time use survey seminar on time use surveys brussels, 12 october 2006 seminar on time use surveys...

TIME USE SURVEY

Seminar on Time Use SurveysBrussels, 12 October 2006

SEMINAR ON TIME USE SURVEYSBrussels, 12 October 2006

TIME USE SURVEY


Two surveys on Time Use

Sample of households

All members aged 3 years and over were required to fill in a day diary

2002-03 1988-89

The data

21,075 households

55,773 individuals

51,206 diary days

13,729 households

39,286 individuals

38,110 diary days

TIME USE SURVEY


ACTIVITY CATEGORIES

The data

Personal care

Study

Paid work

Domestic work

Travels

Free time

Main activities only Average day

TIME USE SURVEY


Graph 1 - Time use among persons aged 3 years and over – Year 2002-03 (Percentage, hours and minutes)

Personal care 48.3%

Personal care 48.4%

Personal care 45.2%

Personal care 44.7%Paid work

18.9%

Paid work 25.5%

Paidwork5.8%

3.6%Study3.5%

Domestic work 16.5%

Domestic work 18.8%

Domestic work5.1%

Free time 13.2%

Free time 16.7%

Free time 22.0%

Free time 18.6%

7.1%Travels

6.2%

6.3%Travels

4.9%

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24

Women

Men

Women

MenE

mp

loye

d p

eop

leP

eop

le a

ged

3 y

ears

an

do

ver

Hours and minutes

Paid work 13.5%

Domestic work 6.1%

TIME USE SURVEY


Graph 2 - Time use among persons aged 3 years and over by survey year (Percentage, hours and minutes)

Personal care 49.8%

Personal care 48.4%Paid work 9.5%

Paid work 9.6%

Domestic work 16.6%

Domestic work 13.0%

Study4.1%

Study3.5%

Free time 20.2%

Free time 19.5%

Travels4.0%

Travels5.6%

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24

2002-03

1988-89

Hours and minutes

TIME USE SURVEY


Graph 3 - Time use among persons aged 3 years and over by activity (hours and minutes)

11.56

2.18

3.07

0.59

4.41

0.57

11.36

2.17

3.02

0.51

4.51

1.20

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00

Personal care

Paid work

Domestic work

Study

Free time

Travels

Hours and minutes

1988-89 2002-03

TIME USE SURVEY


Graph 4 - Changes (2002-1988) in time for personal care by gender and age group (minutes)

-9

-21

-25

-29

-29

-51

-41

-54

-2

-14

-1

1

-15

-18

-28

-31

-60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10

3-14

15-24

25-34

35-44

45-54

55-64

65-74

75 and over

Age

gro

ups

Minutes

Men Women

TIME USE SURVEY


Time for personal care

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00

Sleeping

Eating

Other personalcare

Sleeping

Eating

Other personalcare

Men

Wo

men

Hours and minutes

1988-89 2002-03

Graph 5 - Time for personal care among persons aged 3 years and over by gender, activity and survey year (hours and minutes)

Gender differences surveyed in 1988-89 disappear.

In 2002-03 time for personal care is for both men and women around 11h36’.

TIME USE SURVEY


Graph 6 – Time for studying among persons aged 3 years and over by gender and age group (minutes)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

3-14

15-24

25-34

35-44

45-54

55-64

65-74

75 and over

Age

gro

ups

Minutes

Men Women

TIME USE SURVEY


Graph 7 - Time for paid work among employed by gender and type of day (Hours and minutes)

6.01

4.36

5.39 5.30

6.44

6.07

4.32

5.36 5.31

6.477.217.30

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

Average day Mon.-Fri. Average day Mon.-Fri. Average day Mon.-Fri.

