time to dna-pcr positivity in non-breastfed hiv-infected infants (primarily non-b hiv subtype)
DESCRIPTION
Time to DNA-PCR Positivity in Non-Breastfed HIV-Infected Infants (Primarily Non-B HIV Subtype). A Collaborative Analysis of Data from Cohorts in Thailand, South Africa, Botswana, and the United Kingdom International Collaborative Study of Pediatric Diagnostic Tests JuLy 19, 2011. Background. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
A Collaborative Analysis of Data from Cohorts in Thailand, South Africa, Botswana, and the United Kingdom
Internat ional Col laborat ive Study of Pediatr ic Diagnost ic Tests
JULY 19 , 2011
Time to DNA-PCR Positivity in Non-Breastfed HIV-Infected Infants
(Primarily Non-B HIV Subtype)
Background
Accurate diagnostic tests to detect HIV infection in infants are critical to ensure early treatment
HIV DNA-PCR has imperfect sensitivity in the first two weeks of life
Previous studies found that time to HIV DNA-PCR positivity increase by about 15% with ZDV prophylaxis compared with no antiretrovirals (ARV)
Impact of combination ARV prophylaxis is not well characterized; no single cohort can adequately address this question
Goals
Combine data from several cohorts of non-breastfeeding HIV-infected mother-infant pairs Initial phase: cohorts with primarily non-B HIV
subtype Estimate the time to DNA-PCR positivity in
non-breastfed HIV-infected infants Assess differences in time to DNA-PCR
positivity according to maternal/infant ARV regimen
Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria
Inclusion criteria: Infant HIV-infected and has at least one DNA-
PCR result before age 3 months Maternal HIV diagnosis before or within 1 month
after birth Excluded diagnostic tests with missing
result or missing age at time of blood drawExcluded one infant whose mother’s ARV
exposure was unknown
Statistical Methods
Used methods for interval-censored data Timing of HIV infection uncertain; in interval between last
negative and first positive DNA-PCR testEstimated the cumulative probability of DNA-PCR
positivity according to age and ARV Non-parametric methods; Turnbull algorithm, Wilcoxon
testExploratory regression modeling to adjust for
potential confounders Parametric methods; assumed Weibull distributions with
proportional hazards; likelihood ratio test
Participating Cohorts
Cohort Country Birth YearsNumber of
Infants (Tests)MASHI Botswana 2001-2003 33 (91)
Infant Diagnostic Study South Africa 2001-2003 26 (83)
NSHPC/HPA UK (African origin) 2000-2008 74 (181)
PHPT Thailand 1997- 2003 177 (678)
Thai/CDC Thailand 1992-1998 122 (370)
Total 432 (1403)
Infants Grouped by Most Complex Maternal/Infant ARV
Infant ARV Prophylaxis
Mat
erna
l AR
V du
ring
Trim
este
r of D
eliv
ery
No ARVSingle NRTI
sdNVP (+/- ZDV) >3 ARVs
No ARV 125 4 5 4Single NRTI 18 137 8 2sdNVP (+/-
ZDV) 0 21 71 1>3 ARVs 0 14 2 20
No ARV = Mother and infant did not receive ARV at any time (n=125)Single NRTI = Mother or infant received single NRTI (n=159)sdNVP (+/- ZDV) = Mother or infant received sdNVP +/- ZDV (n=105)>3 ARVS = Mother or infant received >3 ARVs (n=43)
Demographics
No ARV (n=125)
Single NRTI (n=159)
sdNVP +/- ZDV (n=105)
>3 ARVs(n=43)
