thomas li-ping tang the international conference on
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Is “the Love of Money” the Root of All Evil? Or Different Strokes for Different Folks: Lessons in 12 Countries. Thomas Li-Ping Tang The International Conference on Business Ethics in the Knowledge Economy, Hong Kong April 3, 2002 (Revised 9/16/2002). TOTO SUTARSO, MTSU, USA, - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Is “the Love of Money” the Root of All Evil?
Or Different Strokes for Different Folks:
Lessons in 12 Countries
Thomas Li-Ping TangThe International Conference on
Business Ethics in the Knowledge Economy, Hong Kong
April 3, 2002 (Revised 9/16/2002)
TOTO SUTARSO, MTSU, USA,
ADEBOWALE AKANDE, International Institute of Research, South Africa,
MICHAEL W. ALLEN, Griffith University, Australia,
ABDULGAWI SALIM ALZUBAIDI, Sultan Qaboos University,Oman,
MAHFOOZ A. ANSARI, University Science Malaysia, Malaysia,
FERNANDO ARIAS-GALICIA, National University of Mexico, Mexico,
LUIGINA CANOVA, University of Padua, Italy,
MARK G. BORG, University of Malta, Malta,
BRIGITTE CHARLES-PAUVERS, University of Nantes, France,
BOR-SHIUAN CHENG, National Taiwan University, Taiwan,
RANDY K. CHIU, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong,
IOANA CODOBAN, Babes-Bolyai University, Romania,
LINZHI DU, Nanjing University, China,
ILIA GARBER, Saratov State Social-Economic University, Russia,
CONSUELO GARCIA DE LA TORRE, Technological Institute of Monterrey, Mexico,
ROSARIO CORREIA HIGGS, Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon – Portugal, Portugal,
CHIN-KANG JEN, National Sun-Yat-Sen University, Taiwan,
ALI MAHDI KAZEM, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman,
KILSUN KIM, Sogang University, South Korea,
VIVIEN KIM GEOK LIM, National University of Singapore, Singapore,
ROBERTO LUNA-AROCAS, University of Valencia, Spain,
EVA MALOVICS, University of Szeged, Hungary,
ANNA MARIA MANGANELLI, University of Padua, Italy,
ALICE S. MOREIRA, Federal University of Pará, Brazil,
ANTHONY UGOCHUKWU OBIAJULU NNEDUM, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria,
JOHNSTO E. OSAGIE, Florida A & M University, USA,
AAHAD M. OSMAN-GANI, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore,
FRANCISCO COSTA PEREIRA, Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon – Portugal, Portugal,
RUJA PHOLSWARD, University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce, Thailand,
HORIA D. PITARIU, Babes-Bolyai University, Romania,
MARKO POLIC, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia,
ELISAVETA SARDZOSKA, University St. Cyril and Methodius, Macedonia,
ALLEN F. STEMBRIDGE, Southwestern Adventist University, USA,
THERESA LI-NA TANG, Cendant Marketing Group, Brentwood, TN, USA,
THOMPSON SIAN HIN TEO, National University of Singapore, Singapore,
MARCO TOMBOLANI, University of Padua, Italy,
MARTINA TRONTELJ, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia,
CAROLINE URBAIN, University of Nantes, France,
PETER VLERICK, Ghent University, Belgium
Now, Please Pay
Attention to my Outline:*The Meaning of Money*The Love of Money*A Model of Unethical Behavior*Methods*Results: the Whole Sample, Compare 12
Countries Simultaneously*Recommendations
The Color of Money
ColorSizeShapeCross-Cultural Differences: History, Culture, People (Citizen,
President, King, Queen), Architecture, National Pride, World View, Euro-305M 12
The Meaning of Money
Father Joseph P. Breen of St. Edward in Nashville, TN Celebrated 40 Years Priesthood on 2/28/2002. (Story by Fr. Wiatt A. Funk.) Turbulence,
In God we..
Priests: Pray, Ask
The Meaning of Money
$20 vs. $1 in a Money BagShall we create a pay-for-
performance program for priests?The Government has no money until
you pay... The Terrorists
The Meaning of Money
Money is the instrument of commerce and the measure of value (Smith, 1776/1937).
The meaning of money is “in the eye of the beholder” (McClelland, 1967, p. 10).
Money is the Measure of Value
Who has more value?1. An Economist Eugen Bohm Bawerk
2. A Psychologist Sigmund Freud
3. An Artist Moritz M. Daffinger
In Austria
Austrian Schillings (ATS)US$1 = ATS 15.53 (1/1/2002)
An Economist ATS 100A Psychologist ATS 50An Artist ATS 20The Value is on the Face of ATS!?Who has the most money?
