timothy d. girard personal office: 1161 21st ave s · name: timothy d. girard office address:...

Date Updated: 2/11/15 Name: Timothy D. Girard Office Address: Personal Office: 6110 Medical Center East Center for Health Services Research 1215 21st Ave S Nashville, TN 37232-8300 Academic Office: Center for Lung Research T-1218 Medical Center North 1161 21st Ave S Nashville, TN 37232-2650 E-Mail Address: [email protected] Office Phone Number: (615) 936-1010 - Office (615) 936-1269 - FAX Date and Place of Birth : February 24, 1974 Shreveport, Louisiana Education 08/92-05/96 Baylor University, Waco, Texas, B.A., University Scholar, summa cum laude 08/96-06/00 University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas, M.D. 06/00-06/03 University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, Internal Medicine

Residency 07/03-06/07 Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, Pulmonary and

Critical Care Fellowship 09/05-05/07 Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, M.S.C.I. Licensure and Certification: Medical Licenses: Tennessee #37827, Issued 06/24/2003 (current) American Board of Internal Medicine Internal Medicine, number 22152, certified 08/19/2003, recertified 10/22/2013 Pulmonary Disease, number 22152, certified 11/15/2005 Critical Care Medicine, number 22152, certified 11/08/2006

Girard, Timothy D., M.D., M.S.C.I.

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Academic Appointments: 07/07-08/09 Instructor in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary,

and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee

09/09-Pres. Assistant Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy,

Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee

Hospital Appointments: 08/07-Pres. Attending Physician, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 09/08-Pres. Staff Physician, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee

Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee 08/11-Pres. Director, Pulmonary Function Test Lab, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical

Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee Professional Organizations: Member, American College of Physicians (since February 13, 2013) Member, American Geriatrics Society (since November 19, 2004) Member, American Thoracic Society (since January 1, 2003) Member, Society of Critical Care Medicine (since November 1, 2002) Member, American College of Physicians (since February 13, 2013) Member, American Delirium Society (April 3, 2014) Professional Activities:

Intramural: 2005 Member of a multidisciplinary team assembled to revise the Vanderbilt

University Medical Center evidence-based order sets for the management of community-acquired pneumonia

2005-Pres. Instructor, SCCM Fundamentals of Critical Care Support Course Vanderbilt University Medical Center 2007-Pres. Scholar, Center for Health Services Research Institute for Medicine and Public Health Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 2008-Pres. Research Associate, Vanderbilt Center for Quality Aging


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Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 2008-Pres. Investigator, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 2008-Pres. Investigator, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC) Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee 2009-Pres. Voting member, Health Sciences Committee 2 Vanderbilt University Institutional Review Board 2011-2014 Vice Chair, Health Sciences Committee 2 Vanderbilt University Institutional Review Board 2011-Pres. Director, Pulmonary Function Test Lab Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee 2014-Pres. Chair, Health Sciences Committee 2 Vanderbilt University Institutional Review Board 2014-Pres. Co-Director of Clinical and Translational Research Vanderbilt University Office of Medical Student Research

Extramural: 2008 Moderator for educational symposium: “Delirium Management.” Society

of Critical Care Medicine’s 37th Critical Care Congress; Honolulu, Hawaii.

2008 Moderator for poster discussion: “Clinical Trials in Critical Care.”

American Thoracic Society 2008 International Conference; Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

2008 Moderator for poster session: “ICU Management and Outcomes.”

American Thoracic Society 2008 International Conference; Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

2009 Moderator for educational symposium: “Changing Sedation and Delirium

Management: Evidence and Implications for Long-Term Outcomes.” Society of Critical Care Medicine’s 38th Critical Care Congress; Nashville, Tennessee.

2009 Moderator for thematic poster session: “Therapeutics.” Society of Critical

Care Medicine’s 38th Critical Care Congress; Nashville, Tennessee.


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2009 Judge for “Critical Care Abstract Presentations.” Joint Meeting of Centre

for Anaesthesia UCL’s 11th Current Controversies in Anaesthesia & Peri-Operative Medicine & Intensive Care Society of Ireland (ICSI) Autumn Meeting; Dingle, Ireland.

2009 Moderator for oral presentation session: “Controversies in Adult Critical

Care.” CHEST 2009 - Annual International Scientific Assembly of the American College of Chest Physicians; San Diego, California.

2009-2010 Member, American Thoracic Society Research Advocacy Committee. 2009-2013 Member, American Thoracic Society Planning and Evaluation Committee. 2010 Session chair for poster discussion: “Neurologic and Psychiatric Sequelae

of Critical Illness: Acute Illnesses and the Perils of Survival.” American Thoracic Society 2010 International Conference; New Orleans, Louisiana.

2010 Moderator for symposium: “Let’s Talk about ICU Delirium.” 12th Capital

City Conference of the German Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine; Berlin, Germany.

2010 Moderator for oral presentation session: “Neurological Critical Care.”

CHEST 2010 - Annual International Scientific Assembly of the American College of Chest Physicians; Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

2010-2012 Chair, Data and Safety Monitoring Board, ALung Technologies, Inc.-

sponsored Prospective, Non-Randomized Feasibility Study of the Hemolung Respiratory Assist System in COPD Patients with Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure

2010-2013 Chair, Data and Safety Monitoring Board, NIH-sponsored Preventing ICU

Subsyndromal Delirium Conversion to Delirium With Low Dose IV Haloperidol Study

2011 Moderator for sponsored symposium: “Delirium in the ICU: Prevention,

Identification, and Management.” Society of Critical Care Medicine’s 40th Critical Care Congress; San Diego, California.

2011 Guest on The Diane Rehm Show: “Intensive Care,” available at

http://thedianerehmshow.org/shows/2011-03-02/intensive-care. March 2, 2011.

2011 Facilitator for thematic poster session: “Intensive Care Unit

Management.” American Thoracic Society 2011 International Conference; Denver, Colorado.


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2011 Chair for educational symposium: “Sedation in the ICU: Debating Key

Issues for Appropriate Use.” CHEST 2011 - Annual International Scientific Assembly of the American College of Chest Physicians; Honolulu, Hawaii.

2011-Pres. Safety Officer, Data and Safety Monitoring Board, NIH-sponsored

Pharmacological Management of Delirium (PMD) Trial 2011-Pres. Member, American Thoracic Society Critical Care Program Committee 2012-Pres. Safety Monitor, NIH-sponsored Intranasal Insulin for Neuroprotection in

Eldlerly Cardiac Surgery Patients Trial 2012 Moderator for session: “Challenges and Progress in Understanding

Community-Acquired Pneumonia: The CDC EPIC Study.” American Thoracic Society 2012 International Conference; San Francisco, California.

2012 Moderator for oral presentation mini symposium: “Neuromuscular,

Cognitive and Psychiatric Issues in the Intensive Care Unit.” American Thoracic Society 2012 International Conference; San Francisco, California.

2012 Panel member for panel discussion: “The Future of Intensive Care

Medicine.” XLVII Congreso Nacional de la SEMICYUC; Santander, Cantabria, Spain.

2013-Pres. Site Study Monitor, DOD-sponsored Detection of Early lung Cancer

Among Military Personnel (DECAMP)-2 Study. 2013-pres. Member, Society of Critical Care Medicine Pain, Agitation, and Delirium

(PAD) Implementation Task Force 2013 Moderator for session: “Long-Term Outcomes.” 33rd International

Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine; Brussels, Belgium.

2013 Session chair for session: “Six Questions We Must Ask To Understand

Long-Term Outcomes After Critical Illness.” American Thoracic Society 2013 International Conference; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

2014 Moderator for session: “Delirium and Encephalopathy in the ICU.”

Society of Critical Care Medicine’s 43rd Critical Care Congress; San Francisco, California.


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2014 Panel member for panel discussion: “Controversies in the Management of Sepsis.” The 2014 Southeastern Critical Care Summit; Emory University; Atlanta, Georgia.

2014 Facilitator for thematic poster session: “Clinical Trials.” American

Thoracic Society 2014 International Conference; San Diego, California. 2014-Pres. Co-Chair, Official American College of Chest Physicians/American

Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guidelines on Liberation from Mechanical Ventilation Committee

2014 Guest Mentor, Charité Clinical Scientist Summer Symposium on

Translational Medicine; Berlin, Germany. Ad Hoc Reviewer: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica American Journal of Psychiatry American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Annals of the American Thoracic Society Annals of Intensive Care Annals of Internal Medicine (honored as a Top-10% Reviewer in 2008) BMC Anesthesiology BMJ British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Chest Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine Clinical Interventions in Aging Comprehensive Psychiatry Critical Care Critical Care Medicine Epidemiology and Infection Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany) General Hospital Psychiatry Hospital Practice Health Research Council of New Zealand Intensive Care Medicine JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association Journal of the American Geriatrics Society Journal of Critical Care Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology Journal of Hospital Medicine Journal of Neuroinflammation Journal of Psychosomatic Research The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences The Lancet


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National Institute for Health Research (United Kingdom) Nature Clinical Practice Neurology Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research PLoS ONE Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society Psychoneuroendocrinology QJM: An International Journal of Medicine South African Medical Research Council Therapy Trials Honors and Awards: Presidential Scholarship, Baylor University, 1992-1996 Bradford-Nye Scholarship, 1992-1996 University Scholar, Baylor University, 1992-1996 Dean’s List, Baylor University, 1992-1996 Alpha Epsilon Delta Outstanding Senior Men’s Academic Achievement Award, 1996 Phi Beta Kappa, 1996 Southwestern Medical Foundation Scholarship, 1996-2000 Clinical Proteomics Fellow, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2006-2007 Hartford Geriatrics Health Outcomes Research Scholars Award, 2007-2009 American Geriatrics Society Best Paper Award in Geriatrics: Neurological and Behavioral Sciences, 2007 American Geriatrics Society Best Paper Award in Geriatrics: Clinical Geriatrics, 2008 American Geriatrics Society Presidential Poster Awardee, 2009 American Geriatrics Society Best Poster Award in the Neurological and Behavioral Sciences Section, 2009

Teaching Activities: Teaching Responsibilities: 2005 Tutor for Physical Diagnosis Course for second-year medical students 2005 Lecturer on mechanical ventilation for Vanderbilt University’s house staff and

medical students rotating at Saint Thomas Hospital 2007-Pres. In-service instructor on neurologic assessment for Vanderbilt University Medical

Center’s Medical Intensive Care Unit 2007-Pres. Lecturer on biostatistics for Vanderbilt University’s Division of Allergy,

Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine 2007-Pres. Lecturer on invasive and noninvasive mechanical ventilation for Vanderbilt

University’s Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine 2008-Pres. Guest lecturer for the “Medical Writing for Clinical Investigators” class in

Vanderbilt University’s M.S.C.I. Program 2009-Pres. Guest lecturer for the “Biostatistics II” class in Vanderbilt University’s M.S.C.I.

Program


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2009-Pres. Epidemiology preceptor for Vanderbilt Internal Medicine Resident’s Journal Club 2012-Pres. Guest lecturer for the “Brain Damage and Cognition (PSY 277)” class in

Vanderbilt University’s Psychology Department Trainees: 2008-2012 Alessandro Morandi, MD, MPH; Research Coordinator during training Dr. Morandi, a geriatrician, worked for four years with the ICU Delirium and

Cognitive Impairment Study group as both a research coordinator and investigator. During that time, he obtained a Masters in Public Health at Vanderbilt University, with Dr. Girard and Dr. Ely serving as his co-mentors. His project tested the hypothesis that statins are associated with a reduced risk of delirium during critical illness. He now continues to investigate delirium while working once again as a geriatrician in Italy.

