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MADHURA-TRIPHALA IN THE MANAGEMENTOF IRON DEFICIENCY ANAEMIA, Patil Ramgonda. S.DRAVYAGUNA, SHRI. J. G. C. H. SOCIETY’S AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE, GHATAPRABHA.TRANSCRIPT
“A CLINICAL EVALUATION OF MADHURA-TRIPHALA IN
THE MANAGEMENTOF IRON DEFICIENCY ANAEMIA”
By
Dr. Patil Ramgonda. S.
A dissertation submitted to the
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In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
AYURVEDA VACHASPATHI - M.D (AYURVEDA)
In
DRAVYAGUNA
Under the guidance of
Dr. SUBHASH.V.BAGADE BAMS., MD (Ayu).
Co-guide
Dr. Sanjeev. L. Athani. BAMS., MD (AYU)
SHRI. J. G. C. H. SOCIETY’S
AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE, GHATAPRABHA.
2010
RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES,
KARNATAKA, BANGALORE.
SHRI. J. G. C. H. SOCIETY’S
AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE, GHATAPRABHA.
POST GRADUATE DEPARTMENT
OF
DRAVYAGUNA
Certificate by the guide
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “A Clinical
Evaluation of Madhura-Triphala in the Management of Iron
deficiency Anaemia” is a bonafide research work done by Dr. Patil
Ramgonda. S. in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
Ayurveda Vachaspathi – M.D (Ayurveda) in DRAVYAGUNA.
Date:
Place: Ghataprabha
Signature of the Guide
Prof. Dr. Subhash Bagade. BAMS., MD (Ayu)
Asst.prof. Department of Dravyaguna
Shri. J. G. C. H. Society’s
Ayurvedic Medical College, Ghataprabha.
RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES,
KARNATAKA, BANGALORE.
SHRI. J. G. C. H. SOCIETY’S
AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE , GHATAPRABHA.
POST GRADUATE DEPARTMENT
OF
DRAVYAGUNA
Certificate by the co-guide
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “A Clinical
Evaluation of Madhura-Triphala in the Management of Iron
deficiency Anaemia” is a bonafide research work done by Dr. Patil
Ramgonda. S. in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree
of Ayurveda Vachaspathi – M.D (Ayurveda) in DRAVYAGUNA.
Date:
Place: Ghataprabha
Signature of the co- guide
Dr.Sanjeev. L. Athani BAMS, MD (Ayu)
Lect. Department of Dravyaguna
Shri. J. G. C. H. Society’s
Ayurvedic Medical College, Ghataprabha.
RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES,
KARNATAKA, BANGALORE.
SHRI. J. G. C. H. SOCIETY’S
AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE, GHATAPRABHA.
POST GRADUATE DEPARTMENT
OF
DRAVYAGUNA
Endorsement by the HOD, Principal/Head of the institution
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “A Clinical
Evaluation of Madhura-Triphala in the Management of Iron
deficiency Anaemia” is a bonafide research work done by Dr. Patil
Ramgonda. S. under the guidance of Dr. Subhash Bagade Assistant
Professor. Department of Dravyaguna.
Date:
Place: Ghataprabha
Seal and signature of the Principal
Prof. Dr.J.K.Sharma
MD (Ayu)
Shri. J. G. C. H. Society’s Ayurvedic
Medical College, Ghataprabha.
Seal and signature of the HOD
Dr.Mayuresh Agate
BAMS., MD (Ayu)
Prof. HOD, Department of Dravyaguna
Shri. J. G. C. H. Society’s Ayurvedic
Medical College, Ghataprabha.
Date: Place: Bidar
RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES,
KARNATAKA, BANGALORE.
SHRI. J. G. C. H. SOCIETY’S
AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE, GHATAPRABHA.