In the US
1 Dollar Bill: 5 Dollar Bill:Washington Lincoln10 Dollar: 20 Dollar:Hamilton Jackson50 Dollar: 100 DollarGrant Franklin2 Dollar: 3 Dollar:Jefferson Clinton
White House (For Sale)
The Meaning of Money: Theory
Money is a motivator (Gupta & Shaw, 1998; Lawler,
1981; Locke, Feren, McCaleb, Shaw, & Danny, 1980: 381). Money is a hygiene factor (Herzberg, Mausner &
Snyderman, 1959; Kohn, 1998; Pfeffer, 1998).
People’s attitudes toward money can be perceived as their “frame of reference” in which they examine their everyday lives (Tang, 1992).
Managers
*Attract, Retain, and Motivate employees
*Achieve Company Goals (Chiu, Luk, & Tang, 1998; Milkovich & Newman, 2002; Tang, Kim, & Tang, 2000; Tang, Luk, & Chiu, 2000).
Research: Performance Improvement
4 Methods:
1. Participation
2. Job Design
3. Goal Setting
4. Contingent Payment
The Meaning of Money-Motivator
Performance ImprovementParticipation: 0%Job Design: 9%Goal Setting: 16%Contingent Payment: 30%.Movements vs. Intrinsic Motivation.What gets measured gets done (Inc., 1998, June)
The Meaning of Money-Hygiene
Money is a Hygiene factor (Herzberg, Mausner
& Snyderman, 1959). 0, 0 point escalatesSalary has more potency as a job
dissatisfier than as a job satisfier (82).In the lows salary is found almost three
times as often in the long-range as in the short-range sequences (82).
The Meaning of Money-Hygiene
Cameron & Pierce (1994). Review of Educational Research.
Kohn (1993, September/October). Harvard Business Review.
Kohn (1998, March/April). Compensation and Benefits Review.
Pearce (1987). New perspectives on compensation.
Pfeffer (1998, May/June). Six dangerous myths about pay. Harvard Business Review.
The Meaning of Money
Money always represents or signifies something other than itself (Crump, 1981).
One is not interested in money, but in what money will buy (Crump, 1981).
Time is Money
My account is worth every penny he charges because of the time he saves me.
This year, for example, he probably saved me five to ten years in prison.
The ABCs of Money Attitudes
Affective: Do you “love or hate” money?
Behavioral: What do you “do” with your money?
Cognitive: What does money “mean” to you?
Measures of Money Attitudes-1
Burgoyne (1990). Money in marriage.
Janda (1998). Love & Sex Tests. Holbrook, MA: Adams Media Corp.
MES
Measures of Money Attitudes-2
Bailey & Gustafson (1986, 1991). Money beliefs and behaviour scale. Handbook of Behavioral Economics.
Bailey & Lown (1993). Journal of Consumer Studies and Home Economics.
Bailey, Johnson, Adams, Lawson, Williams, & Lown (1994). Consumer Interests Annual.
Doyle (1992). American Behavioral Scientist. Fank (1994). Money handling inventory, PAID.
Measures of Money Attitudes-3
Furnham (1984). Many sides of the coin: PAID.
Furnham & Argyle (1998). The psychology of money.
Goldberg & Lewis (1979). Money madness: The psychology of saving, spending, loving, and hating money.
Gresham & Footenot (1989). The Money Attitude Scale. Advances in marketing.
Hanley & Wihelm (1992). Money Beliefs and
Behaviour Scale. JEP.
Measures of Money Attitudes-4
Haraoka (1990). Money & value orientation, PJSSP.
Lim & Teo (1997). Sex, money and financial hardship, JEP
Luna-Arocas, Quintanilla, & Diaz (1995). EAD-6, IAREP.
Luna-Arocas (1998). Dinero, Trabajo y Consumo. PROMOLIBRO
Lynn (1991). The secret of the miracle economy.
Measures of Money Attitudes-5
McClure (1984). Money attitudes and overall pathology, PAQJHB.
Mitchell & Mickel (1999)**. The meaning of money: Money Importance Scale, AMR.
Opsahl & Dunnette (1966). The role of financial compensation in industrial motivation, PB
Measures of Money Attitudes-6
Quintanilla (1997). Psicologia Economica. McGraw Hill.
Richins & Rudmin (1994). Materialism, JEP.