Current Position: Rehabilitation Hospital Ancelle di Cremona (Cremona, Italy) 2010-Pres. Nathan Brummel, MD; Pulmonary and Critical Care Fellow during training Dr. Brummel recently completed the Activity and Cognitive Therapy in the ICU

(ACT-ICU) Study, which examined the feasibility and efficacy of a combined cognitive and physical therapy protocol administered early during the course of critical illness. He recently transitioned to a junior faculty position at Vanderbilt University, where he is working to create a clinical prediction rule that will identify patients, at a time point early in critical illness, who are at high risk for developing critical illness brain injury that persists a year or more following critical illness.

Current Position: Instructor, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine (Nashville, TN)

2010-Pres. Benjamin Ferrell, MD; Pulmonary and Critical Care Fellow during training During his Internal Medicine residency, Dr. Ferrell carried out a project under Dr.

Girard’s mentorship, testing the hypothesis that sedation with dexmedetomidine is safe and effective in the setting of cardiac or hepatic disease in the ICU. He is now in the second year of his Pulmonary and Critical Care Fellowship, during which he is working with Dr. Girard and Dr. C. Michael Stein to examine the pharmacogenomics of sedation in the critically ill.

Funded Research: Active Projects: R01 AG035117 (Ely) 03/15/11 to 02/28/17 NIH/NIA $ 5,452,052 (total) “The MIND USA Study”


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The long-term objective of the MIND-USA (Modifying the Impact of ICU-Induced Neurological Dysfunction-USA) Study is to define the role of antipsychotics in the management of delirium in vulnerable critically ill patients. Dr. Girard and others have shown that delirium is an independent predictor of more death, longer stay, higher cost, and long-term cognitive impairment often commensurate with moderate dementia. The rapidly expanding aging ICU population is especially vulnerable to develop delirium, with 7 of 10 medical and surgical ICU patients developing this organ dysfunction. Antipsychotics are the first-line pharmacological agents recommended to treat delirium, and over the past 30 years they gained widespread use in hospitalized patients globally prior to adequate testing of efficacy and safety for this indication. Role: Co-investigator R01 HL111111 (Pandharipande) 08/15/12 to 06/30/17 NIH/NHLBI $ 2,754,661 (total) “Altering Sedation Paradigms to Improve Brain Injury and Survival in Severe Sepsis” Data indicate that GABA-ergic and alpha-2 agonist agents have very different effects on innate immunity, apoptosis, arousability, and respiratory drive. The MENDS and SEDCOM trials provided guidance to clinicians when selecting between sedatives, yet no trial has explored the mechanisms underlying the differences in outcomes. MENDS II will randomize patients to receive either dexmedetomidine or propofol to determine whether an alpha-2 agonist vs. a GABA-ergic agent may improve brain function, time on mechanical ventilation, and survival for septic mechanically ventilated patients. Role: Co-investigator R03 AG045095 (Brummel) 09/01/13 to 07/31/15 NIH/NIA $100,000 (total) “Early Prediction of Long-Term Cognitive Impairment Following Critical Illness” An estimated 1.4 million people over the age of 65 survive a critical illness annually, and 50%-75% of these survivors are left with cognitive impairment. Despite these staggering statistics, clinicians and researchers do not have the tools to predict which patients will develop this life-altering syndrome. The proposed research will derive and validate clinical prediction tools that will accurately identify critically ill patients, early in the course of their illness, at risk of developing long-term cognitive impairment that persists at 1-year follow-up. Role: Co-investigator Completed Projects: Vanderbilt Physician Scientist Development Program (Girard) 07/01/07 to 06/30/09 Vanderbilt University Medical Center $190,000 (total) “Factors of ICU Delirium Preceding Cognitive Impairment in Older Patients” This program is designed to provide an enriching scientific environment to allow newly-appointed faculty physicians with significant research experience to receive additional mentored investigative training. The award ensured that Dr. Girard had protected research time, research training, and a stimulating environment with the mentorship of leading geriatric critical care researchers as he continued his career development as an aging researcher. Dr. Girard’s research project sought to identify clinically- defined categories of delirium that confer the highest risk for poor cognitive outcomes in this vulnerable patient population.


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Role: Primary investigator Hartford Geriatrics Health Outcomes 07/01/07 to 06/30/09 Research Scholars Award Program (Girard) $135,000 (total) The John A. Hartford Foundation and the AGS Foundation for Health in Aging “Delirium as a Predictor of Cognitive Impairment in Older ICU Patients” This program supports physician-scientists committed to improving the health care of older adults during the critical transition from junior faculty to independent researcher. The award enabled Dr. Girard to continue his career development through a mentored research program during which he studied factors of delirium in older ICU patients associated with the development of long-term cognitive impairment (LTCI). Dr. Girard’s research project had three aims: (1) to determine which categories of delirium defined by clinical risk factors in critically ill patients are associated with LTCI after critical illness, (2) to determine the impact of exposure to sedative and analgesic medications during critical illness on LTCI after critical illness in patients with categories of delirium defined by clinical risk factors, and (3) to determine whether inflammation and coagulopathy are risk factors for LTCI after critical illness in ICU patients. Role: Primary investigator VICTR Resource Request (Girard) 01/06/12 to 01/05/14 Vanderbilt CTSA grant UL1 RR024975, NCRR/NIH $17,112 (total) “The CogCAP Study: Cognitive Outcomes after Community-Acquired Pneumonia” This Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (VICTR) Resource Request provides funding for participant reimbursement during a prospective cohort study designed to examine long-term cognitive outcomes after recovery from community-acquired pneumonia. This will be accomplished within the framework of a large, ongoing, government-funded, multicenter study of pneumonia hospitalizations among US adults. The primary hypothesis is that long-term cognitive impairment occurs in and adversely affects non-ICU patients who are hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia. Role: Primary investigator K23 AG034257 (Girard) 09/01/09 to 08/31/14 NIH/NIA $684,290 (total) “Predictors of Cognitive Impairment in Survivors of Critical Illness” This Mentored Patient-Oriented Research Career Development Award (K23) provides Dr. Girard the opportunity to develop his career as a clinical investigator in the field of geriatric critical care and to establish an independent program of aging research focused on the clinical and molecular epidemiology of critical-illness associated cognitive impairment. During this project, Dr. Girard will identify ICU patients at highest risk for long-term cognitive impairment (LTCI) and quantify the contribution of important risk factors to LTCI after critical illness. Specifically, the candidate will identify clinical risk factors for an increased incidence and severity of long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness (Aim 1). Furthermore, he will determine whether inflammation and coagulopathy are risk factors for an increased incidence and severity of LTCI after critical illness (Aim 2). Finally, Dr. Girard will determine which categories of delirium defined by clinical risk factors in critically ill patients are associated with an increased incidence and severity of LTCI after critical illness (Aim 3). Role: Primary investigator


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Publications and Presentations: Journal Articles:

1. Girard TD, Philbrick JT, Angle JF, Becker DM. Prophylactic vena cava filters for trauma patients: a systematic review of the literature. Thromb Res 2003;112:261-7.

2. Girard TD, Schectman JM. Ultrasound guidance during central venous catheterization: a survey of use by house staff physicians. J Crit Care 2005;20:224-9.

3. Ely EW, Girard TD, Shintani AK, Jackson JC, Gordon SM, Thomason JWW, Pun BT, Canonico AE, Light RW, Pandharipande P, Laskowitz DT. Apolipoprotien E4 polymorphism as a genetic predisposition to delirium in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2007;35:112-7.

4. Girard TD, Shintani A, Jackson JC, Gordon SM, Pun BT, Henderson MS, Dittus RS, Bernard GR, Ely EW. Risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms following critical illness requiring mechanical ventilation: a prospective cohort study. Crit Care 2007;11:R28.

[Designated as a “Highly Accessed” article by BioMed Central] 5. Masica AL, Girard TD, Wilkinson GR, Thomason JWW, Pun BT, Nair UB, Light RW,

Canonico AE, Dunn J, Pandharipande P, Shintani AK, Ely EW. Clinical sedation scores as indicators of sedative and analgesic drug exposure in intensive care unit patients. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2007;5:218-231.

6. Pandharipande PP, Pun BT, Herr DL, Maze M, Girard TD, Miller RR, Shintani AK, Thompson JL, Jackson JC, Deppen SA, Stiles RA, Dittus RS, Bernard GR, Ely EW. Effect of sedation with dexmedetomidine vs lorazepam on acute brain dysfunction in mechanically ventilated patients: the MENDS randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2007;298:2644-2653.

7. Girard TD, Kress JP, Fuchs BD, Thomason JWW, Schweickert WD, Pun BT, Taichman DB, Dunn JG, Pohlman AS, Kinniry P, Jackson JC, Canonico AE, Light RW, Shintani AK, Thompson JL, Gordon SM, Hall JB, Dittus RS, Bernard GR, Ely EW. Efficacy and safety of a paired sedation and ventilator weaning protocol for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care (Awakening and Breathing Controlled trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008;371:126-134.

[Rated 6 out of 7 stars in the Critical Care Category and 6 out of 7 stars in the Pulmonary Medicine Category by ACP Journal Club]

8. Tsuruta R, Girard TD, Ely EW, Fujimoto K, Ono T, Tanaka R, Oda Y, Kasaoka S, Maekawa T. Associations between markers of inflammation and cholinergic blockade and delirium in intensive care unit patients: a pilot study. Bull Yamaguchi Med School 2008;55:35-42.

9. Patel RP, Gambrell M, Speroff T, Scott TA, Pun BT, Okahashi J, Strength C, Pandharipande P, Girard TD, Dittus RS, Bernard GR, Ely EW. Delirium and sedation in the intensive care unit: survey of behaviors and attitudes of 1,384 healthcare professionals. Crit Care Med 2009;37:825-32.

10. Pandharipande PP, Morandi A, Adams JR, Girard TD, Thompson JL, Shintani AK, Ely EW. Plasma tryptophan and tyrosine levels are independent risk factors for delirium in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 2009;35:1886-92.


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11. Shintani AK, Girard TD, Eden SK, Arbrogast PG, Moons KG, Ely EW. Immortal time bias in critical care research: Application of time-varying cox regression for observational cohort studies. Crit Care Med 2009;37:2939-45.

12. Girard TD, Pandharipande PP, Carson SS, Schmidt GA, Wright PE, Canonico AE, Pun BT, Thompson JT, Shintani AK, Meltzer HY, Bernard GR, Dittus RS, Ely EW for the MIND Trial Investigators. Feasibility, efficacy, and safety of antipsychotics for the prevention and treatment of ICU delirium: the MIND randomized controlled trial. Crit Care Med 2010;38:428-37.

13. Pandharipande PP, Sanders RD, Girard TD, McGrane S, Thompson JL, Shintani AK, Herr DL, Maze M, Ely EW, and the MENDS Investigators. Effect of dexmedetomidine versus lorazepam on outcome in patients with sepsis: an a priori-designed analysis of the MENDS randomized controlled trial. Crit Care 2010;14:R38.