POST GRADUATE DEPARTMENT
OF
DRAVYAGUNA
Declaration by the candidate
I here by declare that this dissertation/ thesis “A Clinical
Evaluation of Madhura-Triphala in the Management of Iron
deficiency Anaemia” is a bonafide and genuine research work carried
out by me under the guidance of Dr. Subhash Bagade Asst Professor.
Department of Dravyaguna.
Date:
Place: Ghataprabha.
Signature of the candidate
Dr. Patil Ramgonda. S.
RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES,
KARNATAKA, BANGALORE.
SHRI. J. G. C. H. SOCIETY’S
AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE , GHATAPRABHA.
POST GRADUATE DEPARTMENT
OF
DRAVYAGUNA
Copyright Declaration by the candidate
I here by declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health
Sciences, Karnataka shall declare the rights to preserve, use and
disseminate this dissertation/ thesis in print or electronic format for
academic/ research purpose.
Date:
Place: Ghataprabha
Signature of the candidate
Dr. Patil Ramgonda S.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to record my gratitude towards the reverend President His Holiness Shri
Jagadguru Gurusiddeshwara Mahaswamiji, Murusavira Matha, Hubli. And Shri
B.R.Patil, Chairman, Shri. J. G. Co-op. Hospital Society and Research centre,
Ghataprabha, for their noble support.
I am very much indebted to my esteemed and respected guide
Asst Prof. Dr.Subhash Bagade, M.D(Ayu), Registrar P.G. faculty, Department of
Dravyaguna, for providing an opportunity to carry out this work under his able
guidance. I will be ever grateful for his invaluable guidance, constructive suggestions,
love and affection and thought provoking ideas in every stage of this work.
I consider it a great privilege to record my deepest sense of gratitude to my
mentor and co-guide Dr.Sanjeev Athani, MD (Ayu), PG. Department of Dravyaguna,
Shri. J.G.C.H.Society’s Ayurvedic Medical College and Research centre,
Ghataprabha for his all timely support.
It is my duty to thank and profound sense of respect to Dr.B.K.H.Patil, CEO,
Shri. J. G. Co-op. Hospital Society and Research centre, Ghataprabha for providing
me an opportunity in the institution for my Post Graduate Studies. I also express my
sincere gratitude to and offer my sincere thanks to Dr.C.S.Banakar, Medical
Superintendent for his kind support and co-operation.
I also express my sincere gratitude to and offer my sincere thanks to
Dr. J.K.Sharma, Principal, Shri. J.G.C.H.Society’s Ayurvedic Medical College and
Research centre, Ghataprabha for their scholarly influence during my study.
I offer my sincere thanks to Dr. Mayuresh Agte, HOD Dravyaguna Dpt. Shri.
J.G.C.H.Society’s Ayurvedic Medical College and Research centre, Ghataprabha for
their scholarly influence during my study.
I take this opportunity to convey my thanks to my teachers Dr.C.S.Maladkar,
Dr.K.P.Pattnaik, Dr.S.D.Byadigi, Dr.Arun Naragund, Dr.Raghvendra Kolachi.
Dr.S.B.Chougula, Dr.Prabhakar Naik, and also thank Mr.S.B.Chalageri, Librarian,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ii
and all the other technical and non-technical staff of the college for their co-operation
and help.
In this precious moment I appreciate the efforts of my parents Shri.
Shivgonda.B.Patil. and Sou. Mahadevi.S.Patil, my younger brother Dr.Raygonda and
my younger sister Dr.Vaishali as they are cause for me to take this noble profession
and shaped me into what I am today. I have not been able to find words enough to
express my sentiments of love, respect, and gratitude for them.
I, in this special moment, should be very thankful to Mr.Rajshakar Patil,
Mr.Shivangouda Patil, Dr.Girish Deshmukha, Dr.Varun, Dr.Yashawant, Dr.Santosh
M, Mr.Kallappa S, Mr.Pramod K, Mr.Siddusing H, Mr.Ganesh M, and my dear
friends for their advice not only in this work but throughout my entire P.G. Studies.
