TIDAL POWER

MEETING THE

ENVIRONMENTAL

CHALLENGES OF

TO-MORROW

A proposal for cooperation between

Holland and Norway.

TideTec AS. Main office: Ingiers vei 17, N-1167 Oslo, Norway. Tel/fax +47 22285812, mobile +47 91 85 69 40.

E-mail per.kollandsrud@tidetec.no. Reg.no.: 980 502 155MVA. Bank account no.: 8120 05 07126.

Subsidiary office: Labraateveien 8, N-1454 Fagerstrand, Norway. Tel/fax +47 66913058, mobile +47 99021433,

e-mail: john.brungot@tidetec.no

TIDAL POWER

meeting the

environmental

challenges of

tomorrow

Contents:

• Summary page 3

• Market for new technology 4

• Turbine technologies 5

• Kaplan turbine characteristics 6

• Bidirectional alternatives to Kaplan 7

• Rolls Royce Atkins tandem turbine 8

• VLH hydro turbine 9

• Tidal Power plant in Sout-Korea 10

• TideTec turbine 1: the main principle, patented 11

• - “ - 2: mounting/dismantling 12

• - “ - 3: water duct, draft tubes 13

• - “ - 4: wave energy, the inclined 14

• - ” - 5: adds from wave 15

• Region Grevelingen - needs 16

• Comments to questions 17

• Fish 18

• Energy potential of Grevelingen 19

• Heat energy from generators - applications 20

• Small-scale research model 21

• Pumping for more energy and flood protection 22

• Costs/added value creation 23

• Added value, distribution on sectors of interest 24

• Preliminary conclusion and suggested action plan 25

• Conclusion and project founding possibility 26

• Sea level rise - a global 27

The world meets great challenges substituting coal, oil and gas with non-emission

energy. Global heating causes sea-level rise.

Increased vaporization causes more precipitation. This will challenge the flood

protection systems. Cities like London, Amsterdam, Hamburg and Bergen and vast

land areas in Europe and elsewhere are at risk.

Institute for Infrastructure, Environment and Innovation arranged an international

seminar called OKEANOS project phase II in June 2010. TideTec AS was invited

because we can offer relevant technology. The seminar took place at La Rance, France.

The experiences here have

been very influential for new

plants under construction or

planning - and for new

turbine concepts.

This leaflet illuminates the

TideTec concept in relation

to the Dutch plans and

former and new concepts

which have been published.

We regard the presented

opportunities as very

relevant for transnational

cooperation.

The tidal power plant of La Rance in France

Summary:

3

Market for new technology

Needs in Holland

The flood disaster in 1953 led to

the first Delta plan. Climate

changes may hit Holland gravely.

Therefore substantial investments

for improvements of the flood

defence have been decided,

involving:

- Reinforcements of the barriers

- Generation of sustainable energy

- Controlled water flow

The patented TideTec concept has

qualifications which meet the requirements.

Plans for a new “Mini Delta” project and the

invitation to participate suits very well with

our own strategy for gaining access into the

market.

These plans represents the basis for joint

Dutch/Norwegian R&D in order to find

optimal solutions for turbines/pumps and

structure design.

4

Maine categories

Free stream turbinesThese turbines are deployed in open water and harness the kinetic energy like a windmill.

Hammerfest Strøm and Hydra Tidal Energy Technology are Norwegian examples of this kind.

None of these solutions can offer flood protection or a bridge/pier structure as a bi-product .

They are therefore out of question where such demands are in focus.

Tidal turbines in barragesKaplan bulb turbines are dominant. Kaplan turbines are first of all designed for river power

plants without reservoirs, where heads are very low. The bulb version for axial flow is applied

at La Rance and Sihwa in South Korea, and was tested at Kislaya Guba, Russia.