[Designated as a “Highly Accessed” article by BioMed Central] 14. Girard TD, Jackson JC, Pandharipande PP, Pun BT, Thompson JT, Shintani AK,

Gordon SM, Canonico AE, Dittus RS, Bernard GR, Ely EW. Delirium as a predictor of long-term cognitive impairment in survivors of critical illness. Crit Care Med 2010; 38:1513–1520.

[Highlighted in the Society of Critical Care Medicine’s iCritical Care Podcast #139 available at http://www.sccm.org/Podcasts/SCCMPod139.mp3]

15. Jackson JC, Girard TD, Gordon SM, Thompson JL, Shintani AK, Thomason JWW, Pun BT, Canonico AE, Dunn JG, Bernard GR, Dittus RS, Ely EW. Long-term cognitive and psychological outcomes in the Awakening and Breathing Controlled Trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010;182:183-91.

16. Jacobowski NL, Girard TD, Mulder JA, Ely EW. Communication in critical care: Family rounds in the intensive care unit. Am J Crit Care 2010;19:421-430.

17. Morandi A, Gunther ML, Vasilevskis E, Girard TD, Hopkins RO, Jackson JC, Pandharipande P, Ely EW. Neuroimaging in delirious intensive care unit patients: A preliminary case series report. Psychiatry (Edgmont) 2010;7:28-33.

18. Morandi A, Gunther ML, Pandharipande PP, Jackson JC, Thompson JL, Shintani AK, Ely EW, Girard TD. Insulin-like growth factor-1 and delirium in critically ill mechanically ventilated patients: A preliminary investigation. Int Psychogeriatr 2011;23:1175-81.

19. McGrane S, Girard TD, Thompson JL, Shintani AK, Woodworth A, Ely EW, Pandharipande PP. Procalcitonin and c-reactive protein levels at admission as predictors of duration of acute brain dysfunction in critically ill patients. Crit Care 2011;15:R78.

[Designated as a “Highly Accessed” article by BioMed Central] 20. Morandi A, Vasilevskis EE, Pandharipande PP, Girard TD, Solberg LM, Neal EB,

Koestner T, Torres RE, Thompson JL, Shintani AK, Han JH, Schnelle JF, Fick DM, Ely EW, Kripalani S. Inappropriate medications in elderly ICU survivors: Where to intervene? Arch Intern Med 2011;171:1032-4.

21. Vasilevskis EE, Morandi A, Boehm L, Pandharipande PP, Girard TD, Jackson JC, Thompson J, Shintani A, Gordon S, Pun BT, Ely EW. Delirium and sedation recognition using validated instruments: reliability of bedside intensive care unit nursing assessments from 2007 to 2010. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011;59:S249-55.

22. Adams Wilson JR, Morandi A, Girard TD, Thompson JL, Boomershine CS, Shintani AK, Ely EW, Pandharipande PP. The association of the kynurenine pathway of


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tryptophan metabolism with acute brain dysfunction during critical illness. Crit Care Med 2012;40:835-41.

23. Bastarache JA, Ware LB, Girard TD, Wheeler AP, Rice TW. Markers of inflammation and coagulation may be modulated by enteral feeding strategy. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2012;36:732-40.

24. Morandi A, Rogers BP, Gunther ML, Merkle K, Pandharipande P, Girard TD, Jackson JC, Thompson JL, Shintani AK, Geevarghese S, Miller RR, Canonico A, Cannistraci CJ, Gore JC, Ely EW, Hopkins RO, for the VISIONS Investigation (VISualizing Icu SurvivOrs Neuroradiological Sequelae). The relationship between delirium duration, white matter integrity, and cognitive impairment in intensive care unit survivors as determined by diffusion tensor imaging: The VISIONS prospective cohort magnetic resonance imaging study. Crit Care Med 2012;40:2182-9.

25. Gunther ML, Morandi A, Krauskopf E, Pandharipande P, Girard TD, Jackson JC, Thompson J, Shintani AK, Geevarghese S, Miller R, Canonico A, Merkle K, Cannistraci CJ, Rogers BP, Gatenby JC, Heckers S, Gore JC, Hopkins RO, Ely EW, for the VISIONS Investigation (VISualizing Icu SurvivOrs Neuroradiological Sequelae). The association between brain volumes, delirium duration, and cognitive outcomes in intensive care unit survivors: The VISIONS cohort magnetic resonance imaging study. Crit Care Med 2012;40:2022-32.

26. Seymour CW, Pandharipande PP, Koestner T, Hudson LD, Thompson JL, Shintani AK, Ely EW, Girard TD. Diurnal sedative changes during intensive care: Impact on liberation from mechanical ventilation and delirium. Crit Care Med 2012;40:2788-96.

[Highlighted in the Society of Critical Care Medicine’s iCritical Care Podcast #139 available at http://www.sccm.org/Podcasts/SCCMPod197.mp3]

27. Brummel NE, Jackson JC, Girard TD, Pandharipande PP, Schiro E, Work B, Pun BT, Boehm L, Gill TM, Ely EW. A combined early cognitive and physical rehabilitation program for people who are critically ill: The activity and cognitive therapy in the intensive care unit (ACT-ICU) trial. Phys Ther 2012;92:1580-92.

28. Girard TD, Ware LB, Bernard GR, Pandharipande PP, Thompson JL, Shintani AK, Jackson JC, Ely EW. Associations of markers of inflammation and coagulation with delirium during critical illness. Intensive Care Med 2012;38:1965-73.

29. Morandi A, Barnett N, Miller RR, Girard TD, Pandharipande PP, Ely EW, Ware LB. Vitamin D and delirium in critically ill patients: A preliminary investigation. J Crit Care 2013;28:230-5.

30. Hughes CG, Morandi A, Girard TD, Riedel B, Thompson JL, Shintani AK, Pun BT, Ely EW, Pandharipande PP. Association between endothelial dysfunction and acute brain dysfunction during critical illness. Anesthesiology 2013;118:631-9.

31. Morandi A, Vasilevskis E, Pandharipande PP, Girard TD, Solberg LM, Neal EB, Koestner T, Torres RE, Thompson JL, Shintani AK, Han JH, Schnelle JF, Fick DM, Ely EW, Kripalani S. Inappropriate medication prescriptions in elderly adults surviving an intensive care unit hospitalization. J Am Geriatr Soc 2013;61:1128-34.

32. Pandharipande PP, Girard TD, Jackson JC, Morandi A, Thompson JL, Pun BT, Brummel NE, Hughes CG, Vasilevskis EE, Shintani AK, Moons KG, Geevarghese S, Canonico A, Hopkins RO, Bernard GR, Dittus RS, and Ely EW for the BRAIN-ICU Study Investigators. Long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness. N Engl J Med 2013;369:1306-16.


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33. Checkley W, Martin GS, Brown SM, Chang SY, Dabbagh O, Fremont RD, Girard TD, Rice TW, Howell MD, Johnson SB, O'Brien J, Park PK, Pastores SM, Patil NT, Pietropaoli AP, Putman M, Rotello L, Siner J, Sajid S, Murphy DJ, Sevransky JE; for the United States Critical Illness and Injury Trials Group Critical Illness Outcomes Study Investigators. Structure, process, and annual ICU mortality across 69 centers: United States Critical Illness and Injury Trials Group Critical Illness Outcomes Study. Crit Care Med 2014;42:344-56.

34. Brummel NE, Jackson JC, Pandharipande PP, Thompson JL, Shintani AK, Dittus RS, Gill TM, Bernard GR, Ely EW, Girard TD. Delirium in the ICU and subsequent long-term disability among survivors of mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med 2014; 42:369-77.

35. Brummel NE, Girard TD, Ely EW, Pandharipande PP, Morandi A, Hughes CG, Graves AJ, Shintani A, Murphy E, Work B, Pun BT, Boehm L, Gill TM, Dittus RS, Jackson JC. Feasibility and safety of early combined cognitive and physical therapy for critically ill medical and surgical patients: the Activity and Cognitive Therapy in ICU (ACT-ICU) trial. Intensive Care Med 2014;40:370–379.

36. Jackson JC, Pandharipande PP, Girard TD, Brummel NE, Thompson JL, Hughes CG, Pun BT, Vasilevskis EE, Morandi A, Shintani AK, Hopkins RO, Bernard GR, Dittus RS, Ely EW. Depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and functional disability in survivors of critical illness in the BRAIN-ICU study: a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet Respir Med 2014;2:369-379.

37. Morandi A, Hughes CG, Thompson JL, Pandharipande PP, Shintani AK, Vasilevskis EE, Han JH, Jackson JC, Laskowitz DT, Bernard GR, Ely EW, Girard TD. Statins and delirium during critical illness: A multicenter, prospective cohort study. Crit Care Med 2014; 42:1899–1909.

38. Andresen JM, Girard TD, Pandharipande PP, Davidson MA, Ely EW, Watson PL. Burst suppression on processed electroencephalography as a predictor of postcoma delirium in mechanically ventilated ICU patients. Crit Care Med 2014; 42:2244-2251.

39. Morandi A, Girard TD, Shintani A, Turco R, Guerini F, Torpilliesi T, Gentile S, Trabucchi M, Bellelli G. Association between statin use at admission to inpatient rehabilitation and functional status at discharge among older patients. Rejuvenation Res 2014;17:490-5.

40. Jackson JC, Morandi A, Girard TD, Merkle K, Graves AJ, Thompson JL, Shintani AK, Gunther ML, Cannistraci CJ, Rogers BP, Gore JC, Warrington HJ, Ely EW, Hopkins RO, for the VISIONS (VISualizing Icu SurvivOrs Neuroradiological Sequelae) Investigation. Functional brain imaging in survivors of critical illness: A prospective feasibility study and exploration of the association between delirium and brain activation patterns. J Crit Care 2015 Jan 30. [Epub ahead of print]

Book Chapters:

1. Girard TD, Opal SM, Ely EW. Severe sepsis in the elderly. In: Vincent JL, ed. 2005 Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine. New York: Springer, 2005:437-48.

2. Girard TD, Ely EW. Delirium in septic patients: an unrecognized vital organ dysfunction. In: Ortiz-Ruiz G, Perafan MA, Faist E, Castell CD, eds. Sepsis. 2nd ed. New York: Springer, 2006:136-50.


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3. Girard TD, Ely EW. Delirium and confusional states. In: Markides KS, ed. Encyclopedia of Health and Aging. Los Angeles: Sage Publications, 2007:137-9.

4. Girard TD, Ely EW. Delirium in the ICU. In: Rehm CG, Fuhrman TM, eds. 12th Critical Care Refresher. Mount Prospect, IL: Society of Critical Care Medicine, 2008:101-7.

5. Girard TD, Ely EW. Caring for the Critically Ill Older Patient. In: Irwin RS, Rippe JM, eds. Irwin and Rippe's Intensive Care Medicine. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008:2360-9.

6. Girard TD, Ely EW. Delirium in the critically ill patient. In: Young GB, Wijdicks EFM, eds. Disorders of Consciousness. Vol. 90 of the Handbook of Clinical Neurology. 3rd series. Edinburgh: Elsevier, 2008: 39-56.

