÆ_dp¨ A_°fp° L$kb ]$pMh° R>°. L$V$pn_p° rhr_ep°N `Z kprc‚peA°hp hZÆ_dp¨ A_°fp° L$kb ]$pMh° R>°. L$V$pn_p° rhr_ep°N `Z kprc‚pe
_° [°\u kp•]$eÆkp^L$ bfiep° R>°.'_° [°\u kp•]$eÆkp^L$ bfiep° R>°.'_° [°\u kp•]$eÆkp^L$ bfiep° R>°.'_° [°\u kp•]$eÆkp^L$ bfiep° R>°.'_° [°\u kp•]$eÆkp^L$ bfiep° R>°.'61
^uÍcpB `fuM_° "Ap kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨"Ap kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨"Ap kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨"Ap kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨"Ap kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨
k¨ıL©$r[_u Ah]$ip_p° rhjp]$ R>° [p° `y_: A° ‚pQu_ k“hiug k¨ıL©$r[_uk¨ıL©$r[_u Ah]$ip_p° rhjp]$ R>° [p° `y_: A° ‚pQu_ k“hiug k¨ıL©$r[_uk¨ıL©$r[_u Ah]$ip_p° rhjp]$ R>° [p° `y_: A° ‚pQu_ k“hiug k¨ıL©$r[_uk¨ıL©$r[_u Ah]$ip_p° rhjp]$ R>° [p° `y_: A° ‚pQu_ k“hiug k¨ıL©$r[_uk¨ıL©$r[_u Ah]$ip_p° rhjp]$ R>° [p° `y_: A° ‚pQu_ k“hiug k¨ıL©$r[_u
T¨M_p_p° Aph°Nde ArcNd R>°. ‚–e°L$ kp∑_°V$ ApNhy¨ hp[phfZ MXy¨$ L$f°T¨M_p_p° Aph°Nde ArcNd R>°. ‚–e°L$ kp∑_°V$ ApNhy¨ hp[phfZ MXy¨$ L$f°T¨M_p_p° Aph°Nde ArcNd R>°. ‚–e°L$ kp∑_°V$ ApNhy¨ hp[phfZ MXy¨$ L$f°T¨M_p_p° Aph°Nde ArcNd R>°. ‚–e°L$ kp∑_°V$ ApNhy¨ hp[phfZ MXy¨$ L$f°T¨M_p_p° Aph°Nde ArcNd R>°. ‚–e°L$ kp∑_°V$ ApNhy¨ hp[phfZ MXy¨$ L$f°
R> °. Alv ‚–e°L $ kp ∑_ °V $ ıh[¨” A°L $d kdy ¨ lp °hp R>[p ¨e k¨ıL © $ r[_pR> °. Alv ‚–e°L $ kp ∑_ °V $ ıh[¨” A°L $d kdy ¨ lp °hp R>[p ¨e k¨ıL © $ r[_pR> °. Alv ‚–e°L $ kp ∑_ °V $ ıh[¨” A°L $d kdy ¨ lp °hp R>[p ¨e k¨ıL © $ r[_pR> °. Alv ‚–e°L $ kp ∑_ °V $ ıh[¨” A°L $d kdy ¨ lp °hp R>[p ¨e k¨ıL © $ r[_pR> °. Alv ‚–e°L $ kp ∑_ °V $ ıh[¨” A°L $d kdy ¨ lp °hp R>[p ¨e k¨ıL © $ r[_p
`[_p°–\p__p rhQpf hZÆ_\u A_° L$pÏe_peL$_u cphde - cph_pde`[_p°–\p__p rhQpf hZÆ_\u A_° L$pÏe_peL$_u cphde - cph_pde`[_p°–\p__p rhQpf hZÆ_\u A_° L$pÏe_peL$_u cphde - cph_pde`[_p°–\p__p rhQpf hZÆ_\u A_° L$pÏe_peL$_u cphde - cph_pde`[_p°–\p__p rhQpf hZÆ_\u A_° L$pÏe_peL$_u cphde - cph_pde
D`sı\r[\u A°L$ km¨N ]$u^Æ fQ_p b_° R>°.'D`sı\r[\u A°L$ km¨N ]$u^Æ fQ_p b_° R>°.'D`sı\r[\u A°L$ km¨N ]$u^Æ fQ_p b_° R>°.'D`sı\r[\u A°L$ km¨N ]$u^Æ fQ_p b_° R>°.'D`sı\r[\u A°L$ km¨N ]$u^Æ fQ_p b_° R>°.'62
M¨X$r_ep°S>_ f–h° b^p kp∑_°V$p° i°L$πsı`efipB OpV$_p R>°. ‚pk bpb[°
b^p¨ kp∑_°V$p° k-‚pk_p R>°, S>°dp¨ abba cddc effe gg; aabb cdcd
efef gg; abab ccdd effe gg; abba cddc efef gg; abab
cddc eeff gg hN°f° S>°hp ‚pk Np°W$Ïep R>°. R>¨]$ ‚ep°S>_dp¨ b^p¨ S> kp∑_°V$p°
riMqfZu R>¨]$dp¨ R>°. D`dp_p ky¨]$f ◊ÛV$p¨[p° Alv OZp R>°.
- "Ddp iy¨ MuZp°\u Ad V$uL$u fl° E¬hÆ [fœ¨ !'
- "Alp°, dp°_pgukp kdu AL$g g• lp°W$-dfL$'
- "h©jp°, _° Mp^°gp h©jc hL$epÆ M|¨V$ kfMp'
285
- "`yfpZp R>p`p_u `umu `X$u NB `ı[u kfMu'
- "k≈hu a}gp°\u h_h_ [Zu Í`ku h |'
- "S>V$p\u S>ep¨ N¨Np Arc_h cc|[u kdMf°'
L$rh_u bp_u S>ep¨ Apæ$p°i ÏeL$[ L$f° R>° –ep¨ bmL$V$ hpZu Ah[f° R>°.
A°hp° Apæ$p°i A°L$\u h^y hM[ Sy>]$p Sy>]$p kp∑_°V$dp¨ ]°$Mpep° R>°. L$ep¨L$ ky¨]$f L$Î`_p°
fkpB_° Aph° R>°, [p° L$ep¨L$ buc–k fk_y¨ r_Í`Z gphu ıhpcprhL$[p gphu d|L°$
R>°. Apd L$pÏebp_u cph`p°jL$ flu R>°. ‚ı[y[ L©$r[ B.k. 1984 dp¨ fQpe°gu
R>°.
"`p¨Xy$_u ‚°[p°qL[' : (Apfp°l - Ahfp°l)
‚ı[y[ L©$r[ rhi° ‚\d L$rh_y¨ r_h°]$_ "æ$pfi[p "hk¨[rhS>e' dp¨ `p¨Xy$"æ$pfi[p "hk¨[rhS>e' dp¨ `p¨Xy$"æ$pfi[p "hk¨[rhS>e' dp¨ `p¨Xy$"æ$pfi[p "hk¨[rhS>e' dp¨ `p¨Xy$"æ$pfi[p "hk¨[rhS>e' dp¨ `p¨Xy$
ip`hip[π dp÷uep°Ndp¨ dfZ `pd° R>°, [°\u A[©‡[ L$pd A°hp° [° `∞°[ \ep°ip`hip[π dp÷uep°Ndp¨ dfZ `pd° R>°, [°\u A[©‡[ L$pd A°hp° [° `∞°[ \ep°ip`hip[π dp÷uep°Ndp¨ dfZ `pd° R>°, [°\u A[©‡[ L$pd A°hp° [° `∞°[ \ep°ip`hip[π dp÷uep°Ndp¨ dfZ `pd° R>°, [°\u A[©‡[ L$pd A°hp° [° `∞°[ \ep°ip`hip[π dp÷uep°Ndp¨ dfZ `pd° R>°, [°\u A[©‡[ L$pd A°hp° [° `∞°[ \ep°
R>° A°hu L$Î`_p Ap L©$r[_p pepdp¨ R>°. k¨cp°N nZ_p° fp°dp¨Q gB [° ‚°[R>° A°hu L$Î`_p Ap L©$r[_p pepdp¨ R>°. k¨cp°N nZ_p° fp°dp¨Q gB [° ‚°[R>° A°hu L$Î`_p Ap L©$r[_p pepdp¨ R>°. k¨cp°N nZ_p° fp°dp¨Q gB [° ‚°[R>° A°hu L$Î`_p Ap L©$r[_p pepdp¨ R>°. k¨cp°N nZ_p° fp°dp¨Q gB [° ‚°[R>° A°hu L$Î`_p Ap L©$r[_p pepdp¨ R>°. k¨cp°N nZ_p° fp°dp¨Q gB [° ‚°[ÍÍÍÍÍ `°`°`°`°`°
19 dp q]$hk° dlpcpf[_y¨ eyŸ |fy¨ \hp_u kp¨S>° Ly$fyn°”dp¨ Ap kp∑_°V$dpmp_u19 dp q]$hk° dlpcpf[_y¨ eyŸ |fy¨ \hp_u kp¨S>° Ly$fyn°”dp¨ Ap kp∑_°V$dpmp_u19 dp q]$hk° dlpcpf[_y¨ eyŸ |fy¨ \hp_u kp¨S>° Ly$fyn°”dp¨ Ap kp∑_°V$dpmp_u19 dp q]$hk° dlpcpf[_y¨ eyŸ |fy¨ \hp_u kp¨S>° Ly$fyn°”dp¨ Ap kp∑_°V$dpmp_u19 dp q]$hk° dlpcpf[_y¨ eyŸ |fy¨ \hp_u kp¨S>° Ly$fyn°”dp¨ Ap kp∑_°V$dpmp_u
hpZudp¨ ‚NV$ \ep° R>°. Ap `p¨Xy$_p ‚°[_° bu≈° ApOp[ Ly$fyh¨i_u L$`fuhpZudp¨ ‚NV$ \ep° R>°. Ap `p¨Xy$_p ‚°[_° bu≈° ApOp[ Ly$fyh¨i_u L$`fuhpZudp¨ ‚NV$ \ep° R>°. Ap `p¨Xy$_p ‚°[_° bu≈° ApOp[ Ly$fyh¨i_u L$`fuhpZudp¨ ‚NV$ \ep° R>°. Ap `p¨Xy$_p ‚°[_° bu≈° ApOp[ Ly$fyh¨i_u L$`fuhpZudp¨ ‚NV$ \ep° R>°. Ap `p¨Xy$_p ‚°[_° bu≈° ApOp[ Ly$fyh¨i_u L$`fu
nZp°dp¨ L$p°B dl“h_u L$pdNufu [°_° apm° Aphu _\u, [°dS> ÓuL©$ÛZ L$p°BnZp°dp¨ L$p°B dl“h_u L$pdNufu [°_° apm° Aphu _\u, [°dS> ÓuL©$ÛZ L$p°BnZp°dp¨ L$p°B dl“h_u L$pdNufu [°_° apm° Aphu _\u, [°dS> ÓuL©$ÛZ L$p°BnZp°dp¨ L$p°B dl“h_u L$pdNufu [°_° apm° Aphu _\u, [°dS> ÓuL©$ÛZ L$p°BnZp°dp¨ L$p°B dl“h_u L$pdNufu [°_° apm° Aphu _\u, [°dS> ÓuL©$ÛZ L$p°B
dl“h_u hp[dp¨ `p¨Xy$_° L$iy¨e `|R>ey¨ _\u [° R>°. [°_p° ”u≈° Ap^p[ R>°dl“h_u hp[dp¨ `p¨Xy$_° L$iy¨e `|R>ey¨ _\u [° R>°. [°_p° ”u≈° Ap^p[ R>°dl“h_u hp[dp¨ `p¨Xy$_° L$iy¨e `|R>ey¨ _\u [° R>°. [°_p° ”u≈° Ap^p[ R>°dl“h_u hp[dp¨ `p¨Xy$_° L$iy¨e `|R>ey¨ _\u [° R>°. [°_p° ”u≈° Ap^p[ R>°dl“h_u hp[dp¨ `p¨Xy$_° L$iy¨e `|R>ey¨ _\u [° R>°. [°_p° ”u≈° Ap^p[ R>°
lh°_p L$pmdp¨ - L$lp° L°$ L$rhL$pmdp¨ D—fp°—f S>N[ fL$[rl_ - `p¨Xy$hœØ,lh°_p L$pmdp¨ - L$lp° L°$ L$rhL$pmdp¨ D—fp°—f S>N[ fL$[rl_ - `p¨Xy$hœØ,lh°_p L$pmdp¨ - L$lp° L°$ L$rhL$pmdp¨ D—fp°—f S>N[ fL$[rl_ - `p¨Xy$hœØ,lh°_p L$pmdp¨ - L$lp° L°$ L$rhL$pmdp¨ D—fp°—f S>N[ fL$[rl_ - `p¨Xy$hœØ,lh°_p L$pmdp¨ - L$lp° L°$ L$rhL$pmdp¨ D—fp°—f S>N[ fL$[rl_ - `p¨Xy$hœØ,
hueÆlu_ - dr[d|Y$ h¨i `°]$p L$fu_° dp” ∆Ïep L$fi°. A° fu[° `p¨Xy$_p° h°gp°hueÆlu_ - dr[d|Y$ h¨i `°]$p L$fu_° dp” ∆Ïep L$fi°. A° fu[° `p¨Xy$_p° h°gp°hueÆlu_ - dr[d|Y$ h¨i `°]$p L$fu_° dp” ∆Ïep L$fi°. A° fu[° `p¨Xy$_p° h°gp°hueÆlu_ - dr[d|Y$ h¨i `°]$p L$fu_° dp” ∆Ïep L$fi°. A° fu[° `p¨Xy$_p° h°gp°hueÆlu_ - dr[d|Y$ h¨i `°]$p L$fu_° dp” ∆Ïep L$fi°. A° fu[° `p¨Xy$_p° h°gp°
- Aı\pdp S>°hu L$Zk[u Adf[p gB `©’hu `f `p¨Nf[p° fl°i° A° hp[_p°- Aı\pdp S>°hu L$Zk[u Adf[p gB `©’hu `f `p¨Nf[p° fl°i° A° hp[_p°- Aı\pdp S>°hu L$Zk[u Adf[p gB `©’hu `f `p¨Nf[p° fl°i° A° hp[_p°- Aı\pdp S>°hu L$Zk[u Adf[p gB `©’hu `f `p¨Nf[p° fl°i° A° hp[_p°- Aı\pdp S>°hu L$Zk[u Adf[p gB `©’hu `f `p¨Nf[p° fl°i° A° hp[_p°
R>°.'R>°.'R>°.'R>°.'R>°.'63
L$`p°gL$rÎ`[ rhje gB_° L$rhA° D`eyÆL$[ rhQpfcph dpV°$ _hkp∑_°V$
A°L$ kp\° N|¨’ep R>°. "19 dp q]$__u kp¨S>° Ly$fyn°”dp¨' kp∑_°V$_p DOpX$dp¨ S> L$rh
A`pr\Æh [“h kdp `p¨Xy$_p Ap¨[fNlhf_p° `X$Op° Tug° R>°. "kdp‡[ _\u eyŸ,
eyŸ \ey¨ `|fy¨ L$ep¨ R>° l∆ ?' kp∑_°V$_p bu≈ Q[yÛL$dp¨ buc–k fk_p¨ r_Í`Z\u
eyŸ_u ce¨L$f[p D`kphu hp[phfZ MXy¨$ L$eyØ R>°.
286
""Alp°, AduV$ eyŸ_y¨ AduV$ buS>, L¶$ L•$: rdj°,
fl° aZN[y¨ S> A” hmu [”, Qpf° q]$i°.''
("19 dp q]$__u kp¨S>° Ly$fyn°”dp¨', Apfp°l-Ahfp°l - `©. 48)
19dp q]$hk_u kp¨S>° dlpcpf[_y¨ eyŸ `|fy¨ \B Nep `R>u `p¨Xy$ A`pr\Æh
[“hÍ`° rhgk° R>°. [° My]$ L$l° R>° S>°d eyŸ kdp‡[ \ey¨ _\u [°d `p°[° `Z L$ep¨
M[d \ep° R>°. S>° b^y¨ k`pV$u D`f l[y¨ [° lh° rQ—NcÆdp¨ E[fu Ney¨ R>° _° [°
afu\u _hu ^pf k∆Æ blpf _uL$mi°. Ap AduV$ eyŸ_y¨ AduV$ buS> L¨$B L¨$B
r_rd—° aZN[y¨ S> fl° R>°, Alv [lv Qpf° r]$ipAp°dp¨ L$rhA° `p¨Xy$_p Ap¨[fdp¨ S>°
^fbpe°gy¨ R>°, S>° A[©‡[ rhjeL$pd_p R>°, [° dp” `p¨Xy$_u _ fl°[p¨ kphÆq”L$ b_°
R>°. kp∑_°V$ - 2 "dpfu D`°np' dp¨ L$rhA° ‚°[p–dp `p¨Xy$_u DqL[Í`° d|L$ey¨ R>°, S>°dp¨
`p¨Xy$_u D`°np \B flu R>° [°_u ApN A¨[fdp¨ S>g° R>° _° [° L$epf°e Ap°ghu iL$pe
[°d _\u.
""kdı[ dyS> lı[u Apd A`dp_ `pdu Alv,
`X$u S> flu ‚°[ \• L y $g \L$u Dh°Mpegu.''
("dpfu D`°np', Apfp°l - Ahfp°l - `©. 50)
A[©‡[hpk_p\u `uX$p[p `p¨Xy$_° bu≈° Ap^p[ dm° R>° [°_u \[u D`°np
hX°$. dlpcpf[dp¨ [°_° L$p°B dl“h_u S>hpb]$pfu k°p¨`hpdp¨ Aphu _ l[u A°d
[°_u k[[ D`°np \[u flu R>°. A–\pdp_p fMX$[p ‚°[_u L$Zk[u h°]$_p
kp\° `p¨Xy$_° `Z A°hp cV$L$[p Ap–dp_p° dp°n _\u. kp∑_°V$ - 3 "`Z dpfy¨ b^y¨
`p¨Xy$ S>' dp¨ [°_y¨ khÆ `p¨Xy$Í`° R>°. `p°[p_u `p¨Xy$f[p\u L$p°B_° bQphu iL$pep _rl
[°_p° Aakp°k R>°. kp∑_°V$ - 4 "[° ∆hg°Z hk¨[' dp¨ `p¨Xy$ S>epf° k]°$l° l[p°,
–epf_p kde_° hpNp°m° R>°. `p°[° dp÷u `pk° L$pd\u ApkL$[ A°L$gp° l[p° _° [°
∆hg°Z hk¨[_° ep]$ L$f° R>°, kp\° kp\° Ly¨$[u_p hf]$p_\u ‚p‡[ \e°gp `fpæ$du
huf `y”p°_° ıdf° R>°. kp∑_°V$ - 5 "ly¨ `gL$p°_y¨ ‚°[ Ry>¨' dp¨ `p°[p_° ‚°[ep°r_ dmhp_y¨
L$pfZ S>Zph° R>°; L$pd_u D–L$V$[p_° bfpbf hZÆhu R>°.
287
""L© $[pfi[L$f\u gZpB NB A^Æfp °dphgu,
D`pX$u Af^u bu∆ cdy¨ lz¨ Ap ı\gu, [° ı\gu.''
("lz¨ `gL$p°_y¨ ‚°[ Ry>¨, Apfp°l - Ahfp°l - `©. 53)
A¨[° `p°[p_u `p¨Xy$[p_° Arcip` Í` NZ° R>°. L©$[pfi[L$f `f\u A^x
Í ¨hpV$u gZpB NB R>° bpL$u_u gB_° ı\m° - ı\m° cV$L$u f¸p° R>°. kp∑_°V$ - 6
"cV$L$pfp S> cV$L$pfp' dp¨ `p¨Qdp kp∑_°V$_p cph-rhQpf_° A_yk¨^p_Í` ApNm
h^pe°pÆ R>°. `p¨Xy$_° dm°gu `p¨Xy$f[p gB_° AS>¨` - Arhfpd cV$L$[p° f¸p° R>° A°hu
h°]$_p [°_u kp\° R>°. A^pÆ R>°]$pe°gp rif kp\° cV$L$[p Nyfy`y”_° ≈°B ‚°[ `Z
cu_u gpNZu A_ych° R>°. "kX°$g L$Zk¨[, ≈°B dyS> l•ey¨ c°]$pe°gy¨' khÆ” Aid
h°fcph A_° Arhfpd eyŸ_u Ap`]$p ≈°B rMfi_ b_° R>°. kp[dy¨ kp∑_°V$ -
"L©$ÛZ‚–e°' dp¨ ApeMpcf_u fTm`pV$_u L¨$BL$ ip[p A_ych° R>°. L©$ÛZ_° D]°$πiu
L$l° R>° tS>]$Nu_u gp°luTpZ A^|fu hpk_p_° lfu_° l•e° Qp¨`u dpfp° DŸpf L$fp°. [°
S>Zph° R>° L°$ d_° A°L$ hp[_y¨ Nl_ ]y$:M R>° L°$ [d° d_° dlpcpf[dp¨ `X°$gu N|¨Q
k¨b¨^u A°L$ `Z hp[ `|R>u _\u. "lz¨ ‚°[ `œ¨ cp°Nhy¨ A]$Ly¨$ Ape Ap^p[_y¨'
‚°[`œ¨ `Z [°_° cpfÍ` gpN° R>°. ApW$dp kp∑_°V$ "`p¨Xy$h¨i_u Ïe\p' dp¨ `p¨Xy$_°
\e°gu Ïe\p [°_u `p°[p_u _\u fl°[u `Z S>N[dp¨ ‚kf[u A_ych° R>°. Ap
[°_° dm°gp° ”u≈° Ap^p[ R>°.
""A fL$[, `u[ `p¨Xy$hZw NdNu_u g• øepgdp¨;
Alp°, S>N[ `p¨Xy$, L$pm `Z `p¨Xy$ kp• `p¨X$fy¨ !''
("`p¨Xy$h¨i_u Ïe\p', Apfp°l - Ahfp°l - `©. 56)
S>N[ fL$[lu_ - `p¨Xy$hZw, NdNu_u g• hueÆlu_ - L$pm `Z, `p¨Xy$f[p
kp\°_p° kp• `p¨Xy$fy¨ `°]$p \i°, A° S> `p¨Xy$h¨i Í`° `p°[p_p° h¨i rhı[©[ b_i°. Ap
k¨[r[ L°$hu li° ?
""r_lpmu flz ¨ `p¨Xy $h¨i dyS> k¨[r[ rhı[©r[,
_Ly $g - kl]° $h_u A_yS>, fL$[_p° h°N _p,
288
rh^peL$ _ ÏeqL$[[p, _ L$iy¨ L$dÆ, Aph°N_p,
_fu ∆h__p ‚hpl dlv r_qÛæ$e k¨ıL©$r[.''
("`p¨Xy$h¨i_u Ïe\p', Apfp°l - Ahfp°l - `©. 56)
A_° –epf° l° L©$ÛZ, [d° `Z lip° _rl. A¨r[d kp∑_°V$ - "ip¨r[_u
epQ_p' dp¨ L©$ÛZ_° ‚p\£ R>° :
""A_r¡_ bmy¨ Ry>¨, Tmy¨ Ry>¨, Í ¨Í ¨ rQ—_u Q°ldp¨,
AM¨X$ km¡ep L$fy¨ Ry>¨, Are L©$ÛZ, Aphp° A_°,
L$f ° kyM]$ Ôg°j ]• $ kyMX$ S> °d ipdp°, d_°
lz¨ ]°$l EMX$ep° R>[p¨e L$Zky¨ S>X$ep° ]°$ldp¨.''
("ip¨r[_u epQ_p', Apfp°l - Ahfp°l - `©. 57)
S>fidp°_u h°]$_p h°W$[p° `p¨Xy$ ip[p dpV°$ L©$ÛZ_° "kyMX$ S>°d ipdp°' S>°hu
‚p\Æ_p L$f° R>°. kp\° kp\° hpk_pAp°_p A¨[ dpV°$ afu\u S>fid `Z dp¨N° R>°.
""_ dp°n dyS>_° L$]$ue, chi©¨Mgp b¨^dp¨,
r_f¨[f S> S>fid `f S>fid, h°W y ¨ $ Ïe\p.''
("ip¨r[_u epQ_p', Apfp°l - Ahfp°l - `©. 57)
‚ı[y[ L©$r[_° "‚°[p°qL$[' L$lu R>°. A° ‚°[ R>°. `p¨Xy$_y¨ hı[y ArcÏeqL$[
A°L$ L$pÎ`r_L$ rhQpf Í`° Alv iÂ]$ ]°$ldp¨ d|L$pe R>°. `p¨Xy$_° dp°n d˛ep° _\u,
dpV°$ cV$L$u f¸p° R>°. dlpcpf[_p 19 dp q]$hk_u kp¨S>° eyŸ |fy¨ \ep R>u p°[p_°
dm°gp Arcip` kp\° A[©‡[ hpk_p\u L$Zk[p° `uX$p[p° cV$L$u f¸p° R>°. [°
Ïe\p_p° ApOp[ gB_° cV$L$u f¸p° R>°, S>° km¨N _h° kp∑_°V$dp¨ `X$Ope R>°. [°dp¨
bu≈ b° Ap^p[p° Dd°fpe R>°. L©$ÛZ S>°hp eyN`yfyj° dlpcpf[_u N|¨Qdp¨ [°_° L$iy¨
|R>ey Z _rl A_° Aphp kdedp¨ dl“h_u L$pdNufudp¨ \e°gu p°[_u D °np\u
h^y b°Q°_ b_° R>°, [° L$iy¨ L$fu iL$[p° _\u. [°_u `p¨X$yf[p [°_p° Arcip` b_° R>°.
S>°_p° h¨i L$rmL$pmdp¨ `Z a°gpe°gp° A_ych° R>°. Ap [°_° \e°gp° ”u≈° Ap^p[
R>°. [° rMfi_ b_° R>°, Íh° fy¨h°\u [° `uX$pe R>°, _° [°_u ip[p dpV°$ L©$ÛZ_° ‚p\£ R>° _°
289
hpk_p_u `|r[Æ dpV°$ `y_: S>fid dp¨N° R>°. km¨N _h° kp∑_°V$ L©$r[ A°L$d°L$\u A°L$
rhQpf\u ≈°X$pe°gu R>°. L$`p°gL$sÎ`[ hı[yrhQpf_° km¨N r_Í`Z\u ‚hpl Í °
ApNm h^pfu R>°. A¨r[d b° kp∑_°V$dp¨ h°]$_p_u L$Zk h^y D–L$V$ fu[° r_Í`pe R>°
_° [°_° iddp¨ `qfZdhp dpV°$ ]°$h_° ifZ° ≈e R>°. ApW$dp kp∑_°V$dp¨ `p¨Xy$f[p
dp” `p¨Xy$_u ÏeqL$[N[ _\u fl°[u, kdqÛV$dp¨ A° A_ychpe R>°. [°\u rhQpf_°
A°L$ KQpBA° gB Nep R>°, –ep¨\u _hdp kp∑_°V$dp¨ ^udp° hmp¨L$ gB hpk_p
L$ped ]|$f L$fhp `y_: S>fid dp¨N° R>°. kdN∞ Akf kp∑_°V$dpmp_u R>p` Ecu L$f°
R>°.
L$rhA° _h°e kp∑_°V$p°_° 4+4+4+2 S>°hu i°L$πksı`efipB `Ÿr[dp¨
rhcpS>_ L$epØ R>°. b^p kp∑_°V$dp¨ abba cddc effe gg S>°hp ‚pk d°mÏep
R>°. b^p kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ `©’hu R>¨]$ ‚ep°S>ep° R>°. ^ufycpB `fuM S>Zph° R>°. "Ap"Ap"Ap"Ap"Ap
kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ `p¨Xy$_u A°L$p°qL$[dp¨ R>¨]$p°geN[ A_° i•guN[ kp¶]$eÆ A_°kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ `p¨Xy$_u A°L$p°qL$[dp¨ R>¨]$p°geN[ A_° i•guN[ kp¶]$eÆ A_°kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ `p¨Xy$_u A°L$p°qL$[dp¨ R>¨]$p°geN[ A_° i•guN[ kp¶]$eÆ A_°kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ `p¨Xy$_u A°L$p°qL$[dp¨ R>¨]$p°geN[ A_° i•guN[ kp¶]$eÆ A_°kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ `p¨Xy$_u A°L$p°qL$[dp¨ R>¨]$p°geN[ A_° i•guN[ kp¶]$eÆ A_°
kQp°V$ R>° p¨Xy$_p ]$¡^ l•epcph_° O|¨V$pe°g ıhkQp°V$ R>° p¨Xy$_p ]$¡^ l•epcph_° O|¨V$pe°g ıhkQp°V$ R>° p¨Xy$_p ]$¡^ l•epcph_° O|¨V$pe°g ıhkQp°V$ R>° p¨Xy$_p ]$¡^ l•epcph_° O|¨V$pe°g ıhkQp°V$ R>° p¨Xy$_p ]$¡^ l•epcph_° O|¨V$pe°g ıhÍÍÍÍÍ `° A_° L$pÏep–dL$[p\u ‚L$V$`° A_° L$pÏep–dL$[p\u ‚L$V$`° A_° L$pÏep–dL$[p\u ‚L$V$`° A_° L$pÏep–dL$[p\u ‚L$V$`° A_° L$pÏep–dL$[p\u ‚L$V$
L$fpep° R>°. L$rh_u kp∑_°V$ıhL$fpep° R>°. L$rh_u kp∑_°V$ıhL$fpep° R>°. L$rh_u kp∑_°V$ıhL$fpep° R>°. L$rh_u kp∑_°V$ıhL$fpep° R>°. L$rh_u kp∑_°V$ıhÍÍÍÍÍ `rkqŸ Alv `Z dpZu iL$pe R>°.'`rkqŸ Alv `Z dpZu iL$pe R>°.'`rkqŸ Alv `Z dpZu iL$pe R>°.'`rkqŸ Alv `Z dpZu iL$pe R>°.'`rkqŸ Alv `Z dpZu iL$pe R>°.'64
"EV$u_p `lp°X$p°dp¨' : ("`fb' a°b∞yApfu 1992; hjÆ - 33, A¨L$ - 2;
`©. 13)
EV$u_p ı\m° ‚L©$r[_p kp¨r_¬edp¨ L$rhA° Npm°gp kde_u A_yc|r[
L°$fi÷dp¨ R>°. Alv Ly$g `p¨Q kp∑_°V$_° A°L$u kp\° d|L$ep¨ R>°. [° B.k. 1992 _p
hjÆ_p a°b∞yApfu dpk_p "`fb' dyM`”dp¨ ‚rkŸ \ep¨ R>°. ‚\d kp∑_°V$_° "N|QpB
S>[y¨ d_' iujÆL$ Ap‡ey¨ R>°, S>°dp¨ EV$u_p fdZue ı\p__u ‚L©$r[ip°cp_° Apg°Mu
R>°. NpY$p¨ h_ A_° [°dp¨ fl°gp¨ A¨^L$pf, hmu [° A¨^L$pf_° h^y OV$ L$f[p¨ `lpX$p°
≈Z° L$rh_° dp\° - Qpf°bpSy>\u hvV$mp[p lp°e A°hy¨ gpN° R>°. A^|fpdp¨ hfkp]$_p
ApNd_° L$rh_y¨ d_ lp\ _\u fl°[y¨. L$rh_° b^y¨ N|¨Qhpe°gy¨ gpN° R>°. kp\p° kp\
[°_p d_dp¨ `Z N|¨Q `X°$ R>°, S>° ‚L©$r[ kp\° N|¨QhpB_° `X°$gu R>°. bu≈ kp∑_°V$
"rhkS>Æ_ A_yc|r[' dp¨ ‚L©$r[_p O°fp h√Q° L$rh_° A°L$ _hu A_yc|r[ \pe R>°.
