tidal power
DESCRIPTION
Tidal Power. Low duty cycle but feasible in certain topologically favorable locations. Natural Tidal Bottlenecks – Its those damn crazy Welsh again …. Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004). 1. Tidal Turbine Farms: Challenge its top optimize turbine design. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Tidal PowerTidal Power
Low duty cycle but feasible in Low duty cycle but feasible in certain topologically certain topologically favorable locationsfavorable locations
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Natural Tidal Bottlenecks – Natural Tidal Bottlenecks – Its those damn crazy Welsh Its those damn crazy Welsh
again …again …
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
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1. Tidal Turbine 1. Tidal Turbine Farms: Challenge Farms: Challenge its top optimize its top optimize turbine designturbine design
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Tidal FenceTidal Fence
Array of vertical axis Array of vertical axis tidal turbinestidal turbines
No effect on tide No effect on tide levelslevels
Less environmental Less environmental impact than a impact than a barragebarrage
1000 MW peak (600 1000 MW peak (600 MW average) fences MW average) fences soonsoon
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
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Tidal Turbines (MCT Tidal Turbines (MCT Seagen)Seagen)
750 kW – 1.5 MW750 kW – 1.5 MW 15 – 20 m rotors15 – 20 m rotors 3 m high Pile3 m high Pile 10 – 20 RPM10 – 20 RPM Deployed in multi-unit Deployed in multi-unit
farms or arraysfarms or arrays Like a wind farm, butLike a wind farm, but
Water 800x denser Water 800x denser than airthan air
Smaller rotorsSmaller rotors More closely spacedMore closely spaced
http://www.marineturbines.com/technical.htm
MCT Seagen Pile
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Tidal Turbines Tidal Turbines (Swanturbines)(Swanturbines)
Direct drive to Direct drive to generatorgenerator No gearboxesNo gearboxes
Gravity baseGravity base Versus a bored Versus a bored
foundationfoundation Fixed pitch turbine Fixed pitch turbine
bladesblades Improved reliabilityImproved reliability But trades off But trades off
efficiencyefficiency
http://www.darvill.clara.net/altenerg/tidal.htm
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Deeper Water Current Deeper Water Current TurbineTurbine
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
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Oscillating Tidal TurbineOscillating Tidal Turbine
Oscillates up and Oscillates up and downdown
150 kW prototype 150 kW prototype operational (2003)operational (2003)
Plans for 3 – 5 MW Plans for 3 – 5 MW prototypesprototypes
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
http://www.engb.com
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Polo Tidal TurbinePolo Tidal Turbine Vertical turbine Vertical turbine
bladesblades Rotates under a Rotates under a
tethered ringtethered ring 50 m in diameter50 m in diameter 20 m deep20 m deep 600 tonnes600 tonnes Max power 12 MWMax power 12 MW Much better power Much better power
per ton ratio than per ton ratio than Power BuoysPower Buoys
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
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Advantages of Tidal Advantages of Tidal TurbinesTurbines
Low Visual ImpactLow Visual Impact Mainly, if not totally submerged.Mainly, if not totally submerged.
Low Noise Pollution Low Noise Pollution Sound levels transmitted are very lowSound levels transmitted are very low
High PredictabilityHigh Predictability Tides predicted years in advance, unlike Tides predicted years in advance, unlike
windwind High Power DensityHigh Power Density
Much smaller turbines than wind turbines for Much smaller turbines than wind turbines for the same powerthe same power
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Disadvantages of Tidal Disadvantages of Tidal TurbinesTurbines
High maintenance costsHigh maintenance costs High power distribution costsHigh power distribution costs Somewhat limited upside capacity Somewhat limited upside capacity
less than 100 GW worldwide less than 100 GW worldwide Intermittent power generation over Intermittent power generation over
24 hour day24 hour day Fish bumping (but not chopping due Fish bumping (but not chopping due
to low RPM)to low RPM)
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2. Tidal Barrage 2. Tidal Barrage Schemes Schemes
impound tides to impound tides to create a damn create a damn
resevoirresevoir
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Potential Tidal Barrage Potential Tidal Barrage SitesSites
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
Only about 20 sites in the world have been identified as possible tidal barrage stations
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Schematic of Tidal Schematic of Tidal BarrageBarrage
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
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Cross Section of La Cross Section of La Rance BarrageRance Barrage
http://www.calpoly.edu/~cm/studpage/nsmallco/clapper.htm
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La Rance Tidal Power La Rance Tidal Power BarrageBarrage