Turbine technologies

Kaplan runner after 36 years operation atKislaya Guba, Russia

Hammerfest Strøm turbine Hydro Tidal Energy Tecknology turbine

5

Kaplan turbine characteristics

This turbine shows excellent performance when the tide flows in the right direction via the

guide vanes towards the runner, as in river power plants, but in contrast to rivers the tide

flows both direction.

Lacking turbines which may

operate two-way with high

efficiency several new TPPs

are planned, especially in South

Korea; all schemes designed

with bulbous Kaplan turbines and

unidirectional energy generation.

Huge hatches between the

turbines are opened to allow the

tide to return without energy

generation. This scheme reduces

energy generation, but enables

satisfactory water exchange.

Atkins + Rolls Royce comments and suggests:

TideTec agrees with Rolls-Royce Atkins that there is a need forspecial turbines that can harness the tidal energy

effectively in both flow directions.

Sihwa Lake tidal power plant with one-way energy

generation. Planned finished Autumn 2010.

6

Alternatives to Kaplan that can

generate energy both at tide and ebb

Darrieus turbines (Russian Orthogonal)

Russian scientists have launched a modified Darrieus which they call “Orthogonal”.

This turbine operates equally well both ways.

Also Norwegian scientists

have worked with the Darrieus

turbine (Sintef/Hammerfest

Strøm drawing). This turbine

type was abandoned.

The efficiency in open water,

with firm blades, was recorded

by Sintef Research at 20 %.

Russian experts are reserved, awaiting the real efficiency records from

the site trials.

Russian landscape model at the World Exhibition in Tokyo and a full scale runner in workshopbefore start of tests at Kislaya Guba.

7

Rolls Royce tandem turbine

Atkins - Rolls Royce has expressed the

following in a presentation given i 2009:

” Bi-directional gives potentially

40 % more energy”.

This is a conclusion from a serious

industrial actor which is in accordance

with the view of us and Russian scientists etc.

Rolls Royce proposes to reduce the pressure

fall through the turbine at locations where it

might be harmful for migrating fish. However,

the danger limits for rapid pressure drops should,

in our opinion, be investigated by simple lab-tests.

This would show whether the actual pressure gradients at

the Brouwersdam are above or under these limits.

For the sake of continuity of energy generation it is important that the intervals

between energy generation periods are as short as possible. This demands very

low head generation ability.

8 Tidal differances "behind" turbines

Tidal differances "in front of" turbines

Curve for sea level inside barriere

Time without energyproduction

Incoming tidal flow Outgoing tidal flow

Curve for tidal level outside barriere

Rolls Royce tandem turbine

8

VLH Hydro Turbine

This Canadian/French

alternative is presented

as especially favorable

for low head generation.

It is characterized by

a central generator driven

by a 8 adjustable blade

runner.

Rolls Royce has

presented this variant,

which operates equally

in both directions.

This is achieved by tilting

the whole assembly 90

deg. around a horizontal

axis.

The concept has some similarities with the TideTec turbine. One question is whether

it is favorable to apply a special, submersed generator inside the assembly.

The alternative is standard high speed generators/motors mounted

above the highest sea level.

9

Korean authorities expect that during the period 2008-2030 ocean power (tidal andwaves)

will increase at average 49,6 % per year versus only 18,1 % for wind power (Source:

Innovation Norway, South Korea).

4 tidal power plants

are under construction,

all based on one-way

generation applying

Kaplan turbines.

The tides are returned

from the basins via big

gates without energy

generation.

Applying the same size and number of turbines, which can be turned 180 degrees

around a vertical axis at each tidal shift, as patented, an extra 40 % energy generation is

expected in average, as advocated by Rolls Royce for their own bidirectional technology.

TideTec is applying a simplified guide vane system without regulation. This is expected to

give a lower efficiency than Kaplan. We therefore reduce the 40 % additional energy to

37 %. Our numbers for energy generation and exploitation ratio relative available natural

energy are based on the official numbers for the projects, added 37 %. Due to variations

of the basin topography the added energy percentage will differ somewhat from project

to project, but that is left for more detailed analyses.