L$rh_° gpN° R>° L°$ A°L$ dp°Vy¨$ bNpkp S>°hy¨, Nyap S>°hy¨ S>X$by¨ Y$my¨ Y$my¨ \[y¨ V°$L$h°gy¨ _Áey¨
290
R>°. S>°d¨p ]$p°fp S>°d gV°$gV$ `fp°hpB [°dp¨ `°ku_° ≈Z° L$rh k°p¨kfp _uL$m° R>°. `R>u
L$rh `qfh[Æ_ - Í`p¨[qf[ cph `pd° R>°. `lpX°$ h©np°_u TfZp, Apc\u [©Z -
ky^u_p rhh[°pÆ `pdu L$rh_° _hy¨ Í` d˛ey¨ R>° S>° rNqfhfp°_u kdn ^f° R>°.
""\[p° `|fp° Mpgu W$ghB, `R>u L$ep¨ lz¨ S> l[p° !,
lh° lz ¨ L¶$ Ïl°[y ¨ L$gTfZ, L¶$ ı[Â^_N Ry> ¨.''
("rhkS>Æ_ - A_yc|r[', "`fb' a°b∞y. 1992 - `©. 14)
fNp°_p ≈mpdp¨ ∆h_ge_p° S>° ‚ı`¨]$ hl°[p° R>° [° Alv `|f°`|fp° W$ghpB
≈e R>°. R>u [°dp¨ p°[p`œ¨ S> L$ep¨ fl° ! L$rh_° _hy¨ Í` - L$gL$g[y¨ Tfœ¨, Ec°gp
`lpX$_y¨ dm° R>° A°d `qfh[Æ_Í` `pd[p¨ h_-d_ h√Q°_u N|¨Q EL$gu ≈e R>°.
hmu Ap Í`p¨[qf[ qæ$ep_° L$rh Ahgp°L$[p lp°e [°hy¨ gpN° R>°. S>°dp¨ –epN `R>u
_\u kp` L°$ L$ep¨e _\u L$p¨Qmu. ”u≈ kp∑_°V$ "N|¨Qdp¨\u EL$gu S>[p¨' dp¨ Ap
b^y¨ `p°[pdp¨ bfiey¨ [° iy¨ l[y¨ [°_u N[pNd `X$[u _\u. L$ip°L$ DOpX$ \[p¨ iy¨
kmh˛ey¨ l[y¨ ? A°hy¨ rhıde S>Íf \pe R>°, S>° NpfyX$u_p L$f¨qX$ep_p L$Î`_ ‹pfp
d|L$ey¨ R>°. N|¨Q EL$g[p¨ lh° L$rh d°]$p_p°dp¨ rhı[©[ \pe R>°. d_dp¨ lh° Nl_h__u
d›edp¨ Abp°V$ hk°gp F>[ S>°hp ip¨r[_p Ad©[ Ap d°]$p_p°dp¨ A_ych° R>°.
"[©Z_u ‚ipfi[ kyjdpdp¨' kp∑_°V$ - 4 dp¨ iduh©n S>°hp ky¨hpmp - L$p°dm [©Z\u
lepØ cepØ d°]$p_p° k[¨÷ rhfpddp¨ qnr[S>_° AX$u f¸p¨ R>°, S>°dp¨ gugp° de]$p_h
≈Z° AL¨$r`[ ≈ddp¨ X$ep° R>°. gugp fk_u[epÆ ∞L©$r[_p ◊Np° KOf°V$p R>°, L$rhA°
`h__° `Z ip¨[ dy÷pdp¨ Apg°øep° R>°. ApSy>bpSy>_u cf°gu ‚L©$r[dp¨ [©Z_y¨
Ap°iuLy¨$ b_phu kdpr^ Ahı\pdp¨ ≈Z° gu_ b_° R>° `fd ip¨r[ A_ych R>°
`Z kp\p°-kp\ L$rh_p ‚L©$r[de Í` kp\°_p k¨^p_dp¨ Opk `f S>[u L$uX$u L°$
kfL$[p kp`_u Óyr[ Z L$mu iL°$ R>°. ∞L©$r[ kp\°_u A°L$Í`[p L$rh L°$mhu iL$ep
R>°. A¨r[d kp∑_°V$ "Ap]$p_ - ‚]$p_' dp¨ EV$udp¨ _]$u_° ‚–en ≈°[p L°$ _]$u_°
dp” ıdfhp\u l•ey¨ h_h_ L$fu d|L°$ R>°. L$rh_° h[_ A_° h[_dp¨ sı\[
hX$hpAp°_y¨ Of `Z kdfZdp¨ Aph° R>°. h[__u _]$u_° ıh‡_dp¨ k°h°gu L$p°B
`fu S>°hu L$l° R>°. _Nf ]|$f ky]|$f kp]$ `pX$u_° bp°gphu fl° R>°. _Nf k¨ıL©$r[\u
291
cpNu R|>V$hp_u Acu‡kp hpf°hpf° Ecfp[u lp°e [°hy¨ gpN° R>°, `Z _Nf_u
cuX$dp¨\u ‚–en R|>V$u_° S>B iL$p[y¨ _\u. [°\u S> rhkrS>Æ[ cph `pdu_° L$rh
hpf° hpf° S>B Aph° R>°, –ep¨\u `pR>p hm[p L$iy¨L$ –ep¨ d|L$u_° Aph° R>°. h_ A_°
d_ h√Q° Aphy¨ Ap]$p_ - ‚]$p_ \[y¨ fl° R>°. L$pÏep¨[° L$rh S>Zph° R>° L°$ -
""dfZ `R>u a¨ap°ku ≈°≈°, d_°;
‡lpX$u L$pWy¨$ li° dyS> lpX$dp¨,
Di_kπ d|L$hp¨ ApÚe°pÆ\u –lv,
≈°≈°, l°p¨i°, Sy>]y¨$ Í` ‡lpX$dp¨ ''
("Ap]$p_ - `∞]$p_', "`fb' a°b∞y. 1992 - `©. 15)
dpfp dfZ `R>u dpfpdp¨ a¨ap°k[p [d_° `lpX$u L$pWy¨$ dpfp lpX$dp¨ `X°$gy¨
]°$Mpi°. Di_kπ_° ApÚe°pÆdp¨ d|L$hp –ep¨ `lpX$_y¨ Í` `Z Sy>]y$ ]°$Mpi°.
‚ı[y[ L©$r[dp¨ L$rh ‚pL©$r[L$ ı\p__u fdZue[p_° dpZ[p rQ—dp¨
O°fpe°gu sı\r[ A_ych° R>°. L$iuL$ Nl_ c|rd ky^u. A°_u Akf `X°$ R>° _°
`qfZpd° N|¨Q S>°hu `qfsı\r[ gpN° R>°, `Z bu≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨ A° N¨|Q\u
Ap¨[fc|rddp¨ qfh[Æ__u ‚qæ$ep iÍ \pe R>°. _Nf\u ]|$f ‚L©$r[_u h√Q° Ec°gp
L$rh ‚L©$r[_p fkpeZ° Í`p¨[qf[ Ahı\p pd° R>°. lpX$, h©np°, TfZp - Apc\u
[©Z ky^u_p rhh[°pÆ pdu L$iuL$ _hu sı\r[ ge pd° R>°. A° sı\r[ge ‚L©$r[_p
TfZp, Ec°gp ‡lpX$ A°d ‚L©$r[_y¨ Í` `pd° R>°, `qfZpd° d_ A_° h__u N|¨Q
EL$gu ≈e R>°. –epf`R>u `dpe°gp _hp Í`_° L$rh d°]$p_p°dp¨ rhı[pf° R>°. A°
d°]$p_p°_p lepØ cepØ L$p°dm [©Zdp¨ de]$p_h ≈Z° AL¨$r`[ `X$ep° R>°. ‚L©$r[_u
Ap¨Mp° `Z KOf°V$u S>Zpe R>°. Apd L$rh_p Ap–dp_p ıh-Í`dp¨\u kdqÛV$_p
Í`dp¨ rhı[pf \ep° R>°. de]$p_h_p L$Î`_ hX°$ dpephu kS>Æ__p° k¨L°$[ `dpe R>°
Aphu qfrı\r[A° l°p¨√ep R>u L$rh kdpr^ı\ b_° R>°. ‚L©$r[_p A¨idp¨ A°L$Í`
gu_ \hp\u lh° kfL$[p kp` L°$ Opk `f Qpg[u L$uX$u_u Óyr[ `Z k¨cmpe R>°.
A°L$ rkqŸep°N Alv L$rhA° L°$mÏep° R>°. Aphu sı\r[dp¨ lh° Ap]$p_-`∞]$p_ `Z
k¨ch° R>°. rQ— A_° h_ h√Q° Aphy Ap]$p_-‚]$p_ Ahpf_hpf Qpg° R>°. qfZpd°
292
L$rh_p ı\|m ifufdp¨ `Z A°_p A¨ip° Np°W$hpe R>°. L©$r[dp¨ rhQpfbuS> fp°‡ep
`R>u bu≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨ Í`p¨[f_u A_yc|r[ Í`° hmp¨L$ d|L$u rhQpf_° _hp° Nr[ge
Ap‡ep° R>°. ”u≈dp¨ A°_p rhı[pfuÍ`_° Qv^u Qp°\pdp¨ kdpr^_p ‚ip¨[ gedp¨
ı\p`u, p¨Qdp kp∑_°V$dp¨ [°_p qfZpd Í` kprb[uAp° Ap`[p rhfd° R>°. L$rhA°
[°_° kp∑_°V$Ny√R> Í`° ‚rkŸ L$fu R>°. kp∑_°V$ - 2 "rhkS>Æ_ - A_yc|r[' dp¨ L$rh
‚q[cp_y¨ D]$plfZÍ` kp∑_°V$ f¸y¨ R>°.
‚ı[y[ L©$r[dp¨ R>¨]$p°rh^p_dp¨ kp∑_°V$ ‚\d A_° q‹[uedp¨ riMqfZu
R>¨]$ A_° bpL$u_pdp¨ lqfZu R>¨]$ ‚ep°S>ep° R>°. b^p¨ kp∑_°V$p° k‚pk_p R>°, S>°dp¨
A°L$ kfMu ‚pk Ÿr[-abba cddc effe gg-S>°hu A`_phu R>°. b^p¨ kp∑_°V$p°
M¨X$r_ep°S>_ `f–h° i°L$πsı`efipB_u `Ÿr[_p¨ f¸p¨ R>°.
293
����� Afie kp∑_°V$ kS>ÆL$p°_y¨ ‚]$p_
A°L$ kp∑_°V$ gM_pfp L$rhAp° :
L$pfi[_u kNÆiqL$[_° M¨X$L$pÏe_y¨ L$pÏeıhÍ` rhi°j apÏey¨ R>°. R>[p¨
iÍAp[dp¨ rdrkk b∞pDt_N_p¨ kp∑_°V$p°_p° A_yhp]$ lp\ ^e°pÆ l[p°, `Z [°dZ°
`pR>m\u ≈mhhp S>°hp _ gp¡ep lp°hp\u [°_p° _pi L$e°pÆ. "Ar[Nd_' bpb[°
`Z A°hy¨ S> R>°. d|mdp¨ kp∑_°V$Í`° Ah[f°gy¨ `Z `pR>m\u bpf `¨qL$[_y¨ fl°[p
[°_p kS>Æ_dp¨ kp∑_°V$ ıhÍ` dp” A°L$ S> bpL$u fl° R>° A_° [° Z rd” ‚°d r_rd—°
gMpe°gy¨ R>°. [°_y¨ iujÆL$ R>° "D`lpf'. Ap A°L$ S> kp∑_°V$\u L$pfi[_° kp∑_°V$L$pf L$lu
iL$pe b°iL$. _ftklfph_u "˘]$ehuZp' _u ”u∆ Aph©r—dp¨ "huZp_y¨
A_yfZ_' iujÆL$ ^fph[y¨ A°L$ kp∑_°V$ dm° R>°. Alv ‚°dg S>°hp [°_p ]$p•rl”_p°
rhfl A_ych[p lp°e [°hy gpN° R>°. filp_pgpg S>°hp L$rhA° Z "[p]$p–Áe' _pd_y
kp∑_°V$ Ap`u kp∑_°V$_° AphL$peyØ R>°.
Mbf]$pf_p¨ "›hr_[p°' :
W$pL$p°f `R>u [°_u `°Y$udp¨ W$pL$p°f_° bp]$ L$f[p Mbf]$pf L$rhA° dp[bf
k¨øepdp¨ kp∑_°V$p° gøep R>°. [°dZ° kp∑_°V$_° "›hr_[' \u Ap°mMpÏey¨ R>°. [°Ap°
kp∑_°V$ dpV°$ ‚pf¨c\u S> tQr[[ S>Zpep R>°. Ap A¨N° [°dZ° Ïepøep_p° `Z
Ap‡ep¨ R>°. [°d_p "rhgprkL$p', "‚L$priL$p', "fpqÛV≤$L$p' A_° "_¨]$r_L$p'
L$pÏek¨N∞lp°dp¨ 212 S>°V$gp¨ kp∑_°V$ Ap‡ep¨ R>°. "_¨]$r_L$p' L$pÏek¨N∞l 202
kp∑_°V$_p° ApMp° L$pÏek¨N∞l dm° R>°. "rhgprkL$p' rhi° ky¨]$fdπ S>Zph° R>° "A°\ue"A°\ue"A°\ue"A°\ue"A°\ue
rhi°j ky¨]$f L©$r[Ap° Apdp¨ d|L°$gp¨ kp∑_°V$ - "›hr_[' R>°. kp∑_°V$_y¨ "›hr_['rhi°j ky¨]$f L©$r[Ap° Apdp¨ d|L°$gp¨ kp∑_°V$ - "›hr_[' R>°. kp∑_°V$_y¨ "›hr_['rhi°j ky¨]$f L©$r[Ap° Apdp¨ d|L°$gp¨ kp∑_°V$ - "›hr_[' R>°. kp∑_°V$_y¨ "›hr_['rhi°j ky¨]$f L©$r[Ap° Apdp¨ d|L°$gp¨ kp∑_°V$ - "›hr_[' R>°. kp∑_°V$_y¨ "›hr_['rhi°j ky¨]$f L©$r[Ap° Apdp¨ d|L°$gp¨ kp∑_°V$ - "›hr_[' R>°. kp∑_°V$_y¨ "›hr_['
_pdL$fZ L$fhp S>[p¨ Mbf]$pf kp∑_°V$_p¨ R>¨]$[“h A_° L$pÏe_pdL$fZ L$fhp S>[p¨ Mbf]$pf kp∑_°V$_p¨ R>¨]$[“h A_° L$pÏe_pdL$fZ L$fhp S>[p¨ Mbf]$pf kp∑_°V$_p¨ R>¨]$[“h A_° L$pÏe_pdL$fZ L$fhp S>[p¨ Mbf]$pf kp∑_°V$_p¨ R>¨]$[“h A_° L$pÏe_pdL$fZ L$fhp S>[p¨ Mbf]$pf kp∑_°V$_p¨ R>¨]$[“h A_° L$pÏeÍÍÍÍÍ `_p°, [°d S>`_p°, [°d S>`_p°, [°d S>`_p°, [°d S>`_p°, [°d S>
A¨N∞°∆ A_° NyS>fp[u t`Nm h√Q°_p° c°]$ L$fhpdp¨ |f[p° hı[yrhh°L$ b[phuA¨N∞°∆ A_° NyS>fp[u t`Nm h√Q°_p° c°]$ L$fhpdp¨ |f[p° hı[yrhh°L$ b[phuA¨N∞°∆ A_° NyS>fp[u t`Nm h√Q°_p° c°]$ L$fhpdp¨ |f[p° hı[yrhh°L$ b[phuA¨N∞°∆ A_° NyS>fp[u t`Nm h√Q°_p° c°]$ L$fhpdp¨ |f[p° hı[yrhh°L$ b[phuA¨N∞°∆ A_° NyS>fp[u t`Nm h√Q°_p° c°]$ L$fhpdp¨ |f[p° hı[yrhh°L$ b[phu
iL$ep _\u. [°d R>[p¨ Ap fQ_pAp° [°d_u khpØN ky ¨]$f, qÔgÛV$ A\ÆiL$ep _\u. [°d R>[p¨ Ap fQ_pAp° [°d_u khpØN ky ¨]$f, qÔgÛV$ A\ÆiL$ep _\u. [°d R>[p¨ Ap fQ_pAp° [°d_u khpØN ky ¨]$f, qÔgÛV$ A\ÆiL$ep _\u. [°d R>[p¨ Ap fQ_pAp° [°d_u khpØN ky ¨]$f, qÔgÛV$ A\ÆiL$ep _\u. [°d R>[p¨ Ap fQ_pAp° [°d_u khpØN ky ¨]$f, qÔgÛV$ A\Æ
fQ_phpmu D—d L©$r[Ap°dp¨_u R>°. "L$rh _dÆ]$_y¨ d¨q]$f', "]$dZN¨Np',fQ_phpmu D—d L©$r[Ap°dp¨_u R>°. "L$rh _dÆ]$_y¨ d¨q]$f', "]$dZN¨Np',fQ_phpmu D—d L©$r[Ap°dp¨_u R>°. "L$rh _dÆ]$_y¨ d¨q]$f', "]$dZN¨Np',fQ_phpmu D—d L©$r[Ap°dp¨_u R>°. "L$rh _dÆ]$_y¨ d¨q]$f', "]$dZN¨Np',fQ_phpmu D—d L©$r[Ap°dp¨_u R>°. "L$rh _dÆ]$_y¨ d¨q]$f', "]$dZN¨Np',
294
"k¨kpf]y $:M' A_° [°_y ¨ rhıdfZ [\p ‚L$priL$pdp ¨_y ¨ "ep •h_', "kf"k¨kpf]y $:M' A_° [°_y ¨ rhıdfZ [\p ‚L$priL$pdp ¨_y ¨ "ep •h_', "kf"k¨kpf]y $:M' A_° [°_y ¨ rhıdfZ [\p ‚L$priL$pdp ¨_y ¨ "ep •h_', "kf"k¨kpf]y $:M' A_° [°_y ¨ rhıdfZ [\p ‚L$priL$pdp ¨_y ¨ "ep •h_', "kf"k¨kpf]y $:M' A_° [°_y ¨ rhıdfZ [\p ‚L$priL$pdp ¨_y ¨ "ep •h_', "kf
qafp°S>ipl dl°[p_p° rhS>e' A° Mbf]$pf_p¨ D—d ›hr_[p° R>°.'qafp°S>ipl dl°[p_p° rhS>e' A° Mbf]$pf_p¨ D—d ›hr_[p° R>°.'qafp°S>ipl dl°[p_p° rhS>e' A° Mbf]$pf_p¨ D—d ›hr_[p° R>°.'qafp°S>ipl dl°[p_p° rhS>e' A° Mbf]$pf_p¨ D—d ›hr_[p° R>°.'qafp°S>ipl dl°[p_p° rhS>e' A° Mbf]$pf_p¨ D—d ›hr_[p° R>°.'65
BfcqL$[,
Ap›epr–dL$cph S>°hp rhjep°_° ‚^p_ı\p_ A_° h^y `X$[p Apg°Mu_°
A°L$rh^[p Ecu L$fu R>°. A° D`fp¨[ `pfku - NyS>fp[u rdrÓ[ R>p¨V$, ‚pk_p
Ar[f°L$dp¨ A_yL$fZp–dL$ i•gu_p° rhL$pk L$fhp S>[p¨ r_∆ i•gu_° _yL$ip_ \ey¨
R>°. bp¸ıhÍ`_° ≈mhhp¨ R>[p¨ kp∑_°V$dp¨ A\ÆQd–L©$r[hpmp iÂ]$p°_p° Acph
_X$ep° R>°. [° R>[p¨ "hp¨kmu', "hp]$m', V$pœ¨, "‚°d[ygp', "kS>Æ_', "tQ[p' S>°hp¨
kp∑_°V$p° L$Î`_p_u ◊qÛV$A° _°p¨^`p” bfiep¨ R>°.
`¨qX$[eyNdp¨ D]$πch `pd°gp¨ kp∑_°V$ ıhÍ` [fa b.L$.W$p. `R>u L$p°B L$rh
rhi°j ApL$jpe°pÆ _\u. Mbf]$pf_p° ‚pk_p° Ar[ ApN∞l kp∑_°V$ dpV°$ ‚r[L|$m
f¸p° R>°. [°_u Afie depÆ]$p `Z kp∑_°V$_p rhL$pkdp¨ Ahfp°^L$ flu R>°. W$pL$p°f_u
rhQpf‚^p_ `¤fQ_p, brgÛW$ bp_u_° `X$M° filp_pgpg_u X$pµg_i•gu,
L$pfi[_p M¨X$L$pÏe [fa L$rhAp° rhi°j ArcdyM f¸p¨ R>°.
`¨qX$[eyN A_° Np¨^ueyN_° ≈°X$_pfp - L$X$u Í` L$rhAp° :
L$rh[p_p n°”dp¨ B.k. 1920 \u B.k. 1930 _p° kdeNpmp°
kS>Æ_n°”° d¨]$u_p° Npmp° f¸p° R>°. dp°V°$ cpN° `|hÆR>pep_° A_ykfu ApNm h^hp
[fa_y¨ hgZ f¸y¨ R>°, R>[p¨ L$ep¨L$ _hp° dpNÆ ip°^hp_p ‚epkÍ` d\pdZ \B
R>°. b¨Npmu cpjp_u Akf AÎ`p¨i° rTgp[u flu R>°. Ap Npmpdp¨ ıh[¨”fuq[_p
ıhÍ`p°_p D]$πch dpV°$ S>Ífu `qfbmp°_p° Acph lp°hp R>[p¨ S|>_u - _hu fur[_p
rdÓZ fur[_p dpN£ L$rhAp° ‚ı\p_ L$f° R>°.
NS>°fi÷fpe Nygpbfpe byQ :
Tb|L$[p¨ AprNep S>°hy¨ ∆h_ ∆hu kS>Æ_L$pmdp¨ kp¨W°$L$ L©$r[Ap° fQu R>°.
`∞L©$r[ A_° ∆h__° rhje b_phu L$Î`_p iqL$[_p Dfid°jp°_° ‚NV$ L$epØ R>°.
"NS>°fi÷ dp•qL$[L$p°' L$pÏek¨N∞ldp¨ dp” b° S> kp∑_°V$ [°d_p [fa\u dm° R>°. S>°dp¨
"A^|fy¨' iujÆL$ ^fph[y¨ kp∑_°V$ i°L$πsı`efipB `Ÿr[_y¨ R>°.
295
]°$im∆ `fdpf :
]°$im∆ `fdpf bmh¨[fpe_u L$pÏefur[\u rhi°j filp_pgpg_u
f¨N]$iw L$pÏefur[ [fa rhi°j ApL$jpÆep R>°. "D—fpe_' L$pÏek¨N∞ldp¨
Ap°NZQpguk kp∑_°V$ Ap`u kp∑_°V$_° Z AphL$peyØ R>°. blz p ÏeqL$[gnu rhje
r_Í`Zhpmp kp∑_°V$p° f¸p¨ R>°, [°d R>[p¨ ‚L©$r[ S>°hp rhje_° Apg°M[p "AjpY$
: hjpÆ_°', "cf[u', "f\ep”p' S>°hp kp∑_°V$ gøep¨ R>°. "rhL$dpÆ' iujÆL$ kp\°_u
fp°mp R>¨]$dp¨ A°L$ `°V≤$pLÆ$ipB fQ_p dm° R>°. ÏeqL[rhi°j Apg°M[p kp∑_°V$p°dp¨
Ap]$fcph, rh_d∞`œ¨ ÏeL$[ \pe R>°. "]$qf÷_pfpeZ', "klQfu_°', "byŸ_y¨
AÓy', "A¨[f`V$' hN°f° kpfp L$lu iL$pe [°hp kp∑_°V$p° R>°. kdN∞`Z° ≈°BA° [p°
kp∑_°V$ rkqŸ d›edL$np_u L$lu iL$pe.
Np¨^ueyNdp¨ kp∑_°V$_u ‚r[ÛW$p Ap]$f`p” :
Np¨^u∆ - filp_pgpg - fhufi÷_p\, b.L$. W$pL$p°f_p `∞cph\u L$rh[p_p°
kyhZÆeyN iÍ \pe R>°. Np¨^ueyNdp¨ kp∑_°V$ rhi°j`Z° Ap]$f`p” bfiey¨ R>°. Ap
eyN_p gNcN ]$f°L$ L$rh kp∑_°V$ L$pÏeıhÍ` ‹pfp `p°[p_u ArcÏeqL$[_°
Apg°Mhp d’ep° R>°. W$pL$p°f° A¨qL$[ L$f°gu "kp∑_°V$L°$X$u' Np¨^ueyNdp¨ fpS>dpNÆ b_hp
[fa Nr[ L$f° R>°. k¨øep_u ◊qÛV$A°, k“h_u ◊qÛV$A° Ap Npmp_p¨ kp∑_°V$p°
A_°L$rh^ `qfdpZp° rkŸ L$f° R>°.
Q¨÷h]$_ Qu. dl°[p :
W$pL$p°f_u ‚hplu ¤_u fur[_° Np¨ ueyNdp¨ kp• ‚\d Q¨÷h]$_ Qu. dl°[p
`°p¨M° R>°. B.k. 1926 dp¨ "edg' dp¨ Qp•]$ kp∑_°V$_u kp∑_°V$dpmp d|L°$ R>°, S>°
NyS>fp[u kprl–edp¨ `∞\d kp∑_°V$dpmp b_u. Ap kp∑_°V$dpmp_u bu∆ A°L$
rhi°j[p rhje ◊qÛV$A° `Z flu R>°. cpB-bl°__p r_dÆm ‚°d_° rhjeÍ`° `Z
NyS>fp[u L$rh[pdp¨ ‚\d A¨qL$[ L$f° R>°.
L$rh_p bep_ ‚dpZ° " "edg' A° ≈°qX$ep cpB-bl°__u A°L$ A^uÆ" "edg' A° ≈°qX$ep cpB-bl°__u A°L$ A^uÆ" "edg' A° ≈°qX$ep cpB-bl°__u A°L$ A^uÆ" "edg' A° ≈°qX$ep cpB-bl°__u A°L$ A^uÆ" "edg' A° ≈°qX$ep cpB-bl°__u A°L$ A^uÆ
296
ApR>u L$\p R>°. Afiep°fiepÓeu cpB-bl°__u A° b°gX$u kp\° S> S>fiduApR>u L$\p R>°. Afiep°fiepÓeu cpB-bl°__u A° b°gX$u kp\° S> S>fiduApR>u L$\p R>°. Afiep°fiepÓeu cpB-bl°__u A° b°gX$u kp\° S> S>fiduApR>u L$\p R>°. Afiep°fiepÓeu cpB-bl°__u A° b°gX$u kp\° S> S>fiduApR>u L$\p R>°. Afiep°fiepÓeu cpB-bl°__u A° b°gX$u kp\° S> S>fidu
bQ`Z_y¨ r_]°$pÆj ∆h_ hu[[p k¨kpf_p f¨N\u f¨Npep rh_p kp\° S> ]°$hgp°L$bQ`Z_y¨ r_]°$pÆj ∆h_ hu[[p k¨kpf_p f¨N\u f¨Npep rh_p kp\° S> ]°$hgp°L$bQ`Z_y¨ r_]°$pÆj ∆h_ hu[[p k¨kpf_p f¨N\u f¨Npep rh_p kp\° S> ]°$hgp°L$bQ`Z_y¨ r_]°$pÆj ∆h_ hu[[p k¨kpf_p f¨N\u f¨Npep rh_p kp\° S> ]°$hgp°L$bQ`Z_y¨ r_]°$pÆj ∆h_ hu[[p k¨kpf_p f¨N\u f¨Npep rh_p kp\° S> ]°$hgp°L$
`pd° R>°. cpB_° k¨kpf_u ı_°lS>hpgp_p° A°L$p]$ [ZMp° gpNu ≈e R>° Mfp°;`pd° R>°. cpB_° k¨kpf_u ı_°lS>hpgp_p° A°L$p]$ [ZMp° gpNu ≈e R>° Mfp°;`pd° R>°. cpB_° k¨kpf_u ı_°lS>hpgp_p° A°L$p]$ [ZMp° gpNu ≈e R>° Mfp°;`pd° R>°. cpB_° k¨kpf_u ı_°lS>hpgp_p° A°L$p]$ [ZMp° gpNu ≈e R>° Mfp°;`pd° R>°. cpB_° k¨kpf_u ı_°lS>hpgp_p° A°L$p]$ [ZMp° gpNu ≈e R>° Mfp°;
A_° ]°$h]|$[u kdu A°_u crN_u A°_u Ap–dL$mu ]$pThp _ ]°$hp L¨$BL$A_° ]°$h]|$[u kdu A°_u crN_u A°_u Ap–dL$mu ]$pThp _ ]°$hp L¨$BL$A_° ]°$h]|$[u kdu A°_u crN_u A°_u Ap–dL$mu ]$pThp _ ]°$hp L¨$BL$A_° ]°$h]|$[u kdu A°_u crN_u A°_u Ap–dL$mu ]$pThp _ ]°$hp L¨$BL$A_° ]°$h]|$[u kdu A°_u crN_u A°_u Ap–dL$mu ]$pThp _ ]°$hp L¨$BL$
kp^_kp^_kp^_kp^_kp^_ÍÍÍÍÍ ` b_° R>° Z Mfu; R>[p¨ bl°__u dp¨]$Nu ‚k¨N° gpNZuhi cpB_p°` b_° R>° Z Mfu; R>[p¨ bl°__u dp¨]$Nu ‚k¨N° gpNZuhi cpB_p°` b_° R>° Z Mfu; R>[p¨ bl°__u dp¨]$Nu ‚k¨N° gpNZuhi cpB_p°` b_° R>° Z Mfu; R>[p¨ bl°__u dp¨]$Nu ‚k¨N° gpNZuhi cpB_p°` b_° R>° Z Mfu; R>[p¨ bl°__u dp¨]$Nu ‚k¨N° gpNZuhi cpB_p°
k¨ed M|V$u ≈e R>° A_° A° Ap–dl–ep L$fu b°k° R>°; A°d k¨kpfep”p bfi_°k¨ed M|V$u ≈e R>° A_° A° Ap–dl–ep L$fu b°k° R>°; A°d k¨kpfep”p bfi_°k¨ed M|V$u ≈e R>° A_° A° Ap–dl–ep L$fu b°k° R>°; A°d k¨kpfep”p bfi_°k¨ed M|V$u ≈e R>° A_° A° Ap–dl–ep L$fu b°k° R>°; A°d k¨kpfep”p bfi_°k¨ed M|V$u ≈e R>° A_° A° Ap–dl–ep L$fu b°k° R>°; A°d k¨kpfep”p bfi_°
kp\° S> `|fu L$f° R>°.'kp\° S> `|fu L$f° R>°.'kp\° S> `|fu L$f° R>°.'kp\° S> `|fu L$f° R>°.'kp\° S> `|fu L$f° R>°.'66
‚ı[y[ "A^w ApR>u L$\p' dpV°$ L$rhA° "i•ih' A_° "^fieOX$u' dp¨ cpB-
bl°__p i•ihL$pm_° Apg°øep° R>°. "Abp°gp' kp∑_°V$dp¨ [°Ap° gX°$ R>° - TOX°$ R>°.