7. Girard TD, Ely EW. Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation. In: Sahn SA, Matthay RA, Arroliga AC, et al., eds. PCCU (Pulmonary and Critical Care Update). Vol. 22. Northbrook, IL: American College of Chest Physicians, 2008: available at http://www.chestnet.org/education/online/pccu/vol22/lessons19_20/index.php

8. Girard TD, Ely EW. Delirium in the ICU. In: Rehm CG, ed. 13th Critical Care Refresher. Mount Prospect, IL: Society of Critical Care Medicine, 2009:11-17.

9. Girard TD. Sepsis. In: Yoshikawa TT, Norman DC, eds. Infectious Disease in the Aging: A Clinical Handbook. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Humana Press, Inc., 2009:63-80.

10. Hooper MH, Girard TD. Protocolised sedation to improve outcomes. In: Chiche JD, Moreno R, Putensen C, Rhodes A, eds. Patient Safety and Quality of Care in Intensive Care Medicine. Berlin: Medizinisch Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, 2009:249-60.

11. Girard TD, Ely EW. Delirium in the ICU. In: Gilchrist IC, ed. Current Concepts in Adult Critical Care. Mount Prospect, IL: Society of Critical Care Medicine, 2010:9-16.

12. Girard TD. Mechanical Ventilation. In: Flaherty KR, Herridge MS, eds. Clinical Year in Review Bibliography. New York, NY: American Thoracic Society, 2010:59-62.

13. Morandi A, Jackson JC, Girard TD, Ely EW. [Epidemiology, Classification and Risk Factors of Delirium in Different Care Settings]. In: Morandi A, Ely EW, Trabucchi M, eds. Il Delirium. Milan: Vita e Pensiero, 2012:13-40. [Available in Italian only].

Review Articles, Editorials, and Letters:

1. Girard TD, Opal SM, Ely EW. Insights into severe sepsis in older patients: from epidemiology to evidence-based management. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:719-27.

2. Opal SM, Girard TD, Ely EW. The immunopathogenesis of sepsis in elderly patients. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41:S504-12.

3. Girard TD, Jackson JC, Ely EW. Comment on “Validity and reliability of the DDS for severity of delirium in the ICU”. Neurocrit Care 2006;4:190-1.

4. Cotton BA, Girard TD, Ely EW. Increased levels of serum S100B protein in critically ill patients without brain injury. Shock 2007;27:338.

5. Jackson JC, Hart RP, Gordon SM, Hopkins RO, Girard TD, Ely EW. Post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic stress symptoms following critical illness in medical ICU patients: assessing the magnitude of the problem. Crit Care 2007;11:R27.

6. Girard TD, Bernard GR. Mechanical ventilation in the acute respiratory distress syndrome: a state-of-the-art review. Chest 2007;131:921-9.


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7. Girard TD, Shintani AK, Ely EW. Comment on “Incidence, risk factors and consequences of ICU delirium” by Ouimet et al. Intensive Care Med 2007;33:1479-80.

8. Girard TD. 36th critical care congress of the society of critical care medicine (SCCM). Adv Sepsis 2007;6:78-80.

9. Girard TD, Ely EW. Bacteremia and sepsis in older patients. Clin Geriatr Med 2007;23:633-47.

10. Girard TD, Ware LB. Biomarkers of cardiac injury in ARDS: getting to the heart of the matter. Crit Care Med 2007;35:2638-9.

11. Girard TD, Kress JP, Fuchs BD, Bernard GR, Ely EW. “Wake up and breathe” for patients with respiratory failure – Authors’ reply. Lancet 2008;371:1414-5.

12. Pandharipande PP, Girard TD, Ely EW. Sedation with dexmedetomidine vs lorazepam in mechanically ventilated patients – Authors’ reply. JAMA 2008;299:1542.

13. Girard TD, Ely EW. Protocol-driven ventilator weaning: reviewing the evidence. Clin Chest Med 2008;29:241–252.

14. Girard TD, Pandharipande PP, Ely EW. Delirium in the intensive care unit. Crit Care 2008;12:S3.

[Designated as a “Highly Accessed” article by BioMed Central] 15. Cotton BA, Girard TD, Ely EW. Increased levels of serum S100B protein in critically

ill patients without brain injury. Shock 2008;30:222. 16. Hooper MH, Girard TD. Sedation and weaning from mechanical ventilation: Linking

spontaneous awakening trials and spontaneous breathing trials to improve patient outcomes. Crit Care Clin 2009;25:515-25.

17. Girard TD. Living on the lighter side of sedation in the ICU: Is there a psychological cost? Crit Care Med 2009;37:2654-5.

18. Shintani AK, Girard TD, Ely EW. Letter to the editor: Immortal time bias in critical care. Crit Care Med 2010;38:1229.

19. Pandharipande PP, Sanders RD, Girard TD, Maze M, Ely EW. Alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists and sepsis: improved survival? – Authors’ reply. Crit Care 2010;14:429.

20. Vasilevskis EE, Han JH, Shintani A, Girard TD, Ely EW. Delirium and mortality risk prediction: A story in evolution. Crit Care 2010;14:449.

21. Vasilevskis EE, Pandharipande PP, Girard TD, Ely EW. A screening, prevention, and restoration model for saving the injured brain in intensive care unit survivors. Crit Care Med 2010;38:S683-91.

22. Banerjee A, Girard TD, Pandharipande P. The complex interplay between delirium, sedation, and early mobility during critical illness: applications in the trauma unit. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2011;24:195-201.

23. Brummel NE, Girard TD. Are we sedating more than just the brain? Crit Care 2011;15:163.

24. Morandi A, Hughes CG, Girard TD, McAuley DF, Ely EW, Pandharipande PP. Statins and brain dysfunction: A hypothesis to reduce the burden of cognitive impairment in patients who are critically ill. Chest 2011;140:580-5.

25. Hooper MH, Girard TD. Sedation and weaning from mechanical ventilation: Linking spontaneous awakening trials and spontaneous breathing trials to improve patient outcomes. Anesthesiol Clin 2011;29:651-61.

26. Vasilevskis EE, Girard TD, Ely EW. The bedside diagnosis of ICU delirium: Specificity is high, let’s optimize sensitivity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012;185:107-8.


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27. Ware LB, Girard TD. Acute lung injury: Surprisingly common in the neuro ICU. Crit Care Med 2012;40:694-5.

28. Morandi A, Girard TD. Insulin-like growth factor-1 and delirium: authors' response. Int Psychogeriatr 2012;24:1872-3.

29. Girard TD. Brain dysfunction in patients with chronic critical illness. Respir Care 2012;57:947-57.

30. Ely EW, Dittus RS, Girard TD. Point: Should benzodiazepines be avoided in mechanically ventilated patients? Yes. Chest 2012;142:281-4.

31. Ely EW, Dittus RS, Girard TD. Point: Should benzodiazepines be avoided in mechanically ventilated patients? Rebuttal from Dr. Ely. Chest 2012;142:287-9.

32. Hopkins RO, Girard TD. Medical and economic implications of cognitive and psychiatric disability of survivorship. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2012;33:348-56.

33. Hughes CG, Brummel NE, Vasilevskis EE, Girard TD, Pandharipande PP. Future directions of delirium research and management. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2012;26:395-405.

34. Brummel NE, Girard TD. Preventing delirium in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Clin 2013;29:51-65.

35. Blanch L, Annane D, Antonelli M, Chiche JD, Cuñat J, Girard TD, Jiménez EJ, Quintel M, Ugarte S, Mancebo J. The future of intensive care medicine. Med Intensiva 2013;37:91-98.

36. Hughes CG, Girard TD, Pandharipande PP. Daily sedation interruption versus targeted light sedation strategies in ICU patients. Crit Care Med 2013;41:S39-45.

37. Ferrell BA, Girard TD. Sedative choice: A critical decision. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014;189:1295-7.

38. Pandharipande PP, Hughes CG, Girard TD. Only a small subset of sedation-related delirium is innocuous: We cannot let our guard down. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014;189:1443-4.

Abstracts:

1. Girard TD, Gordon SM, Jackson JC, Shintani A, Pun BT, Dittus RS, Bernard GR, Ely EW. Relationships between ICU delirium, posttraumatic stress disorder, and quality of life following mechanical ventilation. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2005;2:A793.

2. Girard TD, Henderson MS, Gordon SM, Jackson JC, Shintani A, Pun BT, Dittus RS, Bernard GR, Ely EW. Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in older patients following mechanical ventilation. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005;53:S106.

3. Pandharipande P, Girard T, Maze M, Frizzell J, Shintani A, Renfew W, Stephens R, Fraley M, Truman-Pun B, Ely EW. Double blind randomized controlled trial comparing sedation with dexmedetomidine versus lorazepam in mechanically ventilated medical ICU patients. 2005 American Society of Critical Care Anesthesiologists Annual Meeting, accepted 2005.

4. Girard TD, Jackson JC, Pun BT, Ely EW, Shintani A, Renfrew JW, Dunn J, Laskowitz DT. Apolipoprotein E4 polymorphism as a genetic predisposition to delirium in humans. Crit Care Med 2005;33:A22.

5. Girard TD, Shintani A, Jackson JC, Gordon SM, Pun BT, Thomason JWW, Miller RR, Canonico AE, Light RW, Ely EW. Duration of delirium in patients with severe sepsis predicts long-term cognitive impairment. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2006;3:A739.


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6. Girard TD, Shintani A, Pun BT, Miller RR, Ely EW. The effect of delirium on mortality appears greater in severe sepsis than in non-infectious critical illness. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2006;3:A501.

7. Miller RR, Shintani A, Girard TD, Thomason JW, Pun BT, Light RW, Canonico A, Ely EW. Delirium predicts extubation failure. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2006;3:A42.

8. Girard TD, Shintani AK, Thompson JL, Pun BT, Jackson JC, Canonico AE, Light RW, Ely EW. Biomarkers of inflammation and coagulopathy predict the duration of acute brain dysfunction in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2006;34:A19.

9. Pun B, Girard T, Thompson J, Shintani A, Ely EW. Implementation of a spontaneous awakening trial protocol. Crit Care Med 2006;34:A91.

10. Girard TD, Kress JP, Fuchs BD, Thomason JWW, Schweickert WD, Pun BT, Taichman DB, Dunn J, Pohlman AS, Jackson JC, Canonico AE, Light RW, Shintani AK, Thompson JL, Dittus RS, Bernard GR, Ely EW. The Awakening and Breathing Controlled (ABC) Trial: a randomized controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of protocolized spontaneous breathing trials (SBTs) with or without daily spontaneous awakening trials (SATs). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007;175:A508.

11. Jackson JC, Gordon SM, Girard TD, Thomason JWW, Pun BT, Dunn J, Canonico AE, Light RW, Shintani AK, Thompson JL, Dittus RS, Bernard GR, Ely EW. Delirium as a risk factor for long term cognitive impairment in mechanically ventilated ICU survivors. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007;175:A22.

12. Miller RR, Shintani AK, Girard TD, Pun BT, Bernard GR, Canonico AE, Ely EW. A RASS-based APACHE II score predicts mortality comparably to a GCS-based APACHE II score. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007;175:A791.

13. Pandharipande P, Pun B, Herr D, Girard T, Miller R, Thompson J, Maze M, Bernard G, Ely E. Double blind randomized controlled trial comparing dexmedetomidine vs. lorazepam to reduce duration of delirium and coma in mechanically ventilated (MV) patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007;175:A508.