Rubenstein (1981). Money & self-esteem, relationships, secrecy, envy, satisfaction, PT.
Tang (1992). The Money Ethic Scale, JOB.
Tang (1995, PAID; 1999, PPM; in press, PR; Tang et al.,
2002), 5 Versions
Measures of Money Attitudes-7
Thierry (2000). The meaning of pay, in Erez & Thierry (Eds.) Work motivation.
Wernimont & Fitzpatrick (1972). The meaning of money, JAP.
Yamauchi & Templer (1982). Money attitude scale, JPA.
Zelizer (1989). The social meaning of money: Special monies, AJS.
Zuckerman (1983). Sensation seeking.
Mitchell & Mickel (1999)
The well-developed measures are those that have been developed more carefully and used more systematically. There are three of these: (1) the money ethics scale (Tang, 1992, 1993, 1995), (2) the money belief and behavior scale (Furnham, 1984; Furnham, Kirkcaldy, & Lynn, 1994), and (3) the money importance scale (Mitchell, Dakin, Mickel, & Gray, 1998) (AMR: 571).
Why Do We Study Money Attitude?
The Importance of Money (Mitchell & Mickel, 1999)
The Meaning of Money (Individual Difference)
Money Materialism
Other Attitudes--Pay Satisfaction
Why Do We Study Money Attitude?
Pay Dissatisfaction has numerous undesirable consequences (Heneman & Judge, 2000)
Commitment, Turnover, Counter-Productive Behavior, and Unethical Behavior (Cohen-Charash & Spector, 2001; Hom & Griffeth, 1995; Tang, Kim, & Tang, 2000)
The Money Ethic Scale
1. Measures the Meaning of Money2. Follows the ABC Model3. Has Multi-Dimensional Constructs (5
versions)4. Is Well Developed and
Systematically Used (17 papers)5. Reflects Individual Differences
The Money Ethic Scale
Has been used in many samples,
in many countries, and
in many languages (published articles): Chinese, English, French, Italian, Spanish, Russian, etc.
Research Question:
Does money (income) have a direct and/or indirect impact on unethical behavior?
Does money attitude (the love of money, the MES) have a direct and/or indirect impact on unethical behavior?
MES in This Study
1. Money is a Motivator2. Money is a sign of my Success3. Money is Important4. I want to be Rich
58 items, EFA—US Sample, 14 factors,
Select 4 factors (17 items), EFA, CFA--Whole Sample, 12 Countries
Motivator
No other incentive or motivational technique comes even close to money (Locke, Feren, McCaleb, Shaw, & Danny, 1980: 381).
Money is a motivator (Gupta & Shaw, 1998; Lawler, 1981).
Ex. I am motivated to work hard for money. Money is a motivator.
Success
In America, money is how we keep score (Rubenstein, 1981).
Some people are obsessed with “money as a sign of success” (Furnham & Argyle, 1998: 148)
Ex. Money represents my achievement. Money is a symbol of my success.
Importance
The one consistent thread in this body of work is “the emphasis on its importance” (Mitchell & Mickel, 1999: 569)
Ex. Money is important. Money is an important factor in the lives of all of us.
Rich
Would you like to be Rich or Poor?Most people: RichBeing Rich will make you feel Good,
Happy, Powerful, Beautiful, Healthy, etc.
Many CEOs are tested G-r-e-e-d positive (Crystal, 1990, Fortune).
Ex. Having a lot of money (being rich) is good. I want to be rich.
Other Variables
IncomePay SatisfactionOrganizational CommitmentUnethical BehaviorEthical Corporate CultureSex, Job Changes
Pay Satisfaction
18-Item Pay Satisfaction Questionnaire:
Pay Level
Benefits
Raises
Pay AdministrationHeneman & Schwab (1985)
Organizational Commitment
15-Item Organizational Commitment Questionnaire.
Two Indicators:
Commitment, Not to Leave (- items)Mowday, Steers, and Porter (1979)
Ethical Culture
5-Item Corporate Ethical Culture
Two Indicators:Ethical Policy (3 items), Act
Ethically (2 items) (Hunt, Wood, & Chonko (1989).
Unethical Behavior
15-Scenario Unethical Behavior Tendency
Abuse Position (theft, 5 items) +Ex. Take merchandise and/or cash.
Abuse Power (corruption, 5 items)Ex. Accept money, gifts, and kickback from others.
Abuse Resources (office supply, 3 items)Ex. Waste company time. Use office supplies.