"k¨r^' kp∑_°V$dp¨ Abp°gp V$pmu A°L$ b_° R>°. `p¨Qdp¨ kp∑_°V$ "‚p\Æ_p' dp¨ cpB-
bl°_ Bf_° ‚p\£ R>°, "\B _ fluA° Ad° AL$m q]$Ïeiy¨ S>ep°r[A° ?' A°hu
Arcgpjp k°h[p kp∑_°V$ R>Ã$p "kyL$u `p¨]$X$u' dp¨ rh¤pÊepk_p ‚pf¨rcL$ L$pm_°
hpNp°m° R>°. yı[L$dp¨ A]$Áe Dd¨N° ]$pbu_° fpM°gu a}g`p¨]$X$u qL$ip°fhe \[p¨ k|L$u,
auL$u_° kyN¨^ hNf_u b_° R>° A°d S|>_p ıdfZ hpNp°m° R>°. "Ap¨ky' dp¨ ˘]$e_p°
DdmL$p° Aph[p¨ Npg° kyM_p ljÆ_p¨ Ap¨ky Aph° R>°. "Q|d°g Adu byfi]$ A° [y¨ S>
A_¨[ hp–kÎe_y¨'-crN_u ‚°d_p Ap by ¨]$_° cpB ^fierQå NZ° R> °.
"Apip[©jp' dp¨ cpB_y¨ A[©‡[d_ rhrh^f¨Nu L$pd_p_p bm° S>ep¨ –ep¨
Aip¨r[_p D‹•Ndp¨ cV$L°$ R>° _° r_L$V$_p° ^dÆ c|g° R>°. d©NS>m\u Apip[©jp
rR>`p[u _\u. "r_fpip' kp∑_°V$dp¨ d•”u-hp–kÎe_p ‚Ze_° ip°^[p cpB_° L$p°B
iyrQ ı_°l]$p[p dm[u _\u. [°_° rh ‚Ze\u kcf gpN° R>° _° dp” `p°[p_y¨ S>
˘]$eL$d¨X$m cfpey¨ _\u, A°hu r_fpip A_ych° R>°. "rhj`p_' dp¨ bl°__u
dp¨]$Nu_p kdpQpf° ]y$:Mu cph kp\° rhj`p_ L$f° R>°. "ÓŸp' kp∑_°V$dp¨ bl°_
‚L©$r[dp¨ `X°$gp Apip_p qL$fZ_° b[phu ÓŸp_y¨ tkQ_ L$fhp dp¨N° R>°. "Sep°r['
dp¨ cpB, bl°__° ]|$f _ S>hp rh_h° R>°. cpB ‚L©$r[dp¨ rhL$pkde Sep°r[Í ° bl°__°
Sy>A° R>°. "◊N° k[[ cpmh°, fd S>ep°[ Q•[fie_u', "Appk_' kp∑_°V$dp¨ bl°_
d©–ey_p A¨[L$pm° Appk_ Ap`° R>°.
297
""S>Nphu Df S>ep°[_°, ı\yg dyM° S> lpıep°rdÆAp°,
‚kpfu r‚e bfi^yAp° ! OqV$[ ]°$h ]$u^y¨ `uhy¨''
("Appk_', "BgpL$pÏep° f[_' A_° bu≈ b^p¨)
A¨r[d "AÓy]$p_' kp∑_°V$dp¨ bl°__u d©–eyi•ep pk° AÓy A¨S>rg A Æ[p
cpB_° rhj_u Akf \[p¨ cpB g\X°$ R>° _° Q°[_ Nydph° R>°. O°fu rhjp]$_u R>pepdp¨
kp∑_°V$dpmp `|ZÆ L$fu R>°.
""A Q°[_ b_u flu edg N∞sfi\ A° Ly$dmu !,
c˛ep ∆h_[¨”u_p k|f ANÁe k¨Nu[dp¨.''
("AÓy]$p_', "BgpL$pÏep° f[_' A_° bu≈ b^p¨)
cpB-bl°__p `rh” ‚°d_° km¨N Qp•]$ kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ `©’hu R>¨]$_u rhrh^
R>V$pAp°dp¨ r_Í ‡ep° R>°. cph_p ApR>p - OpV$p Dcpf g°[u kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨
bpÎephı\p_p cph_° d|[Æ L$e°pÆ R>°. ‚ı[y[ L©$r[_u ky¨]$fdπ A_° rh_p\ cÀ°$
_°p ¨^ gu^u R> °. ky ¨]$fdπ S>Zph° R> °. "k ¨ q] $¡^[p rh_p_u A_° k yf °M"k ¨ q] $¡^[p rh_p_u A_° k yf °M"k ¨ q] $¡^[p rh_p_u A_° k yf °M"k ¨ q] $¡^[p rh_p_u A_° k yf °M"k ¨ q] $¡^[p rh_p_u A_° k yf °M
L$pÏe[“hhpmu fQ_pAp° ‚\dhpf Q¨÷h]$_ dl°[p `p °[p_p "edg'L$pÏe[“hhpmu fQ_pAp° ‚\dhpf Q¨÷h]$_ dl°[p `p °[p_p "edg'L$pÏe[“hhpmu fQ_pAp° ‚\dhpf Q¨÷h]$_ dl°[p `p °[p_p "edg'L$pÏe[“hhpmu fQ_pAp° ‚\dhpf Q¨÷h]$_ dl°[p `p °[p_p "edg'L$pÏe[“hhpmu fQ_pAp° ‚\dhpf Q¨÷h]$_ dl°[p `p °[p_p "edg'
kp∑_°V$Ny√R>dp¨ gB Aph° R>°, "edg' _p kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ bmh¨[fpe_u i•gu_y¨kp∑_°V$Ny√R>dp¨ gB Aph° R>°, "edg' _p kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ bmh¨[fpe_u i•gu_y¨kp∑_°V$Ny√R>dp¨ gB Aph° R>°, "edg' _p kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ bmh¨[fpe_u i•gu_y¨kp∑_°V$Ny√R>dp¨ gB Aph° R>°, "edg' _p kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ bmh¨[fpe_u i•gu_y¨kp∑_°V$Ny√R>dp¨ gB Aph° R>°, "edg' _p kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ bmh¨[fpe_u i•gu_y¨
‚pkpq]$L$[p cf°gy ¨ _hy¨ ıa}fZ R>°.'‚pkpq]$L$[p cf°gy ¨ _hy¨ ıa}fZ R>°.'‚pkpq]$L$[p cf°gy ¨ _hy¨ ıa}fZ R>°.'‚pkpq]$L$[p cf°gy ¨ _hy¨ ıa}fZ R>°.'‚pkpq]$L$[p cf°gy ¨ _hy¨ ıa}fZ R>°.'73
rh_p\ cÀ$_° "edg' "V$pNp°f_p"V$pNp°f_p"V$pNp°f_p"V$pNp°f_p"V$pNp°f_p
"""""Crescent Moon ' _u Tp¨Mu L$fph° R>°.'' _u Tp¨Mu L$fph° R>°.'' _u Tp¨Mu L$fph° R>°.'' _u Tp¨Mu L$fph° R>°.'' _u Tp¨Mu L$fph° R>°.'68
[p° Ap^yr_L$ L$rh A_° rhh°QL$
rQ_y dp°]$uA° Ap kp∑_°V$dpmp_p "A•r[lprkL$`Zp_p øepg_° ApNm L$e°pÆ"A•r[lprkL$`Zp_p øepg_° ApNm L$e°pÆ"A•r[lprkL$`Zp_p øepg_° ApNm L$e°pÆ"A•r[lprkL$`Zp_p øepg_° ApNm L$e°pÆ"A•r[lprkL$`Zp_p øepg_° ApNm L$e°pÆ
R>°.'R>°.'R>°.'R>°.'R>°.'69
”uku_p Afie kp∑_°V$ L$rhAp° :
‚p°. W$pL$pfp° ‹pfp NyS>fp[u kprl–edp¨ fp°`pe°g "kp∑_°V$' _° kysı\f L$fu
rkqŸ_p riMf° `l°p¨QpX$hp dpV°$ S>Ífu Apbp°lhp Np¨^ueyN\u dm°gu R>°. ky¨]$fdπ
- Ddpi¨L$f S>°hu L$rh b°gX$u_p dp[bf ‚]$p_\u "kp∑_°V$' NyS>fp[u kp∑_°V$ b_°
R>°. Ap Apbp°lhpdp¨ Afie kS>ÆL$p°A° `Z e\pep°¡e kS>Æ_ L$fu kp∑_°V$_° dp[bf
L$np ky^u gB S>hpdp¨ S>Ífu ‚°fL$bm `|fy¨ `pX$ey¨ R>°. Ap Npmp_p lfL$p°B L$rh
298
kp∑_°V$ gMhp [fa ggQpep R>°.
fpd‚kp]$ iyL$g :
eyNbmp°_° rhi°j DÛdp`|hÆL$ AphL$pf[p Ap L$rhA° "rbfi]y$' _pd_p°
ıh[¨” kp∑_°V$k¨N∞l Ap‡ep° R>°. `∞ı[y[ L$pÏek¨N∞l_u rhi°j[p [°dp¨ d|L$pe°gp
`p”uk (35) ıh[¨” kp∑_°V$p° kp\° "rh_pi A_° rhL$pk' _u 25 kp∑_°V$_u A°L$
dpmp `Z R>°. eyŸ_p ce¨L$f k¨lpf_° A¨[° Ar_hpeÆ fu[° æ$psfi[ Aph° R>°. Aphu
æ$psfi[ ‚kh_u h°]$_p S>°hu lp°e R>°. rheyŸ ‹pfp \e°gp rh_pi_° Apg°M[p
L$rh A¨[° [p° ÓŸpdp¨ S> ı\peu \ep R>°. L$rh_p bep_ `∞dpZ° "‚L©$r[ Q°[_pdp¨"‚L©$r[ Q°[_pdp¨"‚L©$r[ Q°[_pdp¨"‚L©$r[ Q°[_pdp¨"‚L©$r[ Q°[_pdp¨
Ïep`u fl°gp dlp_ k¨OjÆ A_° rh_pi dp_hd__° d|¨Th[p¨ Apq]$ ‚Òp°dp¨_p°Ïep`u fl°gp dlp_ k¨OjÆ A_° rh_pi dp_hd__° d|¨Th[p¨ Apq]$ ‚Òp°dp¨_p°Ïep`u fl°gp dlp_ k¨OjÆ A_° rh_pi dp_hd__° d|¨Th[p¨ Apq]$ ‚Òp°dp¨_p°Ïep`u fl°gp dlp_ k¨OjÆ A_° rh_pi dp_hd__° d|¨Th[p¨ Apq]$ ‚Òp°dp¨_p°Ïep`u fl°gp dlp_ k¨OjÆ A_° rh_pi dp_hd__° d|¨Th[p¨ Apq]$ ‚Òp°dp¨_p°
A°L$ dyøe ‚Ò R>°.... A°dp¨ h[Ædp_ eyŸ_° rh_pi_p ‚[uL$ [fuL°$ gB_°A°L$ dyøe ‚Ò R>°.... A°dp¨ h[Ædp_ eyŸ_° rh_pi_p ‚[uL$ [fuL°$ gB_°A°L$ dyøe ‚Ò R>°.... A°dp¨ h[Ædp_ eyŸ_° rh_pi_p ‚[uL$ [fuL°$ gB_°A°L$ dyøe ‚Ò R>°.... A°dp¨ h[Ædp_ eyŸ_° rh_pi_p ‚[uL$ [fuL°$ gB_°A°L$ dyøe ‚Ò R>°.... A°dp¨ h[Ædp_ eyŸ_° rh_pi_p ‚[uL$ [fuL°$ gB_°
d©–ey L$f[p¨ rS>¨]$Nu_p bmp° h^pf° ≈°f]$pf R>°, A°hp ‚pL$π L$\_ kp\°, Apd©–ey L$f[p¨ rS>¨]$Nu_p bmp° h^pf° ≈°f]$pf R>°, A°hp ‚pL$π L$\_ kp\°, Apd©–ey L$f[p¨ rS>¨]$Nu_p bmp° h^pf° ≈°f]$pf R>°, A°hp ‚pL$π L$\_ kp\°, Apd©–ey L$f[p¨ rS>¨]$Nu_p bmp° h^pf° ≈°f]$pf R>°, A°hp ‚pL$π L$\_ kp\°, Apd©–ey L$f[p¨ rS>¨]$Nu_p bmp° h^pf° ≈°f]$pf R>°, A°hp ‚pL$π L$\_ kp\°, Ap
rh_pi ]y$cpÆNu R>[p¨ rhL$pk_y¨ Ar_hpeÆ A¨N R>°, A°d ‚r[`pq]$[ L$fu ‚q]$‡[rh_pi ]y$cpÆNu R>[p¨ rhL$pk_y¨ Ar_hpeÆ A¨N R>°, A°d ‚r[`pq]$[ L$fu ‚q]$‡[rh_pi ]y$cpÆNu R>[p¨ rhL$pk_y¨ Ar_hpeÆ A¨N R>°, A°d ‚r[`pq]$[ L$fu ‚q]$‡[rh_pi ]y$cpÆNu R>[p¨ rhL$pk_y¨ Ar_hpeÆ A¨N R>°, A°d ‚r[`pq]$[ L$fu ‚q]$‡[rh_pi ]y$cpÆNu R>[p¨ rhL$pk_y¨ Ar_hpeÆ A¨N R>°, A°d ‚r[`pq]$[ L$fu ‚q]$‡[
`yfyjp\Æ ‹pfp dp_h kdpS> crhÛedp¨ ApS>° AL$Î` A°hu qfqŸ - rkqŸAp°`yfyjp\Æ ‹pfp dp_h kdpS> crhÛedp¨ ApS>° AL$Î` A°hu qfqŸ - rkqŸAp°`yfyjp\Æ ‹pfp dp_h kdpS> crhÛedp¨ ApS>° AL$Î` A°hu qfqŸ - rkqŸAp°`yfyjp\Æ ‹pfp dp_h kdpS> crhÛedp¨ ApS>° AL$Î` A°hu qfqŸ - rkqŸAp°`yfyjp\Æ ‹pfp dp_h kdpS> crhÛedp¨ ApS>° AL$Î` A°hu qfqŸ - rkqŸAp°
d°mhu iL$i° A°hu ÓŸp ÏeL$[ L$fhpdp¨ Aphu R>°. k¨OjÆ\u ‚°d [fa A_°d°mhu iL$i° A°hu ÓŸp ÏeL$[ L$fhpdp¨ Aphu R>°. k¨OjÆ\u ‚°d [fa A_°d°mhu iL$i° A°hu ÓŸp ÏeL$[ L$fhpdp¨ Aphu R>°. k¨OjÆ\u ‚°d [fa A_°d°mhu iL$i° A°hu ÓŸp ÏeL$[ L$fhpdp¨ Aphu R>°. k¨OjÆ\u ‚°d [fa A_°d°mhu iL$i° A°hu ÓŸp ÏeL$[ L$fhpdp¨ Aphu R>°. k¨OjÆ\u ‚°d [fa A_°
rhk¨hp]$\u k¨hp]$ ‚r[ rh Nr[ - Agb— ^udu R>[p¨ Qp°L$Lk rhk¨hp]$\u k¨hp]$ ‚r[ rh Nr[ - Agb— ^udu R>[p¨ Qp°L$Lk rhk¨hp]$\u k¨hp]$ ‚r[ rh Nr[ - Agb— ^udu R>[p¨ Qp°L$Lk rhk¨hp]$\u k¨hp]$ ‚r[ rh Nr[ - Agb— ^udu R>[p¨ Qp°L$Lk rhk¨hp]$\u k¨hp]$ ‚r[ rh Nr[ - Agb— ^udu R>[p¨ Qp°L$Lk ÍÍÍÍÍ `° L$fu`° L$fu`° L$fu`° L$fu`° L$fu
f¸y¨ R>° A°hu dpfie[p `Z A°_p d|mdp¨ R>°.'f¸y¨ R>° A°hu dpfie[p `Z A°_p d|mdp¨ R>°.'f¸y¨ R>° A°hu dpfie[p `Z A°_p d|mdp¨ R>°.'f¸y¨ R>° A°hu dpfie[p `Z A°_p d|mdp¨ R>°.'f¸y¨ R>° A°hu dpfie[p `Z A°_p d|mdp¨ R>°.'70
L$rhA° "hpfyZu' - apkuTd_p° D]$e iujÆL$ ^fph[p¨ ‚\d kp∑_°V$\u iÍ
L$fu "N°fugp ilu]$p°_°' iujÆL$ kp\°_p ApW$ kp∑_°V$ ky^u rheyŸ_p¨ hZÆ_p° d|L$ep¨
R>°, [°dp¨ `p°g°fiX$_p° `fpSe, ‰pfik_p `[_ A_° Ík `f_p Apæ$dZ_° kdpÏep
R>°. eyŸrQ”Zdp¨ L$rh kpfu L$rh–hiqL$[ b[phu iL$ep R>°. _hdp kp∑_°V$
"_X$[f'\u `¨]$fdp¨ "Ap¨^u' ky^u_p kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ d©–ey L$f[p¨ tS>]$Nu_p bmp° h^y
≈°f]$pf R>°. [°dS> ‚L©$r[_p `gV$pAp°dp¨ S> rhL$pk_p buS> R>° A°hp° ›hr_ d|L$ep°
R>° "Ap¨^u' kp∑_°V$dp¨ kNÆiqL$[_p rhriÛV$ QdL$pfp ≈°hp dm° R>°.
""_p A° Ap¨^u, _\u A° ‚ge, _rl hmu L$pm L$p°‡ep° L$fpg,
D–æ$p¨r[_u khpfu A]$d AS>e A° rhdp¨NÎe c”w.''
29
("Ap¨^u', rh_pi A_° rhL$pk)
eyŸ_p ce¨L$f k¨lpf_° A¨[° Ar_hpeÆ fu[° æ$p¨r[ Aph° R>°. Aphu æ$p¨sfi[
‚kh_u h°]$_p S>°hu lp°e R>°. kp°mdp æ$d_p kp∑_°V$\u AY$pfdp æ$d_p kp∑_°V$ "ÓŸp
- d^y - S>N[ k¨ıL©$r[' ky^u k¨OjÆdp¨\u ‚°d `∞r[ rh_u Nr[ [\p S>N[
k¨ıL©$r[_u ApR>u Í`f°Mp Ap`u R>°. "D–\p_' \u "‚by^ dp_hd__°' kp∑_°V$
ky^u S>N[_p cprh rhL$pk_y¨ ÓŸpsfih[ L$Î`_prQ” A¨qL$[ L$eyØ R>°. A¨r[d
"T¨L©$r[' A_° "A_ı[ ^∞yh_°' iujÆL$ kp\°_p b° kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ L$p°qV$ ˘]$e_p
^bL$pfde k¨hpr]$[ rhbu__p° T¨L$pf A_° AQg `fd ‚L©$r[[“h_°
k¨bp° _Í ° _pi \_pf_u Mpgu S>¡ep [f[ |fpB ≈e R>°, L$pfZ L°$ rh_pidp¨\u
S> rhL$pk kp^u fl°hp° A°hu ∆h__u A_fie L$gp R>°. Apdp¨\u EX$[p° ›hfie\Æ
]$f°L$ eyN_° kp¨–h_ `|fy¨ `pX°$ A°hp° R>°.
kp∑_°V$dpmp_° kyk¨L$rg[ L$fhp h©—p¨[, tQ[_ A_° k¨h°]$__p° klpfp°
gu^p° R>°. eyŸgnu rhQpf k¨h°]$_ hmp¨L$kcf N|¨\pey¨ R>°, S>° kp∑_°V$dpmp_u
kyOV$[p_u dlp°f D`kphu iL$ey¨ R>°.
"kde _S>fpep°' (B.k. 1991) dp¨ [°d_p [fa\u L$pÏek¨N∞l d˛ep°
R>°, S>°dp¨ "ıd©r[' (33 kp∑_°V$) A_° "k¨ıL©$r[' (29 kp∑_°V$) kp\°_u Afie b°
kp∑_°V$dpmp `Z Ap`u R>°. [°dp¨ [°d_p L$rh–h iqL$[_p _hgp ]$iÆ_ dm° R>°.
"rbfi]y$' kp∑_°V$ k¨N∞l_p ‚L©$r[ rhjeL$ kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ "cp°Nphp°_° L$p¨W°$', "`¨MuXy¨$',
"S>gL$Z', "Ap¨^u' S>°hp¨ kp∑_°V$p° f¸p¨ R>°. "[_° √lp[p¨ √lp[p¨', "rdg_`m',
"g¡_p°fidyMbpgp_°' S>°hp¨ kp∑_°V$p° ‚Ze_° Apg°M[p kp∑_°V$ ky¨]$f f¸p¨ R>°.
"M¨X°$f_u lh°gu', "k¨cph_p', "rbfi]y$', "A^uÍ` d_° _\u' S>°hp¨ Ap–dgnu
kp∑_°V$ R>°. "_[L$u', "g¡_p°fidyMbpgp_°' S>°hp kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ ‚p•qY$_u L$gd_p° L$kb
E[e°pÆ R>°. L$rhA° °V≤$pLÆ$ipB, i°L$πsı`efipB A_° ıh[¨”fur[_p b¨ hpmp kp∑_°V$
Ap‡ep¨ R>°. "fı[p°' S>°hp¨ kp∑_°V$dp¨ 8½+ 5½ S>°hp¨ rhcpS>_ L$epØ R>°. ‚pkdp¨
`Z ıh[¨” ‚L$pf_u Np°W$hZu dm° R>°. R>¨]$_° ‚cy–h\u A¨qL$[ L$e°pÆ R>°. `©’hu R>¨]$
rhi°j bmL$V$ ‚cph\u ep°S>ep° R>°. Afie R>¨]$dp¨ riMqfZu, ¡^fp, d¨]$pæ$pfi[p,
300
lqfZu, Nygb¨L$u, ip]|Æ$grhæ$uqX$[ S>°hp R>¨]$_p ‚ep°N `Z ‚k¨i_ue R>°.
riMqfZu-ˆ¡^fp, ip]|Æ$grhæ$uqX$[ - ˆ¡^fp S>°hp¨ A_yæ$d° "`¨MuXy¨$' A_°
"df∆hp' [\p "S>N[ k¨ıL©$r[' S>°hp¨ kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ R>¨]$rdÓZ_p `∞ep°Np° lp\ ^epØ
R>°.
TuZpcpB ]°$kpB : ("ı_°lfsÌd') :
"lpBLy$' L$pÏeıhÍ` kp\° S>°_y¨ _pd ≈°X$pe°g¨y R>° A°hp TuZpcpB ]°$kpB
”uku_p Afie kp∑_°V$L$pf R>°. "k|_u rhS>_[p', "T¨Tp' S>°hp¨ kp∑_°V$ [°d_p rhje
r_Í`Z_° L$pfZ° DÎg°M_ue f¸p¨ R>°. [°dZ° rd” A_° y”u_p d©–ey_p rhflÍ`u
ip°L$p¨S>rg_p cph O|¨V$[p kp∑_°V$ `Z gøep¨ R>°. "]$uhp]$p¨X$u', "Adf`¨\dp¨' \u
"_ufh' ky^u_p ]$k kp∑_°V$p° rd”_p d©–ey_p L$fyZ_° hlph° R>°. "rh`uZp¨'
_pd_p kp∑_°V$dp¨ ‚L©$r[_° L°$fi÷dp¨ fpMu R>°. "rhfpV$ gOy[p', "k¨ıL©$r[h©n' dp¨
]$rg[ ‚°d_° Apg°øep° R>°. "Q`V$u fpM', "c÷[p', "kp•cp¡e° i|fie ?', "L$pm_°',
"`X$p°iu' S>°hu kp∑_°V$ fQ_pAp° _°p¨^`p” flu R>°. "`_O_' S>°hp¨ iujÆL$ kp\°
`p¨Q kp∑_°V$_y¨ A°L$ Ny√R>dp¨ Nfubp°, ip°qj[ ‚–e°_u ld]$]$w hZÆhu R>°. "Mp°S>',
"\X$`f_y¨ a}g', "L$ep¨ [y¨' S>°hp kp∑_°V$dp¨ y”u Djp_p Ahkp__p L$fyZ_° ‚p•qY$_u
ıhı\[p\u d|L$ep¨ R>°.
ky]$f∆ b°V$pB :
rhi°j cS>_ - Nu[ A_° M¨X$L$pÏe S>°hp L$pÏeıhÍ` kp\° kp∑_°V$ `f
lp\ AS>dph_pf ky¨]$f∆ b°V$pB `pk°\u `Qpk°L$ kp∑_°V$ dm° R>°. "Sep°r[dÆeu
S>__u', "Djp_y¨ dp¨NÎe' dp¨ A_yæ$d° dp[©hp–kÎe A_° ı”u-`yfyj_p cph_°
A¨qL$[ L$e°pÆ R>°. "_ lz¨ hp¨Ry>¨', "q]$Ïe”eu', "`l°gu hjpÆ', ‚ZerhjeL$ kp∑_°V$
f¸p¨ R>°. S>°dp¨ "kMu [y¨ [p° -', "L°$fL$fN∞lu' kMu kp\°_p kplQeÆ_° DÎgpku[
l•ep_p cph_° A¨qL$[ L$epÆ R>°.
L©$ÛZgpg Óu^fpZu :
L© $ÛZgpg Óu^fpZu [fa\u kpfp¨ kp∑_°V$ d˝ep¨ R> °. "A°X$_',
301
"AfbufZ', "dpÎV$p V$p`y' S>°hp ı\m rhjeL$, "`yfyj AX$[p° ı”u_°', "kyL$p_
`f V°$L$hu', "`|rZÆdp `p¨Mdp', "crhÛe –e∆ c|[dp¨',"◊Np° AdyL$ A¨[f°',
"R>p[u_u ^dZ\u', "R>[p¨e ıdfhp', "AQ°[[p¨[Z°' S>°hp¨ ‚ZerhjeL$
"æ$p¨r[hp]$', "]$p¨X$u_°' A_° "dp°l_`Ngp¨' S>°hy¨ kp∑_°V$Ny√R> ıh[¨”[p A_° Np¨^u
rhi°j_° [pL$[p¨ "L$rh' S>°hy¨ kp∑_°V$ L$rh A_° L$rh[p rhjeL$ "cph_p' S>°hy¨ Ap–dp
`fdp–dp rhjeL$ "hukd° hj£' S>°hp Ap–dL$\p_L$ S>°hp kp∑_°V$dp¨ `p°[p_u
ArcÏeqL$[_° A¨qL$[ L$fu R>°. [°d_y¨ ‚øep[ kp∑_°V$ [p° R>° "cf[u' S>° Apıhp]$hp
ep°¡e D—d kp∑_°V$ bfiey¨ R>°.
`|≈gpg f. ]$ghpX$u :
"`pqf≈[' L$pÏek¨N∞ldp¨ A°L$u kp\° Qp°`_ kp∑_°V$ d|L$u kp∑_°V$L$pf_u
‚rkqŸ d°mh_pf `|≈gpg ”uku_p Afie A°L$ kp∑_°V$L$pf f¸p¨ R>°. "N|S>Æfu',
"`pqf≈[', "h•S>e¨r[' hN°f° k¨N∞lp°_p Ly$g dmu Qpfkp° kp∑_°V$ \hp ≈e R>°.
kp∑_°V$dp¨ dyøe–h° cqL$[cph_° L°$fi÷dp¨ fpøep° R>°. "d_y‚cy', "`r\L$', "]¨$X$u',
"df∆rhep' dp¨ dp_hue L$W$p°f V°$L°$ `fd[“h kdu` BÛV$rkqŸ `pdhp d\hp_u
d\pdZ_° d|L$u R>°. S>°dp¨ "df∆rhep' i°L$πsı`efipB kp∑_°V$ D—d bfiey¨ R>°.
kp∑_°V$ "`©’hu R>¨]$' A_° "bgh¨[L$h_p°' dp¨ kp∑_°V$ ‚uq[_u ‚Mf dy÷p D`k° R>°.
`°V≤$pLÆ$_ kp∑_°V$_u Qyı[[p r_cphu R>°. `©’hu R>¨]$_p° rhr_ep°N ›ep_plÆ f¸p° R>°.
d_kyMgpg Th°fu :
"Q¨÷]|$[', "a}g]$p°g', "Apfp^_p', "Arckpf', "A_yc|r[', "X|$dp°
Ap°N˛ep°' S>°hp¨ rhrh^ `p¨kp_° ı`iÆ L$f[p¨ L$pÏek¨N∞lp° Ap`_pf d_kyMgpg°
kp∑_°V$ D`f lp\ AS>dpÏep° R>°. kp∑_°V$_u \p°X$u OZu fQ_pAp°dp¨ ‚r[cp_p
]$iÆ_ \pe R>°. cph Apg°M_dp¨ dyøe–h° ‚Ze f¸p° R>°, R>[p¨ tQ[_ fqk[
kp∑_°V$ f¸p¨ R>°. "AS>bq]$e[°', "kMu ApS>°', "[pfp]$fk\u', "[pfy¨ Í`', "lk°
[p°', "[p° ?', "[hıd©r[', "lz¨ [p° Qlz¨' kp∑_°V$p° kp\° "aaX$pV$' S>°hp kp∑_°V$dp¨
c|[L$pm - crhÛeL$pm_p ıdfZ ıh‡_dp¨ AV$L$p[p ∆h_° h[Ædp_ ‚–e° kQ°[_°
302
≈N∞[ \hp_y¨ L$l°[p k¨bp°^_Í`° L$¸y¨ R>°. "c|L¨$`' dp¨ rh_piL$[p_y¨ rQ”, "L$]$p'
dp¨ Djp_y¨ ky¨]$f rQ” A¨qL$[ L$eyØ R>°. S>°dp¨ `©’huh©—_p° ‚ep°N _°p¨^`p” f¸p° R>°.
"‚kfi_heh©Ÿ' A_° "rhjŒZheh©Ÿ' S>°hy¨ hp^ÆL$ecph_u b° rhfg dy÷p Í °
ey¡dL$ d˝ey¨ R>°, [p° "A^yfy¨' S>°hp¨ kp∑_°V$dp¨ kNÆiqL$[_p° Dfid°j ≈°hp dm° R>°.
L$fk_]$pk dpZ°L$ :
"Apgb°g' A_° "d¬epå' L$pÏek¨N∞ldp¨ kp∑_°V$ k¨N∞rl[ L$f_pf
L$fk_]$pk ”uku_p Afie kp∑_°V$L$pf f¸p¨ R>°. kfm bp_udp¨ kdL$pgu_ S>N[_p
‚cphL$ bmp°_y ‚r[tbb [°d_u L$rh[pdp¨ A¨qL$[ \ey R>°. "S>ep°r[^pd', "hufpiy
rS>¨]$Nu_u', "rh]$pe', "A°L$`m', "epQ_p', "L$fyZ', "AÓy A_° rhjp]$',
"QyÁb_p° M¨X$Zudp¨', "‚cyq_fMy... _°...kp° u ]$J' S>°hp iujÆL$ kp\°_p kp∑_°V$dp¨
rhfl, i©¨Npf, Ap›eps–dL$cph_° r_Ír`[ L$epØ R>°.
]y$N£i iyL$g :
‚ep°Niug dp_k_p ]$iÆ_ L$fph[p ]y$N£i iyL$g ‹pfp "A_p]$f_p° ep”u'
S>°hp¨ iujÆL$ kp\° 100 kp∑_°V$_u A°L$ dpmp dmu R>°. S>°dp¨ rham ‚Ze L°$fi÷ı\p_°
R>°. ‚–e°L$ kp∑_°V$dp¨ ‚k¨N r_Í`Z L$eyØ R>° _° L$\p_° ApNm h^pfu R>°. ‚L©$r[_p
kp¶]$eÆ, N∞pd ∆h__u [pkuf_u R>rbAp° ky¨]$f fu[° A¨qL$[ L$fu iL$ep R>°. "gS≈
A_° dp•_', "‚ı`¨]$', "L|$Zp ‚k|_', "‚epZ', "dS>g fZ_u', "‚°d_y¨ ıhÍ`',
"kp•Áekyfrc' S>°hp¨ kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ A_yc|r[, L$Î`_p A_° tQ[__° cphp_yÍ` ApL$pf
d˝ep° R>°. L$rh iqL$[_u depÆ]$p, L$mp[“h_u k|ˇd kdS>_p° Acph L$rh_° d$l]$π
A¨i° bp^p Í` bfiep° R>°.