Men Women Total

Hou

rs a

nd m

inut

es1988-89 2002-03

TIME USE SURVEY


Time for paid work

Not for all the employed the average time appears to be stable

For 25-44 men living in couple with children (in an average day goes from 6h08’ to 6h29’)

For 25-44 women living in couple without children (in average day goes from 4h35’ to 4h59’)

The work time share increased mainly

TIME USE SURVEY


Time for paid work

Table 1 – Time for paid work among employed persons living together as couple by gender, type of couple and type of day

Average day Mon.-Fri.. Men Women Men Women

In couple with MT 6:16 4:07 7:39 5:04 children (as partner) % 76.9 65.4 91.1 79.6 In couple without MT 5:54 4:44 7:29 5:51 children % 71.9 67.5 88.1 82.2

Family workload enhances gender differences in terms of time devoted to gainful work

Becoming fathers induces men to devote more time to paid work. Women, instead, succed in investing more in paid work only if they aren’t mothers

TIME USE SURVEY


In Italy, the amount of time women devote to domestic work represents the most evident element of gender difference in the use of daily time.

In 2002-03, women dedicate to domestic work on average 4h30’, while men only 1h28’.

Time for domestic work

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340

3-5

6-10

11-14

15-19

20-24

25-34

35-44

45-54

55-64

65-74

75 and over

Ag

e g

rou

ps

Minutes

1988-89 2002-03

Graph 8 – Gender gap (W-M) in domestic work among persons aged 3 years and over by survey year and age group (minutes)

TIME USE SURVEY


Despite the strong gender asymmetry, the gap decreased compared with 1988-89, thanks to opposite trends:

A decrease for women: -24 minutes (-21’ for the employed).

An increase for men: +18 minutes.

Changes in time for domestic work

-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40

3-14

15-24

25-34

35-44

45-54

55-64

65-74

75 and over

Ag

e g

rou

ps

Minutes

Men Women

Graph 9 - Changes in time (2002-1988) for domestic work by gender and age group (difference in minutes)

TIME USE SURVEY


Time for domestic work: mothers and fathers

Women with the heaviest workload are still those living in couple and with children.

Women aged between 25 and 44, living in couple with children, have a higher domestic workload (about 3 hours), compared to women of the same age but without children (6h47’ and 3h52’ respectively).

For mothers of this age group, also the time gain is more limited: +26’ in comparison with +35’ of the same age women but without children.

For men too, family situation influences the quantity of time devoted to domestic work though to a lesser extent. Considering the age group included between 25 and 44, fathers living in couple and single parents are those who spend more time not only in paid work but also in domestic work (1h43’ and 1h45’ respectively).

TIME USE SURVEY


The internal composition of domestic work is changing

Significant changes are also emerging in the internal composition of this portion of daily time.

For men too, the time fathers devote to childcare increases, mainly in the 25-44 age group: though time for childcare has risen from 26’ to 43’, housekeeping time is substantially stable.

The age group between 25 and 44 presents the most evident changes in the internal composition of domestic work, registering a 49-minute drop in housekeeping and a 27-minute increase in childcare.

ChildcareHousekeeping

For mothers

TIME USE SURVEY


The total work time

From 1h51’ to 1h09’

The different domestic work time trend determined a change in total time work.

For employed women is down 25’

For employed men is up 17’

Thanks to these opposite trends, the gender differences as to total workload are reduced

8h30’ against 7h21’

TIME USE SURVEY


(8h09’)

The total work time

The most critical work over burden is for 25 to 44 men living in couple with children.

Time devoted to paid work increased by 21’

Time devoted to domestic work is 20’ longer

Total work time increased by 41’

For same age people with no children, the total work time in 2002-03 like in 1988-89 exceeds slightly 7 hours (7h08’)

TIME USE SURVEY


The highest increase surveyed in female population has led to a reduction in gender differences as regards this activity. Men still devote a longer time to everyday trips, but the difference is more limited.