14. Girard TD, Jackson JC, Gordon SM, Ware LB, Pun BT, Shintani A, Thompson JL, Canonico AE, Light RW, Dittus RS, Bernard GR, Ely E. Low protein C levels in critically ill patients predict cognitive impairment 3 months after discharge. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007;55:S13.

15. Jacobowski N, Dugas A, Foss J, Girard T, Ely EW. Family rounds in the ICU: improving communications and end-of-life experiences in critical care. Crit Care Med 2007;35:A188.

16. Bastarache JA, Ware LB, Girard TD, Wheeler AP, Rice TW. Tissue factor levels are associated with mortality in mechanically ventilated patients and are decreased at day six in patients on trophic enteral feeds. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008;177:A129.

17. Patel RP, Speroff T, Scott TA, Pandharipande P, Girard TD, Dittus RS, Bernard GR, Ely EW. Delirium and sedation in the intensive care unit (ICU): survey of behaviors and attitudes of 1,384 healthcare professionals. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008;177:A371

18. Girard TD, Carson SS, Pandharipande PP, Schmidt GA, Wright PE, Pun BT, Cotton BA, Thompson JL, Shintani AK, Meltzer HY, Bernard GR, Dittus RS, Ely EW. The Modifying the INcidence of Delirium (MIND) Trial: a randomized controlled trial of the feasibility, efficacy, and safety of antipsychotics for the prevention and treatment of ICU delirium. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008;177:A817.


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19. Girard TD, Shintani AK, Bernard GR, Dittus RS, Ely EW. Effect of haloperidol on survival in mechanically ventilated ICU patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008;177:A958.

20. Girard TD, Thompson JL, Shintani AK, Dittus RS, Bernard GR, Ely EW. Outcomes among older mechanically ventilated ICU patients treated with a “wake up and breathe” protocol. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008;56:S13.

21. Pandharipande P, Girard TD, Sanders RD, Thompson JL, Maze M, Ely EW. Comparison of sedation with dexmedetomodine versus lorazepam in septic ICU patients. Crit Care 2008;12:P275.

22. Schweickert WD, Girard TD, Taichman DB, Kress JP, Kinniry PA, Pandharipande PP, Pun BT, Pohlman AS, Shintani AK, Thompson JL, Bernard GR, Hall JB, Ely EW, Fuchs BD. Risk factors for spontaneous breathing trial and extubation failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009;179:A3804.

23. King MS, Ely EW, Girard TD, Thompson JL, Pandharipande PP. Sepsis modifies the beneficial effects of dexmedetomidine on non-brain organ dysfunction: An a priori subgroup analysis of the MENDS randomized controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009;179:A4698.

24. Girard TD, Jackson JC, Pandharipande PP, Thompson JL, Shintani AK, Ely EW. Duration of delirium as a predictor of long-term cognitive impairment in survivors of critical illness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009;179:A5477.

25. Hooper MH, Girard TD, Pandharipande PP, Thompson JL, Ely EW. Association between total sedative dose during critical illness and long-term physical function. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009;179:A5479.

26. Adams JR, Pandharipande PP, Morandi A, Girard TD, Thompson JL, Shintani AK, Ely EW. Plasma tryptophan levels increase risk of transitioning to delirium in the ICU. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009;179:A5491.

27. Girard TD, Jackson JC, Pandharipande PP, Thompson JL, Shintani AK, Ely EW. Risk factors for poor cognitive outcomes after critical illness. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009;57:S105.

28. McGrane S, Girard T, Thompson J, Ely EW, Pandharipande P. C-reactive protein and procalcitonin levels at admission predict duration of brain dysfunction in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2009;37:A44.

29. Girard T, Morandi A, Gunther M, Pandharipande P, Jackson J, Thompson J, Shintani A, Ely E. Serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and acute brain dysfunction in the ICU. Crit Care Med 2009;37:A355.

30. Gunther ML, Beck CJ, Morandi A, Girard TD, Pandharipande P, Jackson JC, Ely EW, Hopkins RO. Quantitative brain MRI findings in critically ill patients with delirium. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010;181:A5354.

31. Ferrell BA, Jackson JC, Torres RE, Thompson JL, Shintani AK, Ely EW, Girard TD. Predictors of persistent posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms one year after critical illness requiring mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010;181:A6715.

32. Gunther ML, Jackson JC, Pandharipande P, Morandi A, Hahn M, Buckholtz J, English B, Blakely RD, Thompson J, Ely EW, Girard TD. Genetic risk factors for long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010;181:A6718.

33. Geevarghese SK, Jackson JC, Torres RE, Thompson JL, Girard TD, Wright JK, Ely EW, Pandharipande P. Liver transplant recipients experience persistent depression and


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cognitive impairment at three and twelve months post-transplant. Am J Transplant 2010;10(Suppl 4):256.

34. Andresen JM, King MS, Davidson MA, Girard TD, Pandharipande PP, Ely EW, Watson PL. Deeper sedation during coma as measured by bispectral index monitoring is associated with delirium upon emergence from coma. Intensive Care Med 2010;36:S222.

35. Girard T, Meeks J, English B, Thompson J, Shintani A, Ely EW, Pandharipande P. Plasma concentrations of lorazepam vs. dexmedetomidine as risk factors for delirium during mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med 2010;38:A879.

36. Morandi A, Vasilevskis E, Girard T, Solberg L, Neal E, Torres R, Fick D, Ely E, Kripalani S, Pandharipande P. The burden of potentially and actually inappropriate medication in elderly ICU survivors. Crit Care Med 2010;38:A569.

37. Checkley W, Martin GS, Brown S, Chang SY, Dabbagh O, Fremont R, Girard TD, Howell M, Johnson S, O’Brien J, Park PK, Pastores S, Patil N, Pietropaoli A, Putman M, Rotello L, Siner J, Sevransky J. Organizational structure of 27 intensive care units in the United States: critical illness outcomes study (CIOS). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011;183:A1020.

38. Brummel NE, Jackson JC, Torres RE, Shintani AK, Ely EW, Girard TD. Does duration of ICU delirium predict long-term functional impairment? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011;183:A2653.

39. Jackson JC, Girard T, Morandi A, Shintani A, Thompson J, Ely E. The relationship between delirium duration and deficits in individual neuropsychological domains in ICU survivors. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011;183:A3150.

40. Ferrell BA, Pandharipande PP, Thompson JL, Shintani AK, Ely EW, Girard TD. Dexmedetomidine use in critically ill mechanically ventilated patients with cardiac ischemia or hepatic insufficiency. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011;183:A3160.

41. Santoro MJ, Girard TD, McCurley JL, Torres RE, Shintani AK, Ely EW, Jackson JC. Cognitive impairment at discharge in intensive care unit (ICU) survivors: data from the awakening and breathing controlled (ABC) trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011;183:A4119.

42. Seymour CW, Torres RE, Pandharipande PP, Koestner T, Hudson LD, Thompson JL, Shintani AK, Ely EW, Girard TD. Diurnal sedative changes during intensive care: impact on acute brain dysfunction and liberation from mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011;183:A4715.

43. McCurley JL, Girard TD, Santoro MJ, Torres RE, Shintani AK, Ely EW, Jackson JC. Depression, delirium and functional status in survivors of critical illness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011;183:A4731.

44. Hughes C, Morandi A, Thompson J, Girard T, Ely E, Pandharipande P. The role of endothelial health in prevention of ICU brain dysfunction. Crit Care Med 2011;39:A480.

45. Morandi A, Pandharipande PP, Shintani AK, Hughes CG, Vasilevskis EE, Thompson JL, Han JH, Jackson JC, Bernard GR, Laskowitz DT, Ely EW, Girard TD. Statin use and the daily risk of delirium in a prospective cohort of critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012;185:A3646.

46. Brummel NE, Jackson JC, Girard TD, Pandharipande P, Boehm L, Okahashi J, Strength C, Schiro E, Work B, Pun B, Kiehl A, McCurley J, Santoro M, Thompson J,


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Shintani A, Ely EW. Feasibility of an early physical and cognitive rehabilitation protocol for critically ill patients: The Activity and Cognitive Therapy in the ICU (ACT-ICU) Trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012;185:A3885.

47. Sevransky JE, Checkley W, Girard TD, Pastores SM, Shahul S, Martinez A, Brown S, Patil N, O'Keefe T, Pickering B, Liebler J, Park P, Guzman J, Chang S, Siner J, Herr D, Chong D, Prasad M, Hoag J, Butt A, and Martin GS. Critical Illness Outcomes Study: An observational cohort of critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012;185:A6788.

48. Vasilevskis E, Pandharipande P, Graves A, Shintani A, Tsuruta R, Ely EW, Girard TD. Validation of a modified Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score incorporating the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Score (RASS) to assess neurologic end-organ function. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013;187:A1551.

49. Jackson JC, Pandharipande PP, Girard TD, Morandi A, Thompson JL, Pun BT, Brummel NE, Hughes CG, Vasilevskis E, Shintani AK, Moons KG, Geevarghese S, Canonico A, Hopkins RO, Bernard GR, Dittus RS, Ely EW. Delirium as a predictor of health related quality of life (HRQL) outcomes: Data from the BRAIN ICU (Bringing To Light The Risk Factors And Incidence Of Neuropsychological Dysfunction In ICU Survivors) study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013;187:A2341.

50. Brummel NE, Girard TD, Pandharipande PP, Jackson JC, Hughes C, Pun BT, Boehm L, Murphy E, Work B, Graves A, Shintani AK, Ely EW. Efficacy of an early combined cognitive and physical rehabilitation program for cognitive and functional impairment following critical illness: Results of the Activity and Cognitive Therapy in the ICU (ACT-ICU) trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013;187:A3615.

51. Pandharipande PP, Girard TD, Jackson JC, Morandi A, Thompson JL, Pun BT, Brummel NE, Hughes CG, Vasilevskis E, Shintani AK, Moons KG, Geevarghese S, Canonico A, Hopkins RO, Bernard GR, Dittus RS, Ely EW. Delirium is an independent predictor of long-term cognitive impairment: Results from the BRAIN ICU (Bringing To Light The Risk Factors And Incidence Of Neuropsychological Dysfunction In ICU Survivors) study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013;187:A5237.

52. Hughes C, Girard T, Thompson J, Shintani A, Jefferson A, Ely E, Pandharipande P. Role of endothelial dysfunction and blood brain barrier injury in acute brain dysfunction. Crit Care Med 2013;41:595.

53. Brummel NE, Pandharipande PP, Girard TD, Jackson JC, Thompson JL, Graves AJ, Chandrasekhar R, Hughes CG, Ely EW, for the ICU Delirium and Cognitive Impairment Study Group. Duration of subsyndromal delirium, post-discharge mortality, and long-term cognitive impairment among survivors of critical illness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014;189:A2522.

54. Norman B, Jackson JC, Graves J, Girard TD, Pandharipande PP, Thompson J, Chandrasekhar R, Buntin M, Ely EW. Employment changes after critical illness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014;189:A2524.

55. Ferrell BA, Stein CM, Lu P, Ye F, Ely EW, Girard TD. Genetic variations in metabolizing enzymes and propofol plasma concentrations in ICU patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014;189:A2531.