Tidal power in South Korea

10

TideTec AS is a Norwegian company which has specialized on tidal turbines. At

locations with moderate tidal differences, but significant wave activity, the wave energy

may be harnessed on the same turbines.

The concept also includes prefabricated concrete modules prepared for roads and rails

on the top.

Equal energy generation for both tidal directions is achieved by turning the turbine 180

deg. around a vertical axis between each tidal shift.

TideTec turbine 1

TideTec turbin ved inngående tidevann TideTec turbin ved utgående tidevann

TideTec turbine with incoming tidal flow TideTec turbine with outgoing tidal flow

11

The turbines may be run as pumps in order to lift or lower the sea level inside the dam.This improves the flood protection function and energy generation potential.

The concept is flexible and may be adapted in order to comply with local needs andpossibilities.

Mounting/dismantling of the turbines is conducted by means of agantry crane on rails.

By dividing the machinery into 3 parts: generator, turning section and turbine body the

demands forlifting capacity and height above the dam are kept reasonable.

Application of standard high speed generators keeps turbine body weight and cost low.

The turning mechanism consists of three or more inflatable wheels with double planet

gears and motor drive in at least one hub. The wheels are forced towards the cylindrical

wall. The complete turbine assembly is released for dismantling by deflating the wheels etc.

After mounting the wheels are inflated and secure a stable and vibration damping

attachment to the concrete structure.

TideTec turbine 2

Draft of concrete modules with TideTec turbine

4. hoist:The turbine

Workshop

with crane on rails.

1. hoist:Cover with generator

2. and 3, hoist: Stand with rotation mechanism and intermediate shaft

Concrete section

Machineroom

12

The design is based on the properties which give the Kaplan turbine its excellent

performance when run in the right direction. Research from Russia, Australia and

Canada showing the benefits of conic inlets and outlets, improving the cost/energy ratio.

13

TideTec turbine 3

Axial, accellerating water

stream towards th turbine

Drive shaft to generator

Axial, retarding water stream (draft tube)

Counter rotating water

relative turbine runner rotation

Visualization of the TT turbine dynamics

13

TideTec also develops methods where added energy from waves may boost the turbineenergy generation. The inclined wedge principle is illustrated below.

14

TideTec turbine 4 - Wave

energy

Wedged grove

Sea

Basin

A demo site was built

in 1985 at Toftestallen.

The sea was lifted up

into the basin at 3 m

heigth.

The turbine was at 350

KW and linked to the

grid.

Blasted stone fragments from the construction period were

washed up the groove the first winter. Complete breakdown of the

installation.

This principle was tested successfully for a long time until the disaster. But thetiming for this energy resource was premature; there were still plenty ofcheaper hydro power projects available.

The combination of tidal and wave energy on the same turbine is primarilyinteresting at locations with moderate tidal differences, but vivid wave activity.

14

Alternativ 1:

Tidevann og bølger inn fra venstre

felles utløp til høyre

Alternativ 2:

Tidevann inn fra venstre, bølger fra høyre,

felles utløp til høyre

Alternativ 3:Tidevann og bølger

inn fra høyre, felles utløp til venstre

Alternativ 4:Tidevann inn fra høyre,

bølger fra venstre,felles utløp til venstre

TideTec turbine 5 - Adds from

waves

In this case the wave energy is used for increased draft tube efficiency.An alternative would be to increase the pressure on the turbines byoutlets in front.

Modus 1

Tidal flow and waves

from left, common

outlet to the right

Modus 2

Tidal flow from left, waves

from right, common outlet

to the right

Modus 3

Tidal flow and waves

from right, common

outlet to the left

Modus 4

Tidal flow from right,

waves from left, common

outlet to the left

15

Region Grevelingen- intention of renewal

Our firm advocates that our concept has the best qualities in order to meet therequirements.