My special acknowledgements to all my senior colleagues, Dr.Manjunath L,
Dr.Rahul Y, Dr.Shridhar, Dr.Shivashankarprasad, my colleagues Dr. Laxman Dr. Yati
and my Junior colleagues Dr.Appanna, Dr.Mosin and Dr.Vinayaka for their
wonderful co-operation during my entire course.
Lastly I acknowledge my thanks to those who have directly or indirectly
extended their support for the completion of my work.
Dr Ramgonda. Patil.
ABBREVIATIONS
iii
ABBREVIATIONS
A.WØû : Ashtanga Hrudaya
cÉ.xÉÇ : Charaka Samhita
ÌlÉ.AÉ : Nighantu Adarsha
ÌmÉë.ÌlÉ : Priya Nighantu
kÉ.ÌlÉ : Dhanvantari Nighantu
Mæü.ÌlÉ : Kaiyadeva Nighantu
pÉÉ.mÉë : Bhava Prakasha
qÉ.ÌlÉ : Madanapala Nighantu
qÉÉ.S : Maadhava Dravyaguna
UÉ.ÌlÉ : Raja Nighantu
xÉÑ.xÉÇ : Sushrutha Samhita
xÉÑ.xÉÔ : Sushruta Samhita Sutrasthana
zÉÉ.ÌlÉ : Shaligrama Nighantu
A.WØû.ÍcÉ : Ashtanga Hrudaya Chikitsa sthana
A.WØû.E : Ashtanga Hrudaya Uttartantra
A.H.Sa : Ashtanga Hrudaya Shareera
API : Ayurvedic Pharmacopiea of India
cÉ.ÍcÉ : Charaka Samhita Chikitsa sthana
cÉ.xÉ.xÉÑ : Charaka Samhita Sutrasthana
cÉ.xÉ.ÌuÉ : Charaka samhita vimaana sthana
cÉ.xÉ.zÉÉ : Charaka samhita shareera sthana
xÉÑ.xÉÑ.ÍcÉ : Sushruta Samhita Chikitsa sthana
xÉÑ.xÉÑ.zÉÉ : Sushruta Samhita shareera sthana
zÉ.Mü.SìÓ / S K D : Shabdakalpadruma
C.D : Chakradatta
S.E.M. : Standard Error of Mean
‘t’ : Paired ‘t’ test
‘p’ : Significant ‘p’ value
B.T. : Before Treatment
A.T. : After Treatment
S.D. : Standard Deviation
LIST OF TABLES AND GRAPHS
i
LIST OF TABLES
SL.NO TABLES
1 Showing Gana and varga of Ghambhari.
2 Showing important Paryaya nama of the Ghambhari.
3 Showing Gunas of Gambhari.
4 Showing important Karmas of Gambhari.
5 Showing important Prayoga of Gambhari in different Vyadhi
6 Showing Vishishta Yoga Of Gambhari
7 Characters of Gmelina arborea Linn. Fruit.
8 Showing Gana and varga of Draksha.
9 Showing important Paryaya nama of the Draksha.
10 Showing Guans of Draksha.
11 Showing important Karmas of Draksha.
12 Showing important Prayoga of Draksha in different Vyadhi
13 Showing Vishishta Yoga of Draksha.
14 Showing Characters of Vitis venifera Dried Fruit.
15 Showing Gana and varga of Kharjura.
16 Showing important Paryaya nama of the Kharjura.
17 Showing Gunas of Kharjura
18 Showing important Karmas of Kharjura.
19 Showing important Prayoga of Kharjura in different Vyadhi.
20 Showing Vishishta Yoga of Kharjura.
21 Characters of Phonex sylvestris Linn fruit.
22 Showing clinical features of Anaemia.
23 Showing Normal values of HB%
24 Showing Grading of Anemia.
25 Showing Clinical grading of Anemia.
26 Showing Nidana of Panduroga.
27 Showing types of Pandu acc to different Authors.
28 Showing Vishista Lakshana’s of Pandu.
29 Showing List of shamana yogas in pandu
30 Showing the Prelimnary Phytochemical Screening.
LIST OF TABLES AND GRAPHS
ii
LIST OF GRAPHS
SL.NO GRAPHS