"DhÆiu' S>°hu ©’hu R>¨]$dp¨ _pqV$L$p gMu kp•_° ApL$qjÆ[ L$epØ l[p¨. "DhÆiu
A_° ep”p' L$pÏek¨N∞ldp¨ D`f L$¸p¨ dyS>b "A_p]$f_p° ep”u' iujÆL$ _uQ° L$sÎ`[
hp[pÆ[¨[y_° Ap^pf° gNcN 100 S>°V$gp¨ kp∑_°V$p°_° dpmp_p dZL$pÍ`° N|¨\hp_p°
‚e–_ L$e°pÆ R>°. ‚ı[y[ fQ_pdp¨ "fdp', "Api Ap°V$' S>°hp¨ b° Qpf kp∑_°V$p° L$\p_L$
Ahg¨rb[ f¸p¨ R>°. bpL$u_p b^p¨ kp∑_°V$p°_° ıh[¨” fu[° Apıhp]$u iL$pe [°hp
303
f¸p¨ R>°. ‚–e°L$ kp∑_°V$dp¨ ‚k¨Nr_Í`Z L$fu L$pÏe L$\p_L$_p° rhı[pf Apg°øep°
R>°. L°$fi÷ı\ cphdp¨ rhag ‚Ze A¨qL$[ \ep° R>°. L$\phı[ydp¨ Apby`hÆ[_u
[m°V$udp¨ Aph°gy¨ fdZue _pd A_p]$fp R>°. –ep¨_p° fl°hpku eyhp_ ky^uf
`X$p°i_u L$fiep Ddp kp\° ‚°dphi_u gpNZu ^fph[p° b_° R>°. ApNm AÊepk
S>°hp `qfbmp° [°_° dy¨bB ky^u `l°p¨QpX°$ R>°. –ep¨ S>e¨[ kp\° d•”u b¨^pe R>° kp\p°
kp\ S>e¨[_u bl°_ fdp_p ‚°ddp¨ `X°$ R>°. ky^uf S>e¨[ fdp Apby_p ‚hpk° ≈e
R>°, fdp_p° Ïehlpf ky^uf [fa W¨$X$p° fl° R>°, L$pfZdp¨ fdp `qfZu[ R>°. Ïe\p_p
cpf kp\° `qfc∞dZ, ]°$h]$iÆ_ dpV°$ _peL$_u ep”p iÍ \pe R>°. afu Apby `f
`qfc∞dZ ]$frdep_ `pR>p° Aph° R>,° –epf° Ddp kp\° `y_: rdg_ \pe R>°. S|>_p¨
ıdfZp°_° [p≈ L$fph° R>° A_° ep”p_p ]$p°f_° Qpgy fpM[p h[_dp¨ `l°p¨Q° R>°.
k¨›ep A_° kp•Áe rNqf`y”u Ddp A°_p ˘]$eOp_° fyTph° R>°.
L$rh `pk° ‚k¨N r_Í`Z A_° tQ[_ ıa}V$ L$fhp_u i•gu lı[N[ flu
R>°, `qfZpd° ‚L©$r[_p kp¶]$eÆı\mp° N∞pd∆h__u [pkuf_u R>rbAp° ky¨]$f fu[°
Apg°Mu iL$ep R>°. ‚ı[y[ kp∑_°V$dpmp A¨N° A_¨[fpe fphm S>Zph° R>°. """""
"ep”u' _p c¡_˘]$e _peL$_p (L$gpÆBg_p kpVÆ$ffuTpVÆ$kπ_p c¡_ ˘]$e"ep”u' _p c¡_˘]$e _peL$_p (L$gpÆBg_p kpVÆ$ffuTpVÆ$kπ_p c¡_ ˘]$e"ep”u' _p c¡_˘]$e _peL$_p (L$gpÆBg_p kpVÆ$ffuTpVÆ$kπ_p c¡_ ˘]$e"ep”u' _p c¡_˘]$e _peL$_p (L$gpÆBg_p kpVÆ$ffuTpVÆ$kπ_p c¡_ ˘]$e"ep”u' _p c¡_˘]$e _peL$_p (L$gpÆBg_p kpVÆ$ffuTpVÆ$kπ_p c¡_ ˘]$e
_peL$_p `qfc∞dZ_u ep]$ Ap`° [°hp) `rfc∞dZ ]$fÁep_ \e°gp° [°_p°_peL$_p `qfc∞dZ_u ep]$ Ap`° [°hp) `rfc∞dZ ]$fÁep_ \e°gp° [°_p°_peL$_p `qfc∞dZ_u ep]$ Ap`° [°hp) `rfc∞dZ ]$fÁep_ \e°gp° [°_p°_peL$_p `qfc∞dZ_u ep]$ Ap`° [°hp) `rfc∞dZ ]$fÁep_ \e°gp° [°_p°_peL$_p `qfc∞dZ_u ep]$ Ap`° [°hp) `rfc∞dZ ]$fÁep_ \e°gp° [°_p°
d_p°rhL$pk k|Qhhp d\[u `Z R>`pe°g R>°, [°V$gp L$\p_L$dp¨ ApNm-d_p°rhL$pk k|Qhhp d\[u `Z R>`pe°g R>°, [°V$gp L$\p_L$dp¨ ApNm-d_p°rhL$pk k|Qhhp d\[u `Z R>`pe°g R>°, [°V$gp L$\p_L$dp¨ ApNm-d_p°rhL$pk k|Qhhp d\[u `Z R>`pe°g R>°, [°V$gp L$\p_L$dp¨ ApNm-d_p°rhL$pk k|Qhhp d\[u `Z R>`pe°g R>°, [°V$gp L$\p_L$dp¨ ApNm-
`pR>m_p ep°¡e kp¨^Z_p Acph° kl°S> A[X$u X$u S>[u gpN[u "]°$h]$iÆ_'`pR>m_p ep°¡e kp¨^Z_p Acph° kl°S> A[X$u X$u S>[u gpN[u "]°$h]$iÆ_'`pR>m_p ep°¡e kp¨^Z_p Acph° kl°S> A[X$u X$u S>[u gpN[u "]°$h]$iÆ_'`pR>m_p ep°¡e kp¨^Z_p Acph° kl°S> A[X$u X$u S>[u gpN[u "]°$h]$iÆ_'`pR>m_p ep°¡e kp¨^Z_p Acph° kl°S> A[X$u X$u S>[u gpN[u "]°$h]$iÆ_'
M¨X$dp¨_u d_p°rhop__° kdpS>hp]$_p rkŸp¨[p° L$\[u ¤]°$lu Z N¤p–dL$M¨X$dp¨_u d_p°rhop__° kdpS>hp]$_p rkŸp¨[p° L$\[u ¤]°$lu Z N¤p–dL$M¨X$dp¨_u d_p°rhop__° kdpS>hp]$_p rkŸp¨[p° L$\[u ¤]°$lu Z N¤p–dL$M¨X$dp¨_u d_p°rhop__° kdpS>hp]$_p rkŸp¨[p° L$\[u ¤]°$lu Z N¤p–dL$M¨X$dp¨_u d_p°rhop__° kdpS>hp]$_p rkŸp¨[p° L$\[u ¤]°$lu Z N¤p–dL$
rhQpfZp "ep”u' _p° _peL$ ‚Ze_u r_fpip_p ApOp[\u kph cp¨Nu `X$urhQpfZp "ep”u' _p° _peL$ ‚Ze_u r_fpip_p ApOp[\u kph cp¨Nu `X$urhQpfZp "ep”u' _p° _peL$ ‚Ze_u r_fpip_p ApOp[\u kph cp¨Nu `X$urhQpfZp "ep”u' _p° _peL$ ‚Ze_u r_fpip_p ApOp[\u kph cp¨Nu `X$urhQpfZp "ep”u' _p° _peL$ ‚Ze_u r_fpip_p ApOp[\u kph cp¨Nu `X$u
b°hX$ _ hmu S>[p¨ A° Ap^p[ Mdu S>B S>° fu[° kdp^p_ d°mhhp_° ıhı\b°hX$ _ hmu S>[p¨ A° Ap^p[ Mdu S>B S>° fu[° kdp^p_ d°mhhp_° ıhı\b°hX$ _ hmu S>[p¨ A° Ap^p[ Mdu S>B S>° fu[° kdp^p_ d°mhhp_° ıhı\b°hX$ _ hmu S>[p¨ A° Ap^p[ Mdu S>B S>° fu[° kdp^p_ d°mhhp_° ıhı\b°hX$ _ hmu S>[p¨ A° Ap^p[ Mdu S>B S>° fu[° kdp^p_ d°mhhp_° ıhı\
b_hp d\° R>° A° `Z _°p¨^`p” R>°.'b_hp d\° R>° A° `Z _°p¨^`p” R>°.'b_hp d\° R>° A° `Z _°p¨^`p” R>°.'b_hp d\° R>° A° `Z _°p¨^`p” R>°.'b_hp d\° R>° A° `Z _°p¨^`p” R>°.'71
cp_yi¨L$f bp. Ïepk - "bp]$fpeZ' :
L$rh `pk°\u "L°$X$u' L$pÏek¨N∞ldp¨ "S>[p¨ q]$hpmu' \u "k¨›ep' ky^u_p
L$pÏep°dp¨ kp∑_°V$ ‚L$pf_p¨ 44 (Qydpguk) L$pÏep° d˛ep¨ R>°. [fgk¨h°]$__u k| d[p,
304
d_p°]$ip_u rhfg[p, T¨M_pAp°, Acu‡kpAp°, ‚Ze_p cph DdmL$p\u
Apg°øep¨ R>°. kyMu d_p°cph [fa L$rh rhi°j Y$˛ep R>°. [° R>[p¨ "rhjp]$', "d_°
hukfi° ?', "T¨M_p', "L$¸y¨ ˘]$e_°', "lh° _ h]$hy¨' S>°hpdp¨ L$fyZ_° hlpÏep° R>°.
"◊qÛV$`p[' dp¨ kyMu cph, "d_° ifZ° g°' dp¨ ip¨[ cph, "[_° iy¨ Af`y¨ ?' dp¨
Mydpfu_p, "[_° iy L$lz', "dyS>_e_dp¨', "_e_ [plf°' dp¨ ‚Ze_p cph r_Íq`[
\ep¨ R>°. ‚pkdp¨ ıh[¨” `°V≤$pLÆ$ipB A_° i°L$πsı`efipB S>°hp M¨X$rhcpS>_ A_°
`©’hu Nygb¨L$u [\p rdÓ R>¨]$‚ep°N lp\ ^epØ R>°. tQ[_ A_° rhQpf_u
brgÛW$[p_p° Acph fQ_p_° knd _ b_phhpdp¨ A°L$ L$pfZc|[ bpb[ b_u
flu R>°.
‚L©$r[, ‚Ze, ı\mgnu, `p•fprZL$ `p”p° A_° ‚pQu_ L$rhAp° [fa_p
k¨h°]$_p° kp∑_°V$L©$r[dp¨ A¨qL$[ L$f_pf Bfi]y$gpg Np¨^u : `pk°\u "‚[p`u',
"_d∞[p', "Mpgu lp\°', "Djp_y¨ _©–e' S>°hp D—d kp∑_°V$ d˛ep¨ R>°. "S|>_p
`NfMp¨' kp∑_°V$dp¨ L$pÏe_peL$ S|>_p `NfMp_° A_° _p_u b°_ Q|¨]$X$u_° aNphu ]°$
R>° [°hy¨ r_Í`Z AÛV$L$dp¨ L$fu [°_p k¨]$c£ "bp_° S|>_u hlz L°$d Nd° ?' S>°hy¨ _hdu
`¨qL$[dp¨ r_Í`Z ‹pfp _hu_[p [fa_p dp°ldp¨ ∆h_Nr[_u rhdyM[p b[phu
iL$ep R>°. "A_pÓep' dp¨ dp[©–h_p dl“h_° A¨qL$[ L$eyØ R>°. "R>°Îgu V|$L$ rNf_pf',
"A° fpq”A° iiu', "h•ipM dpk_° hpef°' S>°hp ‚L©$r[ rhjeL$ kp∑_°V$ f¸p¨ R>°.
"_S>fpœ¨' dp¨ NydpÏey¨ [° _∆L$ ApÏep_u ^fie[p_p° cph N|¨’ep° R>°. k¨ıL©$[h©—
kp\° d_lf, ]$p°lfp A_° kh•ep S>°hp R>¨]$p°_p° ‚ep°N `Z L$e°pÆ R>°. ArcÏeqL$[_°
`°V≤$pLÆ$, i°L$πsı`fipB [\p ıh[¨” ‚L$pf_p kp∑_°V$dp¨ d|[Æ L$fu R>°.
ApNpmp_p Afie L$rhAp°dp¨ Adu]$pk L$pZqL$ep ("L$rhhf frhfi÷_°'),
lqflf cÀ$, dyLy$fi]$ `pfpieÆ ("A_yc|r[' [\p "^∞yh_°'), [_kyM cÀ$ ("Ópfi[
`r\L$_°'), fr[gpg R>pep ("duZb—u', "kNÆa}gp°'), dN_cpB c|. `V°$g -
"`[ug' ("eyyh[u A_° Afukp°', "`fp`|hÆ_p° ep°N'), "_p\pgpg ]$h°' ("l[p°
MX$L$ A°L$', "hL$[p_u aqfep]$'), cp_ycpB 2. Ïepk "ıh‡_ı\' ("L$bf',
"[©Zpr¡_'), _¨]$gpg ≈°iu ("dfZ d•”u'), "_¨]$Ly$dpf `pW$L$' ("k¨[p°j')
305
hN°f°_° NZphu iL$pe.
lqfÔQ¨÷ cÀ$ A_° ‚lgp]$ `pf°M :
A_y Np¨^u eyN_u c|rdL$p fQu Ap`_pf L$rhAp°dp¨ lqfÔQ¨÷ cÀ$ A_°
‚lgp]$ `pf°M_p ‚]$p__° Ahgp°L$hp OV°$. bfi_° L$rhAp°_u kS>Æ_ ‚h©r—
Np¨^ueyNdp¨ lp°hp¨ R>[p¨ kp¶]$eÆgnu L$rh[pAp° ‹pfp _p°Mp [fu Aph° R>°. bfi_°
L$rhA° kp∑_°V$_° AphL$peyØ R>°. "ıh‡_‚epZ' dp¨ Ddpi¨L$f ≈°iu ‹pfp lqfÔQ¨÷
cÀ$_p¨ L$pÏep° k¨`pq]$[ \ep R>°. Bky ∆h_ A_° r¿ı[u ^dÆ_u `p•fprZL$ L$\p_°
kp∑_°V$_p rhje r_Í`Zdp¨ kdpÏep¨ R>°. "`°NpNk', "A°L$p° A_° _pkwkk',
"Sy>X$pk_°', "S>eyX$uApdp khpf', "æ|$k D`f khpf' S>°hp¨ kp∑_°V$, cphr_Í`Z
A_° fQ_pL$mp_u ◊qÛV$A° kpfu fQ_pAp° R>°. cphkbg[p_y¨ brgÛW$ r_Í`Z
"rhjp]$' dp¨ \ey¨ R>°. l[pip_p O°fpdp¨ dp_hu_° `p°[p_p S> kpfr\ \hp_y¨ k|Q_
"[y¨ kpfr\, [y¨ S> `f¨[`' S>°hp¨ kp∑_°V$dp¨ \ey¨ R>°. L$rh_u rhflh°]$_p "rdg_
ıd©r[', "[_° Ar^L$i° _ Qplz¨' S>°hp¨ kp∑_°V$dp¨ `pf]$iÆL$ Apg°M_\u D`ku R>°.
Óu Ddpi¨L$f ≈°iu S>Zph° R>° L°$ Qp•]$ `¨qL$[_p L$pÏep° L°$V$gp¨L$ R>°, `Z kp∑_°V$_p°
◊Y$ AphL$pf L$hrQ[ S> dm° R>°. "ıhp›epe' S>°hp° Qp•]$ kp∑_°V$p°_p° Ny√R> `Z dm°
R>°.
‚lgp]$ `pf°M° "bpfublpf' dp¨ AhpÆQu_ L$rh[p_p _|[_ ArcNdp°
‹pfp kp•_° ApL$qjÆ[ L$epØ R>°. [°d_p "kfhpZu' L$pÏek¨N∞ldp¨ b° A_° "bpfu
blpf' L$pÏek¨N∞ldp¨ ApW$ dmu Ly$g ]$k kp∑_°V$ Ap‡ep¨ R>°. S>°dp¨ i°L$πsı`efipB
‚L$pf_p _h kp∑_°V$ f¸p¨ R>°. ‚L©$r[ A_° dp_h‚°d S>°hp L$pÏe_p rhjep° b_pÏep
R>°. "Ah |[', "k|e°pÆ]$e', " °f•ep', "[°S>-DÎgpk' S>°hp kp∑_°V$p°dp¨ ‚L©$r[r_Í`Z
L$eyØ R>°. "hp[p°', "Abp°gX$p', "rh]$pe' S>°hp ‚ZerhjeL$ kp∑_°V$ f¸p¨ R>°. ‚kfi_
d^yf ‚°dcph_u k|ˇd[p, Brfi÷e k¨[`ÆL$[p, ‚pkpq]$L$ bp_u hX°$ ky¨]$f
cphr_Í`Z L$fu iL$ep¨ R>°. cph_° D`L$pfL$ R>¨]$p°rh^p_ f¸y¨ R>°. `©’hu h©—_p°
rhi°j D`ep°N R>[p¨ "Of•ep', "A°L$ rd”_°', "∆h_k¨›ep', "hp[pÆ' _p°
riMqfZu R>¨]$ Apıhp¤ f¸p° R>°. Abp°gX$pdp¨ rdÓp°`≈r[_° ‚ep°S>ep° R>°.
306
‚≈fpd fphm :
"`⁄p' A_° "_p¨]$u' L$pÏek¨N∞l_p L$rh ‚≈fpd fphm_u L$rh[pdp¨
Ap›epr–dL$ cph_u ap°fd A_ychpe R>°. L$rh `|ZÆ fu[° ep°NprcdyM bfiep R>°.
[°_u R>pep [°d_u L$rh[pdp¨ ‚Mf fu[° `X$u R>°. "Óu Afth]$', "Np°qXÆ$e_ _p°V$',
"_p°mh°g' dp¨ L©$`p_u ^fie[p A_ych° R>°. cqL$[_u E›hÆQ°[_p_y¨ Ah[f
"]$p_', "r[rdf h•ch' S>°hpdp¨ f¸y¨ R>°. "^qf”u', "NN_ A_° `©’hu', "ıh√R>
fpq”', "Y$m° q]$_' S>°hp kp∑_°V$dp¨ ‚L©$r[_p fÁe kycN rQ”p° Ap›eps–dL$ frk[\u
Apıhp¤ bfiep¨ R>°. rhjeh•rh¬e_p° Acph bp_u_u kfm[p S>°hu depÆ]$p L$rh_°
_X$u R>°.
Np°th]$ `V°$g :
"ıd©r[d¨Ng' A_° "Ap–dp_u L$gp' _p L$rh Np°th]$ l. `V°$g° bfi_°
L$pÏek¨N∞ldp¨ kp∑_°V$dpmpAp° Ap`u R>°. "ıd©r[ d¨Ng' L$pÏek¨N∞ldp¨ [°[pguk
kp∑_°V$ k¨N∞lu[ \ep R>°. L$sÎ`[ _peL$ - _preL$p_p ‚Ze_° rhje b_phu
kp∑_°V$dpmp Apg°Mu R>°. "Djp ENu' dp¨ ‚ur[_p d¨X$pZ \ep R>u æ$di: ‚Ze_°
O°fp f¨N dm° R>°. h√Q° Abp°gp `Z \pe R>°. "k¨[p`' dp¨ rhflu]$ip_° d|[Æ L$fu
R>°. "‚[pfZp' dp¨ Abp°gp [|V°$ R>°, `Z A°L$ b_u ∆hu iL$[p _\u. "f¨Ngugp',
"hjpÆf°gu', "Npd_u ]°$'fu `pk°' S>°hp¨ kp∑_°V$p° Apıhp¤ f¸p¨ R>°. ‚L©$r[r_Í`Z
ApNhy¨ `pky¨ b_° R>°. "Ap–dp_u L$gp' L$pÏek¨N∞ldp¨ `Z ‚ZeL$\p r_rd—°
kp∑_°V$dpmp d|L$u R>°. ‚ı[y[ k¨N∞ldp¨ ErdÆ[“h_° ‚^p_[p dmu R>°. Ly$g
A°L$[pguk kp∑_°V$ k¨N∞lu[ \ep R>°. "b∞˚rNqf' _y¨ k‡[L$ ›ep_ M¢Q° [°hy¨ R>°
‚Ze, ‚L©$r[_p r_Í`Zdp¨ L$rh rhi°j Mugu iL°$ R>°. R>¨]$_p° rhr_ep°N A°L$
ApNhy¨ `pky¨ b_u fl° R>°. Ap kdeNpmpdp¨ kp∑_°V$ kS>Æ__u Ap°V$ h√Q° Np°th]$
`V°$g_p kp∑_°V$ A_° kp∑_°V$dpmp_p kS>Æ__p ‚e–_p° AphL$peÆ f¸p¨ R>°.
Np°rh¨]$ ıhpdu :
Ddpi¨L$f ≈°iu, ky¨]$fdπ, `y≈fpd fphm ‹pfp L$qh_p AÎ` ApeyÛedp¨
307
\e°gp kS>Æ__° "‚r[`]$p' L$pÏek¨N∞ldp¨ k¨N∞lu[ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep¨ R> °.
cphkbg[p, L$gp–dL$[p L$rh[p_u ›ep_plÆ bpb[p° flu R>°. ‚L©$r[ A_° ‚Ze
kp\° d•”u rhjeL$ fQ_pAp° `Z dmu R>°. R>°Îgp rheyŸ A¨N°_p [°d_p "S>N°
L$epf° ?' "r_Úe', "T|L$u `|R>¨[ Apip', "1898 _u h•ipM_u fp[°' S>°hp¨
kp∑_°V$dp¨ ‚p•qY$_p ]$iÆ_ \pe R>°. "ip¨[]$iÆ_', "k¨›ep Y$m[p', "‚]$p°j', "Djp
L$\L$ \pmdp¨' S>°hp¨ kp∑_°V$dp¨ ‚L©$r[r_Í`Z ky¨]$f f¸y¨ R>°. `p_Mf_y¨ hZÆ_
"`p_Mfdp¨' [p° "`h__° ‚Ò' dp¨ h¨V$p°m_y¨ hZÆ_ ‚L©$r[_p rhrh^ [“hp°
Ap^pqf[ fQ_pAp° R>°. "[pfu kp\°', "[plfp Nu[ Nphp', "k|_y¨ ı\m',
"hk¨[dp¨', "r‚e S>[p¨', "[y¨ S>[p¨' hN°f° kp∑_°V$dp¨ r‚e[dp_p k\hpfp dpV°$_u
[fk "ıd©r[', "hpk_p', "Ad|Îe `m' S>°hp¨ kp∑_°V$dp¨ rhi°j L$gprkqŸ TmL$u
R>°. R>¨]$L$p•ig, Ag¨L$pf, bp_u, ∆h_]$iÆ_ S>°hpdp¨ L$rh–hiqL$[ b[phu iL$ep¨
R>°.
"fdZuL$ Afpghpmp' :
"‚[unp' L$pÏek¨N∞ldp¨ Afpghpmp L$rh_u L$pÏe‚h©r—_p° Apg°M dm°
R>°. cpjp_y¨ gprg–e, i•gu_u ‚p•rY$A° kp∑_°V$ Apg°M_dp¨ kpfp° r_Mpf Ap‡ep°
R>°. "h[__p° [gkpV$' A_° "h[__p° L$p¨V$p°' h[_‚°d A¨qL$[ L$f[p¨ kp∑_°V$ f¸p¨
R>°. "rhMyV$p rd”_°' dp¨ rd”_p rhfl_° "[pfp rh_p', "A°L$ k¨›ep', "kM° ! kpQ°
A° [°--', "R>p°X$', "L$dÆ r_TÆfu', "◊qÛV$c°]$' S>°hp¨ kp∑_°V$ kyqÔgÛW$ cpjp_u
kp•ÛW$h[p_p bm° ky¨]$f fQ_pAp° b_u R>°.
Ap kdeNpmp_p Afie L$rhAp° :
Ap Npmp_p Afie kp∑_°V$ kS>ÆL$p°dp¨ ‚°di¨L$f l. cÀ$ ("_p°[fy¨', "Ahphfy¨
Of'), dyfgu W$pL$f_p¨ kp∑_°V$p°, dp°rl_uQ¨÷ ("[°S>L|$Q'), S>°W$pgpg q”h°]$u
("Ó°ÛW$]$p_'), A_pdu ("L$p°gkp°', "[_° d° Q|du R>°'), "S>icpB `V°$g' ("S>[p¨
[y¨ d^yfS>_u'), L$p°gL$ ("Ad° L$rh ?', "i¨L$p'), fdZ hL$ug ("‚p[: ıdfZ'),
Ly$kydpL$f ("op_ kdpq^'), iri_ Ap°Tp ("ip_° ?', "‚r[dp'), S>ed_Np•fu
308
`pW$L$∆ ("hp¨kmu'), "]°$h∆ fp. dp°Y$p', ("R>u`') Aip°L$ ljÆ ("L$epf°L$ [p°',
"A°\u L$B ^fie[p'), D`°fi÷ `¨X$ep (d•ep NyS>Æfu) hN°f° L$rhAp°_u kp∑_°V$
fQ_pAp° dmu R>°.
Ap kdeNpmp_p kp∑_°V$ L$rhAp°dp¨ NZ_p`p” kp∑_°V$L$pfp° rkhpe_p
L$rhAp°_u fQ_p Qp•]$ ¨qL$[_p L$pÏe b_u Ecu flu R>°, [p° L$ep¨L$ tQ[__° L©$q”d
fu[° fp°`hp S>[p¨ R>uR>fp`œ¨ ‚NV$ey¨ R>°. nyÎgL$ rhjep°, kpdprS>L$ tQ[_bp°^
_uQ° rh`yg kp∑_°V$ d˛ep¨, `Z k¨O°X$p D[pf kp∑_°V$ NŒep¨ NpW$ep¨ S>, R>[p¨e°
L$kbu L$rhAp°_p dp[bf ‚]$p_\u kp∑_°V$ ∆Ïey¨ R>°, ApNm h¬ey¨ R>°.
B.k. 1950 _p Afkpdp¨ L$rh[p L$fhV$ b]$g° R>°. kpdprS>L$ bp°^_°
‚pkpr]$L$$ iÂ]$p° hX°$ cphd|[Æ[p_° ı\p_° L$rh[p L$gp[“h [fa Nr[ L$f° R>°. e¨”
k¨ıL©$r[, eyŸ_u `pedpgu, _Nf∆h__u rhÍ`[p, d|Îelpk, A[gr_fpkp
L$rh[p_p rhjen°”dp¨ ‚NV°$ R>°. _hu_ fur[Ap°, L$Î`_ - ‚[uL$p°_p° rhr_ep°N
kp∑_°V$_° _hy¨ Í` bn° R>°. fpS>°fi÷ ipl A_° r_f¨S>_ cN[ S>°hp L$rhAp° ‚dyM
L$rh b_° R>°, S>°_p ‚]$p_\u kp∑_°V$_u Í` k¨OV$_pdp¨ ky^pf Aph° R>°.
bpgdyLy$fi]$ ]$h° A_° Afie :
A_yNp¨^ueyN_u L$rh[p kp\° bpgdyLy¨$]$ ]$h°_u L$rh[p Nq[ L$fhp_p°
‚e–_ L$f° R>°. dyøe[ep [°d_y¨ kS>Æ_ L$p•iÎe Nu[ ıhÍ` D`f rhi°j S>mL$ey¨
R>°, R>[p¨ AÎ` k¨øep_p kpfp kp∑_°V$\u [°Ap° kp∑_°V$L$pf bfiep¨ R>°. "M¨X°$f `f_p°
`u`mp°', "k|_u i°fuA°', "[y¨ S>[p¨', "sıd[L$Zu', "[u\°pÆ—d', "QZp°W$u_y¨
ıh‡_' A_° D—d kp∑_°V$L©$r[ "S|>_y¨ Of Mpgu L$f[p¨' S>°hu kp∑_°V$L©$r[ Ahgp°L$[p
D—d kp∑_°V$L$pf_p° L$kb [°d_u `pk° R>° [° L$b|ghy¨ OV°$.
h°ZucpB yfp°rl[ :
Np¨^ueyNu_ `qfbmp°_u R>pep kp\° _hu_ L$rh[p_p hgZ kp\° Ap
L$rh_p° _p[p° f¸p° R>°. AÎ` kp∑_°V$L©$r[ ‹pfp Z [°dZ° kp∑_°V$L$rh [fuL°$_y¨ ı\p_
d°mÏey¨ R>°. "r_fpip rhS>esıd[p', "A^yf`', "dpfu k¨N AphS>°', "bNX°$gp°
309
q]$hk', "ip¨[ lz¨', "k¨]°$i', "Qæ$' S>°hu L©$r[ kpfu flu R>°.
Afie kp∑_°V$L$pfp° :
`p°[p_p k¨h°]$__° ArcÏeL$[ L$fhp kp∑_°V$ L$pÏeıhÍ`_p° D`ep°N L$f_pf
Afie kS>ÆL$p °dp¨ Qyr_gpg dqX$ep ("dfZ', "kl]°$h'), "`yÛ`p hL$ug'
("≈N©r['), hk¨[ D`p¬epe ("‚]$p_'), _p\pgpg ]$h° ("l[p° MX$L$ A°L$'),
S>ep_¨]$ ]$h° ("_\u L$iu rhkp[dp¨'), du_y ]°$kpB ("ANÁe ep°N'), r`_pqL$_
W$pL$p°f ("kyNfi^° _fi]$p°_'), dL$ffi]$ ]$h° ("Ap°'), lrk[ byQ ("r_Úe', "[|¨
_lv S> [y¨'), r‚eL$p¨[ drZepf ("`pf°hXy¨$', "fpq”'), lkdyM `pW$L$ ("il°f_u
OX$uAp° NZ[p¨'), ÓuL$pfi[ dpl}guL$f ("kdqÛV$-rh_qÛV$', "‚ip¨[ _ufh'),
h∞S>gpg ]$h° ("`ˇd^pfp'), Q¨÷i¨L$f cÀ$ ("iri rihdπ', "lh°', "fp_ua}g'),
rh_p°]$ A›heyÆ ("d°Ogu fp['), lfufi÷ ]$h° ("ApÔg°jdp¨', "Afukp_° `|R>u
gJ'), kyf°i ]$gpg ("gugp [pfu', "afu_° lz ¨ ApÏep°'), l°dfi[ ]°$kpB
("‚k|r[N©l - S>[p¨, Aph[p¨', "rhıde'), Q¨÷L$p¨[ i°W$ ("fk', "L$pÌdufu-
ky¨]$fu'), S>N]$ui q”h°]$u ("il°f_y¨ ‚cp['), Nu[p fuM ("h©qŸ', "A°L$–h°'),
_gu_ fphm ("ılhpf-1', "kp¨S> kf[u'), gpci¨L$f W$pL$f ("kplk_y¨ BS>_',
"h©Ÿ A_° lp\'), fOyhuf Qp•^fu ("`pqf≈[', "f–_phgu_p° `y”-ey¡dL$'),
Apq]$g dfikyfu ("bm°gp M¨X°$f'), rQ_y dp°]$u ("Mpgu L$f°gy¨ Of ]|$f\u ≈°[p¨',
"L$rh_p° iÂ]$'), drZgpg ]°$kpB ("bp_°', " |. _p_p_°'), fph∆ V°$g ("`fp°Y°$
[p`Zu `pk° b°W° $g h©Ÿ_u ıhN[p°qL$['), cp_y‚kp]$ r”h°]$u ("‚\d
‚ur[_p°'), S>kh¨[ ]°$kpB ("‚Ze', "Api¨L$p').
ep°k°a d°L$hp_ : ("A¨^L$pf', "L$\_u' kp∑_°V$ k‡[L$)
"L$\_u' iujÆL$ _uQ° L$rhA° kp[ kp∑_°V$_° d|L$ep¨ R>°. S>°_p ‚\d kp∑_°V$_p
DOpX$dp¨ L$rh hk¨[_p hpefp_p° ı`iÆ \[p¨ ıh‡__p hlpZ_p kY$ M|gu ≈e R>°.