Year of Birth 1992-1994 67 0 0 0 1996-1999 37 113 0 0 2000-2003 12 43 104 14 2004-2008 9 3 1 29Country Where HIV Acquired Botswana 0 11 20 2 South Africa 0 0 27 2 Zimbabwe 8 3 2 10 Nigeria 4 1 0 6 Other African Country 7 5 0 21 Thailand 105 139 56 1
Characteristics (median [25th-75th percentile])
No ARV(n=123)
Single NRTI (n=159)
sdNVP +/- ZDV (n=79)
>3 ARVs(n=43)
P value(Kruskal-Wallis)
Maternal CD4 Near Delivery
410 [290-529]
296 [190-415]
284 [185-424]
290 [149-400]
< 0.0001
Maternal Viral Load Near Delivery
67,590 [26,263-191,174]
14,125[2,963 – 39,363]
41,496[12,448 – 94,575]
6,000[419-
50,666]
< 0.0001
Gestational Age at Delivery
39[35-43]
38[33-43]
38[33-43]
37[30-45]
< 0.001
Delivery Type: VaginalCS no labor/ROMCS with labor/ROM
92%2%6%
78%9%
13%
80%5%
15%
25%40%35%
< 0.0001
Cumulative Probability of Positive DNA-PCR by Age (Non-Parametric)
P value (Wilcoxon) =0.0002
ARV Group
Number of
infantsBirth-1 day
<14 days
< 30 days
<42 days
<90 days
<370 days
No ARV 125 0.31 0.94 0.94 0.94 1.00 1.00Single NRTI 159 0.63 0.63 0.91 0.91 0.96 1.00
sdNVP +/- ZDV 105 0.71 0.82 0.82 0.96 1.00 1.00>3 ARVs 43 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.79 0.94 1.00
Cumulative Probability of Positive DNA-PCR by Age (Subset: 143 infants negative at birth or day 1)
P value (Wilcoxon) =0.0007
ARV GroupNumber
of infants<14
days <30
days <42
days<90
days<370 days
No ARV 48 0 0.87 0.87 1.00 1.00Single NRTI 70 0 0.86 0.86 0.97 1.00
sdNVP+/- ZDV 13 0 0 0.80 1.00 1.00>3 ARVs 12 0 0.35 0.35 0.88 1.00
Cumulative Probability of Positive DNA-PCR by Age (Parametric - separate Weibull models, unadjusted)
Adjustment for Confounders: Infants who Received ARV(Parametric, Proportional Hazards; HR >1 Means Earlier Positivity)
ARV Group Unadjusted Hazard Ratio
[95% CI]
Adjusted Hazard Ratio [95% CI]
Single NRTI 1.44 [1.00 – 2.09] 1.44 [0.92-2.28]sdNVP+/- ZDV 1.56 [1.06 – 2.30] 1.39 [0.84-2.30]>3 ARVs 1.0 1.0P value for ARV Group
0.06 0.11*
*P value for CD4 = 0.80, viral load =0.89, gestational age=0.44, delivery type =0.91
Summary and Conclusions
Lower DNA-PCR positivity at birth and greater increase in positivity by 14 days of age in HIV-infected, non-breastfed infants who had no ARV vs. those who had maternal or infant ARV Suggests ARV prevents a large proportion of
intrapartum transmissionNonparametric estimates of the probability of
DNA-PCR positivity by age differed significantly according to ARV group Time to DNA-PCR positivity was later with receipt of
>3 ARVs than with single NRTI or sd-NVP (+/- ZDV)
Summary and Conclusions (2)
In preliminary parametric regression modeling, the association between ARV group and time to positivity did not remain statistically significant However, adjustment did not change the hazard ratios
and the confidence intervals were mostly above 1.0 The small number of infants exposed to > 3 ARVs limited
the statistical power to detect a difference; further study is needed
Our results may have implications for scheduling final HIV PCR diagnostic testing, particularly when resources are limited.
International Collaborative Study of Pediatric Diagnostic Tests – Collaborators
R. Balasubramanian D.E. Shapiro M.G. FowlerK. DominguezP. TookeyJ. MastersJ. TosswillM. Lallemant N. Ngo-Giang Huang M. McConnellP. Mock
G. ShermanS. LockmanV. NovitskyP. PalumboS. NesheimB. BohannonK. RichM. HughesWe gratefully
acknowledge the study participants