56. Waterer GW, Self WH, Girard TD, Trabue C, McNabb P, Courtney DM, Anderson E, Fakhran S, Balk R, Grijalva CG, Bramley A, Jain S. Analysis of adult inpatient deaths in the CDC-Etiology of Pneumonia in the Community (EPIC) study: Implications for


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community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) quality of care (QOC) Metrics. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014;189:A6518.

57. Girard TD, Edwards KM, Self WH, Grijalva CG, Zhu Y, Williams DJ, Jain S, Jackson JC. Long-term cognitive outcomes after hospitalization for community-acquired pneumonia (CogCAP). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014;189:A6525.

58. Brummel N, Sidiqi S, Pandharipande P, Thompson J, Vasilevskis E, Girard T, Ely EW, Jackson J. Overlap of cognitive, physical and mental health impairments in the post-intensive care syndrome. Crit Care Med 2014;42:A1446.

59. Tomichek J, Stollings J, Pandharipande P, Ely EW, Girard T. Antipsychotic prescribing patterns during and after critical illness in a tertiary medical center. Crit Care Med 2014;42:A1509.

International Presentations: Research presentation: “Relationships between ICU Delirium, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Quality of Life following Mechanical Ventilation.” American Thoracic Society 2005 International Conference; San Diego, California; May 24, 2005. Invited speaker: “The Older Patient in the ICU: Saving the Injured Brain.” In: Aging Success and Complexities. CHEST 2005 - Annual International Scientific Assembly of the American College of Chest Physicians; Montréal, Québec, Canada; October 31, 2005. Research presentation: “Apolipoprotein E4 Polymorphism as a Genetic Predisposition to Delirium in Humans.” Society of Critical Care Medicine’s 35th Critical Care Congress; San Francisco, California; January 10, 2006. Research presentation: “Biomarkers of Inflammation and Coagulopathy Predict the Duration of Acute Brain Dysfunction in Critically Ill Patients.” 2007 Society of Critical Care Medicine’s 36th Critical Care Congress; Orlando, Florida; February 18, 2007. Grand rounds: “Delirium: A Critical Problem. There is Little Confusion about That.” General Hospital (Health Sciences Centre) Medical Grand Rounds, Memorial University of Newfoundland; St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada; September 15, 2007. Invited speaker: “Diagnosing Delirium in the ICU: Using the Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU.” XXV Congreso Chileno Medicina Intensiva; Pucón, Cautín, Chile; October 18, 2007. Invited speaker: “Sustained Sedation with Dexmedetomidine in the ICU: Results from the MENDS Trial.” XXV Congreso Chileno Medicina Intensiva; Pucón, Cautín, Chile; October 18, 2007. Invited speaker: “Wake Up and Breathe: Results from the Awakening and Breathing Controlled Trial.” XXV Congreso Chileno Medicina Intensiva; Pucón, Cautín, Chile; October 19, 2007. Invited speaker: “The Delirious ICU Patient.” In: Adult Critical Care Refresher Course. Society of Critical Care Medicine’s 37th Critical Care Congress; Honolulu, Hawaii; February 2, 2008.


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Invited speaker: “Selection of Sedatives that Impact Outcomes.” In: Practical Considerations in Sedation Management to Improve Outcomes. Society of Critical Care Medicine’s 37th Critical Care Congress; Honolulu, Hawaii; February 3, 2008. Invited speaker: “Delirium in the ICU: Outcomes and Management.” In: Delirium Management. Society of Critical Care Medicine’s 37th Critical Care Congress; Honolulu, Hawaii; February 5, 2008. Research presentation: “Outcomes Among Older Mechanically Ventilated ICU Patients Treated with a ‘Wake Up and Breathe’ Protocol.” In: Clinical Geriatrics. 2008 American Geriatric Society Annual Scientific Meeting; Washington, District of Columbia; May 3, 2008. Research presentation: “The Modifying the INcidence of Delirium (MIND) Trial: A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Feasibility, Efficacy, and Safety of Antipsychotics for the Prevention and Treatment of ICU Delirium.” In: Daily Practice in the ICU – Time For a Change? American Thoracic Society 2008 International Conference; Toronto, Ontario, Canada; May 21, 2008. Research presentation: “Effect of Haloperidol on Survival in Mechanically Ventilated ICU Patients.” In: Optimizing Critical Care Outcomes. American Thoracic Society 2008 International Conference; Toronto, Ontario, Canada; May 21, 2008. Invited speaker: “Selection of Sedatives that Impact Outcomes.” Quinto Curso Internacional de Ventilación Mecánica; Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico; June 26, 2008. Invited speaker: “Improving the Weaning Process: Results from the Awakening and Breathing Controlled Trial.” Quinto Curso Internacional de Ventilación Mecánica; Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico; June 26, 2008. Invited speaker: “The Delirious ICU Patient.” Quinto Curso Internacional de Ventilación Mecánica; Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico; June 27, 2008. Invited speaker: “What Should the ICU Team Know about Long-Term Outcomes of Brain Dysfunction in ICU Survivors.” 5th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine for Latin America; Sao Paulo, Brazil; June 25, 2009. Invited speaker: “Strategies for Adequate Sedation in the ICU.” 5th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine for Latin America; Sao Paulo, Brazil; June 25, 2009. Invited speaker: “Can We Prevent Delirium in the ICU?” 5th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine for Latin America; Sao Paulo, Brazil; June 25, 2009. Invited speaker: “Elderly ICU Patients: Are Their Needs Different?” Critical Care Canada Forum 2008; Toronto, Ontario, Canada; November 12, 2008.


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Invited speaker: “Wake Up and Breathe – Easy as ABC.” Critical Care Canada Forum 2008; Toronto, Ontario, Canada; November 13, 2008. Invited speaker: “How Can I Get Myself off the Ventilator? SBT and Sedative Withdrawal Trials.” British Thoracic Society Winter Meeting 2008; London, England; December 3, 2008. Invited speaker: “Delirium in the ICU.” Adult Critical Care Refresher Course, Society of Critical Care Medicine’s 38th Critical Care Congress; Nashville, Tennessee; January 30, 2009. Invited speaker: “Evidence for Implementing a ‘Wake Up and Breathe’ Approach: Who, How, Why and Why Not?” In: Changing Sedation and Delirium Management: Evidence and Implications for Long-Term Outcomes. Society of Critical Care Medicine’s 38th Critical Care Congress; Nashville, Tennessee; February 2, 2009. Invited speaker: “Improving the Weaning Process: Results from the Awakening and Breathing Controlled (ABC) Trial.” Canadian ICU Collaborative for Patient Safety Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Webinar; March 11, 2009. Invited speaker: “Delirium.” Joint Meeting of Centre for Anaesthesia UCL’s 11th Current Controversies in Anaesthesia & Peri-Operative Medicine & Intensive Care Society of Ireland (ICSI) Autumn Meeting; Dingle, Ireland; October 16, 2009. Invited speaker: “End of Life Care: The American Perspective.” Joint Meeting of Centre for Anaesthesia UCL’s 11th Current Controversies in Anaesthesia & Peri-Operative Medicine & Intensive Care Society of Ireland (ICSI) Autumn Meeting; Dingle, Ireland; October 17, 2009. Invited speaker: “Identification and Management of Delirium in the ICU.” In: Adjuvant Management Strategies in the Critically Ill Ventilated Patient. CHEST 2009 - Annual International Scientific Assembly of the American College of Chest Physicians; San Diego, California; November 2, 2009. Invited speaker: “Delirium: Can It Be Prevented?” In: Extrapulmonary Complications of Critical Illness. CHEST 2009 - Annual International Scientific Assembly of the American College of Chest Physicians; San Diego, California; November 2, 2009. Invited speaker: “Persistent Cognitive Impairment after Critical Illness: Who and Why.” XXVII Congreso Chileno Medicina Intensiva; Viña del Mar, Valparaíso, Chile; November 13, 2009. Invited speaker: “Evidence-Based Sedation in the ICU.” XXVII Congreso Chileno Medicina Intensiva; Viña del Mar, Valparaíso, Chile; November 13, 2009. Invited speaker: “The Delirious ICU Patient.” Adult Critical Care Refresher Course, Society of Critical Care Medicine’s 39th Critical Care Congress; Miami, Florida; January 8, 2010. Invited speaker: “Mechanical Ventilation: Year in Review.” American Thoracic Society 2010 International Conference; New Orleans, Louisiana; May 19, 2010.


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Invited speaker: “ICU Delirium: Where Will We Be in 10 years and How Do We Get There?” 12th Capital City Conference of the German Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine; Berlin, Germany; September 16, 2010. Invited speaker: “Effect of Dexmedetomidine in Sepsis Patients.” XV Congresso Brasileiro de Medicina Intensiva; Brasilia, Brazil; October 14, 2010. Invited speaker: “Pro/Con Debate: Mechanical Ventilation Weaning is More Art than Science.” XV Congresso Brasileiro de Medicina Intensiva; Brasilia, Brazil; October 14, 2010. Invited speaker: “Delirium in Sepsis: What’s the Impact of Sedation.” XV Congresso Brasileiro de Medicina Intensiva; Brasilia, Brazil; October 15, 2010. Invited speaker: “Interrupting Sedation with the Spontaneous Breathing Test: The Formula for Success?” XV Congresso Brasileiro de Medicina Intensiva; Brasilia, Brazil; October 15, 2010. Invited speaker: “Delirium in the ICU.” In: Nonpulmonary Issues in the ICU. CHEST 2010 - Annual International Scientific Assembly of the American College of Chest Physicians; Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; October 30, 2010. Invited speaker: “Effect of Critical Illness on Cognitive Function.” In: Long-Term Consequences of Critical Illness. CHEST 2010 - Annual International Scientific Assembly of the American College of Chest Physicians; Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; October 31, 2010. Invited speaker: “Prevention and Management: Lessons Learned from Clinical Practice and Evidence-Based Updates.” In: Delirium in the ICU – Prevention, Identification, and Management. Society of Critical Care Medicine’s 40th Critical Care Congress; San Diego, California; January 17, 2011. Invited speaker: “Pharmacologic Mechanisms of Antipsychotics Related to the Immune System.” In: Immunosedation – Awakening a Sleeping Giant. Society of Critical Care Medicine’s 40th Critical Care Congress; San Diego, California; January 18, 2011. Invited speaker: “Linking Awakening with Spontaneous Breathing Trials.” In: Daily Awakening – Evidence to Practice. Society of Critical Care Medicine’s 40th Critical Care Congress; San Diego, California; January 19, 2011. Invited speaker: “How Should We Use Sedation During Mechanical Ventilation To Prevent Complications?” In: How Are We Using Mechanical Ventilation: A New Approach. American Thoracic Society 2011 International Conference; Denver, Colorado; May 15, 2011. Invited speaker: “Effects of Critical Illness on Cognitive Function.” 6th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine for Latin America; Sao Paulo, Brazil; June 23, 2011.