Take No Action for Unethical Behavior (look the other way, 2 items)
Ex. Take no action for shoplifting/stealing cash/merchandise.
In This Study
Motivator, Success, Importance, & Rich
“The Love of Money” Abuse Position, Power, Resources,
& Take No Action “Evil”
In This Study
Is “money” the root of evil?
Is “the love of money” the root of evil?
The love of money is the root of all evils (Bible: Timothy, 6:10).
Cross-Cultural Study
Australia*, Austria, Belgium, Brazil*, Bulgaria*, Canada, Chile, China, Congo (Zaire), Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Egypt, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy*, Macau, Macedonia, Malaysia, Malta, Mexico*, Nigeria*, Oman, Panama (?), Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal*, Puerto Rico, Romania*, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Slovenia*, South Korea, South Africa, Spain*, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, the UK, the USA, and Venezuela.
Need Your Help
To expand this project:
Need People in different parts of the world
If you or your colleagues in your country or other countries are interested, please let me know. Thank YOU.
A Model of Unethical Behavior Model
Z Income
Money Ethic
Culture
Commitment
Unethical Behavior
PaySatisfaction
Jobs
Sex
Income Money EthicInverted U: + , 0, --Unsatisfied needs are important,
satisfied needs are not (Alderfer, 1971; Maslow,
1970)
Financial Hardship Obsessed with Money (Dittmar, Tang, & Tillery, 2001; Lim & Teo, 1997; Lynn, 1991; Tang et al., 2001) (+ path)
Income Money EthicHigher Incomes Lower Marginal
Utility of Money (Brandstatter & Brandstatter, 1996) (-- path)
Fairly Paid Income MES: Non-significant (Tang, Luna-Arocas et al, 2001)
Compare Income with (1) GDP per Capita or (2) Bill Gates (52.8B)
Income Money Ethic
Among nations: As nations get richer, increases in wealth are associated with diminishing increases in well-being (Ahuvia & Friedman, 1998; Schyns, 1998)
Objective Wealth vs. Subjective Appraisals (Ahuvia & Friedman, 1998)
Objective Money (Income)
Within nations: Increased income is associated with well-being for the poor; once the poverty threshold is crossed, increased income matters little for happiness (Czikszentmihali, 1999;Diener,
2000; Myers 2000; Oishi, Diener, Lucas, & Such, 1999; Oropesa, 1995, Richins & Rudmin, 1994; Schyns, 2000; Tatzel, 2002)
Objective Money (Income)
If we are so rich, why aren’t we happy?
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1999). American Psychologist, 54, 821-827.
Subjective Money (Compare)
Subjective well-being increases as income increases from below average to above average within one’s home community (Hagerty, 2000)
East Asia
The major global market for luxury goods (Wong & Ahuvia, 1998)
Thailand: very Materialistic, regarding possessions as a measure of Success, valuing possessions for their public visibility (face) over private, personal meaning (Webster & Batty, 1997; Wong & Ahuvia, 1998).
Hong Kong
Cash Mentality (Chiu, Luk, & Tang, 2001)
The Most Popular Car in Hong Kong…Public Visibility--Face
MES Pay Satisfaction
Equity Theory (Adams, 1965)
Discrepancy Model (Lawler, 1971)
Expectation vs. Reality
“The Love of Money” as the Frame of Reference, i.e., expectation, standards
High MES High Pay Dissatisfaction
Pay Satisfaction Commitment
Job Satisfaction Commitment (Williams & Hazer, 1986, SEM)
There is reciprocal and synchronous causality between commitment and satisfaction, with satisfaction influencing commitment more than vice versa (Home & Griffeth, 1995: 98).
Pay Satisfaction Commitment
Perceived unfair procedural and distributive justice negative attitudes toward the organization (e.g., lower trust and commitment) (Cohen-Charash & Spector, 2001: 288)
Commitment Unethical Behavior
From a procedural justice perspective, perceived injustice will lead to negative perceptions of the organization and, hence to counterproductive behaviors that will hurt the organization (Cohen-
Charash & Spector, 2001: 287).