`R>u A° hlpZ qnr[≈° `pf L$f[y¨ A°L$ _Nf ky^u `l°p¨Q° R>°. S>ep¨ L$rh_y¨ dy¡^
i•ih hu[°gy¨ R>°. A_° –ep¨ S> k©qÛV$_p° æ$d ‚NV$ \pe R>°, [° ◊Ìe b_° R>° _° L$rh_°
310
"‚\d `dfu Ap°ÛW$p° h√Q° ke°pÆ', "r‚e' iÂ]$ [° / Í ¨h° - Í ¨h° R>g-R>g \ep°
‚p[: _p f¨N S>°hp° ! ("L$\_u', ıhN[ - `©. 32) bu≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨ ‚°d_p A¨Ly$f
lh° `¨Mu_p L$gfh b_° R>°, r‚ep_p `]°$ `]°$ lu_p ‚NV°$ R>°. r‚ep_p A¨Np°_p
tbb\u `pZu `Z ∆h[y¨ \pe R>°. ”u≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨ L$rh ıd©r[dp¨ hpNp°m° - `∞\d
L$f°gp ı`iÆ_° Afiep°fie ˘]$e_u R>bu Tug° R>° A_° h√Q° Ap_¨]$p°_p kcf S>gdp¨
‚kf° R>°. Qp°\p kp∑_°V$dp¨ rdg_p°_u ıd©r[ d|L$u R>°, L$rh L$b|g° R>°.
""[pfu kp\° afu afu Oœ¨ ≈°ey¨ iuøep° `f¨[y,
[h ˘]$edp¨ Ál°L$u fl°hp f¸p° [gZu Oœ¨.''
("L$\_u', ıhN[ - `©. 34)
˘]$edp¨ fl°hp [g`u fl°[p° _peL$ ıh‡_pAp°_p rhrh^ ‚]°$i° af° R>°. S>°dp¨
r‚ep_y lkhy, fX$hy - qfkphy _° R>u dmhy A°hp cphp° A_ych° R>°. _peL$ L$pÏe_p
A¨[° ‚L©$r[_p AœA° Aœdp¨ Ïep`°gu r‚ep L¶$ L¶$ ıhÍ`° hk[u, [p°e A¨[° A°L$
A°hu A_fie dy÷p Í`° Tug° R>°. _peL$ ‚L©$r[_p rhrh^Í` kp\° A°V$g° S> ‚°d
L°$mh° R>°, S>° kp∑_°V$ R>Ã$pdp¨ d|L$ey¨ R>°. _peL$_° ÓŸp R>° L°$ [° eyNp° eyNp° ky^u [°_°
Qpl[p° fl°i° A¨[° r‚ep_u ]y$:M]$ rh]$pe _peL$_° rhjp]$dp¨ X|$bpX°$ R>°.
""X|$bu N• L$ep¨ ? Nl_ r[rdf° [pfL$p°A° r_lp˛ey¨ !''
A¨r[d kp∑_°V$dp¨ kl°S> ı`iÆ \[p¨ _peL$ ≈N° R>° _° rhıde pd° R>° "klS>
ı`fi° lz¨ ≈Ny¨ _° glz dyM L$p°_y¨ [° ?' _° A°d [fgd__y¨ hlpZ \¨c° R>° _hp ]°$i_p
[V°$, S>ep¨ afu\u _hg qnr[≈° EOX°$ R>° _° [°dp¨ -
""d|¨Nu d|¨Nu `∞u[ [fk[y¨ ljÆdp¨ l•ey¨ NpB,
d^yf _dZp √l°f° EX°$ `[¨N kdy¨ - glz¨.''
("L$\_u', ıhN[ - `©. 36)
A¨[° _peL$ OX$ucf A° A[u[_° `pd[p d__u Nr[_° Ahgp°L°$ R>°.
ıh‡_p°_u c|rdL$pA° ‚p‡[ \[y¨ r‚ep_y¨ Í` `pd° R>° _° A°d _hg qnr[≈° Myg[u
311
fl° R>°. kp∑_°V$ n°”° Ap^yr_L$p°dp¨ ep°k°a d°L$hp__y¨ ‚]$p_ kpfy¨ f¸y¨ R>°. ‚ı[y[ L©$r[
B.k. 1964 dp¨ gMpB R>°.
e¨” k¨ıL©$r[_p rhL$pk_u `X$ R>° dp_hu_p ∆h_ d|Îep° b]$gpe R>°.
dp_hu_p ]°$Mu[p Ql°fp _uQ°_p k¨h°]$_dp¨ d|Îe_p° lpk `X°$gp° R>°. [° A[g
r_fpip, Ïe\p, ≈[ue rhL©$[u_u d_p°Ïe\p cp°Nhu f¸p°R>°. Aphp Ap^yr_L$
k¨h°]$__° D[pfhp d\[p° L$rh L$iy¨L$ _hy¨ L$fhp_u ‚°fZp kp\° _hu_ L$pÏe ‚L$pf
[fa Nr[ L$f° R>°. ArcÏeqL$[_u b]$gp[u dy÷p_dp¨ ‚[uL$p° - L$Î`_p°,
Ası[–hhp]$, kfqfeprgTd L°$ R>pephp]$ S>°hp _hu_ lr\epfp°_p D`ep°N kp\°
AR>p¨]$k, Nu[, NTg, ]$u^Æ L$rh[p kp\° `_pfp° `pX$[p° f¸p° R>°. b]$gp[u
rhcph_pdp¨ kp∑_°V$ ‚ur[ L¶$L$ Ap°R>u \[u ]°$Mpe R>°. [°_u `pR>m R>¨]$ [fa_p°
gNph `l°gp S>°V$gp° _\u [° `Z A°L$ L$pfZ R>° [p° bu≈ L$pfZdp¨ kp∑_°V$_y¨ L$X$L$
riı[, ◊Y$ bp¨^p_u kyOV$[p S>°hp¨ r_edp°dp¨ L$rh b¨^php dp¨N[p° _\u. ANf[p°
k¨h°]$__° E[pfhp AOfy¨ L$pÏeıhÍ` gpN[y¨ lp°e [°hy¨ A_ychpe S>Íf, R>[p¨e
kp¨‚[ kdedp¨ kp∑_°V$ kS>Æ_ `p¨My - `p¨My \[y¨ f¸y¨ R>°.
Ap^yr_L$ L$rhAp°_u L$gd° :
_hp ArcNdp° [fa L°$rfi÷[ \[u L$rh[p_p ‚hpldp¨ ArcN∞ı[ \e°gy¨
kp∑_°V$ "L$rhgp°L$', "byqŸ‚L$pi', "Ly$dpf', "iÂ]$k©qÛV$', "[p◊’eÆ', "`fb',
"L$rh[p', S>°hp¨ kprl–e_p dyM`”p°_p¨ `p_p¨ D`f ≈°hp dm° R>°. A° S> [p° kp∑_°V$
‚ur[_u `pfpiuiu R>°. _hu L$gdp° `pk°\u kp∑_°V$ Ah[f[p S> fl° R>° A°hu S>°
L$gdp°_p rkŸ lı[ L$rhAp° R>°. X$pµ. cp_y‚kp]$ `¨X$ep ("D`X$u X$dZu'),
dp^hfpdp_yS> ("[d° ApÏep_° Ap', "rh]$pe')
fpdQ¨÷ b. `V°$g "kyqæ$[' : ("_ lh°', "jp°X$iu' kp∑_°V$ Ny√R>)
"dpfu A_pNrkF>[y' (1977) L$pÏek¨N∞ldp¨ L$rh fpdQ¨÷ b. `V°$g
"kyqæ$[' ‹pfp "jp°X$iu' iujÆL$ _uQ° kp°m kp∑_°V$ d|L$pep¨ R>°. ‚ı[y[ L©$r[ kp∑_°V$Ny√R>
R>°. kp∑_°V$kS>ÆL$ [fuL$° Ap^yr_L$ L$rhdp¨ [°d_y¨ ı\p_ R>°. Ap^yr_L$ L$rhAp° kp∑_°V$
312
ıhÍ`_° Ap°R>p ı`i£ R>°. ArcÏeqL$[_° Í`bŸ L$fhp L$]$pQ kp∑_°V$_y¨ L$W$p°f riı[
d|Th_pfy b_° R>°. Aphp kp∑_°V$_p OV$[p S>[p ‚hpldp¨ V$dV$d[p ]$uhp S>°hp ‚e–_
Mf°Mf AphL$pf]$peL$ R>°. kp∑_°V$Ny√R> lp°hp¨ R>[p¨ Alv QQpÆdp¨ kdph°i L$e°pÆ R>°
[°dp¨ Ap ‚e–__° [`pkhp_p D`æ$d kp\° Ap^yr_L$ L$rh_p kS>Æ__°
Ahgp°L$hp_p° æ$d `Z fpøep° R>°.
‚ı[y[ L©$r[_p ‚\d kp∑_°V$dp¨ _peL$ ‚Ze\u R>gp°R>g `mp°_° hpNp°m°
R>°, S>°dp¨ _peL$ O°O|f hX$ A_° _preL$p _dZu hphÍ`° L$pÏedp¨ ‚–en \pe R>°.
_peL$ R>p¨ep° b_u hph_p S>m_° ı`i£ R>°. O|`_u k°f S>°hp ı`i£ _preL$p kgSS>
b_° R>°, `Z A° gl°fp[u `mp° L$ep¨e° EX$u NB R>°. lh° dp” lgQg, A°e Mpgu
MMX$u flu R>°. ‚Ze rhag[p `l°gp S> kp∑_°V$dp¨ r_Í`pB R>°. bu≈ kp∑_°V$ "[d°
[p°' dp¨ _peL$_° Arcgpjp R>° L°$ _preL$p [°_u \hp_u R>°. A° Arcgpjp_p
Ap_¨]$_p AcfMp fQ[p A^ufp° b_° R>° _° hp]$m S>°hp° dOdO k©qÛV$ fQhp
hfk[p° Aph° R>°, –epf° _preL$p h•ipMu Ly$dLy$d [Zp° Ly$dmp° R>p°X$ b_u bu≈_u
hlu S>[u Ïl°g D`f b°W$u l[u. Arcgpjp_p hfhp Í`_° `pd° R>°. –epf`R>u
A°L$p¨[p°dp¨ _ugd ApL$pip° Ap¨Mp°dp¨ cfu f°[u S>°hp kde `f h¨V$p°m Qu[fhp
rkhpe buSy>¨ fl° R>° S> iy¨ ? ”u≈ kp∑_°V$ "S>[p¨ d°' dp¨ _pqeL$p L$p°B_u kp\° fZu_°
S>[u lp°e R>° [°_p g¡_ug L$fiep_p Í`_° kfk fu[° DW$pÏey¨ R>°.
""R>V$p fp°d° fp°d° l[u R>gL$[u... `p]$f; S>[u,
r_lpmu [pfu Ap sı\r[ fX$u `X°$gy¨ iy¨ X|$kL°$ ? ''
("S>[p¨ d°', dpfu A_pNrkF>[y - `©. 31)
L$pÏep¨[° _peL$ S>epf° S>epf° L$p°B `fZ°[f L$fiep_u Ïl°g D`X$[u Sy>A°
R>°, –epf° –epf° fZ klS>dp¨ Aphu_° [°_° S>L$X°$ R>°. Sy>]$pB_p° rhjp]$ A°d `X$Op[p°
fl° R>°. Qp°\p kp∑_°V$ "L$lz¨ Ry>¨' dp¨ _preL$p ApR>u `df[u `fp°Y$_p `\ D`f sı\f
Ahf L$p°B L|¨$`m kd duW$p dbgM cphp° cfu_° Ecu l[u, Aphu sı\r[_°
≈°[p¨ _peL$ lZlZ[p° d°O \B [fb[f cu_p° Op°X$p° `gpZu OX$udp¨ NS>Æ[p°
Qpf° q]$ip_° kd°V$u_° Y$m° R>°. `R>u Ly¨$hpfy¨ gkgk[y¨ Ïlpg kOmy¨ ENpX$u Ec° R>°,
313
–epf° _peL$ ‚Òdp¨ AV$hpe R>° L°$ [pfy¨ dyM ip dpV°$ Ahmy¨ R>° ? `p¨Qdp kp∑_°V$dp¨
Ap_¨]$cepÆ q]$hkp°dp¨ kp\° af°gp. hp[p° L$f°gu [° b^u `mp° AY$mL$ Qp¨]$_u kdp
l[p [°dp¨ kde_° kp°_p_p° L$fu b° l•ep DÕ$e_ L$f[p¨ l[p¨ A°d A°L$d°L$ k¨Np\u
`_OV$ A_° `p]$f S>°hp¨ f¸p¨, `Z A° [p° lh° A[u[ \B Q|L$ep° R>°. _preL$p lh°
_\u [°\u S> _peL$ L$l° R>°, "lh° lz¨' -
""lh° lz¨ A°L$pL$u [d ıdfZ_p L¨$Ly$ - aZNp,
DNpX$u Ap¨Mp°dp¨ gB kdeA°; L$ep¨L$ EX$[p°..''
("lh° lz¨', dpfu A_pNrkF>[y - `©. 33)
A°L$pL$u sı\r[dp¨ _peL$_y ¨ A¨[f[p° bm° S> R> ° `Z _preL$p_u
A_y`sı\r[\u `qfrQ[ ı\p_p° `Z A° Ïe\p cp°Nhu> f¸p¨ R>°. R>Ã$p kp∑_°V$
"g°œ¨' dp¨ `fpeu b_°gu r‚ep_° kyM - h•ch dm° A°hu Arcgpjp fpM° R>°.
_preL$p_° `n° cf°gu sı\r[ R>°. [°_u bfpbf kpd°_u sı\r[ _peL$_p `n° R>°.
A≈Œep Ly$dLy$d\u |S>ep hNf_p° u`mp° b_u d©NS>m_° DR>°fu f¸p° R>°. L$pÏep¨[°
r‚ep_° iuM Ap`° R>°, bu≈_p b_u_° ∆hu S>≈° d_° [p° `fch_y¨ g°œ¨ Ap‡ey¨
R>° A°d kdS>≈°. "L$p°B_p° lz¨' kp[dy¨ kp∑_°V$ A_yk¨Op_Í` ApÏey¨ R>°. Sy>]$pB_u
S>g_dp¨ [`[p° _peL$ c¢L$pf Afh Ly$hp_p° L$p¨W$p° b_u E_p ‚lf_° `u[p° lfÔhpk°
[fk_u hfpmp° DX$pX$u hdm fQ[p° ∆hu f¸p° R>°. _preL$p cu[f hk°gu R>°.
""lh° dpfy ¨ [pfy ¨ rdg_ gB h°mp d^yfhu,
hlu Aph° [p° A° Ahkf _lv lp°e gughp°.''
("L$p°B_p° lz¨', dpfu A_pNrkF>[y - `©. 35)
"`R>u' kp∑_°V$dp¨ DOpX$dp¨ i•ihu ıd©r[ d|L$u R>°, `Z ifZpB_p k|f
g¡__° k¨L°$[° R>°. _preL$p S>[p¨ Of kd|mNy¨ S>[y¨ f¸y¨ lp°e A°hy¨ A_ych° R>°. `R>u
idZp_° Ap¨Mp°_p V$vbpdp¨ fp° ° R>°, S>°_p c°fhu aZNp Qpf° q]$ipAp°A°\u hvTp[p
fl° R>°. _hdp kp∑_°V$dp¨ M°[fdp¨ _peL$ ≈°[fpe R>°, hjpÆ_p kde° _preL$p_u ep]$
_peL$_° hgp°h° R>°. "lh° [y¨' kp∑_°V$dp¨ _preL$p_p `l°g ‚\d ApNd__p kde_°
_°p¨^° R>°, –epf° _peL$ Jbf`f_p° S>X$ `’\f l[p°, `Z r‚ep_p QfZ ı`i£
[p°fZ_p° b_u T|gu EW°$ R>°. –ep¨\u kfL$u `prZepfy¨ b_° R>°. r‚ep Of_pf b_°
314
[° `l°gp¨ g|Mp gv`Zdp¨ E[fu ≈e R>°. _preL$p_u ep]$ gp°lu kp\° cmu R>°.
Ap¨Mp°_u rQ—p fp°S> kmNu rQ–L$pf L$f° R>°, L$fyZ_° O°fp° L$fu r_Í`u iL$ep R>°.
"_ lh°' kp∑_°V$dp¨ A[u[_° _peL$ ip°^u f¸p° R>°. "Alv' iÂ]$ [°_p ]$e_° [pL$[p°
fl° R>°, Sep¨ kyhpmy¨, fd[ugy¨, cu_y¨, kyMX$ S>°hy¨ AS>hpmy¨ Álp°fu f¸y¨ l[y¨. Í`pmu
cv[p° D`f gv`Z l[y¨, L¨$Ly$_p \p`p l[p.
""b^° L$pg° duW$p° lqf[ qL$_Mpbu dgL$[p°,
dlpd|gp° dpfp° kde Ahip°^y: afu afu.''
("_ lh°', dpfu A_pNrkF>[y - `©. 39)
lh° afu A° kde L$epf°e `pR>p° dmhp_p° _\u, _ afu dp°c° L$epf°e Qp¨]$
Aphu b°kk°, _ _h`Îgrh[ b_i° hj°pÆ dpfp A°d S> kpf \[p¨ fl°i°. "Ofdp¨'
kp∑_°V$dp¨ khpf° _peL$ Ofdp¨ ‚h°i° R>°. Jbf_° hV$ph[p d_dp¨\u L$p°B Ly$hfu E[fu
Aph° R>° _° ≈Z° Of_p° h•ch b^p° riMfu EW°$ R>°. khpf_u qæ$epAp°dp¨ _preL$p
Of_pf lp°e A°hy¨ ıd©r[_p ‚]°$idp¨ dpZ° R>°, `Z hpı[rhL$[p_° `pd[p _peL$
afu ]y$:Mu b_° R>° _° Apl cf[p° fl° R>°. [°fdp kp∑_°V$ "M°[fdp¨' dp¨ _peL$ lm
lp¨L$[p° ‚–en \pe R>°, dlzX$p `f\u kpfk-eyNg Aphu_° b°k[p¨ _peL$ ıd©r[_p
hpNp°m° QY°$ R>°. L$p°B_p r`em_p° `X$R>pep° Alv S>[p¨ Ap¨^u E`X°$ R>°, [°dp¨ OX$uL$
L$Zku_° kmN[p° fl° R>°. "A°L$ kdu kp¨S>°' kp∑_°V$dp¨ kdu kp¨S>° r‚ep_u ep]$
`vR>p S>°hu kmhmu fl° R>°. _peL$ fpq”dp¨ ‚L©$r[_p Í`p°dp¨ r‚ep_° Ahgp°L°$ R>°.
L$pÏep¨[° rhjp]$ ‚°qf[ _peL$_u ]y$:Mu sı\r[ d|L$pe°gu R>°. "gB ApÏep°' dp¨ c∞rd[
Ahı\pdp¨ _preL$ kp\° g¡_ \[p¨ lp°e [°hy¨ A_ych° R>°. L$pÏep¨[° k¨kpfu sı\r[
ky^u A_ych_° g¨bph° R>°. khpf° "EW$p°' L$p°Z° L$¸y¨ A°hy¨ D√Qpf[p hpı[rhL$
^f[u `f `N d|L°$ R>° _° Apl cf[p° Adpk° `|rZÆdp Qu[f[p° fl° R>°. A°dp¨
r_:Ôhpk_p° AL$mph_pfp° rhjp]$ `Z cm°gp° R>°. "OZp¨ hj°pÆ\u' kp∑_°V$dp¨
ApeMp_p h©Ÿphı\p ky^u A°d S> rhflu ]$ip_° D`pX$u `l°p¨√ep° R>°. OZp¨ hj°pÆ
`R>u kud _ufMhp¨ E`X°$ R>°, `Z `p]$f ky^u `l°p¨Q[p [°_y¨ ≈°d fl°[y¨ _\u. \pL°$
R>° –ep¨ [° ]|$f_p A[u[_p i•ihu kde_u ıd©r[_° [p∆ L$f° R>°. "Qpgp° ]$p]$p EW$p°
Of° `L$X$u L$p°B gB S>[y¨' dp¨ `dpe R>°. [°_u rhflu sı\r[dp¨ ıd©r[_p ‚]°$idp¨
≈Z° [°_p° `y” lp\ `L$X$u DW$pX$u Of° gB S>[p° lp°e [°hy¨ A°d idZpdp¨ r‚ep_u
315
ep]$ hpf° hpf° [p∆ L$fu ApeMp_° V°$L$ph[p° h©Ÿ bfiep° R>°. Sepf° Sepf°
hpı[rhL$[p_° `pd° R>°, –epf° rhjp]$d¡_ b_[p° A¨[f_° kmNpÏep L$f° R>°.
_preL$p_p Acph_° idZp ‹pfp `|[Æ[p L$f° R>°, `Z A° A¨[° [p° Apcpku tbb
S> fl° R>°. L$rhA° _peL$-_preL$p_u sı\r[ rhrh^ kp◊Ìefur[A° Apg°Mu R>°.
Í`sı\r[dp¨ `qfh[Æ_p° L$epf°L$ cphbp°^dp¨ Ahfp°^L$ b_° R>°. km¨N kp°m
kp∑_°V$dp¨ _peL$_u Arcgpjpdp¨ hpf°hpf° g¡__p° Acph X$p°L$pep L$f° R>° A°d
km¨NL©$r[dp¨ ‚Zerham[p _S>f° `X°$ R>°. kp∑_°V$_p iujÆL$p° `Z kp¨‚[L$pm_°
‚–en L$f[p¨ L°$ "[y¨' - "lz¨' S>°hp¨ khÆ_pdp° S>°hp¨ f¸p¨ R>°. Apd kdN∞ ◊qÛV$A° L$p°B
Apg°M fQp[p° _\u. kp∑_°V$Ny√R>dp¨ b^p¨ kp∑_°V$p°_° bp¨^_pfy¨ [“h ≈° L$p°B lp°e
[p° [° ‚Ze R>°. Ap^yr_L$ L$rhAp° `pk°\u kp∑_°V$ Ny√R> L°$ kp∑_°V$dpmp dm[u fl°
[°hu A`°np fpMuA°.
–epfbp]$ ApNm kp∑_°V$L$pfp°_° ≈°BA° [p° ^ufy `fuM ("khpfu', "_ [y¨
gp¡ey¨ Aphy¨'), S>N]$ui ≈°iu ("bu∆ `m°', "hdm_p h_dp¨'), cNh[uLy$dpf
idpÆ ("[ygku`ZÆ', "afu\u'), lqfL©$ÛZ `pW$L$ ("∆hdp¨ ∆h ApÏep°'), fd°i
`pf°M ("‚\d fpq”'), `fi_p _peL$ ("L$fyZp_y¨ b¨^'), rS>[°fi÷ L$p. Ïepk ("l°
iÂ]$ !'), lqflf ≈°iu ("Npd-armey¨'), rh_p°]$ ≈°iu ("rkk©np', "_pNqfL$')
d_lf dp°]$u ("[_° k¨bp°^u [p°').
drZgpg l. `V°$g : ("ApNd_ `R>u', "`p°mp°_p `lpX$p°dp¨' -
kp∑_°V$Ny√R>)
19, a°b∞yApfu 1988 dp¨ ‚rkŸ \e°gp drZgpg l. `V°$g_p "kp[du
F>[y' L$pÏek¨N∞ldp¨ bpf kp∑_°V$_y¨ A°L$ Ny√R> d|L$pe°gy¨ R>°, S>°_p ‚\d kp∑_°V$dp¨
‚L©$r[dp¨ F>[y S>° fu[° rhgk° R>° [° L$rh A_ych° R>°. rQfrhfl\u ÏepLy$g d_
hk¨[ Aph[p¨ R>L°$gp hpeydp¨ hk¨[° h©np°dp¨ Ar¡_a}g b_u_° ‚NV°$ R>°, A°_p ]$h°
]$pTu f° [y¨ h_ fp”udp¨ kp°_hfœ¨ gpN° R>°. A≈Œep¨ i©¨Np° A_° A`qfrQ[
ANrZ[ L°$X$u b^y¨ S> O°fu g° R>°, [_\u, d_\u L$rh [©Zh[π b_° R>°. A¨[dp¨ L$rh
A_ych° R>° :
""AfŒep° Ap°Y$u_° Aey[ hfkp°\u [fy[V°$,
316
Ecp° Ry>¨ Apip\u : L|¨$`m a}g A°L$p]$ ‚NV°$.''
("`p°mp°_p `lpX$p°dp¨', kp[duF>[y - `©. 69)
bu≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨ kp¨S>h°mp h_ kOmy¨ lqf[, c|Mfy¨ kp¨›e hk_ Ap°Y$u g°
R>° _° L$rhA° `R>u AfŒe_u fpq”_p ky¨]$f rQ”_° S>dpÏey¨ R>°. A¨^pfp_p° `r\L$
‚NV°$ R>°. b^° Afh[p_p L$pmp`pZu O|Oh° R>°, Ïl°mp ”d”d fh° R>°, `lpX$p° ‚°[
S>°hp gpN° R>°, A°hpdp¨ `Z°pÆ Mf° R>° A° ≈Z° `m_u [faX$[u `p¨M gpN° R>°.
"\uS>°gu fp”udp¨ r[rdf [fıep fvR> fMX°$' A°d A°L$ A°L$\u ky¨]$f L$Î`_p°\u
AfŒe fpq”_u ce¨L$f[p b[phu R>°. A¨[° F>[y b]$gp[u fl° R>°. [° eyNp°\u Ecp
R>° [°d_° Apip R>° L°$ "L$epf° r[rdfh_dp¨ k|eÆ ‚NV°$ !' ”u≈ kp∑_°V$dp¨ A]$Áe
Aph°N EW°$ R>° Apq]$d[p_p°, [°\u S> [p° L$rh ‚\d_p° [fy‚Ze dp¨Nu f¸p° R>°.
fyr^fdp¨ fd[p¨ Apq]$d h_p°, O°fu g°[u kqf[pAp°, h©np°, lpX$p°, NuQ h_p° L$rh_°
Ap lqf[hZpØ N∞pduZS>_p° ip°^u f¸p¨ R>°. L$rh _Nfk¨ıL©$r[\u DbpB Nep R>°.
Ap k¨ıL©$r[A° [°_° AfŒek¨ıL©$r[dp¨\u Dh°øep° R>°, dpV°$ b^p¨ b¨^_p° [p°X$u ap°X$u
h_dp¨ S>hp dp¨N° R>°.
""d_° Ap`p° dpfp° [fy‚Ze `pR>p° ‚\d_p°,
lz¨ Apq]$hpku Ry> ¨ Aey[ i[L$p°_° S>_d_p°''
("`p°mp°_p `lpX$p°dp¨', kp[du F>[y - `©. 71)
Qp°\y¨ kp∑_°V$ "hk¨[_p° h•ch' h_n°”p°dp¨ L°$hp° ip°cpL$f R>° [° Apg°M° R>°.
""Mug°gp L°$k|X° $ Tmlmu EW°$ S> ¨Ng A_°,
_]$u L$p¨W°$ L$p¨W°$ kmNu EW$[p¨ ipÎd [fyAp°,
`X°$ filphp –epf° S>m kmN[y¨, ‡lpX$ kmN°.''
("`p°mp°_p `lpX$p°dp¨', kp[du F>[y - `©. 72)
`p¨Qdp¨ kp∑_°V$dp¨ kp¨‚[_u AX$p°AX$ h_dp¨ A°L$p¨[_p° A[u[ `S>h° R>°.
L$rh_° rhıde \pe R>° L°$,
""d_° lphp dpfu Mbf _\u lz¨ Afie S>_ Ry>¨,
b^y¨ c|gu S>•_° Akg d|m_p° hfie S>_ Ry>¨.''
317
("`p°mp°_p `lpX$p°dp¨', kp[du F>[y - `©. 73)
kp∑_°V$ R>Ã$pdp¨ NuQ - NpY$h_dp¨ h©np° A_° [°dp¨ Ïep`°gu b`p°f_u
iu[m[pdp¨ A¨^pfy¨ lmhy¨ lmhy¨ lp°e, L$iu ApR>u ApR>u ˘]$e kd lgQg \[u
lp°e A°hp Afh A°L$p¨[ cfu sı\r[dp¨ L$rhA° "h__p b`p°fuh°mp_°' iÂ]$ L$e°pÆ
R>°. E_pmp_p° q]$hk Aphu fu[° d¨\f Agk Nr[dp¨ S>[p° [p°, A° S> h_ hjpÆL$pm°
MmMm hl°[y¨ fl° _° riepm° afaf \[p¨ k|fS>_° T¨M° R>°, Ap b^p¨ L$rh af[p° O°fp°
_pMu ≈Z° Ecp¨ R>°. i[S>fidp°_° A° b^p rhsıd[ L$f_pfp b_° R>° _° ıd©r[dp¨
L$rh h©nÍ` `pd° R>°. kp[dp kp∑_°V$dp¨ S>¨Ng_u lf°L$ hı[ydp¨ ≈Z° f¨Np°_u ]y$r_ep
kdpe°gu R>°, A° b^u dlpd|gu k¨`r— R>°, A° ^_ _\u, _\u L$p°B _pNfqn[
QfyAp°. L$rh_° L$ipL$ k¨L°$[p°\u S>m, [fy, h_p° kp]$ L$f[p¨ lp°e [°hy¨ gpN° R>° A°d
fp_ af[p¨ L$rh_° kp√Qy¨ Of dmu fl° R>°. A° dm°gp Ofdp¨ S>_`]$ _\u, _eyØ
h_`]$ R>°. S>°dp¨ q]$ipAp° O°fu_° `lpX$p° Ecp R>°, _epÆ fp°dpQp°\u [fyh_ lh°
cf`|f R>°, S>° d•”u L$f° R>°, rhl¨N, `iy, S>¨[y, S>mTfp° hN°f°. Alv L$p°B ≈[_p°
r_j°^ _\u S>°_u kpd° bfpbf _Nf_p ]y$:Mp°-]$]°$pÆ [°_u Ly$Í `[p_° d|L$u_°
h_k¨ıL©$r[_° h^pf° ky¨]$f kpfu L$l° R>°. L$rhA° h_`]$dp¨ `p°[p_p Apq]$d Í`_°
afu d°mhhp B√R>° R>°. _hdp kp∑_°V$dp¨ h_dp¨ Ïep`°gp kfi_pV$p_° Apg°M° R>°. A°
kfi_pV$p° `p_Mf Aphhp\u Ïep`°gp° R>°. L$rhdp¨\u k[[ L$p°B _uL$mu_° ≈Z°
hlu ≈e R>° _° `p_Mf_y¨ ]$]Æ$ ≈Z° `p°[pdp¨ `Z Ïep`u fl° R>° A°d A_ych° R>°.
]$kdp¨ kp∑_°V$dp¨ riiyL$pgu_ he_u `mp°_p¨ ıdfZ rQ—_° O°fu g° R>°, S>°dp¨
`lpX$p°_u, h__u, `fu_u A_° fpnk_u hp[pÆAp° kp¨cm°gu [° b^u S> lZlZu
EW°$ R>°. A° fu[° `]°$ `]°$ h_ k°h[p L$rh `ygqL$[ b_° R>° _° A°d ∆Ïep_p A\°pÆ_y¨
NrZ[ h_`]°$ dp¨X°$ R>°. ArNepfdp¨ kp∑_°V$dp¨ `p°[pdp¨ h_, `hÆ[, h__p A¨[°
fl°gp L|$bpAp°, rhS>_ip Opkg Ofp° hN°f° b^p AQfS>dp¨ M|g° R>°. L$rh_° L$iy¨L$
fdhp kp°_g`fu bp°gphu flu R>°, `Z _Nfdp¨ b¨^pe°gp L$rh S>B iL$[p _\u.
