time trends among adolescents in -...

Time trends among adolescents in

Oslo, and their situation in 2015

Young in Oslo 1996-2015

NordAN-conference Oslo 16th of October 2016

Patrick Lie Andersen – researcher at NOVA (Norwegian Social

Research) – Oslo and Akershus University College

[email protected]

• How has the situation among youth in Oslo

changed from 1996 to 2015?

• How is the situation among youth in Oslo in

2015?

• What can we learn about adolescents’

alcohol consumption from the Young in

Oslo-survey ?

Presentation outline

The Young in Oslo-surveys

• Adolescents - 14-17 years (2015:12-19)

• App 11-12000 (2015: 24000)

• Anonymous questionaires

• Many topics:

• well-being

• social relations (family, friends),

• education

• leisure time

• health

• tobacco, alcohol, drugs,

• delinquency/misbehaviour

• Founded by the Municipality of Oslo

• Designed by NOVA – many established survey

questions

• Data collection period: January/february

How has the situation among

youth in Oslo changed from

1996 to 2015?

In the 1990’ties

• Many worries among politicians,

commentators, researches and

parents

• Alcohol

• Drugs

• Violence

• Crime (gangs)

• A situation that potentially could

get out of control

• Increasing immigration – a

potential problem?

Oslo over time: 1996 – 2015

• Decrease in youth that have been

subject to violence

18

11

14

20

13

16

32

18

25

0 50 100

Gutter

Jenter

Alle

2006

2012

2015

Violence: victimization



subject to violence


drunk

Alcohol: Been drunk last 12 months

25

28

26

27

31

29

37

40

39

44

46

45

0 50 100

Gutter

Jenter

Alle

1996

2006

2012

2015


• Decrease in youth that have been subject

to violence

• Decrease in youth that have been drunk

• Increase in youths’ well-being in schools

Well-being in school

94

94

94

93

94

93

89

91

90

82

84

83

0 50 100

Gutter

Jenter

Alle

1996 2006 2012 2015


• Decrease in youth that have been subject to violence


• Increase in youths’ well-being in schools

• Fewer daily smokers

Tobacco: Daily smokers

2,3

1,5

1,9

3,4

2,9

3,1

7,5

8,5

8,0

18,2

20,5

19,3

0 20 40

Gutter

Jenter

Alle

1996

2006

2012

2015


• Decrease in youth that have been subject to

violence


• Increase in youths’ well-beeing in schools


• Increase in number of homebound

adolescents

Leisure time: Homebound(two whole evenings)

69

75

72

64

71

68

58

66

62

56

62

59

0 50 100

Gutter

Jenter

Alle

1996 2006 2012 2015

Oslo over time : 1996 – 2015

• Decrease in youth that have been subject to

violence


• Increase in youths’ well-beeing in schools


• Increase in number of homebound

adolescents

• More adolescents spend much time on

homework

Share who spend more thanone hour a day on homework

44

63

53

38

51

45

28

43

36

0 50 100

Gutter

Jenter

Alle

1996 2006 2012 2015

Changes over time

• Contrary to the worries from the late 80-ties and the 90-ties

– Adolescents in Oslo have become more well-adjusted and «straight» (Øia

2007, 2012, Andersen & Bakken 2015)

• This development is similar to the development in Norway in general

– Young in Norway and UNGDATA

• This generation of adolescents have good relations to their parents, they are not in

conflict or see themselves in opposition towards their parents (Øia & Vestel 2014)

PAGE 13

• How is the situation among youth in Oslo in 2015?

• What can we learn about adolescents’ alcohol

consumption from the last Young in Oslo-survey ?

No need to worry in 2015?

• In 2015 – 6 percent report being bullied - -> this

represents about 2200 adolescents

– Even low shares represent large numers

– and often, serious problems for those affected

• In addition, increase in depressive symptoms

among girls

• The share has almost doubled from 1996 to 2015

• And, many problems, as low educational

achievements, health problems and drug/alcohol

abuse – are unevenly distributed19

11

26

18

12

23

14

11

17

12

9

15

0 20 40

Alle

Gutter

Jenter

1996

2006

2012

2015

Share withdepressive symptoms

The situation in 2015 - nuances

We see large differences

(on many indicators) after:

• Age

• Gender

• Immigrant origin

• Social origin:

(Socioeconomic

resourses among

parents)

• Geography in Oslo:

east-west

4 3 11 10 23 26 40 46 53 55 72 67

020

40

60

80

Sha

re d

runk la

st yea

r

LS 8 LS 9 LS 10 HS 1 HS 2 HS 3

Boys Girls

The situation in 2015 - nuances

We see large differences

(on many indicators) after:

• Age

• Gender

• Immigrant origin

• Social origin

(Socioeconomic

resourses among

parents)

• Geography in Oslo:

east-west

4 3 13 5 30 11 56 17 69 25 85 34

020

40

60

80

Sha

re d

runk la

st yea

r

LS 8 LS 9 LS 10 HS 1 HS 2 HS 3

Norw par Fore par

Drunk last year – after SES & im.orig.