1 Showing status of patients registered under the study
2 Showing age wise distribution
3 Showing occupation of Patients.
4 Showing socio-economic status.
5 Showing sex wise distribution.
6 Showing diet of patients.
7 Showing the incidence of symptoms seen in patients selected for the study
8 Presenting change in Alaparaktata.
31 Showing results of qualitative chemical tests conducted.
32 Showing results of qualitative chemical tests conducted of
MadhuraTriphala.
33 Showing Physico-Chemical Evaluation of Madhura Triphala
33 Showing status of patients registered under the study
34 Showing age wise distribution
35 Showing occupation of Patients.
36 Showing socio-economic status.
37 Showing sex wise distribution.
38 Showing diet of patients.
39 Showing the incidence of symptoms seen in patients selected for the study.
40 Presenting change in Alaparaktata.
41 Presenting change in Alpamedaska.
42 Presenting change in Nisaar.
43 Presenting change in Shitilandrya.
44 Presenting change in Gatrapida.
45 Presenting change in Aruchi.
46 Presenting change in Nidranasha.
47 Showing mean difference of subjective parameters
48 Presenting change in Haemoglobin Percentage.
LIST OF TABLES AND GRAPHS
iii
9 Presenting change in Alpamedaska.
10 Presenting change in Nisaar.
11 Presenting change in Shitilandrya.
12 Presenting change in Gatrapida.
13 Presenting change in Aruchi.
14 Presenting change in Nidranasha.
15 Showing mean difference of subjective parameters
16 Presenting change in Haemoglobin Percentage.
SCHEMATIC PRESENTATIONS
SL.NO SCHEMATIC PRESENTATIONS
1 Samprapti of Panda roga.
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS
PL.NO LIST OF PHOTOGRHAPHS
1 Morphological characters of the Plant
1. Gemilina arboria flower.
2. Gmelina arboria fruits.
3. Vitis vinifera fruits(Grapes).
4. Vitis vinifera dry fruit (Raisins).
5. Phonex sylvestris tree.
6. Phonex sylvestris fruit.
2 Physico-Chemical Analysis
7. Preparation of Ash.
8. Ash of Madhura Triphala.
9. Modaka of Madhura Triphala.
INTRODUCTION
1
INTRODUCTION
Ayurveda, the science of life is as old as the very existence of living
organisms so that the means of survival was always a matter of quest for them and
will always be. Ayurveda is one of the most ancient systems of life, health and cure.
This system of knowledge flourished through over 5000 years and has had an
unbroken tradition of practice down the ages update. It is based on its own unique and
original concepts and fundamental principles. The basic and applied knowledge of
Ayurveda has survived to the present times through its various branches like
DravyaGuna, Kayachikitsa, Shalya Tantra, Shalakya Tantra, Bhaishajya Kalpana,
Rasashastra, etc. The branch DravyaGuna deals with various Aushadi Dravyas, which
one helpful to the treating the various diseases afflicting the human body.