[°\u S> [p° S>Md ]|$T° R>° _° `uX$p D`X$[u fl° R>°.
""_\u L$p°B B√R>p, h_kd L$iy¨ L$p°B S> _\u,
f¸p°' [p° T¨Mu lz¨ rhNrg[ \hp_y¨ S>_d\u.''
("`p°mp°_p `lpX$p°dp¨', kp[duF>[y - `©. 79)
318
A¨r[d bpfdp kp∑_°V$dp¨ fpq”_p kde\u ky¨]$f fu[° EOX°$ R>°, S>°dp¨ L$rh
`p°[° `yfpL$pmdp¨ h©n l[p° A°hp `|hÆ∆h__° ep]$ L$f° R>°, `Z hpı[rhL$[p L¨$BL$
S>y]$u R>°, [°\u S> k¨OjÆ d_dp¨ fl° R>°. `yfpZp `lpX$p°_p E¨X$pZdp¨ E[fu S>hy¨ R>°
A°hy¨ L$rh A¨[dp¨ B√R>° R>°.
""_\u ≈hy¨ lphp¨ _Nf-Of, : k¨OjÆ d_dp¨,
`yfpZ ‡lpX$p°dp¨ E[fu `X$hy¨ R>° Nl_dp¨ !''
("`p°mp°_p `lpX$p°dp¨', kp[duF>[y - `©. 80)
[fy[V°$ Ec°gp dpZk_u Ap Ïe\p km¨N bpf°e kp∑_°V$dp¨ L$rhA° d|L$u
R>°. _Nfk¨ıL©$r[, [°_u qhÍ`[p - Ly$Í`[p, [°_p ]y$:Mp° ]$]°$pÆ\u dpZk DbpB Nep°
R>°, [°\u [° hpf°hpf° h_ [fa S>hp_u A]$Áe D–L¨$W$p ^fph° R>°, `Z _Nfdp¨
^fbpe°gp Ası[–h_° [°dp¨\u blpf L$pY$u h_ ky^u `l°p¨Qp[y¨ _\u. [°\u [p°
[°_u `|[Æ[p ıd©r[_p L°$ Apcpku tbbp°dp¨\u L$fhu `X°$ R>°. L$rh_° A° `Z L$l°hy¨ R>°
L°$ [°dp¨ `X°$gp° Apq]$dge h_ kp\° NpY$ _p[p° ^fph° R>°. L©$r[_° A¨[° L$rhA° A°hu
Apq]$d[p dp¨Nu R>°. km¨N L©$r[dp¨ ‚L©$r[_y¨ fÁe Apg°M_ \ey¨ R>°. h_k©qÛV$_°
iÂ]$rQ” ‹pfp kpnp[π L$fhp_u ‚r[cp L$rh_° lı[N[ R>°. kp∑_°V$dp¨ A° cph
`Z L$gp–dL$[p\u d|[Æ L$e°pÆ R>°. Ap kp∑_°V$p° Ny√R> [fuL°$ Apıhp]$hp ep°¡e L©$r[
R>°. ‚ı[y[ L©$r[ dpQÆ-1985 dp¨ gMpe°gu R>°. ‚L©$r[ L$pÏe_p _d|_p Í` ky¨]$f
kp∑_°V$ Alv OZp R>° A°S> b[ph° R>° L$rh_° kp∑_°V$ lı[N[ R>°. L$rhA° b^p¨ S>
kp∑_°V$ km¨N Qp•]$ `¨qL$[ S>°hp¨ rdÎV$_ipB_p OpV$dp¨ Apg°øep¨ R>°.
Ap rkhpe_p Afie kp∑_°V$L$pfp°dp¨ r_f¨S>_ epqoL$ ("riiyrhfl'),
gpg∆ L$p_`qfep ("Acph', "ıdfZ'), ]°$h°fi÷ ]$h° ("L$rh_y¨ hrke[_pdy¨'),
rh_peL$ fphg ("chfZ°'), BfQ¨÷ c. cÀ$ ("`|hÆc|'), [_kyM Ap°Tp
("i•jpeyÛe°' - kp∑_°V$ `¨QL$), rh_p°]$ Np¨^u ("Qfdsı\r['), ‚[p`tkl l.
fpW$p°X$ ("d_° `pR>p¨ Ap`p°', "E¬hÆsı\r['), Q¨÷L$p¨[ V$p°`uhpmp ("_ugL¨$W$')
S>°hp _pdu L$rhAp° D`fp¨[ Afie A_pdu L$rhAp° ‹pfp kp∑_°V$ ∆hu[ f¸y¨ R>°.
L$rhAp° [°_p [fa D]$pku_ _\u f¸p A°V$gy¨ S>Íf L$lu iL$pe.
319
‚ep°Niug[p_p D]$plfZp° :
fQ_pfur[_p ‚ep°Np° [fa Ap^yr_L$p°_y¨ hgZ bgh—f f¸y¨ R>°, S>°dp¨
kp∑_°V$ Z b√ey _\u. Ap yr_L$ L$rhAp°A° AdyL$ ‚ep°N lp\ epÆ R>°, S>° "L$rh[p'
(‹•dprkL$) _p Ap°L$V$p°bf - 1975 _p "kp∑_°V$ rhi°jp¨L$' (`qfriÛV$dp¨ Ap A¨L$_y
dyM `©ÛW$ Sy>Ap°) dp¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°. A]$d V¨$L$pfhu_p NTg - kp∑_°V$_p° ‚ep°N
("cpjp ch_') S>N]$ui ≈°iu A_° rhr`_ `fuM_p dyL$[ N¤gedp¨ V|¨$L$u -
gp¨bu `¨qL$[Ap°dp¨ cphprcÏeqL$[_p Apg°M_ kdp kp∑_°V$p° ("N¤ kp∑_°V$' -
S>N]$ui ≈°iu), ("\pe R>°' - rhr`_ `fuM), "kdyfœf—pX$u' dp¨ "A`c∞¨i
kp∑_°V$' cpjp_p ‚ep°N_° Apg°M[y¨ L$rh S>e°fi÷ i°MX$uhpmp [fa\u d˛ey¨ R>°.
"AX$p°AX$' k¨N∞ldp¨ [m`]$u bp_udp¨ gM°gp kp∑_°V$_p kS>ÆL$ cp_y‚kp]$ ¨X$epA°
_hu_ ‚ep°Np° lp\ epØ R>°. fd°i pf°M_p kp°fW$p ]y$lp S>°hp dp”p d°mu Qpghpmp
‚ep°Np° kp∑_°V$_u _hu Ny¨≈k rkŸ L$fhp_p ‚e–_ Í`° dm[p¨ f¸p¨ R>°. fd°i
`pf°M° Apgp MpQf rhjeL$ lmhu i•gu_y¨ kp∑_°V$Ny√R> `Z Ap‡ey¨ R>°.
i[prÂ]$ hV$phu Q|L°$gy¨ - "NyS>fp[u kp∑_°V$' :
"Ap°NZukdu k]$u_p A¨r[d ]$iL$pdp¨ ‚\d `]$k¨Qpf dp¨X$[y ¨"Ap°NZukdu k]$u_p A¨r[d ]$iL$pdp¨ ‚\d `]$k¨Qpf dp¨X$[y ¨"Ap°NZukdu k]$u_p A¨r[d ]$iL$pdp¨ ‚\d `]$k¨Qpf dp¨X$[y ¨"Ap°NZukdu k]$u_p A¨r[d ]$iL$pdp¨ ‚\d `]$k¨Qpf dp¨X$[y ¨"Ap°NZukdu k]$u_p A¨r[d ]$iL$pdp¨ ‚\d `]$k¨Qpf dp¨X$[y ¨
NyS>fp[u kp∑_°V$ b.L$.W$p. _p ‚ep°N `yfyjp\Æ _° L$gpk|T_° ‚[p`° ”Z QpfNyS>fp[u kp∑_°V$ b.L$.W$p. _p ‚ep°N `yfyjp\Æ _° L$gpk|T_° ‚[p`° ”Z QpfNyS>fp[u kp∑_°V$ b.L$.W$p. _p ‚ep°N `yfyjp\Æ _° L$gpk|T_° ‚[p`° ”Z QpfNyS>fp[u kp∑_°V$ b.L$.W$p. _p ‚ep°N `yfyjp\Æ _° L$gpk|T_° ‚[p`° ”Z QpfNyS>fp[u kp∑_°V$ b.L$.W$p. _p ‚ep°N `yfyjp\Æ _° L$gpk|T_° ‚[p`° ”Z Qpf
]$iL$pdp¨ [p° S>bfy¨ NSy>¨ L$pY$[y¨ \B Ney¨. B.k. 1930 - B.k. 1950 _p b°]$iL$pdp¨ [p° S>bfy¨ NSy>¨ L$pY$[y¨ \B Ney¨. B.k. 1930 - B.k. 1950 _p b°]$iL$pdp¨ [p° S>bfy¨ NSy>¨ L$pY$[y¨ \B Ney¨. B.k. 1930 - B.k. 1950 _p b°]$iL$pdp¨ [p° S>bfy¨ NSy>¨ L$pY$[y¨ \B Ney¨. B.k. 1930 - B.k. 1950 _p b°]$iL$pdp¨ [p° S>bfy¨ NSy>¨ L$pY$[y¨ \B Ney¨. B.k. 1930 - B.k. 1950 _p b°
]$peL$p kp∑_°V$rhL$pk_p Br[lpkdp¨ kcfkd©qŸ_p NZu iL$pe. kp∑_°V$]$peL$p kp∑_°V$rhL$pk_p Br[lpkdp¨ kcfkd©qŸ_p NZu iL$pe. kp∑_°V$]$peL$p kp∑_°V$rhL$pk_p Br[lpkdp¨ kcfkd©qŸ_p NZu iL$pe. kp∑_°V$]$peL$p kp∑_°V$rhL$pk_p Br[lpkdp¨ kcfkd©qŸ_p NZu iL$pe. kp∑_°V$]$peL$p kp∑_°V$rhL$pk_p Br[lpkdp¨ kcfkd©qŸ_p NZu iL$pe. kp∑_°V$
D]$πch_p Apf¨rcL$ [bL$L°$ W$pL$p°f° fQ_p‚ep°N_u blzrh^ k¨cph_pAp°_p°D]$πch_p Apf¨rcL$ [bL$L°$ W$pL$p°f° fQ_p‚ep°N_u blzrh^ k¨cph_pAp°_p°D]$πch_p Apf¨rcL$ [bL$L°$ W$pL$p°f° fQ_p‚ep°N_u blzrh^ k¨cph_pAp°_p°D]$πch_p Apf¨rcL$ [bL$L°$ W$pL$p°f° fQ_p‚ep°N_u blzrh^ k¨cph_pAp°_p°D]$πch_p Apf¨rcL$ [bL$L°$ W$pL$p°f° fQ_p‚ep°N_u blzrh^ k¨cph_pAp°_p°
S>° k¨L°$[ Ap‡ep° A° r]$ipdp¨ Ap Npmp_p L$rhAp° KX°$ ky^u Nr[ L$f[p¨ ]°$MpeS>° k¨L°$[ Ap‡ep° A° r]$ipdp¨ Ap Npmp_p L$rhAp° KX°$ ky^u Nr[ L$f[p¨ ]°$MpeS>° k¨L°$[ Ap‡ep° A° r]$ipdp¨ Ap Npmp_p L$rhAp° KX°$ ky^u Nr[ L$f[p¨ ]°$MpeS>° k¨L°$[ Ap‡ep° A° r]$ipdp¨ Ap Npmp_p L$rhAp° KX°$ ky^u Nr[ L$f[p¨ ]°$MpeS>° k¨L°$[ Ap‡ep° A° r]$ipdp¨ Ap Npmp_p L$rhAp° KX°$ ky^u Nr[ L$f[p¨ ]°$Mpe
R>°. kp∑_°V$kS>Æ__p Ap bu≈ [bL$L$pdp¨ A°hp¨ [p° Op°X$p`|f ApÏep¨ L°$ B[fR>°. kp∑_°V$kS>Æ__p Ap bu≈ [bL$L$pdp¨ A°hp¨ [p° Op°X$p`|f ApÏep¨ L°$ B[fR>°. kp∑_°V$kS>Æ__p Ap bu≈ [bL$L$pdp¨ A°hp¨ [p° Op°X$p`|f ApÏep¨ L°$ B[fR>°. kp∑_°V$kS>Æ__p Ap bu≈ [bL$L$pdp¨ A°hp¨ [p° Op°X$p`|f ApÏep¨ L°$ B[fR>°. kp∑_°V$kS>Æ__p Ap bu≈ [bL$L$pdp¨ A°hp¨ [p° Op°X$p`|f ApÏep¨ L°$ B[f
L$pÏe`∞L$pfp° Okdk[p kp∑_°V$h°Ndp¨ ≈Z° rhgpB Nep¨ ! \p°X$pL$ L$rhAp°_uL$pÏe`∞L$pfp° Okdk[p kp∑_°V$h°Ndp¨ ≈Z° rhgpB Nep¨ ! \p°X$pL$ L$rhAp°_uL$pÏe`∞L$pfp° Okdk[p kp∑_°V$h°Ndp¨ ≈Z° rhgpB Nep¨ ! \p°X$pL$ L$rhAp°_uL$pÏe`∞L$pfp° Okdk[p kp∑_°V$h°Ndp¨ ≈Z° rhgpB Nep¨ ! \p°X$pL$ L$rhAp°_uL$pÏe`∞L$pfp° Okdk[p kp∑_°V$h°Ndp¨ ≈Z° rhgpB Nep¨ ! \p°X$pL$ L$rhAp°_u
L°$V$guL$ bgh[u fQ_pAp° bp]$ L$f[p¨ kp∑_°V$ kS>Æ__u Ap rh`yg[p L$gpNyZ°L°$V$guL$ bgh[u fQ_pAp° bp]$ L$f[p¨ kp∑_°V$ kS>Æ__u Ap rh`yg[p L$gpNyZ°L°$V$guL$ bgh[u fQ_pAp° bp]$ L$f[p¨ kp∑_°V$ kS>Æ__u Ap rh`yg[p L$gpNyZ°L°$V$guL$ bgh[u fQ_pAp° bp]$ L$f[p¨ kp∑_°V$ kS>Æ__u Ap rh`yg[p L$gpNyZ°L°$V$guL$ bgh[u fQ_pAp° bp]$ L$f[p¨ kp∑_°V$ kS>Æ__u Ap rh`yg[p L$gpNyZ°
E[f[u `Z b_u. eyN‚Òp°_° hpQp Ap`hp_p Apie\u L°$ Qp°V$pX° $gpE[f[u `Z b_u. eyN‚Òp°_° hpQp Ap`hp_p Apie\u L°$ Qp°V$pX° $gpE[f[u `Z b_u. eyN‚Òp°_° hpQp Ap`hp_p Apie\u L°$ Qp°V$pX° $gpE[f[u `Z b_u. eyN‚Òp°_° hpQp Ap`hp_p Apie\u L°$ Qp°V$pX° $gpE[f[u `Z b_u. eyN‚Òp°_° hpQp Ap`hp_p Apie\u L°$ Qp°V$pX° $gp
tQ[_bp°^\u [pZu[|ku_° Qp•]$ `¨qL$[ M¢Qhp_u d\pdZ\u _° rhi°j [p°tQ[_bp°^\u [pZu[|ku_° Qp•]$ `¨qL$[ M¢Qhp_u d\pdZ\u _° rhi°j [p°tQ[_bp°^\u [pZu[|ku_° Qp•]$ `¨qL$[ M¢Qhp_u d\pdZ\u _° rhi°j [p°tQ[_bp°^\u [pZu[|ku_° Qp•]$ `¨qL$[ M¢Qhp_u d\pdZ\u _° rhi°j [p°tQ[_bp°^\u [pZu[|ku_° Qp•]$ `¨qL$[ M¢Qhp_u d\pdZ\u _° rhi°j [p°
rhQpf - ErdÆ_p fkpeZk¨ep °S>__p Acph° Np ¨^ueyN_u kp ¨søeL$urhQpf - ErdÆ_p fkpeZk¨ep °S>__p Acph° Np ¨^ueyN_u kp ¨søeL$urhQpf - ErdÆ_p fkpeZk¨ep °S>__p Acph° Np ¨^ueyN_u kp ¨søeL$urhQpf - ErdÆ_p fkpeZk¨ep °S>__p Acph° Np ¨^ueyN_u kp ¨søeL$urhQpf - ErdÆ_p fkpeZk¨ep °S>__p Acph° Np ¨^ueyN_u kp ¨søeL$u
kp∑_°V$rh`yg[p A_yL$pgu_ L$rhAp°dp¨ kp∑_°V$_u `∞L$pfN[ nd[p A¨N°kp∑_°V$rh`yg[p A_yL$pgu_ L$rhAp°dp¨ kp∑_°V$_u `∞L$pfN[ nd[p A¨N°kp∑_°V$rh`yg[p A_yL$pgu_ L$rhAp°dp¨ kp∑_°V$_u `∞L$pfN[ nd[p A¨N°kp∑_°V$rh`yg[p A_yL$pgu_ L$rhAp°dp¨ kp∑_°V$_u `∞L$pfN[ nd[p A¨N°kp∑_°V$rh`yg[p A_yL$pgu_ L$rhAp°dp¨ kp∑_°V$_u `∞L$pfN[ nd[p A¨N°
320
D]$pku_[p ‚°f[u \B li° ? fpS>°fi÷ - r_f¨S>_pq]$ L$rhAp° kp∑_°V$_u D]$pku_[p ‚°f[u \B li° ? fpS>°fi÷ - r_f¨S>_pq]$ L$rhAp° kp∑_°V$_u D]$pku_[p ‚°f[u \B li° ? fpS>°fi÷ - r_f¨S>_pq]$ L$rhAp° kp∑_°V$_u D]$pku_[p ‚°f[u \B li° ? fpS>°fi÷ - r_f¨S>_pq]$ L$rhAp° kp∑_°V$_u D]$pku_[p ‚°f[u \B li° ? fpS>°fi÷ - r_f¨S>_pq]$ L$rhAp° kp∑_°V$_u ÍÍÍÍÍ `N[`N[`N[`N[`N[
rkqŸ_p¨ riMfp° Ap¨b° R>°, `f¨[y ApNm _°p¨¬ey¨ A°d B.k. 1960 `R>u_urkqŸ_p¨ riMfp° Ap¨b° R>°, `f¨[y ApNm _°p¨¬ey¨ A°d B.k. 1960 `R>u_urkqŸ_p¨ riMfp° Ap¨b° R>°, `f¨[y ApNm _°p¨¬ey¨ A°d B.k. 1960 `R>u_urkqŸ_p¨ riMfp° Ap¨b° R>°, `f¨[y ApNm _°p¨¬ey¨ A°d B.k. 1960 `R>u_urkqŸ_p¨ riMfp° Ap¨b° R>°, `f¨[y ApNm _°p¨¬ey¨ A°d B.k. 1960 `R>u_u
L$rh `°Y$u kp∑_°V$ kS>Æ__u bpb[dp¨ D–kplu _\u. A° sı\r[dp¨ ANpD_°L$rh `°Y$u kp∑_°V$ kS>Æ__u bpb[dp¨ D–kplu _\u. A° sı\r[dp¨ ANpD_°L$rh `°Y$u kp∑_°V$ kS>Æ__u bpb[dp¨ D–kplu _\u. A° sı\r[dp¨ ANpD_°L$rh `°Y$u kp∑_°V$ kS>Æ__u bpb[dp¨ D–kplu _\u. A° sı\r[dp¨ ANpD_°L$rh `°Y$u kp∑_°V$ kS>Æ__u bpb[dp¨ D–kplu _\u. A° sı\r[dp¨ ANpD_°
dyL$pbg° ApS>L$pg kp∑_°V$ kS>Æ_dp¨ k¨øep_u ◊qÛV$A° Ap°R>` hf[pe R>°,dyL$pbg° ApS>L$pg kp∑_°V$ kS>Æ_dp¨ k¨øep_u ◊qÛV$A° Ap°R>` hf[pe R>°,dyL$pbg° ApS>L$pg kp∑_°V$ kS>Æ_dp¨ k¨øep_u ◊qÛV$A° Ap°R>` hf[pe R>°,dyL$pbg° ApS>L$pg kp∑_°V$ kS>Æ_dp¨ k¨øep_u ◊qÛV$A° Ap°R>` hf[pe R>°,dyL$pbg° ApS>L$pg kp∑_°V$ kS>Æ_dp¨ k¨øep_u ◊qÛV$A° Ap°R>` hf[pe R>°,
`f¨[y Ap^yr_L$p°_° lp\° Sepf° kp∑_°V$_y¨ kS>Æ_ iL$e[p `pÁey¨ R>° –ep¨ A°_u`f¨[y Ap^yr_L$p°_° lp\° Sepf° kp∑_°V$_y¨ kS>Æ_ iL$e[p `pÁey¨ R>° –ep¨ A°_u`f¨[y Ap^yr_L$p°_° lp\° Sepf° kp∑_°V$_y¨ kS>Æ_ iL$e[p `pÁey¨ R>° –ep¨ A°_u`f¨[y Ap^yr_L$p°_° lp\° Sepf° kp∑_°V$_y¨ kS>Æ_ iL$e[p `pÁey¨ R>° –ep¨ A°_u`f¨[y Ap^yr_L$p°_° lp\° Sepf° kp∑_°V$_y¨ kS>Æ_ iL$e[p `pÁey¨ R>° –ep¨ A°_u
`∞L$pfN[ Ny¨≈i_u ‚[ur[ l∆A° Ap`[y¨ fl° R>°. fpdQ¨÷ `V°$g "kyqæ$[',`∞L$pfN[ Ny¨≈i_u ‚[ur[ l∆A° Ap`[y¨ fl° R>°. fpdQ¨÷ `V°$g "kyqæ$[',`∞L$pfN[ Ny¨≈i_u ‚[ur[ l∆A° Ap`[y¨ fl° R>°. fpdQ¨÷ `V°$g "kyqæ$[',`∞L$pfN[ Ny¨≈i_u ‚[ur[ l∆A° Ap`[y¨ fl° R>°. fpdQ¨÷ `V°$g "kyqæ$[',`∞L$pfN[ Ny¨≈i_u ‚[ur[ l∆A° Ap`[y¨ fl° R>°. fpdQ¨÷ `V°$g "kyqæ$[',
cp_y‚kp]$ `¨X$ep, rh_p°i ≈°iu, dl°i ≈°iu, fd°i `pf°M, ^ufy `fuM_ucp_y‚kp]$ `¨X$ep, rh_p°i ≈°iu, dl°i ≈°iu, fd°i `pf°M, ^ufy `fuM_ucp_y‚kp]$ `¨X$ep, rh_p°i ≈°iu, dl°i ≈°iu, fd°i `pf°M, ^ufy `fuM_ucp_y‚kp]$ `¨X$ep, rh_p°i ≈°iu, dl°i ≈°iu, fd°i `pf°M, ^ufy `fuM_ucp_y‚kp]$ `¨X$ep, rh_p°i ≈°iu, dl°i ≈°iu, fd°i `pf°M, ^ufy `fuM_u
kqæ$e kS>ÆL$[p kp∑_°V$ `∞L$pf_u ‚ı[y[[p_u Nhplu `|f° R>°.'kqæ$e kS>ÆL$[p kp∑_°V$ `∞L$pf_u ‚ı[y[[p_u Nhplu `|f° R>°.'kqæ$e kS>ÆL$[p kp∑_°V$ `∞L$pf_u ‚ı[y[[p_u Nhplu `|f° R>°.'kqæ$e kS>ÆL$[p kp∑_°V$ `∞L$pf_u ‚ı[y[[p_u Nhplu `|f° R>°.'kqæ$e kS>ÆL$[p kp∑_°V$ `∞L$pf_u ‚ı[y[[p_u Nhplu `|f° R>°.'72
Apfp°l - Ahfp°l S>°hp¨ kp∑_°V$_p¨ Apfp°l - Ahfp°leyL$[ rhL$pk_p
Apg°M_° Ahgp°L$[p¨ kp∑_°V$_° kde° -kde° ‚r[cpipmu kS>ÆL$p° d˛ep R>°. Nr[
A_° Ahfp°^p° h√Q° A_°L$ hmp¨L$p° `pf L$fu kp∑_°V$ ApS>° i[pÂ]$u `pf L$fu Q|L$ey¨
R>° A_° [°Z° A_°L$ iLe[p ‚dpZu R>°, A° S> [p° A°_u D`p]°$e[p_y¨ kyrhq]$[
`qfZpd R>°. kp∑_°V$_° lh° - "NyS>fp[u kp∑_°V$' L$lu iL$pe R>°. Ap^yr_L$p°_u L$gd°
Ah[f[y¨ fl° R>°. kpdreL$p°_p `©ÛW$p° D`f ‚L$pri[ \[y¨ fl° R>°, A° Ap_¨]$ A_°
Np•fh kdu bpb[ R>°.
321
‚L$fZ - 5
`p]$V$u` _°p¨
1. lrk[ b|Q : "Afihe', ‚L$pi_ hjÆ B.k. 1969
‚L$piL$, - NyS>Æf N∞¨\f–_ L$pepÆge, `©. 175.
2. gpci¨L$f `|fp°rl[ : "apbÆk NyS>fp[u kcp' ”•dprkL$,
"NyS>fp[udp¨ kp∑_°V$_u i[pÂ]$u', A¨L$-1,
≈fiey. dpQÆ - 1991, `yı[L$ - 56, `©. 66.
3. X$pµ. S>e¨[ `pW$L$ : "Ap^yr_L$ L$rh[p ‚hpl' Ap.f∆. B.k.
1965, ‚L$piL$ ^u `p°‡eygf `sÂgtiN
lpDk. `©. 80
4. b. L$. W$pL$p°f : cZL$pf ([©[ue Ny√R> - qV$‡`Z _°p¨^)
Ap B. k. 1942, ‚L$piL$ A°_.A°d. q”`pW$u
L¨$`_u, `©. 30
5. b. L$. X$pL$p°f : cZL$pf (Ny√R> Qp°\p_y ¨ r_h°]$_) B.k.
1951, ‚L$piL$ r^. bu. k°l_u `©. 195
6. X$pµ. ljÆ]$ q”h°]$u : ‚p°. bgh¨[fpe_u L$rh[p, ‚.Ap. B.k.
1982, ‚L$piL$, NyS>fp[u rhcpN d.k.
rhrh¤pge, `©. 24.
7. b. L$. W$pL$p°f : L$rh[p rinZ Apa f∆., B.k. 1976,
‚L$piL$ h[u d°kkÆ A°_. A°d. q”`pW$u
rgrdV°$X$, `©. 44
32
8. r_f¨S>_ cN[ : NyS>fp[u kprl–e_p° Br[lpk N∞\ - 3, ‚.Ap.
B.k. 1978, ‚L$piL$, Ny.kp. `qfj]$, `©.
515
9. Ddpi¨L$f ≈°iu : Álpfp ¨ kp∑_°V$, bu∆ Ap. _h°. 1953,
‚L$piL$, A°_.A°d. q”`pW$u rgrdV°$X$, `©. 15
10. Ddpi¨L$f ≈°iu : Álpfp¨ kp∑_°V$, bu∆ Ap., _h°. 1953,
‚L$piL$, A°_.A°d. q”`pW$u rgrdV°$X$, `©. 14
11. X$pµ. ljÆ]$ q”h°]$u : ‚p°. bgh¨[fpe_u L$rh[p. ‚.Ap., B.k.
1982, ‚L$piL$, NyS>fp[u rhcpN d.k.
rhrh¤pge, `©. 216-217
12. ‚huZ lf∆ : QhÆZp, ‚.Ap., S|>_ 1976, ‚L$piL$,
byV$pgp ‚L$pi_, `©. 47
13. S>e¨[ L$p°W$pfu : A_yæ$d ‚.Ap. B.k. 1975, ‚L$piL$, S>e¨[
L$p°W$pfu, `©. 57
14. Q¨÷i¨L$f cÀ$ : ‚p°. b.L$.W$p. A¬ee_ N∞¨\, ‚.Ap. B.k.
1969 ‚L$piL$, NyS>fp[u rhcpN d.k. rh
rh¤pge, `©. 150
15. Ddpi¨L$f ≈°iu : N¨Np°”u, (r_h°]$_ - "\p°Xy¨$L$ A¨N[') Ap.
[°fdu B.k. 1993 ‚L$piL$, NyS>Æf N∞¨\f–_
L$pepÆge, `©. 8
16. Ddpi¨L$f ≈°iu : L$rh_p° iÂ]$, ‚.Ap. B.k. 1968, ‚L$piL$,
: kp°d•ep `sÂgL°$ifik ‚pBh°V$ rgrdV°$X$, `©.
237
17. fOyhuf Qp•^fu : A¤[_ L$rh[p, ‚.Ap. B.k. 1976,
‚L$piL$ : Apf. Apf. i°W$_u L¨$`_u, `©. 18
323
18. S>e¨[ `pW$L$ : qL$dr`÷Ïedπ, ‚.Ap. B.k. 1987, ‚L$piL$,
Óud[u _p\ubpB ]$pdp°]$f W$pL$fiu drlgp
rh¤p`uW$, `©. 249
19. r_f¨S>_ cN[ : e¨”rhop_ A_. d¨”L$rh[p, ‚.Ap. B.k.
1975, ‚L$piL$ : hp°fp A°fiX$ L¨$`_u, `©.
178-179
20. Ddpi¨L$f ≈°iu : r_iu\ (rhhfZ) Ap. bu∆ B.k. 1947,
‚L$piL$ : ∆h_ kprl–e d¨q]$f, `©. 204
21. S>e¨[ `pW$L$ : eyN÷ÛV$p Ddpi¨L$f, ‚.Ap. ≈fiey. 1995,
‚L$piL$ : Ny.kp. `qfj]$, `©. 31-32
22. Q¨÷i¨L$f cÀ$ : Ap`Zp¨ kp∑_°V$, ‚.Ap._h°. 1971, ‚L$piL$
: hp°fp A°fiX$ L¨$`_u, `©. 50
23. bQycpB fph[ : fpS> °fi÷ipl_p L$pÏep°, k¨`p. ^ufy `fuM
(qV$‡`Z) ‚.Ap. qX$k°. 1988, ‚L$piL$
Ap]$iÆ ‚L$pi_, `©. 89
24. b. L$. W$pL$p°f : ›hr_ (`qfriÛV$ - f), ‚.Ap. B.k. 1951,
‚L$piL$ : fpS>°fi÷ ipl A°_. A°d. q”`pW$u,
`©. 178
25. fOyhuf Qp•^fu : A¤[_ L$rh[p, ‚. Ap. Sy>gpB : 1976,
‚L$piL$ : Apf. Apf. i°W$_u L¨$`_u, `©. 31
26. ]$np Ïepk : fpS>°fi÷ ipl (kprl–eL$pf Ó°Zu), ‚.Ap.a°b∞y.
1984, ‚L$piL$ : Ap]$iÆ ‚L$pi_, `©. 29
27. r_f¨S>_ cN[ : ¬hr_ (`qfriÛV$-2) ‚.Ap. 1951, ‚L$piL$
: fpS>°fi÷ ipl A°_. A°d. q”`pW$u, ‚p. rg.