Among those

with affluent

parents – higher

prob. of having

been drunk

0.2

.4.6

.81

Pro

b d

run

k last ye

ar

0 .25 .50 .75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00Parents socio econ stat(Min=0, Max=3)

Norw_par Foreg_par

Data: Marings, logit models. Young in Oslo 2015. Upp.Sec. N=9520

City district: shares that have been drunk

Large differences

between

western/central

districts

And

Eastern districts

19.3

19.3

19.7

20.1

23.0

24.3

31.5

32.7

36.2

38.7

39.3

39.6

40.8

45.7

45.7

0 10 20 30 40 50

Søndre Nordstrand

Grorud

Stovner

Alna

Bjerke

Gamle Oslo

Østensjø

Grünerløkka

Nordstrand

St. Hanshaugen

Sagene

Nordre Aker

Vestre Aker

Ullern

Frogner

Ung i Oslo 2015. Elever VGS. N=8166. Vektet.

• Agegroups: 13-17

• Black - 20 % highest

incomes

• Red - 20 % lowest

incomes

• High segregation level

Results from Andersen &

Bakken (2015):

• Immigrant origin –mainly

eastern areas

In western districts we

observe high levels of:

• alcohol consumption

• School grades/ed.ambi.

• Regular exercise

• Org. leisure time act.

• Satisfaction with own

health

Oslo 2012

(Andersen &

Ljunggren

forthcoming)

Neighborhood/peer effects?

10.7

11.1

11.4

11.5

13.3

13.6

15.6

17.6

17.9

18.2

21.2

22.0

27.4

29.1

33.7

0 10 20 30 40

Søndre Nordstrand

Gamle Oslo

Grorud

Stovner

Alna

Bjerke

Østensjø

Grünerløkka

Nordstrand

St. Hanshaugen

Vestre Aker

Sagene

Frogner

Nordre Aker

Ullern


29.9

30.3

31.8

32.0

32.5

37.0

38.2

38.7

40.3

42.5

42.8

44.4

46.9

47.3

49.5

0 10 20 30 40 50

Søndre Nordstrand

Grorud

Alna

Bjerke

Stovner

Østensjø

Gamle Oslo

Nordstrand

Nordre Aker

Vestre Aker

Grünerløkka

St. Hanshaugen

Ullern

Sagene

Frogner


Different youth cultures in west and eastern parts?

Immigrants might influence non-immigrants in eastern parts

And vice versa in the western parts (e.g. russetiden - the high school

graduation celebration)

• Another possibility: nationality among those with immigrant origin

Immigrant originNorwegian-born parents

Alcohol: Other potentially important factors

(Among youth at upper secondary)

From regression analyses:

Geography (city district)

Socioeconomic status

Age

Immigrant origin

Religion

Parents’ alcohol use

Friends’ alcohol use

School orientation: homework/ambitions

Physical activity (healthy living)

Strongly correlated

Less correlated with other

factors – contributes to

additional explained variance

Religion / friends’ alcohol use (upp.secondary).

Regardless of city district, SES, immigrant origin, age, parents’ drining

patt. AND religion - > those with friends who drink regulary, have a

higher probability of having been drunk

82 56 13 79 50 12 26 15 1 35 15 4 69 53 6

020

40

60

80

Bee

n d

runk

No relig Christ. Islam Hindu. Budd

Weekly Seldom

Never

Summary

In most areas – the situation has improved among adolescents

• one exception: mental health among girls

• the worries from the 1990 – mainly proved wrong

A generation of well-adjusted youth: high well-being in schools, high

ambitions, regular physical activity and organized leisure time

activities,

But, large variations between groups of youth

Well-being, health, education, leisure time activities, and not the least

alcohol consumption

• Immigrant origin and religion

• Socioeconomic resources

• City districts/norms/youth culture

Summary

Adolescents in Oslo with Norwegian origin, non-religious, with affluent

parents, and with friends that drink, have the highest alcohol

consumption

These adolescents mainly live in the western areas.

Fewer adolescents in the the eastern areas, who often have

immigrant orign, use alcohol

However, adolescents in the western city disticts are successful in

many other areas

They also report fewer alcohol related problems, while those who

drink alcohol in the eastern areas report more problems (Bakken &

Pedersen 2015)

Thank you for listening.

Questions?

[email protected]

References:Andersen, P. L.; Bakken (2015), A.; Ung i Oslo 2015 [Young in Oslo 2015], NOVA Rapport 8/15 (ISSN 0808-

5013)

Andersen, P.L., Pedersen, W. & Bakken (forthcoming). Russetid i Oslo. Hvem deltar? Hvem feirer hardest?

Andersen, P.L. & Ljunggren, J.E. (forthcoming). Bostedssegregasjon i Oslo gjennom 20 år.

Pedersen, W., & Bakken, A. (2016). Urban landscapes of adolescent substance use. Acta Sociologica,

SSB (2013). Kriminalitetsbilde i endring

Øia, T. (2007). Ung i Oslo. Levekår og sosiale forskjeller [Young in Oslo. Living conditions and social

differences]. NOVA-rapport, 6(07).

Øia, T. (2012). Ung i Oslo 2012–Nøkkeltall. Oslo: NOVA Notat, 7, 2012.

Øia & Vestel (2014). Generasjonskløfta som forsvant. Tidsskrift for ungdomsforskning

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