‘xÉqÉSÉåwÉ xÉqÉÉÎalɶÉ: xÉqÉkÉÉiÉÑqÉsÉÌ¢ürÉ :|
mÉëxɳÉÉAÉiqÉåÎlSìrÉ: qÉlÉ: xuÉxjÉ CirÉÍpÉÌSrÉiÉå’ :|| xÉÑ xÉÑ (15/41)
The problem of nourishment is a world wide; it has been assumed massive
proportion in the underdeveloped and developing countries. Most of the countries in
Asia are either underdeveloped or developing countries. India is one of them and per
capita income in India is very low. An average individual lives below the poverty line
here. Among the different disorders of Nutritional origin, Anemia is one such disorder
which is due to a large number of causes, including nutritional deficiencies, i.e. lack
of essential minerals, vitamins etc in the diet. The commonest type is nutritional
deficiency anemia observed in practice i.e. Iron deficiency anaemia. Children, adult
and females suffer the most from this problem. Iron deficiency is the most common
cause of anemia in the world, especially in menstruating women and the elderly. Iron
deficiency occurs in 11% of adolescent females and women of childbearing age.The
causes of iron deficiency include blood loss, increased requirements relative to intake
(as in pregnancy), and decreased absorption (partial gastrectomy and malabsorption
syndromes) are associated with blood loss, gastrointestinal tract disorders etc.
Humans use iron in the hemoglobin of red blood cells, in order to transport
oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and to export carbon dioxide back to the lungs.
Iron is also an essential component of myoglobin to store and diffuse oxygen in
muscle cells. That oxygen is required for the production and survival of all cells in our
INTRODUCTION
2
bodies. Human bodies tightly regulate iron absorption and recycling. Thus iron is such
an essential element of human life, in fact, that humans have no physiologic
regulatory mechanism for excreting iron.
In the modern medicine, there is good treatment for Anemia with
considerable result but that is only for acute deficiency Anemias, no significant
therapy is there for chronic Anemias which occurs due to metabolic defects. So
Ayurveda can provide better management of this.
The disease characterized by Alaparaktata (panduta) of body, Alpamedaska
(Balahani), Nissara (Ojokshaya), Shitilindrya (Arohanayasa), which strikingly
resembles with ‘Anaemia’ of modern science is Panda. Dhatu which is affected in this
disease is Rakta. Knowing its importance, its function in human body is told as
Jeevana by ancient acharyas and its deficiency leads to lack of nutrition to other
dhatus. Thus leads to above said cardinal symptoms manifesting Pandu. In Ayurveda,
Pandu is considered as a specific disease with its own pathogenesis and treatment
(Cha. Chi. 16, Su. Utt. 44).
Madhuratriphala, which contains fruits of Draksha, Kharjura and Gambhari in
equal quantity, is mentioned for the first time by Narahari pandit in Raj nighantu
(17th
sen AD). As the drug which belongs to this Madhuratriphala have Madhura Rasa,
Madhura Vipaka and Sheet Virya, hence they nourishes all the dhatus, specially Rakta
Dhatu.
Because it is a Prakruti Sama Samavaya combination its pharmacological
properties are not highlighted by Narahari pandita. Hence an attempt is made in this
study to see its efficacy with reference to Iron deficiency Anaemia.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
3
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
Review of the literature:
To review both Ayurveda and modern literature of Madhura Triphala from
various references.
To review literature of Iron deficiency Anaemia from all ancient Samhita’s
and also from recent journals, magazines relating to studies.
Collection and identification of genuine species of Draksha, Kharjura and
Gambhari:
To collect the drugs from its natural habitat, identify and authenticate the
drug botanically, and store it for further study.
Preparation of Kalka:
To prepare the churna of the Ghambhari as per the classics.
Prepare Kalka of Draksha and Kharjura and add the Gambhari phala
Churna Stir well to form a Homogenous mixture
Pharmacognostic and Preliminary phytochemical study of selected drug:
To study the crude drugs under Pharmacognostic scheme and to study the
preliminary tests for phytoconstituents.
Rakta Vardhaka study of the drug:
The present study is to evaluate the efficacy of the drug in Iron Deficiency
Anemia clinically.
DRUG REVIEW - GAMBHARI
4
GAMBHARI
HISTORY:
Gambhari is one of the ingredient of most famous group Dashamula and in
particularly of Bruhat panchamula. It consists of dried fruit of Gmelina arborea Roxb.