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Invited speaker: “Management of Delirium in the ICU.” 6th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine for Latin America; Sao Paulo, Brazil; June 23, 2011. Invited speaker: “Procedures for Sedation in the ICU: Where Are We and Where Are We Going?” 6th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine for Latin America; Sao Paulo, Brazil; June 23, 2011. Grand rounds: “Delirium in the Intensive Care Unit.” Department of Critical Care Grand Rounds, Royal University Hospital; Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; October 5, 2011. Invited speaker: “Interventions to Improve Psychiatric and Cognitive Outcomes.” In: Managing the Complications of Long-Term Critical Care Survivors. CHEST 2011 - Annual International Scientific Assembly of the American College of Chest Physicians; Honolulu, Hawaii; October 22, 2011. Invited speaker: “Managing Analgesia and Sedation to Facilitate Mobilization.” In: Mobilizing the Critically Ill. CHEST 2011 - Annual International Scientific Assembly of the American College of Chest Physicians; Honolulu, Hawaii; October 23, 2011. Invited speaker: “Panel Discussion: Resolving the Debate Toward Appropriate Use of Sedative Agents.” In: Sedation in the ICU: Debating Key Issues for Appropriate Use. CHEST 2011 - Annual International Scientific Assembly of the American College of Chest Physicians; Honolulu, Hawaii; October 24, 2011. Invited speaker: “Effect of Critical Illness on Cognitive Function.” XXIX Congreso Chileno Medicina Intensiva y Urgencias; Puerto Varas, Llanquihue, Chile; October 28, 2011. Invited speaker: “Linking Sedation and Ventilator Weaning Protocols.” XXIX Congreso Chileno Medicina Intensiva y Urgencias; Puerto Varas, Llanquihue, Chile; October 29, 2011. Invited speaker: “Update on Sedation Practices in the ICU.” XXIX Congreso Chileno Medicina Intensiva y Urgencias; Puerto Varas, Llanquihue, Chile; October 29, 2011. Invited speaker: “Sedation of Short-Term Medical-Surgical ICU Patients.” In: Acute Care Sedation: Targeting Delirium and Duration. Critical Care Canada Forum 2011; Toronto, Ontario, Canada; November 14, 2011. Invited speaker: “Effects of Critical Illness on Cognitive Function.” IX Congreso Panamericano e Iberico de Sociedades de Medicina Critica y Terapia Intensiva; Cartagena, Bolívar, Colombia; November 30, 2011. Invited speaker: “Updating Sedation Practices in the ICU.” IX Congreso Panamericano e Iberico de Sociedades de Medicina Critica y Terapia Intensiva; Cartagena, Bolívar, Colombia; November 30, 2011.


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Invited speaker: “Linking Sedation and Ventilator Weaning Protocols.” IX Congreso Panamericano e Iberico de Sociedades de Medicina Critica y Terapia Intensiva; Cartagena, Bolívar, Colombia; November 30, 2011. Invited speaker: “Acute Brain Dysfunction in the ICU: Cause, Effect, Prevention and Treatment.” Less Than Zero: Pursuing Perfection in the ICU; Society of Critical Care Medicine’s 41st Critical Care Congress; Houston, Texas; February 6, 2012. Invited speaker: “Sedation in the ICU: A 2012 Update.” Fraser Health Critical Care Educational Lecture; Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; March 29, 2012. Invited speaker: “Managing Agitation and Delirium in the ICU.” American Thoracic Society’s Fellows Track Symposium 2012; San Francisco, California; May 19, 2012. Invited speaker: “Persistent Delirium.” In: What Do You Do Now? Clinical Challenges at the Edge of the Evidence. American Thoracic Society 2012 International Conference; San Francisco, California; May 20, 2012. Research presentation: “Statin Use And The Daily Risk Of Delirium In A Prospective Cohort Of Critically Ill Patients.” In: Neuromuscular, Cognitive and Psychiatric Issues in the Intensive Care Unit. American Thoracic Society 2012 International Conference; San Francisco, California; May 21, 2012. Invited speaker: “An Integrated Approach to Managing Pain, Agitation, and Delirium in the ICU.” In: Sedation in the ICU – Confronting Challenges and Applying Best Practices. American Thoracic Society 2012 International Conference; San Francisco, California; May 22, 2012. Research presentation: “Feasibility Of An Early Physical And Cognitive Rehabilitation Protocol For Critically Ill Patients: The Activity And Cognitive Therapy In The ICU (ACT-ICU) Trial.” In: Clinical Trials in Critical Care. American Thoracic Society 2012 International Conference; San Francisco, California; May 22, 2012. Invited speaker: “Dexmedetomidine in the critically ill: The ideal sedative drug?” In: ¿Qué Hay de Nuevo en la Sedación? [What’s New in Sedation?] XLVII Congreso Nacional de la SEMICYUC; Santander, Cantabria, Spain; June 11, 2012. Invited speaker: “Management of Hypoactive Delirium” In: Manejo de Delirium [Management of Delirium]. I Simpósio Internacional AMIB de Sedação, Analgesia e Delirium; Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; August 3, 2012. Invited speaker: “Biomarkers of Delirium” In: Fisiopatologia do Delirium [Pathophysiology of Delirium]. I Simpósio Internacional AMIB de Sedação, Analgesia e Delirium; Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; August 3, 2012.


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Invited speaker: “Daily Interruption: Is it Feasible and Safe?” In: Recentes Avancos em Sedação [Recent Advances in Sedation]. I Simpósio Internacional AMIB de Sedação, Analgesia e Delirium; Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; August 4, 2012. Invited speaker: “How To Stratify.” In: Prognóstico do Delirium [Prognosis of Delirium]. I Simpósio Internacional AMIB de Sedação, Analgesia e Delirium; Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; August 4, 2012. Invited speaker: “Managing Delirium in the ICU: From Reducing Iatrogenic Risk to Treatment.” 14th Capital City Conference of the German Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine; Berlin, Germany; September 13, 2012. Invited speaker: “Interdisciplinary Teamwork in the ICU to Achieve Phenomenal Outcomes.” In: Leadership in the ICU: Achieving Optimal Outcomes. CHEST 2012 - Annual International Scientific Assembly of the American College of Chest Physicians; Atlanta, Georgia; October 21, 2012. Invited speaker: “Utilizing Validated Scales for Sedation, Pain, and Delirium in the ICU.” In: Sedation in the ICU: Addressing Challenges and Applying Best Practices. CHEST 2012 - Annual International Scientific Assembly of the American College of Chest Physicians; Atlanta, Georgia; October 22, 2012. Invited speaker: “Protocol-Driven Ventilator Weaning.” In: Controversial Issues Regarding Weaning From Mechanical Ventilation. CHEST 2012 - Annual International Scientific Assembly of the American College of Chest Physicians; Atlanta, Georgia; October 23, 2012. Invited speaker: “Methods to Optimize Transition from ICU to Home.” In: Life after the ICU: Brain and Neuromuscular Function. Society of Critical Care Medicine’s 42nd Critical Care Congress; San Juan, Puerto Rico; January 23, 2013. Invited speaker: “Using the CAM-ICU: How and Why.” Universitair Medisch Centrum Utrecht; Utrecht, The Netherlands; March 18, 2013. Invited speaker: “Delirium in the ICU: From Diagnosis to Management.” Universitair Medisch Centrum Utrecht; Utrecht, The Netherlands; March 18, 2013. Invited speaker: “Should Benzodiazepines Be Avoided?” In: Sedation & Analgesia. 33rd International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine; Brussels, Belgium; March 19, 2013. Invited speaker: “Effects of Critical Illness on Cognitive Function.” In: Delirium. 33rd International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine; Brussels, Belgium; March 22, 2013. Invited speaker: “Managing Delirium in the ICU.” In: Delirium. 33rd International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine; Brussels, Belgium; March 22, 2013.


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Invited speaker: “Introduction.” In: Six Questions We Must Ask To Understand Long-Term Outcomes After Critical Illness. American Thoracic Society 2013 International Conference; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Invited speaker: “Sedation and Ventilator Weaning Protocols.” 2nd Latin American Congress of Respiratory Therapy; Santiago, Chile; May 31, 2013. Invited speaker: “Delirium in the ICU.” 2nd Latin American Congress of Respiratory Therapy; Santiago, Chile; May 31, 2013. Invited speaker: “Delirium: Much Ado About Nothing?” In: Delirium – Negating the Nightmare. 11th Congress of the World Federation of Societies of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine; Durban, South Africa; August 29, 2013. Invited speaker: “Sedation: A Safe and Valuable Treatment in the ICU.” Pro position in a Pro-Con debate. 11th Congress of the World Federation of Societies of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine; Durban, South Africa; August 29, 2013. Invited speaker: “Delirium: A 2013 Update.” Delirium Association of South Africa Planning Meeting; Durban, South Africa; August 30, 2013. Research presentation: “Subtypes of Delirium during Critical Illness as Predictors of Long-Term Cognitive Impairment.” In: Headline Results. 8th Annual Meeting of the European Delirium Association; Leuven, Belgium; September 20, 2013. Invited speaker: “Effects of Sedation and Drugs on ICU Delirium and Practices That Work in Minimizing Risk.” In: Pain, Agitation, and Delirium: Making Sense of the New Guidelines to Minimize Risk. CHEST 2013 - Annual International Scientific Assembly of the American College of Chest Physicians; Chicago, Illinois; October 28, 2013. Invited speaker: “Prevention.” In: Delirium and Encephalopathy in the ICU. Society of Critical Care Medicine’s 43rd Critical Care Congress; San Francisco, California; January 10, 2014. Invited speaker: “Delirium, Dementia, and POCD: (No) Time to Act?” In: Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunctions: Individual and Public Health Burden of Disease. Leopoldina Symposium, Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunctions; Berlin, Germany; February 28, 2014. Invited speaker: “ICU Delirium: Epidemiology and Consequences.” In: ICU Delirium: An Old Syndrome with New Solutions. Delirium: From Molecules to Clinical Implementation, American Delirium Society’s 4th Annual Meeting; Baltimore, Maryland; June 1, 2014. Invited speaker: “Delirium and Post-ICU Long-Term Cognitive Impairment.” In: ICU Delirium: An Old Syndrome with New Solutions. Delirium: From Molecules to Clinical Implementation, American Delirium Society’s 4th Annual Meeting; Baltimore, Maryland; June 1, 2014.


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Research presentation: “Subtypes of Delirium during Critical Illness as Predictors of Long-Term Cognitive Impairment.” In Scientific Session 1: Risk Factors and Pathogesis of Delirium. Delirium: From Molecules to Clinical Implementation, American Delirium Society’s 4th Annual Meeting; Baltimore, Maryland; June 2, 2014. Invited speaker: “Delirium and long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness.” In Interdisciplinary Neuroscience. Charité Clinical Scientist Summer Symposium on Translational Medicine; Berlin, Germany; June 19, 2014. Invited speaker: “Delirium as a Quality Indicator: How Healthy Is Your ICU?” In: Enhancing the Quality and Safety of Care for Older Adults with Critical Illness. Society of Critical Care Medicine’s 44th Critical Care Congress; Phoenix, Arizona; January 19, 2015. National Presentations: Invited speaker: “Weaning and Sedation in the ICU.” 20th Annual High Country Conference on Respiratory Care; Boone, North Carolina; February 9, 2006. Invited speaker: “Delirium in the ICU: Diagnosis and Beyond.” Summit Medical Center; Nashville, Tennessee; August 17, 2006. Research presentation: “Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction in Patients with Critical Illness.” National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s 2nd Annual Clinical Proteomics Meeting; Washington, District of Columbia; January 10, 2007. Invited speaker: “Delirium in the Mechanically Ventilated Patient.” Georgia Society for Respiratory Care 2007 Summer Meeting; Savannah, Georgia; July 22, 2007. Invited speaker: “Delirium in the Intensive Care Unit.” Memorial Health System Trauma & Critical Care Symposium 2007; Colorado Springs, Colorado; August 24, 2007. Invited speaker: “Sedation and Weaning in the ICU.” Memorial Health System Trauma & Critical Care Symposium 2007; Colorado Springs, Colorado; August 25, 2007. Invited speaker: “Delirium: A Critical Problem. There is Little Confusion about That.” Hill City Chapter of AACN’s Critical Care 2007; Lynchburg, Virginia; October 4, 2007. Invited speaker: “Improving the Weaning Process: Results from the Awakening and Breathing Controlled Trial.” 9th Annual Advanced Course in Mechanical Ventilation and Airway Management; Medical Center of Central Georgia; Macon, Georgia; April 4, 2008. Invited speaker: “The ABC Trial: Spontaneous Breathing Trials and Daily Awakening.” VHA’s Transformation of the ICU; Washington, District of Columbia; April 10, 2008. Invited speaker: “Delirium in the ICU: What Can We Learn from Biomarkers?” Saint Thomas Hospital; Nashville, Tennessee; May 14, 2008.