From 31’ To 21’

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

3-14

15-24

25-34

35-44

45-54

55-64

65-74

75 and over

Ag

e g

rou

ps

Minutes

Men Women

Graph 10 - Changes (2002-1988) in time for travels by gender and age groups (minutes)

People share travelling at least once during the day also increased: from 76.2% in 1988-89 to 89.7% in 2002-03.

TIME USE SURVEY


Graph 11 - Time spent at home by gender and age group (Hours and minutes)

0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00

3-14

15-24

25-34

35-44

45-54

55-64

65-74

75 and over

3-14

15-24

25-34

35-44

45-54

55-64

65-74

75 and over

Men

Wo

men

Ag

e g

rou

ps

Hours and minutes

1988-89 2002-03

TIME USE SURVEY


Free time

Personal carePaid workDomestic workStudyTravels

79.7% of 24 hours

Stable but less free time also for employed people 4h01’ for men, 3h10’ for women.

4h51’ dedicated to free time, 4h41’ in 1988

TIME USE SURVEY


0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00

3-14

15-24

25-34

35-44

45-54

55-64

65-74

75 and over

Ag

e g

rou

ps

Hours and minutes

Men Women

Graph 12 - Free time among persons aged 3 years and over by gender and age group (Hours and minutes)

Of course, children in pre-school age and the elderly have a higher quantity of free time. As the school involvement increases or is replaced by, paid or domestic, workloads, the share of the day devoted to free time activities drastically reduces, before expanding again, when work activity ends and domestic workloads decrease.

TIME USE SURVEY


Graph 13 - Free time among persons aged 3 years and over by gender and age group (minutes)

-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50

3-14

15-24

25-34

35-44

45-54

55-64

65-74

75 and over

Age

gro

ups

Minutes

Men Women

TIME USE SURVEY


The pieces of a puzzle

Changes occurred since 1988-89 do not concern only the contents of the day but also the different pace characterising the 24 hours.

Considering the episodes, they amount to 25.4 on an average day in 2002-03, and to 20 in 1988-89. The articulation of daily time has become more complex and varied compared to the past.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

3-14 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 andover

Age groups

Ep

iso

ds

Men 2002-03

Women 2002-03

Men 1988-89

Women 1988-89

Graph 14 - Mean of episods by gender and age group - Years 1988-89 and 2002-03

TIME USE SURVEY


The daily pace

The overlapping of activities also increased: while, in 2002-03, more than one sixth of the day (4h11’) is spent carrying out several activities at the same time; in 1988-89, it was more limited (3h31’).

Even considering the share of time spent performing more than one activity at the same time, the day of women is still more intense and heterogeneous than that of men.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

3-14 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 andoverAge groups

%

Men 2002-03

Women 2002-03

Men 1988-89

Women 1988-89

Graph 15 - Percentage of episods with parallel activities by gender and age group - Years 1988-89 and 2002-03

TIME USE SURVEY


Which changes?

Domestic work increases

Domestic workload decreases

For EVERYBODY time for travelling is on the increase

EVERYBODY spend less time at home

For EVERYBODY the day is more varied and articulated

For MEN For WOMEN

For EVERYBODY time for personal care decreases

Almost for EVERYBODY free time increases

TIME USE SURVEY


Which changes?

• domestic work• personal care • trips

The picture coming out from it shows a traditional sharing of roles, where men invest in their paid work and women take up much of the domestic work, even if they are employed.

In spite of such persistent gender asymmetry, some signs of convergence between men’s and women’s time use patterns appear.

Time use patterns still reflect in 2002-03 a strong gender connotation.

Stable the gender gap concerning

free time

TIME USE SURVEY


For men:

•paid and domestic work time broadened

• together with free time (-22’) also personal care time decreased (-33’)

For women:

•they always represent the group more conditioned by compulsory times.

• the decrease in time for domestic work is the most limited

•they didn’t gain in free time wich is still very low (2h31’).

25-44 employed men and women

in couple with children

A population share deserving attention

time use survey seminar on time use surveys brussels, 12 october 2006 seminar on time use surveys...

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