Optimal design and a precise answer to the questions will need thorough collaborationand research.

These tasks could be carried out via a Dutch/Norwegian collaboration project.

16

Tide average

flow rate

Wishes for a high water

exchange rate lead to

many and big diameter

turbines.

The length of Brouwersdam

is 820 m. Assumed

applicable length for

turbines is 750 m, allowing

sailing passages.

Below a calculation example for a full installation, where the intention of high pumping

capacity is weighted foremost.

* Turbine diameter 6 m, which gives a net passage area of approx. 26 m2

* Center distance between turbines = 7,5 m

* Maximal number of units: 100

* Total flow passage area: 2600 m2

* Flow speed at flow rate 4000 m3/s is 1.54 m/s.

The straight and spacious water passages should contribute to high efficiency of energy

generation and pumping.

Pumping may be applied for lifting or lowering the sea level inside the barrage, always with

the turbine orientation with highest efficiency. The experiences from La Rance show that

pumping contributes to higher energy generation.

Comments to some questions

17

The information in the Rolls Royce diagram below shows the importance of low turbine

blade tip velocity in order to avoid fish killings. However, low turbine rotation speed

means higher cost per kWh.

Fish friendliness

Rolls Royce intends to expand theseparation between the runnersand blades. This is understandablewhen the objective is to avoid hittingor trapping passing fish.

A one runner alternative will beadvantageous in this respect.

18

Rolls Royce tandem turbin

Reopening of the Brouwersdamdike

The modification of the dam, involving TideTecturbines, may be performed in steps over time.A multiple-sided value generation may becreated:

• Renewable energy supply from tid and waves

• Enhanced water exchange insidee dike

• Flood protection with high pumping capacity

Middel lavvann

Middel høyvann25

22

70

20

Sjøkart 0

TideTec AS suggests Ø 6 m turbines in on-site cast concrete structures prepared for 2 roads,pavement and cycle lane on top on either side of the lids to turbines in the middle. Center tocenter distance between turbines 7,5 m (minimum).

Renewable energy supply from tides and waves, enhanced water exchange inside the dike.Flood protection with high pumping capacity.

The sketch above shows a version with wave energy added applying the wedged grooveprinciple. Norway has long experience with fish ladders past river power plants. Similar solutionsfor fish bypass should be considered here.

Mean high tide

Mean low tide

Sea map

19

Energy and pumping potential

at Brouwersdam

The calculations for Brouwersdam are based on the same rate of natural energyexploitation as at Garolim in South-Korea (page 10), adjusted for an expected 3 % lower

efficiency for TideTec in Brouwersdam versus Kaplan bulb at Garolim. Also 40 % extra

generation as stated by Rolls Royce for bidirectional schemes are included at Browersdam.

The 24-unit installation does not represent the optimum installation for La Rance, which

should be in order of 40 units (Gibrat, 1976).

The natural energy potential is

calculated according to the Gibrat

formula. Added energy from waves

are not included.

The effective head may be increased

by pumping between each tidal shift.

TideTec turbines may be used as

pumps in order to increase the

effective head for both ingoing and

outgoing tide.

The length of the dike will allow a maximum of 100 turbines after full renewal. At un-normalhigh precipitation and hence extra need for pumping the pumping capacity may be

increased applying frequency converters. At high migration rates of big fish or eels the

turbine rotation speed may be turned down in the same way in order to avoid elevated fish

mortality rates. High pumping capacity will increase the flood protection ability.

Appropriate generator size will be in the interval 1 - 2 MW, depending on theclaims for pumping capacity, ia aggregated pumping capacity in the interval

100 -200 MW.