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Invited speaker: “Case Studies in Clinical Implications of ICU Delirium.” Critical Care Symposium: Advances in Treatment, Lehigh Valley Hospital and Health Network; Allentown, Pennsylvania; September 19, 2008. Invited speaker: “Clinical Implications of ICU Delirium.” Critical Care Symposium: Advances in Treatment, Lehigh Valley Hospital and Health Network; Allentown, Pennsylvania; September 19, 2008. Invited speaker: “Update on Protective Strategies in the ICU.” Critical Care Symposium: Advances in Treatment, Lehigh Valley Hospital and Health Network; Allentown, Pennsylvania; September 19, 2008. Invited speaker: “Improving the Weaning Process: Results from the Awakening and Breathing Controlled (ABC) Trial.” The 6th UCLA Pulmonary and Critical Care Update Course; Santa Monica, California; February 27, 2009. Invited speaker: “Elderly ICU Patients: Are Their Needs Different?” The 6th UCLA Pulmonary and Critical Care Update Course; Santa Monica, California; February 27, 2009. Invited speaker: “Novel Strategies for Sedation.” Ohio State’s 1st Annual MATCH Conference - Multidisciplinary Advances in the Treatment of the Critically Ill Patient; Columbus, Ohio; September 23, 2009. Invited keynote speaker: “State-of-the-Art Management of the Mechanically Ventilated ICU Patient.” Ohio State’s 1st Annual MATCH Conference - Multidisciplinary Advances in the Treatment of the Critically Ill Patient; Columbus, Ohio; September 23, 2009. Invited speaker: “Delirium in the ICU.” Michigan Health & Hospital Association’s Keystone ICU Workshop; Lansing, Michigan; January 15, 2010. Invited speaker: “Updating Wake Up and Breathe Protocol.” 11th Annual Advanced Course in Mechanical Ventilation and Critical Care; Emory University; Atlanta, Georgia; March 26, 2010. Invited speaker: “Evidence-Based Sedation in the ICU.” Select Medical Corporation’s 12th Annual CEO & Medical Director Conference; Washington, District of Columbia; April 15, 2010. Invited speaker: “Mechanical Ventilation 2010.” Eisenhower Medical Center’s 6th Annual Critical Care Conference; Rancho Mirage, California; April 24, 2010. Invited speaker: “Sedation and Delirium in the ICU.” Eisenhower Medical Center’s 6th Annual Critical Care Conference; Rancho Mirage, California; April 24, 2010. Grand rounds: “Assessing and Managing Sedation in the ICU and Perioperative Settings.” Elkhart General Hospital Grand Rounds; Elkhart, Indiana; June 15, 2010.


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Invited speaker: “Evidence-Based Sedation in the ICU.” Pulmonary & Critical Care Conference; University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler; Tyler, Texas; October 20, 2010. Invited speaker: “Delirium in the Critically Ill Patient.” Kindred Healthcare’s Clinical Impact Symposium: Respiratory Care across the Continuum; Louisville, Kentucky; November 10, 2010. Invited speaker: “Review of the Research Findings of Increased Postdischarge Mortality Reported by Wesley Ely, MD and Colleagues.” In: New Developments in Preventing Delirium in Critical Care Settings – A Role for Dexmedetomidine. 57th Annual Meeting of the Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine; Marco Island, Florida; November 12, 2010. Invited speaker: “Delirium: Recognition and Management.” Acute Long-Term Hospital Association’s 2011 National Clinical Conference; Orlando, Florida; January 14, 2011. Grand rounds: “Sedation in the ICU.” Hospital Grand Rounds, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler; Tyler, Texas; April 15, 2011. Invited speaker: “Sedation and Delirium.” Lee Memorial Health System Critical Care Conference; Fort Myers, Florida; April 30, 2011. Grand rounds: “Delirium in the ICU: Updates on Recognition and Management.” Critical Care Grand Rounds, Washington Hospital Healthcare System; Fremont, California; June 17, 2011. Keynote speaker: “Early Mobilization in the ICU.” UC San Diego’s Critical Care Summer Session; San Diego, California; July 21, 2011. Keynote speaker: “Delirium in the ICU.” UC San Diego’s Critical Care Summer Session; San Diego, California; July 22, 2011. Invited speaker: “Brain Dysfunction during Chronic Critical Illness.” Respiratory Care Journal Conference; St. Petersburg, Florida; September 9, 2011. Invited keynote speaker: “Delirium in the Critically Ill Patient.” Kindred Healthcare’s Interdisciplinary Pulmonary Care Symposium; San Antonio, Texas; November 4, 2011. Invited speaker: “Sedation in the ICU.” Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine’s Core Curriculum Conference, University of Virginia Health System; Charlottesville, Virginia; April 3, 2012. Invited speaker: “State-of-the-Art Approaches to Sedation in the ICU.” Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine Conference, University of California Davis Medical Center; Sacramento, California; May 10, 2012. Grand rounds: “The ABCDEs of Critical Care: From Awakening to Exercise.” Internal Medicine Grand Rounds, University of California Davis Medical Center; Sacramento, California; May 10, 2012.


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Invited speaker: “ABCDE ICU Delirium Bundles: From Diagnosis to Treatment.” Cynosure Health Summit; San Francisco, California; May 21, 2012. Grand rounds: “Sedation Education Demonstrating Advances in the Intensive Care and Perioperative Setting.” Psychiatry Grand Rounds, University of Florida Shands Jacksonville; Jacksonville, Florida; November 14, 2012. Grand rounds: “Delirium in the ICU: From Diagnosis to Management.” Medicine Grand Rounds, St. Mary’s Hospital; Evansville, Indiana; December 5, 2012. Grand rounds: “Delirium in the ICU: Integrating the 2012 Guidelines.” Medicine Grand Rounds, St. Joseph’s Hospital; Stockton, California; February 5, 2013. Invited speaker: “Sedation and Weaning in Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation.” National Association of Long Term Hospitals Annual Meeting: Long Term Care Hospital Policy Update with CEO/Leadership Roundtable; Washington, District of Columbia; April 24, 2013. Invited speaker: “State-of-the-Art Sedation in the ICU: The New PAD Guidelines.” Community Health Systems National Webcast; Franklin, Tennessee; November 22, 2013. Invited speaker: “Acute and Long-Term Cognitive Effects of Critical Illness.” The 2014 Southeastern Critical Care Summit; Emory University; Atlanta, Georgia; March 24, 2014. Intramural Presentations: Research presentation: “The Awakening and Breathing Controlled Trial.” Vanderbilt University’s 5th Annual MSCI, MPH, and Elliott Newman Society Annual Retreat; Nashville, Tennessee; December 5, 2006. Research presentation: “The Awakening and Breathing Controlled (ABC) Trial.” Friday Research Conference, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville, Tennessee; January 26, 2007. Educational presentation: “Statistics at Work.” Friday Research Conference, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville, Tennessee; September 21, 2007. Educational presentation: “Mechanical Ventilation in the ICU.” Core Curriculum Conference, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville, Tennessee; October 10, 2007. Invited speaker: “Wake Up and Breathe: Results from the Awakening and Breathing Controlled Trial.” Critical Care Fellows Conference, Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville, Tennessee; November 1, 2007.


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Research presentation: “Antipsychotics in the ICU.” Research Conference, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville, Tennessee; January 21, 2008. Educational presentation: “Liberation from Mechanical Ventilation.” Core Curriculum Conference, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville, Tennessee; August 27, 2008. Grand rounds: “Pharmacology and Protocolization of Sedation in ICU Patients: New Paradigms Improve Survival and Brain Function.” Medicine Grand Rounds, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville, Tennessee; September 4, 2008. Invited speaker: “The Intensive Care Unit and Delirium.” Quality in Geriatric and Long-Term Care Medicine Conference, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville, Tennessee; September 12, 2008. Invited speaker: “My Experience with the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (VICTR).” Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) External Advisory Committee Meeting, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville, Tennessee; November 3, 2008. Research presentation: “Delirium as a Risk Factor for Long-Term Cognitive Impairment after Critical Illness.” Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center Research Seminar; Nashville, Tennessee; March 31, 2009. Invited speaker: “Liberation from Mechanical Ventilation.” Critical Care Anesthesia Fellows Conference, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville, Tennessee; September 28, 2009. Research presentation: “Long-Term Cognitive Impairment after Critical Illness: Can It Be Prevented?” Pulmonary Grand Rounds, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville, Tennessee; December 14, 2009. Educational presentation: “Noninvasive Ventilation in the ICU.” Core Curriculum Conference, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville, Tennessee; February 17, 2010. Educational presentation: “Sedation and Analgesia in the ICU.” MICU Nurse Practitioner Lecture, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville, Tennessee; March 5, 2010. Educational presentation: “Liberation from Mechanical Ventilation.” Core Curriculum Conference, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville, Tennessee; August 18, 2010.


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Research presentation: “Updating Sedation Practices in Vanderbilt ICUs.” Pulmonary Grand Rounds, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville, Tennessee; March 7, 2011. Educational presentation: “Noninvasive Ventilation in the ICU.” Core Curriculum Conference, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville, Tennessee; November 17, 2011. Educational presentation: “Getting Your Research Manuscript Published.” Department of Anesthesiology’s B.H. Robbins Seminar, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville, Tennessee; February 2, 2012. Grand rounds: “Long-Term Consequences of Severe Sepsis.” Division of Infectious Diseases Grand Rounds, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville, Tennessee; February 15, 2012. Research presentation: “Advancing and Improving Critical Care: The ABCDE Approach.” Vanderbilt Department of Medicine's Dinner and Data seminar series, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville, Tennessee; May 7, 2012. Educational presentation: “Measuring Delirium in the ICU.” Quantitative Methods and Measurement Course, Vanderbilt University Doctoral Program in Epidemiology; Nashville, Tennessee; November 15, 2012. Educational presentation: “Noninvasive Ventilation in the ICU.” Core Curriculum Conference, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville, Tennessee; August 21, 2013. Research presentation: “Mitochondrial Stress Response and Sepsis-Associated Delirium.” Pulmonary Grand Rounds, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville, Tennessee; February 17, 2014. Research presentation: “Delirium in the ICU: Can We Prevent It?” Pulmonary Grand Rounds, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville, Tennessee; January 26, 2015.

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