`©. 184
324
28. fpS>°fi÷ ipl : L$rhgp°L$ : ≈fiey. a°b∞y. 1991, km¨N A¨L$
199, q‹S> A¨L$ 127, ©. 6-11 "Álpfp¨ cph
L$pÏep°dp¨ kS>Æ_ ‚qæ$ep'
29. ljÆ]$ q”h°]$u : L$rhgp°L$ : _h°. qX$k°. 1991, km¨N A¨L$ -
204, q‹S> A¨L$ 132, `©. 4-5 ("fpS>°fi÷
ipl_p kp∑_°V$')
30. `¨qX$[ rhÛœ_pfpeZ : D—f rlfi]y$ı\p_u k¨Nu[_u k¨qn‡[
cp[M¨X°$ A•r[lprkL$ kdpgp°Q_p, A_yhp]$ : ky¨]$fgpg
lu. Np¨^u ‚L$piL$ : NyS>fp[ kprl–e kcp,
‚.Ap. qX$k°. 1935, `©. 62.
31. fpS>°fi÷ ipl : ip¨[ L$p°gplg (k¨]$cÆ), ‚. Ap. Ap°L$V$p°.
1962, ‚L$piL$ fpS> °fi÷ ipl, rgr`_u
r‚fiV$fu, `©. 127 `R>u\u.
32. fpS>°fi÷ ipl : ip¨[ L$p°gplg (k¨]$cÆ), ‚. Ap. Ap°L$V$p°.
1962, ‚L$piL$ fpS> °fi÷ ipl, rgr`_u
r‚fiV$fu, `©. 127 `R>u\u.
33. fpS>°fi÷ ipl : ip¨[ L$p°gplg (k¨]$cÆ), ‚. Ap. Ap°L$V$p°.
1962, ‚L$piL$ fpS> °fi÷ ipl, rgr`_u
r‚fiV$fu, `©. 127 `R>u\u.
34. fpS>°fi÷ ipl : ip¨[ L$p°gplg (k¨]$cÆ), ‚. Ap. Ap°L$V$p°.
1962, ‚L$piL$ fpS> °fi÷ ipl, rgr`_u
r‚fiV$fu, `©. 127 `R>u\u.
35. fpS>°fi÷ ipl : ip¨[ L$p°gplg (k¨]$cÆ), ‚. Ap. Ap°L$V$p°.
1962, ‚L$piL$ fpS> °fi÷ ipl, rgr`_u
r‚fiV$fu, `©. 127 `R>u\u.
325
36. cp°mpcpB `V°$g : "A^y_p' Ap. B.k. 1973, `©. 53
37. X$pµ. rh_p°]$ ≈°iu : "kp∑_°V$' ‚. Ap. B.k. 1984, Q¨÷dp•rg
‚L$pi_, `©. 70-71
38. kyf°i ]$gpg : "L$pÏe rh°i°j', ‚.Ap. B.k. 1991, ‚L$piL$
: Óud[u _p\ubpB ]$pdp°]$f W$pL$fiu drlgp
rh¤p`uW$, `©. 19
39. fpS>°fi÷ ipl : "›hr_'
40. Qfi÷i¨L$f cÀ$ : "Ap`Zp¨ kp∑_°V$' ”u∆ Ap. B.k. 1990,
Ap]$iÆ ‚L$pi_, `©. 79-80.
41. kyf°i ]$gpg : hNX$p_p° pk (S>e¨[ pW$L$_p L$pÏep°_p° k¨Qe
‚ı[ph_p) ‚. Ap. B.k. 1978, ‚L$piL$ :
_hcpf[ kprl–e d¨q]$f, `©. 4.
42. X$pµ. drZgpg l. `V°$g : krfi_^p_ - 4 (k¨`p. `pfyg fpW$p°X$, cf[
kp°g¨L$u, Ard[ Qp•^fu, AS>e fphg)
"Di_kπ_u L$rh[p : ‚°dph°N A_° ‚r[fpN_u
L$rh[p' ‚. Ap., qX$k°. 1993, ‚L$p.
krfi_^p_ : kprl–e A›ee_, A›ep`_
L°$fi÷, `©. 46
43. X$pµ. fdZ kp°_u : Di_kπ : kS>ÆL$ A_° rhh°QL$, ‚.Ap. dpQÆ
1984 ‚L$p. fdZ kp°_u, `©. 31.
44. Di_kπ : `fb ("dpfu L$rh[p_u Nr[rhr^') ≈fiey.
1992, hjÆ : 33; A¨L$-1, ‚L$pi_ : Ny.kp.
`qfj]$, `©. 10
45. X$pµ. fdZ kp°_u : Di_kπ : kS>ÆL$ A_° rhh°QL$, ‚.Ap. dpQÆ
1984, ‚L$p. fdZ kp°_u, `©. 58.
326
46. fOyhuf Qp• fu : A¤[_ L$rh[p, ‚.Ap., Sy>gpB 1976, ‚L$p.
Apf. Apf. i°W$_u L¨$`_u, `©. 59
47. fOyhuf Qp• fu : A¤[_ L$rh[p, ‚.Ap., Sy>gpB 1976, ‚L$p.
Apf. Apf. i°W$_u L¨$`_u, `©. 61
48. S>e¨[ `pW$L$ : L$pÏegp°L$ ‚.Ap., dpQÆ 1973, ‚L$p. kyf°i
`yı[L$pge `©. 26
49. X$pµ. dZugpg l. `V°$g : ‚r[cp A_° ‚r[cph, k¨`p: Ddpi¨L$f ≈°iu
"AfŒe fp°dp¨Q_y iÂ]$p¨L$_', ‚. Ap. Ap°NıV$
1981, ‚L$p. N¨Np°”u V≤$ıV$ : `©. 2
50. fp^°Ìepd idpÆ : hpQ_p; ‚.Ap., qX$k°. 1972, ‚L$p. Í`pgu
‚L$pi_, `©. 126-127
51. fOyhuf Qp• fu : A¤[_ L$rh[p, ‚.Ap., Sy>gpB 1976, ‚L$p.
Apf.Apf. i°W$_u L¨$`_u : `©. 65-66
52. Q¨÷L$p¨[ V$p°`uhpgp : A`qfrQ[, A; A`qfrQ[, b; ‚.Ap., S|>_
- 1975, ‚L$p. ‚S>°i ‚L$pi_, `©. 17
53. fOyhuf Qp•^fu : ı`¨]$ A_° R>¨]$ (ApdyM) ; ‚.Ap., k‡V°$.
1968 "ı\mdp¨\u kdedp¨' ‚L$p. kprl–e
k¨Nd; `©. 3
54. fp^°Ìepd idpÆ : hpQ_p; ‚.Ap, qX$k°. 1972, ‚L$p. Í`pgu
‚L$pi_, `©. 129
55. X$pµ. fdZ kp°_u : Di_kπ : kS>ÆL$ A_° rhh°QL$, ‚.Ap. dpQÆ
1984, ‚L$p. fdZ kp°_u, `©. 72-73
56. X$pµ. fdZ kp°_u : Di_kπ : kS>ÆL$ A_° rhh°QL$, ‚.Ap. dpQÆ
1984, ‚L$p. fdZ kp°_u, `©. 129
327
57. Q¨÷L$p¨[ V$p°`uhpgp : `fb (`qfL$Î` dpN[y¨ ıa}fZ), A¨L$ : 1, hjÆ
: 36, ≈fiey. 1995; `©. 31
58. eih¨[ iyL$g : `©’huNr[_p° R> ¨]$p °ge ("Ahkp]$ S>fie
Apip_y¨L$pÏe') ‚.Ap. B.k. 1993, ‚L$p.
1993, ‚L$p. NyS>fp[ rh¤pkcp; `©. 6
59. Q¨÷L$p¨[ V$p°`uhpgp : `fb (`qfL$Î` dpN[y¨ ıa}fZ) A¨L$ : 1, hjÆ
: 36, ≈fiey. 1995; `©. 31-34
60. Di_kπ : `©’huNr[_p° R> ¨]$p °ge (Apcpf ]$iÆ_)
‚.Ap., B.k. 1993, ‚L$p. NyS>fp[
rh¤pkcp; A¨r[d `©ÛW$.
61. ‚huZ lf∆ : ‚–en ("Apfp°l-Ahfp°l dp¨ A`°np_y¨ rh
L$ep¨ ?') hjÆ : 1; A¨L$ : 3; Sy>gpB - k‡V°$Ábf
1991, `©. 5
62. ^uÍ `fuM : [p◊’eÆ ("hpZu-rhQpf_y¨ L$gpıhÍ`') hjÆ :
3, A¨L$ : 6, ≈fiey. 1989; `©. 18-19
63. Di_kπ : Apfp°l - Ahfp°l (`p¨X y $_u ‚°[p°qL$[ -
c|rdL$pÍ` g°M) ‚.Ap., B.k. 1989; ‚L$p.
`|gkp ‚L$pi_ ; `©. 48
64. ^uÍ `fuM : "hpZu-rhQpf_y ¨ L$gpıhÍ `' - Apfp°l-
Ahfp°l, ‚ı[ph_p g°M; ‚.Ap., B.k.
1989; ‚L$p. `|gkp ‚L$pi_, `©. 22
65. ky¨]$fdπ : AhpÆQu_ L$rh[p, Ap. ”u∆ B.k. 1965 ;
‚L$piL$, NyS>fp[ rh¤pkcp, `©. 227
328
66. Q¨÷h]$_ Qu. dl°[p : BgpL$pÏep° "f[_' A_° bu≈ b^p¨, Ap. ”u∆
B.k. 1952; ‚L$p. cpf[u kprl–e k¨O
rgrdV°$X$ ; `©. 65
67. ky¨]$fdπ : AhpÆQu_ L$rh[p, Ap. ”u∆ B.k. 1965 ;
‚L$piL$ NyS>fp[ rh¤pkcp, `©. 467
68. rh_p\ cÀ$ : NyS>fp[u kprl–ekcp L$peÆhplu B.k.
1933-34, ‚L$piL$, NyS>fp[ kprl–e
kcp, `©. 13
69. rQ_y dp°]$u : Q¨.Qu. dl°[p (N∞ ¨\L$pf Ó°Zu) k¨`p.
fdZgpg ≈°iu, ‚.Ap., Ap°L$V$p°. 1981;
‚L$p. Ly$dLy$d ‚L$pi_ : `©. 45-46
70. fpd‚kp]$ iyL$g : rbfi]y$ (L$rh_u _°p¨ ) ; ‚.Ap., B.k. 1943;
`∞L$p. A°d. A°d. q”`pW$u rgrdV°$X$ ; `©. 37
71. A_¨[fpe fphm : kdpgp°Q_p; ‚.Ap., k‡V°$. 1966; ‚L$p.
Apf.Apf. i°W$_u L¨$`_u; `©. 21
72. gpci¨L$f `yfp°rl[ : "NyS>fp[udp¨ kp∑_°V$_u i[pÂ]$u'; NyS>fp[u
kcp ”•dprkL$, ≈fiey.-dpQÆ 1991, `yı[L$
: 56, A¨L$ : 1, `©. 71
329
‚L$fZ : 6
D`k¨lpf
‚L$fZ : 6
D`k¨lpf
BV$pgudp¨ B.k. _u [°fdu k]$udp¨ S>fid°gp kp∑_°V$ ıhÍ`_° kd\Æ kS>ÆL$p°A°
Ap¨[fbp¸ iL$e [°V$gu fur[ A_° fu[° ‚dpZu_° rhi°jpÏey¨ R>°. Ap kp∑_°V$ ıhÍ`
A_°L$ ]°$ip°_p° ‚hpk L$fu_° NyS>fp[u kprl–e_p Ap¨NZ° [p° R>°L$ B.k. 1888
dp¨ ApÏey¨. A° Npmp_p NyS>fp[u kS>ÆL$p°A° A¨N∞°∆ cpjp_p¨ AÊepk A_° Akf
[\p r_∆ ‚r[cp_p bm° Ap ıhÍ `_° bfpbf Ap–dkp[π L$eyØ A_° `R>u
NyS>fp[udp¨ A° ‚L$pf_u fQ_pAp° ‹pfp kp∑_°V$ dpV°$_u L°$X$u L¨$X$pfu Ap`u. ‚pf¨c\u
S> b. L$. W$pL$p°f S>°hp kd\Æ kS>ÆL$L$rh_y¨ QpgL$bm kp∑_°V$_° ‚p‡[ \ey¨. A° `R>u
”uiu_p kS>ÆL$p°_p lp\° kp∑_°V$ bfpbf `gp°V$pey¨ A_° Ap ıhÍ` L$rh[pfQ_p
dpV°$_p° A°L$ fpS>dpNÆ b_u f¸y¨. NyS>fp[u L$qh Ap Npmpdp¨ kp∑_°V$ [fa ArcdyM
bfiep° A_° k¨h°]$__u ‚NpY$ A_yc|r[ kp∑_°V$dpmp L°$ kp∑_°V$Ny√R> ky^u [°_° gB
NB. NyS>fp[u L$rh[pdp¨ Q¨÷h]$_ Qu. dl°[p ‹pfp Aphp° ‚\d ‚epk \ep° S>°_p
`qfZpdÍ` "edg' A_° A° `R>u b. L$. W$pL$p°f ‹pfp kyM]y$:M kp∑_°V$dpmp dpV°$
A° dpN£ Ddpi¨L$f ≈°iu ‹pfp "Ap–dp_p M¨X°$f' A_° ky¨]$fdπ ‹pfp "A°L$ qL$Îgp_°
[p°X$u `X$p[p° ≈°B_°' S>°hu L$gp–dL$, ky¨]$f, tQ[_gnu kp∑_°V$dpmpAp° ‚p‡[
\B. fpd‚kp]$ iyL$g_u "rh_pi A_° rhL$pk', ]y$N£i iyL$g_u "A_l]$_p°
ep”u', Np°th]$ l. `V°$g_u "Ap–dp_u L$gp' S>°hu L©$r[dp¨ k¨h°]$__u ‚NpY$[p
A_° kp∑_°V$_u k¨øepA° gˇe M°√ey¨. h√Q° TuZpcpB ]°$kpB ‹pfp "`_OV$',
L©$ÛZgpg ÓuOfpZu ‹pfp "dp°l_ Ngp¨' S>°hp¨ kp∑_°V$Ny√R> d˛ep¨. fpS>°fi÷ipl_u
kd\Æ L$gd ‹pfp "ApeyÛe_p Ahi°j°', "h_M¨X$_' S>°hu rQf¨∆hu L©$r[Ap° Ap
ıhÍ`dp¨ ‚p‡[ \B, S>°dp¨ "ApeyÛe_p Ahi°j°' kp∑_°V$dpmp dpV$°_u A°L$ Ap]$iÆ
kp∑_°V$dpmp [fuL°$ øep[ \B, S>°Z° A¤pr` [°_p Ahg ı\p__° ≈mhu fpøey¨
R>°. Alv kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ Ap°R>pdp¨ Ap°R>p `p¨Q kp∑_°V$ lp°hp¨ ≈°BA° [°hp° øepg ◊Y$
\ep°. ApNm S>[p¨ Di_kπ_p ‚NpY$ k¨h°]$_ ‹pfp kp∑_°V$dpmpAp° A_°
330
kp∑_°V$Ny√R>p°_p° ≈°f]$pf apg NyS>fp[udp¨ E[e°pÆ. –epfbp]$ NŒep Np¨W$ep¨ L$rhAp°
‹pfp kp∑_°V$Ny√R>p° d˛ep¨ R>° `Z, kp∑_°V$dpmp dmu _\u.
kp¨‚[ kdedp¨ kp∑_°V$ S>°hp ıhÍ`dp¨ M°X$pZ L$f[u L$gdp°_u AR>[ R>°.
Ap sı\r[dp¨ kp∑_°V$Ny√R> L°$ kp∑_°V$dpmp_u A`°np L°$V$gu fpMhu ? Ap^yr_L$
L$rh lh° `¤_p¨ _hp¨ ıhÍ`p° [fa Y$˛ep° R>°. L$rh_p° ≈Z° R>¨]$ kp\°_p° _p[p° ^uf° -
^uf° Ap°R>p° \[p° lp°e [°hy¨ gpN° R>°, S>° kp∑_°V$ kS>Æ__p OV$[p S>[p¨ ‚hpl_y¨ A°L$
L$pfZ f¸y¨ R>°. kp\° kp\° kp∑_°V$dp¨ lh° L$p°B _hp ‚ep°N dpV°$_u iL$e[pAp° _lv
]°$Mp[p, kS>ÆL$ _hp ıhÍ` ‚–e° AqcdyM \ep° lp°e A°hy¨ `Z b_°. R>[p¨ `Z
Di_kπ, fpS>°fi÷ ipl ‹pfp kp∑_°V$ [°dS> kp∑_°V$dpmpAp° dm[u flu R>°. ep°k°a
d°L$hp_, rQ_y dp°]$u, cNh[uLy$dpf idpÆ, fd°i `pf°M, drZgpg l. `V°$g,
fpdQ¨÷ `V°$g, dp^h fpdp_yS>, cp_y‚kp]$ `¨X$ep, S>e¨[ `pW$L$, gpg∆
L$p_`qfep, [_kyM Ap°Tp S>°hp kp∑_°V$ kS>ÆL$p° `pk°\u crhÛedp¨ kp∑_°V$dpmp
`Z dm° [°hu A`°np S>Íf fpMu iL$pe.
NyS>fp[u kprl–e_u kp∑_°V$ kd©qŸdp¨\u dpf° ≈° _d|_p_u L© $r[
[pfhhp_u lp°e [p° [° ”Z kp∑_°V$dpmpAp°. S>°dp¨_u A°L$ fpS>°fi÷ ipl_u
"ApeyÛe_p Ahi°j°', bu∆ Ddpi¨L$f ≈°iu_u "Ap–dp_p M¨X°$f' A_° ”u∆
Di_kπ_u "A_l]$_u kfl]$°'. ‚ı[y[ kp∑_°V$dpmpAp°dp¨ rhje -h•rh¬e
_°p¨^`p” R>°. kyM ]y$:M S>°hp dp_hue k¨h°]$_, ‚L©$r[_u rhrh^ gugAp°, [°_p¨
[“hp°, F>[yAp°_u Akfp°, rS>hp[p ∆h__° `X$M° ÏeqL$[_u Acu‡kpAp°, h[_
kp\°_p NpY$ k¨h°]$_p°, L$epf°L$ _Nk¨ıL©$r[\u cpNu_° Apq]$d[p [fa S>hp_u h©r—,
‚L©$r[_u k¨hpq]$[p_p gedp¨ Ly$W$pfpOp[ S>°hp `epÆhfZ k¨b¨^u rhQpfp° A_°
‚Ze-r_Í`Zdp¨ ‚Ze_p rhrh^ cphÍ`p°, [°_p rhrh^cph `gV$pAp°, f¨Np°;
[p° fpdpeZ - dlpcpf[ - L©$ÛZgugp S>°hu øep[ hı[y_° _hp L$Î`_p_p Í`-
f¨N° f¨Nu_°; L°$ ÏeqL$[gnu k¨h°]$_p°, Br[lpkr‚e[p, k¨Nu[ S>°hp rhjep°
kp∑_°V$dpmp_p rhjep° b_u r_Í `pep R>°. kS>ÆL$p°A° cphr_Í `Z_° ep°¡e
M¨X$r_ep°S>_p A`_phu R>°. S>°dp¨ 4+4+4+2 S>°hu i°L$πsı`efipB, 8+6 S>°hu
331
`°V≤$pLÆ$ipB L°$ km¨N Qp•]$ `¨qL$[ S>°hu rdÎV$_ipB kp\° ıh[¨” ‚L$pf_p
M¨X$rhcpS>_p° `Z ≈°hp dm° R>°. ‚pk `f–h° L$rhAp° iÍAp[dp¨ b°]$fL$pf f¸p
R>°, Z A° dpV°$_u A°d_u M°h_p h^[u NB. Di_kπ_u iÍAp[_u kp∑_°V$ fQ_p
A_° R>°Îg° k≈Æe°gu kp∑_°V$fQ_pAp° [`pk[p¨ A°_p° øepg dm° R>°. R>¨]$‚ep°S>_°
ip]|Æ$g rhæ$uqX$[, `©’hu, riMqfZu, hk¨[r[gL$p, d¨]$æ$pfi[p, lqfZu S>°hp R>¨]$p°
kp\° L$epf°L$ fp°mph©—, rhep°rN_u R>¨]$ L°$ A_yÛVy$` S>°hp R>¨]$rdÓZ S>°hp ‚ep°N
`|f[p kurd[ f¸p¨ R>°, `Z L$rh_° ArcÏeqL$[ dpV°$ h^y [p° lqfZu, riMqfZu,
hk¨[r[gL$p R>¨]$ S> r‚e f¸p° R>°.
fpS>°fi÷ ipl, Di_kπ S>°hp L$rhAp°A° L©$r[dp¨ ‚ep°NÍ`° M¨X$rhcpS>_
A_° R>¨]$‚ep°S>_dp¨ A°L$f¨Nu fpMhp_p ‚iıe ‚e–_ L$epØ R>°. "ApeyÛe_p
Ahi°j', "h_M¨X$_' dp¨ i°L$πsı`efipB `Ÿr[ A_° R>¨]$ ‚ep°S>_° lqfZu R>¨]$
d|L$ep° R>°. bpmgugp 1-2 dp¨ A_° "fprNZu' dp¨ i°L$πsı`efipB_u `Ÿr[ A_°
hk¨[r[gL$p R>¨]$_p ‚ep°N \ep R>°. Di_k°π `Z "hk¨[pNd_' dp¨ rdÎL$V$_ipB
`Ÿr[_p km¨N Qp•]$ `¨qL$[_p OpV$dp¨ lqfZu R>¨]$ km¨N L©$r[_p `p¨Q°e kp∑_°V$dp¨
‚ep°S>ep° R>°. "Ah[fZ' kp∑_°V$dpmp_p ¨]$f kp∑_°V$p° i°L$πsı`efipB OpV$_p A_°
R>¨]$r_Í`Z° riMqfZu R>¨]$ [p° "`p¨Xy$_u ‚°[p°qL$[' S>°hu L©$r[dp¨ i°L$πsı`efipB
OpV$_p kp∑_°V$dp¨ `©’hu R>¨]$ km¨NL©$r[dp¨ r_Í`u A°L$f¨Nu ‚ep°N_° ‚dpŒep° R>°.
Ap`Zp rhh°Q_dp¨ "kp∑_°V$Ny√R>' A_° "kp∑_°V$dpmp' iÂ]$ A°L$bu≈_p
`epÆe [fuL°$, "kp∑_°V$Ny√R>' _° L$epf°L$ "kp∑_°V$dpmp' [fuL°$ Ap°mMhp_p ‚e–_
\[p f¸p R>°. lL$uL$[° "kp∑_°V$dpmp' k¨op kp∑_°V$p°_u Ap_y`|hw, Ap¨[fk|”°
A°L$k|”[p, ‚–e°L$ kp∑_°V$ R>[p¨ ıh[¨” fu[° `Z Ahgp°L$u iL$p[p lp°e A_° b^p
kp∑_°V$ dmu A°L$ ApL©$r[ b_ph[p lp°e, hı[yr_Í`Z° \[p° rhL$pk A_° [°_p°
Ïep` b^u fu[° kp∑_°V$dpmp b_[u lp°e [°hu L©$r[ dpV°$ h`fp[p lp°e A°hp° øepg
fl° R>°. "kp∑_°V$Ny√R>' k¨op hı[yr_Í`Z° A•L°$e lp°e [°hu L©$r[ S>°dp¨ S|>\b¨^u R>°,
rhje° `Z hı[y_p° rhL$pk _\u. V|¨$L$dp¨ kd∆A° [p° ÷pn_y¨ T|dMy¨ S>°d ‚–e°L$
÷pn_u ‚ipMp, dyøe ipMp kp\° ≈°X$pe°gu lp°e R>° [°hu fu[° kp∑_°V$Ny√R>dp¨
332
kp∑_°V$p°_y¨ R>°. bfi_°_u rhcph_p AgN-AgN lp°hp R>[p¨ kS>ÆL$ A_° rhh°QL$
A°L$ S> L©$r[_° "kp∑_°V$dpmp' A_° "kp∑_°V$Ny√R>' [fuL°$ Ap°mMph[p lp°e A°hy¨
kd\Æ_ kp¨`X°$ R>°.
"A°L$ qL$Îgp_° [p°X$u X$p[p° ≈°B_°' A° kp∑_°V$`¨QL$_u A_° "k‡[fpN'dp¨
k¨Nu[_p kp[ fpN rhjeL$ rhriÛV$ A_° `l°gu S> hM[ M°X$pe°gp rhje_p¨
kp∑_°V$k‡[L$_u dpmp R>°. (Sy>Ap° ApNm `©ÛW$ : 57 D52). "ep”p' k¨N∞ldp¨ b°
kp∑_°V$dpmp dm° R>°. "A°L$ qL$Îgp_° [p°X$u `X$p[p° ≈°B_°' dp¨ `p¨Q A_°
"k‡[fpN'dp¨ kp[ kp∑_°V$ R>°. afu\u "k‡[fpN' L©$r[ rhi° QQpÆ L$f[p¨ Q¨÷i¨L$f
cÀ$ `©ÛW$ 58 D`f kp∑_°V$dpmp A_° kp∑_°V$Ny√R>_u AgN rhcph_p bp¨^° R>°.
A° fu[° - " "k‡[fpN' dp¨ kp[ Sy>]$p Sy>]$p fpNp°_p ÏeqL$[–h_° L$rhA°" "k‡[fpN' dp¨ kp[ Sy>]$p Sy>]$p fpNp°_p ÏeqL$[–h_° L$rhA°" "k‡[fpN' dp¨ kp[ Sy>]$p Sy>]$p fpNp°_p ÏeqL$[–h_° L$rhA°" "k‡[fpN' dp¨ kp[ Sy>]$p Sy>]$p fpNp°_p ÏeqL$[–h_° L$rhA°" "k‡[fpN' dp¨ kp[ Sy>]$p Sy>]$p fpNp°_p ÏeqL$[–h_° L$rhA°
D`kpÏep R> °. [°dp¨ A°L$ km¨N k|”[p_p° Acph S>Zpe R> ° [°\u [°_°D`kpÏep R> °. [°dp¨ A°L$ km¨N k|”[p_p° Acph S>Zpe R> ° [°\u [°_°D`kpÏep R> °. [°dp¨ A°L$ km¨N k|”[p_p° Acph S>Zpe R> ° [°\u [°_°D`kpÏep R> °. [°dp¨ A°L$ km¨N k|”[p_p° Acph S>Zpe R> ° [°\u [°_°D`kpÏep R> °. [°dp¨ A°L$ km¨N k|”[p_p° Acph S>Zpe R> ° [°\u [°_°
kp∑_°V$dpmp NZhp L$f[p¨ kp∑_°V$ Ny√R> L$l°hpdp¨ h^y Ap•rQ–e R>°.'kp∑_°V$dpmp NZhp L$f[p¨ kp∑_°V$ Ny√R> L$l°hpdp¨ h^y Ap•rQ–e R>°.'kp∑_°V$dpmp NZhp L$f[p¨ kp∑_°V$ Ny√R> L$l°hpdp¨ h^y Ap•rQ–e R>°.'kp∑_°V$dpmp NZhp L$f[p¨ kp∑_°V$ Ny√R> L$l°hpdp¨ h^y Ap•rQ–e R>°.'kp∑_°V$dpmp NZhp L$f[p¨ kp∑_°V$ Ny√R> L$l°hpdp¨ h^y Ap•rQ–e R>°.'
X$pµ. cp_y‚kp]$ `¨X$ep [°d_p "kp∑_°V$ : riÎ` A_° kS>Æ_' (‚L$p. ‚huZ
`yı[L$ c¨X$pf, ‚.Ap. B.k. 1981) `yı[L$dp¨ `©ÛW$ 81 `f "k‡[fpN' L©$r[_°
ep°¡e fu[° kp∑_°V$Ny√R> L$l° R>° A_° [°_° kp∑_°V$dpmp\u AgN [pfh° R>°. `f¨[y `©ÛW$
98 `f fpS>°fi÷ ipl_u L©$r[_° Ahgp°L$[p¨ "kp∑_°V$Ny√R>' k¨op_p° D`ep°N L$f° R>°.
- "h_M¨X$_' `Z A°d_y¨ A°L$ rhriÛV$ kp∑_°V$Ny√R> R>°. [p° "ApeyÛe_p Ahi°j°'
_p d|Îe_° Ap¨L$[p L$l° R>°. "..... `f¨[y fpS>°fi÷_y¨ kp∑_°V$ `¨QL$ "ApeyÛe_p"..... `f¨[y fpS>°fi÷_y¨ kp∑_°V$ `¨QL$ "ApeyÛe_p"..... `f¨[y fpS>°fi÷_y¨ kp∑_°V$ `¨QL$ "ApeyÛe_p"..... `f¨[y fpS>°fi÷_y¨ kp∑_°V$ `¨QL$ "ApeyÛe_p"..... `f¨[y fpS>°fi÷_y¨ kp∑_°V$ `¨QL$ "ApeyÛe_p
Ahi°j°' NyS>Æfu kp∑_°V$ L$rh[p_y¨ Ad|gy¨ Apc|jZ R>°. L$rhA° Ap A°L$ S>Ahi°j°' NyS>Æfu kp∑_°V$ L$rh[p_y¨ Ad|gy¨ Apc|jZ R>°. L$rhA° Ap A°L$ S>Ahi°j°' NyS>Æfu kp∑_°V$ L$rh[p_y¨ Ad|gy¨ Apc|jZ R>°. L$rhA° Ap A°L$ S>Ahi°j°' NyS>Æfu kp∑_°V$ L$rh[p_y¨ Ad|gy¨ Apc|jZ R>°. L$rhA° Ap A°L$ S>Ahi°j°' NyS>Æfu kp∑_°V$ L$rh[p_y¨ Ad|gy¨ Apc|jZ R>°. L$rhA° Ap A°L$ S>
kp∑_°V$Ny√R> gøey¨ lp°[ [p° `Z Ap`Zp kp∑_°V$L$rhAp°dp¨ [°Ap° dp°Mfp_ukp∑_°V$Ny√R> gøey¨ lp°[ [p° `Z Ap`Zp kp∑_°V$L$rhAp°dp¨ [°Ap° dp°Mfp_ukp∑_°V$Ny√R> gøey¨ lp°[ [p° `Z Ap`Zp kp∑_°V$L$rhAp°dp¨ [°Ap° dp°Mfp_ukp∑_°V$Ny√R> gøey¨ lp°[ [p° `Z Ap`Zp kp∑_°V$L$rhAp°dp¨ [°Ap° dp°Mfp_ukp∑_°V$Ny√R> gøey¨ lp°[ [p° `Z Ap`Zp kp∑_°V$L$rhAp°dp¨ [°Ap° dp°Mfp_u
lfp°m_y¨ ı\p_ ip°cph[p lp°[.'lfp°m_y¨ ı\p_ ip°cph[p lp°[.'lfp°m_y¨ ı\p_ ip°cph[p lp°[.'lfp°m_y¨ ı\p_ ip°cph[p lp°[.'lfp°m_y¨ ı\p_ ip°cph[p lp°[.'
"fpS>°fi÷ipl_p¨ L$pÏep°' (‚L$p. Ap]$iÆ ‚L$pi_, `∞. Ap., qX$k°.