20

Locality Basin Mean tidal Natural Production in GWh/ year Explotitation Ratio

difference potensial Ep Kaplan TideTec Kaplan TideTec`s

area meters GWh / year single-effect double-effect single-effect double-effect

Km2 operation ratio operation operation

La Rance 22 8,2 2914 540 0,185Garolim 45,5 4,7 1980 880 0,444Brouwersdam 110 2,5 1354 825 0,609

The heat from the generator

cooling is a resource

The application of high speed generators/motors located in dry surroundings above sealevel imply many advantages.

One is the access to the substantial heat energy from the generator cooling systems,which may be exploited in many ways. Examples might be heating of buildings, houses,fish breeding activities etc.

An internal transmission line over-pressure relative the outside water pressure isautomatically secured from the control centre. This secures a long life of thetransmission system. The central surveillance system also controls the amount andquality of lubricating oils.

21

Norway has a leading position in the field of shipand offshore vessel thrusters.

The resemblance with the TideTec concept isquite obvious, a fact which gives TideTec accessto worthy experience.

The example of an azimuth thruster shown herehas a power of max. 5000 kW.

The manufacture is carried out by the Norwegiancompany Scana Industrier ASA in Poland.

Flooding water may often contain abrasiveparticles which may hurt water lubricatedbearings which are applied in some tidal turbines.

The TideTec concept combines high speed/lowweight and cost generators with low speed andfish friendly turbines/pumps.The powertransmission vertically between turbine/pump andgenerator/motor is in 2 steps applying angle andplanet gears.

Small-scale research model

In order to optimize and secure the quality of the calculations a down-scaled researchmodel should be built and tested.

The sketch a suggestion of a lay-out in order to verify and optimize the add-effect ofwavesbelow is .

Norwegian universities and labs experience a capacity overload due to manyassignments from large companies. TideTec AS, being a small company with limitedresources, has to line up in the 1-2 years long queue.

A Russian turbine manufacturer (Inset Ltd) and the Faculty for Hydro Power andRenewable Energy at The State Polytechnic University of St. Petersburg have proposeda budget for a TT-turbine design, manufacture and test.

However, the funding is not established yet.TideTec AS is interested in cooperation forlab. or prototype testing also in other countries in order to optimize the design and verifythe performance at specific sites.

TideTec is open for licensing and local manufacturing of the equipment.

22

Pumping for both increased

energy generation and better flood

protection

The curves to the right (Dr. Stuart

H. Anderson, Conwy County Borough

Counsil) show the benefits of two-way

generation and high pump efficiency.

An extra head may be achieved by

stopping the flow a while during tidal

shift or by lifting or lowering the sea

level in the basin by pumping.

This is especially effective during

neap tide.

Pumping may also be used in

order to control the sea level inside

the dike.

During extreme precipitation periods

which cause flooding from the rivers

flowing into the basin, the pumping

may be extended in time and

capacity in order to avoid or reduce

flood-caused damage, given that

necessary electric power is

available from the grid.

The conditions for high efficiency of

the installation is present: straight

water passages, conic in- and outlets,

mechanical transmissions, high efficiency

generators/motors etc.

The generators/motors, being located well above sea level in spacious surroundings, should

be of standard low cost/high efficiency type with high capacity for pumping mode operation.

23

Construction techniques

The Okeanos report 29-30/6 2010 informsthat the Brouwersdam was built by meansof big concrete caissons which were filledwith sand.

In order to avoid the demolition of thecaissons the report show an alternative(right) where the water flow is led overthe caisson via a turbine.

Our opinion is that these savings in the longperspective will be overrun by the loss ofefficiency at both energy generation andpumping mode operations. We alsoanticipate that the “high” turbine alternativewill lead to more cavitation problems.Maybe the solid dismantled concretecaissons may be reused for new purposes?Hence we conclude that the upperalternative should be chosen.

24

Operating with moderate tidal differencesand moderate speed the turbines do nothave to be very deeply submersed.

That reduces the size of the housing andneed for deep excavations.The photo shows the group at a visit to thepreserved St.Michel where large sedimentsare to be moved away by means of thetide.