Rance River estuary, Brittany (France)Rance River estuary, Brittany (France) Largest in world – 750 m dikeLargest in world – 750 m dike Completed in 1966Completed in 1966 2424××10 MW bulb turbines (240 MW)10 MW bulb turbines (240 MW)
5.4 meter diameter5.4 meter diameter Capacity factor of Capacity factor of ~33 %~33 % Maximum annual energy: 2.1 TWhMaximum annual energy: 2.1 TWh Realized annual energy: 840 GWhRealized annual energy: 840 GWh Electric cost: 3.7¢/kWhElectric cost: 3.7¢/kWh
Tester et al., Sustainable Energy, MIT Press, 2005Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
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La Rance Turbine ExhibitLa Rance Turbine Exhibit
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La Rance River, Saint La Rance River, Saint MaloMalo
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Tidal Barrage Energy Calculations
ARE
gRARmgRE21397
2/)(2/
R = range (height) of tide (in m)A = area of tidal pool (in km2)m = mass of waterg = 9.81 m/s2 = gravitational constant = 1025 kg/m3 = density of seawater 0.33 = capacity factor (20-35%)
kWh per tidal cycle
Assuming 706 tidal cycles per year (12 hrs 24 min per cycle)
AREyr2610997.0
Tester et al., Sustainable Energy, MIT Press, 2005
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La Rance Barrage Example
= 33%R = 8.5 mA = 22 km2
517
)22)(5.8)(33.0(10997.0
10997.026
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yr
yr
yr
E
E
ARE
GWh/yr
Tester et al., Sustainable Energy, MIT Press, 2005
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Proposed Severn Barrage (1989)
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
Never constructed, but instructive
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Proposed Severn Barrage Proposed Severn Barrage (1989) (1989) Impressive Scale Impressive Scale
Severn River estuary (Border Severn River estuary (Border between Wales and England)between Wales and England)
216 216 × 40 MW turbine generators × 40 MW turbine generators (9.0m dia)(9.0m dia)
8,640 MW total capacity8,640 MW total capacity 16 km (9.6 mi) total barrage length16 km (9.6 mi) total barrage length £8.2 ($15) billion estimated cost £8.2 ($15) billion estimated cost
(1988)(1988)
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Severn Barrage ProposalSevern Barrage Proposal
Power Generation over Power Generation over TimeTime
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
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Severn Barrage ProposalSevern Barrage Proposal
Capital CostsCapital Costs
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
~$15 billion(1988 costs)
Tester et al., Sustainable Energy, MIT Press, 2005
So that’s about 30 Billion dollars today for 9 Billion Watts not terrible but not great
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Tidal Barrage Tidal Barrage Environmental FactorsEnvironmental Factors
Changes in estuary ecosystemsChanges in estuary ecosystems Less variation in tidal rangeLess variation in tidal range Fewer mud flatsFewer mud flats
Less turbidity – clearer waterLess turbidity – clearer water More light, more lifeMore light, more life
Accumulation of siltAccumulation of silt Concentration of pollution in siltConcentration of pollution in silt
Visual clutterVisual clutter
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Advantages of Tidal Advantages of Tidal BarragesBarrages
High predictabilityHigh predictability Tides predicted years in advance, unlike Tides predicted years in advance, unlike
windwind Similar to low-head damsSimilar to low-head dams
Known technologyKnown technology Protection against floodsProtection against floods Benefits for transportation (bridge)Benefits for transportation (bridge) Some environmental benefitsSome environmental benefits
http://ee4.swan.ac.uk/egormeja/index.htm
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Disadvantages of Tidal Disadvantages of Tidal BarragesBarrages
High capital costsHigh capital costs Few attractive tidal power sites Few attractive tidal power sites
worldwideworldwide Intermittent power generationIntermittent power generation Silt accumulation behind barrageSilt accumulation behind barrage
Accumulation of pollutants in mudAccumulation of pollutants in mud Changes to estuary ecosystemChanges to estuary ecosystem
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PromisingPromising Tidal Energy Tidal Energy SitesSites
CountryCountry LocationLocation TWh/yrTWh/yr GWGW
CanadaCanada Fundy BayFundy Bay 1717 4.34.3
CumberlandCumberland 44 1.11.1
USAUSA AlaskaAlaska 6.56.5 2.32.3
PassamaquoPassamaquodydy
2.12.1 11
ArgentinArgentinaa
San Jose San Jose GulfGulf
9.59.5 55
RussiaRussia Orkhotsk Orkhotsk SeaSea
125125 4444
IndiaIndia CambyCamby 1515 7.67.6
KutchKutch 1.61.6 0.60.6
KoreaKorea 1010
AustraliaAustralia 5.75.7 1.91.9
http://europa.eu.int/comm/energy_transport/atlas/htmlu/tidalsites.html
But Bottom Line Sum is only about 70 GW BFD?
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Local SitesLocal Sites
Tacoma NarrowsTacoma Narrows Deception Pass (Oceana Energy has Deception Pass (Oceana Energy has
Permit)Permit) San Francisco Bay (Golden Gate)San Francisco Bay (Golden Gate) Straits of Juan De Fuca (twice the Straits of Juan De Fuca (twice the
scale to that of Severn Barge)scale to that of Severn Barge)