1988)dp¨ k¨`p]$L$ ^ufy `fuM qV$‡`Zdp¨ "ApeyÛe_p Ahi°j°' L©$r[ dpV°$
"kp∑_°V$dpmp' A_° "kp∑_°V$Ny√R>' bfi_° k¨op hp`f° R>°. `©ÛW$ 89 D`f - "L$rh_u"L$rh_u"L$rh_u"L$rh_u"L$rh_u
L$pÏek©qÛV$_u A_° AhpÆQu_ NyS>fp[u L$rh[p_u dp[b kp∑_°V$dpmp ]y$fpfp¬eL$pÏek©qÛV$_u A_° AhpÆQu_ NyS>fp[u L$rh[p_u dp[b kp∑_°V$dpmp ]y$fpfp¬eL$pÏek©qÛV$_u A_° AhpÆQu_ NyS>fp[u L$rh[p_u dp[b kp∑_°V$dpmp ]y$fpfp¬eL$pÏek©qÛV$_u A_° AhpÆQu_ NyS>fp[u L$rh[p_u dp[b kp∑_°V$dpmp ]y$fpfp¬eL$pÏek©qÛV$_u A_° AhpÆQu_ NyS>fp[u L$rh[p_u dp[b kp∑_°V$dpmp ]y$fpfp¬e
333
rhh°QL$ A_° kd\Æ kp∑_°V$L$pf bmhfi[fpe W$pL$p °f Ap kp∑_°V$Ny√R> `frhh°QL$ A_° kd\Æ kp∑_°V$L$pf bmhfi[fpe W$pL$p °f Ap kp∑_°V$Ny√R> `frhh°QL$ A_° kd\Æ kp∑_°V$L$pf bmhfi[fpe W$pL$p °f Ap kp∑_°V$Ny√R> `frhh°QL$ A_° kd\Æ kp∑_°V$L$pf bmhfi[fpe W$pL$p °f Ap kp∑_°V$Ny√R> `frhh°QL$ A_° kd\Æ kp∑_°V$L$pf bmhfi[fpe W$pL$p °f Ap kp∑_°V$Ny√R> `f
hpfuNep l[p'hpfuNep l[p'hpfuNep l[p'hpfuNep l[p'hpfuNep l[p' ^ufy `fuM ApNm `Z L©$r[ dpV°$ "kp∑_°V$Ny√R>' k¨op\u S>
Ap°mMph° R>°.
"k—f kp¨‚[ L$rhAp°' (‚L$p. ‚kp]$ b∞ cÀ$; ‚.Ap., Ap°NÛV$ 1984)
`yı[L$dp¨ ‚kp]$ b∞˚cÀ$, Di_kπ L$rh A_° [°d_u L©$r[Ap° rhi° Mpk L$fu_°
A°L$ S> L©$r[ "A_l]$_u kfl]°$' dpV°$ "kp∑_°V$dpmp' A_° "kp∑_°V$Ny√R>' k¨op epÆe
[fuL°$ d|L°$ R>°. ©ÛW$ 10 D`f - "ı ¨]$ A_° R>¨]$' _y kp∑_°V$Ny√R>. "A_l]$_u kfl]°$',
[p° Di_kπ_u eiL$gNu kdy¨ b_u Ney¨ R>°. Ap S> `yı[L$dp¨ `©ÛW$ 35 D`f ‚kp]$
b∞˚cÀ$ gM° R>°, - "A_l]$_u kfl]°$', "hmu `pR>p h[_dp¨', "hk¨[ `¨Qdu'
S>°hu kp∑_°V$dpmpAp° [\p `Qpk°L$ D—d kp∑_°V$p° Di_kπ_p L$rh–h_p° Dfid°j
‚NV$ L$f° R>°. Alv DÎg°M L$f°g L©$r[Ap°_° ApNm [°Ap° kp∑_°V$Ny√R> [fuL°$
Ap°mMph° R>°. ©ÛW$ 28 D`f - "[©Z_p° N∞l' _y¨ kp∑_°V$Ny√R> "hmu pR>p h[_dp¨'
Mpk DÎg°M_ue R>°.
"kp¶]$eÆ]$iw L$rhAp°' (‚L$p. Ap]$iÆ ‚L$pi_ ; `∞.Ap., dpQÆ 1984)
dp¨ L$rh Di_kπ_p kS>Æ__° Ahgp°L$[p¨ ]$np Ïepk kp∑_°V$dpmp_u rhcph_p bp¨^°
R>,° `Z A°L$ S> L©$r[_° klS> fu[° "kp∑_°V$dpmp' A_° "kp∑_°V$Ny√R>' S>°hu k¨op
`epÆe [fuL°$ d|L$u Ap°mMph° R>°. `©ÛW$ 152 D`f - "L$p °B A°L$ km¨N ]$u^Æ"L$p °B A°L$ km¨N ]$u^Æ"L$p °B A°L$ km¨N ]$u^Æ"L$p °B A°L$ km¨N ]$u^Æ"L$p °B A°L$ km¨N ]$u^Æ
L$pÏeL©$r[_y¨ r_dpÆZ \B iL°$ A°hu nd[phpmp k¨h°]$_ A°d_u `pk°\u Aph°L$pÏeL©$r[_y¨ r_dpÆZ \B iL°$ A°hu nd[phpmp k¨h°]$_ A°d_u `pk°\u Aph°L$pÏeL©$r[_y¨ r_dpÆZ \B iL°$ A°hu nd[phpmp k¨h°]$_ A°d_u `pk°\u Aph°L$pÏeL©$r[_y¨ r_dpÆZ \B iL°$ A°hu nd[phpmp k¨h°]$_ A°d_u `pk°\u Aph°L$pÏeL©$r[_y¨ r_dpÆZ \B iL°$ A°hu nd[phpmp k¨h°]$_ A°d_u `pk°\u Aph°
R>°. L$rh A°d_° kp∑_°V$dpmp_p ıhR>°. L$rh A°d_° kp∑_°V$dpmp_p ıhR>°. L$rh A°d_° kp∑_°V$dpmp_p ıhR>°. L$rh A°d_° kp∑_°V$dpmp_p ıhR>°. L$rh A°d_° kp∑_°V$dpmp_p ıhÍÍÍÍÍ `dp¨ Y$pm° R>°. A°L$ km¨N k¨h°]$__° rhrh^`dp¨ Y$pm° R>°. A°L$ km¨N k¨h°]$__° rhrh^`dp¨ Y$pm° R>°. A°L$ km¨N k¨h°]$__° rhrh^`dp¨ Y$pm° R>°. A°L$ km¨N k¨h°]$__° rhrh^`dp¨ Y$pm° R>°. A°L$ km¨N k¨h°]$__° rhrh^
kp∑_°V$fQ_pAp°dp¨ rhcprS>[ L$fhy¨ A° kp∑_°V$p°_° ıhe¨`epƇ[ fpMu_° A°d_pkp∑_°V$fQ_pAp°dp¨ rhcprS>[ L$fhy¨ A° kp∑_°V$p°_° ıhe¨`epƇ[ fpMu_° A°d_pkp∑_°V$fQ_pAp°dp¨ rhcprS>[ L$fhy¨ A° kp∑_°V$p°_° ıhe¨`epƇ[ fpMu_° A°d_pkp∑_°V$fQ_pAp°dp¨ rhcprS>[ L$fhy¨ A° kp∑_°V$p°_° ıhe¨`epƇ[ fpMu_° A°d_pkp∑_°V$fQ_pAp°dp¨ rhcprS>[ L$fhy¨ A° kp∑_°V$p°_° ıhe¨`epƇ[ fpMu_° A°d_p
A¨L$p°X$p L$gp–dL$ fu[° d°mhu Ap`hp A° A°L$ rhi°j ‚L$pf_y¨ L$rhL$dÆ dp¨NuA¨L$p°X$p L$gp–dL$ fu[° d°mhu Ap`hp A° A°L$ rhi°j ‚L$pf_y¨ L$rhL$dÆ dp¨NuA¨L$p°X$p L$gp–dL$ fu[° d°mhu Ap`hp A° A°L$ rhi°j ‚L$pf_y¨ L$rhL$dÆ dp¨NuA¨L$p°X$p L$gp–dL$ fu[° d°mhu Ap`hp A° A°L$ rhi°j ‚L$pf_y¨ L$rhL$dÆ dp¨NuA¨L$p°X$p L$gp–dL$ fu[° d°mhu Ap`hp A° A°L$ rhi°j ‚L$pf_y¨ L$rhL$dÆ dp¨Nu
g° R>°. L$rh_u Ap ‚L$pf_u nd[p A°d_u [°S>ıhu ‚r[cpiqL[_u ¤p°[L$g° R>°. L$rh_u Ap ‚L$pf_u nd[p A°d_u [°S>ıhu ‚r[cpiqL[_u ¤p°[L$g° R>°. L$rh_u Ap ‚L$pf_u nd[p A°d_u [°S>ıhu ‚r[cpiqL[_u ¤p°[L$g° R>°. L$rh_u Ap ‚L$pf_u nd[p A°d_u [°S>ıhu ‚r[cpiqL[_u ¤p°[L$g° R>°. L$rh_u Ap ‚L$pf_u nd[p A°d_u [°S>ıhu ‚r[cpiqL[_u ¤p°[L$
R>°. A°d_p¨ dl“h_p¨ cphk¨h°]$_p°_° N|¨\u g°[p "A_l]$_u kfl]°$', "`|.R>°. A°d_p¨ dl“h_p¨ cphk¨h°]$_p°_° N|¨\u g°[p "A_l]$_u kfl]°$', "`|.R>°. A°d_p¨ dl“h_p¨ cphk¨h°]$_p°_° N|¨\u g°[p "A_l]$_u kfl]°$', "`|.R>°. A°d_p¨ dl“h_p¨ cphk¨h°]$_p°_° N|¨\u g°[p "A_l]$_u kfl]°$', "`|.R>°. A°d_p¨ dl“h_p¨ cphk¨h°]$_p°_° N|¨\u g°[p "A_l]$_u kfl]°$', "`|.
bp`p S>[p¨', "hmphu bp, Aphu', "fı[p° A_° Ql°fp' S>°hp rhrh^ rhje_pbp`p S>[p¨', "hmphu bp, Aphu', "fı[p° A_° Ql°fp' S>°hp rhrh^ rhje_pbp`p S>[p¨', "hmphu bp, Aphu', "fı[p° A_° Ql°fp' S>°hp rhrh^ rhje_pbp`p S>[p¨', "hmphu bp, Aphu', "fı[p° A_° Ql°fp' S>°hp rhrh^ rhje_pbp`p S>[p¨', "hmphu bp, Aphu', "fı[p° A_° Ql°fp' S>°hp rhrh^ rhje_p
kp∑_°V$Ny√R>p ° A°_u ‚[ur[ L$fph° R> °.'kp∑_°V$Ny√R>p ° A°_u ‚[ur[ L$fph° R> °.'kp∑_°V$Ny√R>p ° A°_u ‚[ur[ L$fph° R> °.'kp∑_°V$Ny√R>p ° A°_u ‚[ur[ L$fph° R> °.'kp∑_°V$Ny√R>p ° A°_u ‚[ur[ L$fph° R> °.' ApNm `©ÛW$ 162 D`f "L$rh_u
kS>ÆL$[p_p° khÆ[p°dyMu Dfid°j A°V$g° "A_l]$_u kfl]°$' _p° kp∑_°V$ Ny√R>'. `©ÛW$
334
167 D`f "h[__p kdfZ kp\° Sy>]$u fu[° k¨L$mpe°gp "hmphu bp, Aphu'"h[__p kdfZ kp\° Sy>]$u fu[° k¨L$mpe°gp "hmphu bp, Aphu'"h[__p kdfZ kp\° Sy>]$u fu[° k¨L$mpe°gp "hmphu bp, Aphu'"h[__p kdfZ kp\° Sy>]$u fu[° k¨L$mpe°gp "hmphu bp, Aphu'"h[__p kdfZ kp\° Sy>]$u fu[° k¨L$mpe°gp "hmphu bp, Aphu'
A_° "`|. bp`p S>[p¨' kp∑_°V$Ny√R> cphprcÏeqL$[ A_° L$pÏeiqL$[ b¨_°A_° "`|. bp`p S>[p¨' kp∑_°V$Ny√R> cphprcÏeqL$[ A_° L$pÏeiqL$[ b¨_°A_° "`|. bp`p S>[p¨' kp∑_°V$Ny√R> cphprcÏeqL$[ A_° L$pÏeiqL$[ b¨_°A_° "`|. bp`p S>[p¨' kp∑_°V$Ny√R> cphprcÏeqL$[ A_° L$pÏeiqL$[ b¨_°A_° "`|. bp`p S>[p¨' kp∑_°V$Ny√R> cphprcÏeqL$[ A_° L$pÏeiqL$[ b¨_°
÷qÛV$A° _°p¨^ `p” R>°. `©ÛW$ 168 D`f kp∑_°V$dpmp [fuL°$ L©$r[_° Ap°mMph°÷qÛV$A° _°p¨^ `p” R>°. `©ÛW$ 168 D`f kp∑_°V$dpmp [fuL°$ L©$r[_° Ap°mMph°÷qÛV$A° _°p¨^ `p” R>°. `©ÛW$ 168 D`f kp∑_°V$dpmp [fuL°$ L©$r[_° Ap°mMph°÷qÛV$A° _°p¨^ `p” R>°. `©ÛW$ 168 D`f kp∑_°V$dpmp [fuL°$ L©$r[_° Ap°mMph°÷qÛV$A° _°p¨^ `p” R>°. `©ÛW$ 168 D`f kp∑_°V$dpmp [fuL°$ L©$r[_° Ap°mMph°
R>°. - "ıh-S>__udp¨\u rhS>__u R>°. - "ıh-S>__udp¨\u rhS>__u R>°. - "ıh-S>__udp¨\u rhS>__u R>°. - "ıh-S>__udp¨\u rhS>__u R>°. - "ıh-S>__udp¨\u rhS>__u ÍÍÍÍÍ `° ‚NV$[u bp' _° hmph[p¨ ]$uW°$gp`° ‚NV$[u bp' _° hmph[p¨ ]$uW°$gp`° ‚NV$[u bp' _° hmph[p¨ ]$uW°$gp`° ‚NV$[u bp' _° hmph[p¨ ]$uW°$gp`° ‚NV$[u bp' _° hmph[p¨ ]$uW°$gp
rih-r`[p_y¨ `|ZÆ cıdQrQÆ[ `fd h–kg ıhrih-r`[p_y¨ `|ZÆ cıdQrQÆ[ `fd h–kg ıhrih-r`[p_y¨ `|ZÆ cıdQrQÆ[ `fd h–kg ıhrih-r`[p_y¨ `|ZÆ cıdQrQÆ[ `fd h–kg ıhrih-r`[p_y¨ `|ZÆ cıdQrQÆ[ `fd h–kg ıhÍÍÍÍÍ ` EOX°$ R>°. "`|. bp`p` EOX°$ R>°. "`|. bp`p` EOX°$ R>°. "`|. bp`p` EOX°$ R>°. "`|. bp`p` EOX°$ R>°. "`|. bp`p
S>[p¨' _u A°hu S> L$fyZ‚isı[ d|gL$ kp∑_°V$dpmp'dp¨S>[p¨' _u A°hu S> L$fyZ‚isı[ d|gL$ kp∑_°V$dpmp'dp¨S>[p¨' _u A°hu S> L$fyZ‚isı[ d|gL$ kp∑_°V$dpmp'dp¨S>[p¨' _u A°hu S> L$fyZ‚isı[ d|gL$ kp∑_°V$dpmp'dp¨S>[p¨' _u A°hu S> L$fyZ‚isı[ d|gL$ kp∑_°V$dpmp'dp¨ ]$np Ïepk "fı[p° A_°
Ql°fp' L©$r[_° A°S> fu[° Ap°mMph° R>°. `©ÛW$ 173 D`f Sy>Ap° - "`¨qL$[ [p°X$u_°"`¨qL$[ [p°X$u_°"`¨qL$[ [p°X$u_°"`¨qL$[ [p°X$u_°"`¨qL$[ [p°X$u_°
cph[¨[y_u ]$pMh°gu bpfuL$ - _pSy>L$ `L$X$ "_lu f° _lu' _p hZÆrhfiepkdp¨cph[¨[y_u ]$pMh°gu bpfuL$ - _pSy>L$ `L$X$ "_lu f° _lu' _p hZÆrhfiepkdp¨cph[¨[y_u ]$pMh°gu bpfuL$ - _pSy>L$ `L$X$ "_lu f° _lu' _p hZÆrhfiepkdp¨cph[¨[y_u ]$pMh°gu bpfuL$ - _pSy>L$ `L$X$ "_lu f° _lu' _p hZÆrhfiepkdp¨cph[¨[y_u ]$pMh°gu bpfuL$ - _pSy>L$ `L$X$ "_lu f° _lu' _p hZÆrhfiepkdp¨
k¨cmp[p¨ X|$kL$p¨, "_ Aphp°' `R>u_p er[ ApNm Aph[y¨ ]$bpe°gy¨ X|$kLy¨$,k¨cmp[p¨ X|$kL$p¨, "_ Aphp°' `R>u_p er[ ApNm Aph[y¨ ]$bpe°gy¨ X|$kLy¨$,k¨cmp[p¨ X|$kL$p¨, "_ Aphp°' `R>u_p er[ ApNm Aph[y¨ ]$bpe°gy¨ X|$kLy¨$,k¨cmp[p¨ X|$kL$p¨, "_ Aphp°' `R>u_p er[ ApNm Aph[y¨ ]$bpe°gy¨ X|$kLy¨$,k¨cmp[p¨ X|$kL$p¨, "_ Aphp°' `R>u_p er[ ApNm Aph[y¨ ]$bpe°gy¨ X|$kLy¨$,
`R>u bm`|hÆL$ ]$bp[° AhpS>° kX°$X$pV$ D√QpfpB S>[u ¨rL$[dp¨ \[p° cu[f_u`R>u bm`|hÆL$ ]$bp[° AhpS>° kX°$X$pV$ D√QpfpB S>[u ¨rL$[dp¨ \[p° cu[f_u`R>u bm`|hÆL$ ]$bp[° AhpS>° kX°$X$pV$ D√QpfpB S>[u ¨rL$[dp¨ \[p° cu[f_u`R>u bm`|hÆL$ ]$bp[° AhpS>° kX°$X$pV$ D√QpfpB S>[u ¨rL$[dp¨ \[p° cu[f_u`R>u bm`|hÆL$ ]$bp[° AhpS>° kX°$X$pV$ D√QpfpB S>[u ¨rL$[dp¨ \[p° cu[f_u
h°]$_p_p° A_ych, D`fpD`fu Aph[u L$fyZ_u b° `fpL$pÛW$p - Ap b^y¨h°]$_p_p° A_ych, D`fpD`fu Aph[u L$fyZ_u b° `fpL$pÛW$p - Ap b^y¨h°]$_p_p° A_ych, D`fpD`fu Aph[u L$fyZ_u b° `fpL$pÛW$p - Ap b^y¨h°]$_p_p° A_ych, D`fpD`fu Aph[u L$fyZ_u b° `fpL$pÛW$p - Ap b^y¨h°]$_p_p° A_ych, D`fpD`fu Aph[u L$fyZ_u b° `fpL$pÛW$p - Ap b^y¨
huk kp∑_°V$_p Ap Ny√R>dp¨ ≈Z° bfpbf DrQ[ ı\p_° A°L$ bmhp_ hmp¨L$huk kp∑_°V$_p Ap Ny√R>dp¨ ≈Z° bfpbf DrQ[ ı\p_° A°L$ bmhp_ hmp¨L$huk kp∑_°V$_p Ap Ny√R>dp¨ ≈Z° bfpbf DrQ[ ı\p_° A°L$ bmhp_ hmp¨L$huk kp∑_°V$_p Ap Ny√R>dp¨ ≈Z° bfpbf DrQ[ ı\p_° A°L$ bmhp_ hmp¨L$huk kp∑_°V$_p Ap Ny√R>dp¨ ≈Z° bfpbf DrQ[ ı\p_° A°L$ bmhp_ hmp¨L$
k∆Æ_° km¨N kp∑_°V$dpmp_y¨ `Z L$gp–dL$ ApL©$r[rh^p_ L$f° R>°.'k∆Æ_° km¨N kp∑_°V$dpmp_y¨ `Z L$gp–dL$ ApL©$r[rh^p_ L$f° R>°.'k∆Æ_° km¨N kp∑_°V$dpmp_y¨ `Z L$gp–dL$ ApL©$r[rh^p_ L$f° R>°.'k∆Æ_° km¨N kp∑_°V$dpmp_y¨ `Z L$gp–dL$ ApL©$r[rh^p_ L$f° R>°.'k∆Æ_° km¨N kp∑_°V$dpmp_y¨ `Z L$gp–dL$ ApL©$r[rh^p_ L$f° R>°.'
"Di_kπ : kS>ÆL$ A_° rhh°QL$' dp¨ ≈N©[ rhh°QL$ X$pµ. fdZ kp°_u
Di_kπ_u "A_l]$_u kfl]°$' L©$r[ dpV°$ "kp∑_°V$Ny√R>' A_° "kp∑_°V$dpmp' S>°hu
k¨op ‚ep°S>° R>° (Di_kπ: kS>ÆL$ A_° rhh°QL$ ‚. Ap., dpQÆ 1984; ‚L$piL$ X$pµ.
fdZ kp°_u) `©ÛW$ 69 D`f ""Ap rhi°j_p° D—d AprhÛL$pf R>°. "A_l]$_u
kfl]°$' _p kp∑_°V$Ny√R>_u fQ_pAp°.'' [p° `©ÛW$ 228 D`f [°Ap° S>Zph° R>° -
""‚NpY$ h_ ‚]°$idp¨_p rhıde`|ZÆ `∞hpk\u Apf¨cu A_pq]$_° A_l]$_u
Q•[rkL$ ep”pdp¨ `qfZd[u "A_l]$_u kfl]°$' kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ L°$hm Di_kπ_y¨
S> _lv, `Z Ap`Zu kdN∞ ‚L©$r[L$rh[p_y¨ A°L$ Dfi_[ riMf A¨L$pey¨ R>°.''
rhh°Q_dp¨ A°L$ S> L©$r[ dpV°$ h`fp[u bfi_° k¨opAp°_p ("kp∑_°V$dpmp'
A_° "kp∑_°V$Ny√R>') d|mdp¨ L$]$pQ L$rh_p k¨ p]$_dp¨ - ‚L$pi_dp¨ L$rh ‹pfp \e°gp
DÎg°M `Z A°V$gp S> S>hpb]$pf b_[p li°. Di_kπ L$rh_p "[©Z_p° N∞l'
L$pÏek¨N∞ldp¨ (‚L$pi. lqflf `yı[L$pge; ‚.Ap., B.k. 1964) `©ÛW$ - 62
D`f "fı[p° A_° Ql°fp' L©$r[_y¨ iujÆL$ bp¨^u _uQ° L$p¶kdp¨ "kp∑_°V$Ny√R>' [fuL°$
335
L©$r[_° L$rh Ap°mMph° R>°. A°S> fu[° Ap S> L$pÏek¨N∞ldp¨ "hmu `pR>p h[_dp¨'
L©$r[_y¨ iujÆL$ bp¨^u _uQ° L$p¶kdp¨ "kp∑_°V$Ny√R>' [fuL°$ DÎg°M L$f° R>°. "ı`¨]$ A_°
R>¨]$' L$pÏek¨N∞ldp¨ (‚.L$p., kprl–e k¨Nd, ‚.Ap., k‡V°$Ábf-68) `©ÛW$ - 48
D`f "A_l]$_u kfl]°$' L©$r[_p iujÆL$ _uQ° L$p¶kdp¨ "kp` D[pfp X$p¨Ndp¨ ıa}f°gy¨
A°L$ kp∑_°V$Ny√R>' _p° DÎg°M ≈°hp dm° R>°. Di_kπ_p "Apfp°l-Ahfp°l'
L$pÏek¨N∞ldp¨ (‚L$p., `ygkp `∞L$pi_ : ‚. Ap., B.k. 1989) r_h°]$_dp¨ L$rh
`©ÛW$ 6 D`f gM° R>°. """Ah[fZ' ‚p°. W$pL$p°f_y¨ "Apfp°lZ' _S>f kpd° S> l[y¨,
R>[p¨ R>°hV°$ kp∑_°V$dpmpdp¨ S> D[eyØ R>°. ≈° L°$ kp∑_°V$dpmp_p° Ap]$iÆ Z ‚p°. W$pL$p°f
S> f¸p R>°;'' `f¨[y Ap S> L$pÏek¨N∞ldp¨ `©ÛW$ 32 D`f "Ah[fZ' L©$r[_y¨ iujÆL$
d|L$u bpSy>dp¨ L$•p¨kdp¨ "kp∑_°V$Ny√R>' [fuL°$ Ap°mMph° R>°.
kp∑_°V$dpmp A_° kp∑_°V$Ny√R>_u rhcph_p_° ı`ÛV$ fu[° l∆ Ap`Z°
`pdu iL$ep _\u. A°V$gy¨ [p° Mfy¨ S> ! Ap q]$ipdp¨ Qp°LL$k L$]$d D`X°$ A°hu
Arcgpjp - A`°np fpMuA°.
336
: NyS>fp[u k¨]$cÆN∞¨\p° :
æ$d N∞\_y _pd k`p]$L$/g°ML$ Aph©r— hjÆ
01 A¤[_ L$rh[p fOyhuf Qp• fu ‚\d 1966
02 A y_p cp°mpcpB V°$g 1973
03 A_yæ$d S>e¨[ L$p°W$pfu ‚\d 1975
04 A_ycph _rg_ fphm ‚\d 1975
05 A_hpL$π fd°i iyL$g ‚\d 1976
06 Afihe lrk[ byQ 1969
07 Afihur[ ‚L$pi dl°[p ‚\d 1978
08 A`qfrQ[ (A) Q÷L$p[ V$p° uhpgp ‚\d 1975
A`qfrQ[ (b)
09 Ahgp°L$_p ky]$fdπ ‚\d 1965
10 AhpÆQu_ L$rh[p ky]$fdπ 1965
11 AhpÆQu_ L$pÏekprl–e_p hl°Zp° fp. rh. pW$L$ ”u∆ 1692
12 Ap yr_L$ L$rh[p X$p∑. S>e¨[ pW$L$ bu∆ 1965
13 Ap`Zp¨ kp∑_°V$ Q¨÷i¨L$f cÀ$ ‚\d 1971
14 Apfp°l - Ahfp°l ^ufy fuM ‚\d 1989
15 BgpL$pÏep° "f[_' A_° bu≈ b^p Q÷h]$_ Qu. dl°[p ”u∆ 1952
: A¨N∞°∆ N∞¨\p° :
Sr. No. Title of the Book Author
01 Princeton Encyclopadein of Franki Warnke
Poetry and Poetics,
(A.D. 1974)
k¨]cÆN∞\k|rQ
16 D—f rlfi]y$ı\p_u kNu[_u kqn‡[ A_y: ky]$fgpg lu. ‚\d 1935
A•r[lprkL$ kdpgp°Q_p Np u
17 D`kNÆ Di_kπ ‚\d 1973
18 Di_kπ : kS>ÆL$ A_° rhh°QL$ X$p∑. fdZ kp°_u ‚\d 1984
19 L$rh[prinZ b. L$. W$pL$p°f bu∆ 1946
20 L$rh_p° iÂ]$ kyf°i ]$gpg ‚\d 1968
21 L$pfi[ rhi° - c©Nyfpe A≈qfep c©Nyfpe A≈qfep ‚\d 1983
22 L$pÏe‚–en Q¨÷L$p¨[ i°W$ ‚\d 1976
23 L$pÏegp°L$ S>e¨[ pW$L$ ‚\d 1987
24 L$pÏerhi°j k`p. kyf°i ]$gpg ‚\d 1991
25 qL$dr`÷Ïedπ S>e¨[ pW$L$ ‚\d 1987
26 L°$V$gp¨L$ L$pÏep° cpN - 1 filp_pgpg ”u∆ 1951
27 NNp°”u Ddpi¨L$f ≈°iu [°fdu 1993
28 NyS>fp[u L$rh[p_p° Apıhp]$ kyf°i ≈°ju ‚\d 1962
29 NyS>fp[u L$pÏe‚L$pfp° X$p°gffpe dpL$X$ ‚\d 1964
30 NyS>fp[u kprl–e_p° Br[lpk N∞\ - 3 k`p. DdpiL$f ≈°ju ‚\d 1978
A_¨[fpe fphm
eih¨[ iyL$g
31 NyS>fp[u kprl–e kcp L$peÆhplu rh_p\ cÀ$ 1933 - 34
32 Q÷h]$_ Qu. dl°[p dp°l_cpB V°$g ‚\d 1981
33 QhÆZp ‚huZ ]$f∆ ‚\d 1976
34 ›hq_ (`qfriÛV$) fpS>°fi÷ ipl ‚\d 1951
35 r_ri\ (rhhfZ) Ddpi¨L$f ≈°iu bu∆ 1947
36 |hpÆgp` (D`p°]$πOp[) fp. rh. pW$L$ 11du 1974
37 ©’huNr[_p° R>]$p°ge eih¨[ iyLg ‚\d 1993
38 ‚p°. bgh[fpe_u L$rh[p X$p∑. ljÆ]$ q”h°]$u ‚\d 1982
39 ‚r[cp A_° ‚r[cph DdpiL$f ≈°iu ‚\d 1981
40 ‚p°. b.L$.W$pL$p°f A›ee_ N∞\ k¨. rhÛœ‚kp]$ ‚\d 1969
æ$d N∞\_y _pd k`p]$L$/g°ML$ Aph©r— hjÆ
r_f¨S>_ cN[
Ddpi¨L$f ≈°iu
c©N©fpe A≈qfep
[\p Afie
41 b.L$.W$pL$p°f_u L$pÏe¤yr[ k¨ p. Nygpb]$pk b∞p°L$f ‚\d 1971
c©Nyfpe A≈qfep
kyf°i ]$gpg
eih¨[ ]$p°iu
42 rbfi]y$ (L$rh_u _°p¨ ) fpd‚kp]$ iyL$g ‚\d 1943
43 cZL$pf (1951) b. L$. W$pL$p°f 1951
44 cph - ‚r[cph ]$np Ïepk ‚\d 1982
45 d_ujp du_y ]°$kpB ‚\d 1951
46 d|ÎepL$_p° Di_kπ ‚\d 1979
47 Álpfp¨ kp∑_°V$ (rhhfZ) b. L$. W$pL$p°f Qp•]$ 1935
48 Álpfp kp∑_°V$ DdpiL$f ≈°iu bu∆ 1953
49 e¨”, rhop_ A_° d¨”L$rh[p r_f¨S>_ cN[ ‚\d 1975
50 eyN÷ÛV$p Ddpi¨L$f k¨ p. Q¨÷L$p¨[ i°W$ ‚\d 1995
fOyhuf Qp• fu
cp°mpcpB V°$g
Oufy fuM
51 fpS>°fi÷ ipl ]$np Ïepk ‚\d 1984
52 fpS>°fi÷ ipl_p L$pÏep° ^ufy fuM ‚\d 1988
53 hNX$p_p° pk kyf°i ]$gpg ‚\d 1978
54 hpQ_p fp °Ìepd idpÆ ‚\d 1972
55 ip¨[ L$p°gplg fpS>°fi÷ ipl ‚\d 1962
56 i•gu A_° ıhÍ` Ddpi¨L$f ≈°iu ‚\d 1960
57 kdpgp°Q_p A_[fpe fphm ‚\d 1966
58 krc^p_ - 4 k¨ p. pfyg fpW$p°X$ ‚\d 1993
æ$d N∞\_y _pd k`p]$L$/g°ML$ Aph©r— hjÆ
æ$d N∞\_y _pd k`p]$L$/g°ML$ Aph©r— hjÆ
cf[ kp°g¨L$u,
Ard[ Qp• fu,
AS>e fphm
59 kprl–eL$kb du_y ]°$kpB ‚\d 1973
60 kyhZÆd°O ky]$f∆ b°V$pB ‚\d 1964
61 kp∑_°V$ X$p∑. rh_p°]$ ≈°ju ‚\d 1984
62 kp∑_°V$ : riÎ` A_° kS>Æ_ X$p∑. cp_y‚kp]$ X$ep ‚\d 1981
63 ı`]$ A_° R>]$ fOyhuf Qp• fu ‚\d 1968
64 ıd©r[ dNg rhÛœ‚kp]$ q”h°]$u ‚\d 1954