Also at the Brouwersdam large sedimentsmust be moved. We believe that the samemethod can be applied here after the newturbine structures are in place. The existingbridge structure gives a good basisfor stepwise construction and application ofcranes and excavation machines on wheelsor belts.

TideTec will make a special design of theturbine blade arrangement which enables afull closure of the water passage crosssection, making costly gates obsolete.

Costs - added value

Summing up: Application of standard

high-speed/low cost generators above

sea level also implies low-cost

maintenance and use of heat from the

cooling system. The generators are

applied as motors when pumping, and

frequency converters will improve the

efficiency of operations.

This lay-out gives the freedom to design for high speed of generator / motor and low

rotation speed of the turbine - or high speed pumping if needed at emergency flooding

incidents. Norway has a leading position regarding modern vessel thrusters in the same

power class and designed for the same environment as the TideTec turbines.

The long-lasting and demanding construction period of Norwegian

hydro power has given valuable knowledge and experience - also relevant for this

project. Our concept is based on well known and proven technology which can be

adapted to suit the needs at Grevelingen.

How the added value is distributed will vary from location to location and

country to country. This cake diagram shows 40 % allocated to flood

protection, 30 % to energy generation, 20 % to environmental

improvements (water exchange) and 10 % to infrastructure (tourism etc.)

just as an example.

Flood protection

Energy generation

Environmental improvement

Infrastructure

25

We hope that this information shows that the patented TideTecTechnology has

the best prerequisites to satisfy the needs for the renewal of Brouwersdam.

This is a good case

in order to develop the

TideTec technology,

with partly state

funding via the

IFU/OFO-system of

Innovation Norway (IN).

TideTec has a winner contract with IN which opens for such

financing tools. IN budget for 2010 is closed. New applications

will be for 2011. TideTec is pt free to choose industrial

partners. One or more Dutch companies may join the

project funding application if the project group wish it and the

company is able to compete and willing to invest manhours

and / or capital.

Conclusion and project funding

possibility

Leverandørgruppe:

TideTec AS+

Norconsult AS

i samarbeide med norskeog / eller utenlandsklunderleverandørereverandører

Brukergruppe:

Group Grevelingen Minstry of transport, public Works and managementRijkswaterstaatProv. Zeeland and Zuid-Holland

Statlig norsk medfinansiering vedIFO kontrakt med Innovasjon Norge

Norwegian state part funding via IFU/OFU-agreement with IN.

User group :

Group GrevelingenMinistry of transport, public works and management Rijkswaterstaat, Prov. Zeeland and Zuid-Holland

Group of suppliers:

TideTec AS

in cooperation with

Norwegian and / or foreign

partners

26

The increasing sea

level partly caused by

global heating is a

world-wide challange.

When spring tide meets

flooding rivers the danger

of overflow damages

arises.

TheTideTecs concept is based on proven technology. The barrage consists

of prefabricated concrete modules to be floated from dock to site. Theconcrete modules are prepared for transport facilities on the upper side andmounting of turbines without divers and crane vessels. At Brouwersdam theexisting structure may be used as a cofferdam while the concrete sectionsare cast on site.The patented turbines from TideTec are designed to exploitboth the incoming and outgoing tides at high efficiency. At locations withmuch waves this added energy may be harnessed in the same turbines.

At flood hazar incidents the turbines may be run as pumps. While excludingthe high sea level outside the barrage the sea level inside may be loweredsimultaneously. This arrangement requires access to sufficient emergencyenergy supply from the grid in order to operate the generators as motors todrive the turbines as heavy duty pumps.

Sea level rise - a global problem

Experts predict the existing barrier will be used more frequently

London is at special risk. Existing flood control

means must be reinforced. Also Bergen with the

preserved "Tyskerbryggen" is threatened.

Flood defence by means of dams with turbines,

which can generate "everlasting” renewable

electric power from both tides and waves, offers

a versatile value creation tool.

27

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