Business Ethics
Taxonomy and Concepts (Forsyth, 1980; Michalos, 1995)
Culture (Hofstede, 2001; Trompenaars, 1994)
Social Institutions (Parsons, 1990)
Personal Values (England, 1975)
Cross-cultural (Wines & Napier, 1992)
Ethical Culture Commitment
Top-level Manager can reduce unethical behavior (Finn, Chonko, & Hunt, 1988)
Attraction-Selection-Attrition (Chatman, 1989; Douglas & Schwartz, 1999; Ponemon & Glazer, 1990; Tang & Frost, 1999)
Differences in ethical culture across firms and across offices within the same firm (Jeffrey & Weatherholt, 1996)
Ethical Culture Commitment
Ethical Culture Ethical Behavior (Hunt & Vitell, 1986; Trevino, 1986) *“Directly”
Ethical Culture Individual Values (i.e., idealism) Ethical Judgments (Douglas, Davison, & Schwartz, 2001) *“Indirectly”
Ethical Culture Commitment Unethical Behavior *Indirectly
Sex MES
Men prefer equity, women prefer equality (Tang, 1996; Tang, Furnham, & Davis, 2000)
Men consider money more important than women (Lawler, 1971)
Women are more subjectively satisfied with their pay than men, the contented female worker (Crosby, 1982; Major & Konar, 1984; Sauser & York, 1978; Smith, Kendall, & Hulin, 1969)
Job Changes Unethical Behavior
Reason for Voluntary Turnover: higher wages/career opportunities (Campion, 1991)
Leavers have lower pay satisfaction and receive 20% pay increase on their new jobs
The number of job changes is a predictor of management professors’ pay (Gomez-Mejia & Balkin, 1992) Self-Interest vs. Organization
Sample
2,338 Full-Time White-Collar Employees from 12 Countries:
The US, Belgium, Hong Kong, Hungary, Macedonia, Malta, Oman, Philippines, Singapore, South Africa, Taiwan, and Thailand.
HK is a part of China. We use the term “country” or “culture” for each sample.
Additional Data
US: income = $34,661, *GDP per Capita = $31,500, *ratio = 1.10*CPI 2001 (1) Rank = 16, (2) Score = 7.6
Hi income: HK (1.89); Thailand (3.41), Macedonia (2.07)
Lo income: HungaryHi Corruption CPI: Score < 5: South Africa,
Thailand, Philippines Low Corruption > 9
Data Analysis
Convert income to Z Income
1. Perform CFA for all measures
The Whole Sample
Cross-Cultural Equivalence:
(1) Factor Structure, (2) Factor Loadings
2. Test the SEM Model: The Whole Sample
3. Compare the Model Across 12 Countries
A Model of Unethical Behavior
Whole
Z Income
Money Ethic
Culture
Commitment
Unethical Behavior
PaySatisfaction
Jobs
Sex
.17*-.13*
.55*
-.28*
.68*
.14*
-.06
.01
.12*
Main Results
The Money Ethic is directly and indirectly related to Unethical Behavior, whereas Income is not.
The “Love of Money” is the root of all Evil.
Money is not the root of all evil.
A Model of Unethical Behavior
The US
Z Income
Money Ethic
Culture
Commitment
Unethical Behavior
PaySatisfaction
Jobs
Sex
.88*.03
.60*
-.26*
.62*
.00
.04
.01
-.04
A Model of Unethical Behavior
Belgium
Z Income
Money Ethic
Culture
Commitment
Unethical Behavior
PaySatisfaction
Jobs
Sex
.87*.09
.22*
-.22*
.81*
.15
-.09
-.07
.01
A Model of Unethical Behavior
Hong Kong
Z Income
Money Ethic
Culture
Commitment
Unethical Behavior
PaySatisfaction
Jobs
Sex
.50*-.30*
.68*
-.04
.38
.28*
-.28*
-.14
.02
A Model of Unethical Behavior
Hungary
Z Income
Money Ethic
Culture
Commitment
Unethical Behavior
PaySatisfaction
Jobs
Sex
.45*.09
.56*
-.23*
.64*
.02
-.33*
.66*
-.12
A Model of Unethical Behavior
Macedonia
Z Income
Money Ethic
Culture
Commitment
Unethical Behavior
PaySatisfaction
Jobs
Sex
-.26*.00
.35*
-.12
-
.04
-.13
.17
.08
A Model of Unethical Behavior
Malta
Z Income
Money Ethic
Culture
Commitment
Unethical Behavior
PaySatisfaction
Jobs
Sex
.11-.25*
.70*
-.34*
-
.38*
-.03
-.13
.04
A Model of Unethical Behavior
Oman
Z Income
Money Ethic
Culture
Commitment
Unethical Behavior
PaySatisfaction
Jobs
Sex
.96*-.35*
.50*
-.18
.52
.33*
-.22*
-.14
.25*
A Model of Unethical Behavior
Philippines
Z Income
Money Ethic
Culture
Commitment
Unethical Behavior
PaySatisfaction
Jobs
Sex
.04.13
.74*
-.33*
.92
.01
.17
.07
-.13
A Model of Unethical Behavior
Singapore
Z Income
Money Ethic
Culture
Commitment
Unethical Behavior
PaySatisfaction
Jobs
Sex
.22*-.21*
.56*
-.19*
.58
.29*
-.04
-.20
.04
A Model of Unethical Behavior
South Africa
Z Income
Money Ethic
Culture
Commitment
Unethical Behavior
PaySatisfaction
Jobs
Sex
.25*.55*
-
-
-
.15*
-.02
-.31*
-.05
A Model of Unethical Behavior
Taiwan
Z Income
Money Ethic
Culture
Commitment
Unethical Behavior
PaySatisfaction
Jobs
Sex
.14*-.13
.69*
-.22*
.51*
.14
-.09
-.12
.01
A Model of Unethical Behavior
Thailand
Z Income
Money Ethic
Culture
Commitment
Unethical Behavior
PaySatisfaction
Jobs
Sex
-.20*-.20*
.60*
-.12
-
.06
.22*
.15
.13
Summary: 12 Countries
12 Countries
Z Income
Money Ethic
Culture
Commitment
Unethical Behavior
PaySatisfaction
Jobs
Sex
+:5; (-:2)-: 5; (+: 1)
10
7
4
5
+: 1, 0: 8-: 3
+:1; -:1
1
A Simplified Model
12 Countries
Money Ethic
Commitment
Unethical Behavior
PaySatisfaction
-.13*
.61*
-.24*
Discussion
Employee theft is a $200 million-dollar a year problem in the US
Some managers condone theft by looking the other way
Treat that as “an invisible wage structure” to compensate for their lower than average wages
Discussion
Financial loss is attributed to
Employee Theft--38.4%
Shoplifting—35.6%
Administrative Error –19.4%
Vender Theft—6.4%
Discussion
Average Loss Shoplifting—$142.49 per incidentEmployee Theft–$737.31Armed Robbery–$2,410Culture of corruption Business
failuresDiscourage and Prevent
How Do Managers Discourage and Prevent Unethical Behavior?Create Pay FairnessInternal Equity (Vertical Pay
Differential) External Competitiveness (Market)
and Individual Equity (Merit, Seniority)
Discourage and Prevent
Procedural Justice (rules of the game, How the decision was made, the means)
Distributive Justice (results of the game, What was decided, the ends)
Discourage and Prevent
Set Role Models
Create Ethical Corporate Culture
Use Reward and Punishment
Establish Ethics Hot Line
Develop Profiles of Dishonest Employees
Select Good Employees HRM
Install Surveillance Systems
Provide Training to Employees
Organizational CultureTop management: Decoration or Dedication?
One company has built their organization around these four values*:– Communication, Respect, Integrity, Excellence
Can you name this company?
Culture can only be strong when the commitment to norms and values is strong.
*Taken from Year 2000 Annual Report
CEOs’ Pay
Corporate CorruptionsEnron Chairman Kenneth Lay and his
wife own over 30 million dollars worth of real estates and stocks
Employees lost their jobs and 1 billion deferred compensation and pension plan
CEOs’ Pay
Michael Eisner, CEO of Walt Disney made US$575,592,000 in 1998
The average worker made $30,000 in 1998
Pay Differential = 19,320 to 1
Money Profiles
Evil, Budget, Charity, Importance, Motivator, Success, Cluster Analysis
Conscientious Steward
Frugal Budgeter
Money Worshiper
Careless Handler
Good Money Profiles
Conscientious Steward (H-C; L-IMS) H satisfaction, L jobs, all Unethical Behavior
Frugal Budgeter (H-B; L-E) H Satisfaction
Evil, Budget, Charity, Importance, Motivator, Success
Bad Money Profiles
Money Worshiper (H-EIMS)- Abuse Power, Take No Action
Careless Handler (L-BC) Abuse Position, Resources
Evil, Budget, Charity, Importance, Motivator, Success
Additional Thoughts
It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle, than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God.
Judas, who betrayed Jesus for a sum of money (30 pieces of silver), was the treasurer of the disciples. John, 12: 6; 13: 29
For when he dieth he shall carry nothing away: his glory shall not descent after him. Psa, 49: 17
Beloved, follow not that which is evil, but that which is good. He that doeth good is of God: but he that doeth evil hath not seen God. John, 11