(Fam. Verbenaceae), an unarmed tree, found scattered in deciduous forests throughout
the greater part of the country up to an altitude of 500 m, planted in gardens and also
as an avenue tree.
In Charaka Samhita Ghambhari is included in Shothahara, Virechanopaga and
Dahaprashamanadi Gana in Sutrasthana. Also in Chikitsasthana it is mentioned as an
ingredient used in many preparation of Arishta, Kwath, Grutha, Taila, which are used
in various disorders. In Sidhisthana many Basthikalpas are mentioned having
Gambhari as an ingredient such as Patala, Agnimantha, Bilwa, Syonyka, Kasmarya,
Salaparni, Sneha etc used for Anuvasan basti in Udavarta, and Vibhandha.
Sushruta mentioned it under in Brihatpanchamula and Sarivadigana. Even
though Vagbhata followed Charaka and Sushruta he is first to mentioned it in
Phalavarga.
Almost all of the Nighantukaras starting from Ancient period to till date have
mentioned elaborately regarding its Paryays, Guna, Karma, Prayoga and Bheda etc.
aÉhÉ – uÉaÉï
In Vedas and Ayurvedic treatises, drugs have been classified into either
Vargas or Ganas. Etymologically the Varga means a group of limited number of
Dravyas having similar pharmacological actions. Gana consists of large number of
Dravyas having similar pharmacological actions. The other word, which is frequently
used in this connection, is the Skandha, which includes a larger number of Dravyas
specially mentioned with respect to Rasas viz. Madhura skandha etc. The aim of this
type of classification is to summarize the Karma or main use of dravya or dravyas.
DRUG REVIEW - GAMBHARI
5
Table.1 Showing Gana and varga of Ghambhari.
aÉhÉ – uÉaÉï cÉ.xÉÇ xÉÑ.xÉÇ A.WØû kÉ.ÌlÉ qÉ.ÌlÉ qÉÉ.Sì Mæü.ÌlÉ pÉÉ.ÌlÉ UÉ.ÌlÉ ÌlÉ.AÉ ÌmÉë.ÌlÉ
zÉÉåjÉWûU aÉhÉ +
ÌuÉUåcÉlÉÉåmÉaÉ aÉhÉ +
SÉWûmÉëzÉqÉlÉ aÉhÉ +
oÉëÑWèûûiÉmÉlcÉÇqÉÔsÉ aÉhÉ + + +
xÉÉËUuÉÉÌS aÉhÉ + +
AÉæwÉkÉÉÌS uÉaÉï +
aÉÑQÕûcrÉÉÌS uÉaÉï + +
WûËUiÉMrÉÉÌS uÉaÉï + +
ÌlÉaÉÑïhŽÉÌS uÉaÉï +
mÉëpÉSìÉÌS uÉaÉï +
mÉrÉÉïrÉ lÉÉqÉ
A single name is given to many drugs and also a drug may have many
names which themselves are called as Paryaya’s. Names and synonyms were the only
tools to specify the salient features of the plants. Narahari Pandit the author of
Rajanighantu has given seven factors based on which the names were ascribed to the
plants.
1. Rudhi (traditional usage)
2. Prabhava (effect)
3. Deshyokti (habitat)
4. Lanchana (morphological characters)
5. Upama (simile)
6. Virya (potency)
7. Itarahvaya (due to other factors).
DRUG REVIEW - GAMBHARI
6
ÌlÉÂÌ£ü
1. aÇÉqpÉÉUÏ : aÉÇ aÉÌiÉÇ ÌuÉpÉiÉÏïÌiÉ :|| (pÉÉ ÌlÉ )
It beautiful tree growing fastly.
2. MüOèTüsÉÉ : MüOèTüsÉxrÉåuÉ TüsÉqÉxrÉÉ :|| (UÉ ÌlÉ)
Fruits are hard in nature.
3. MüÉzqÉËU : MüÉzÉiÉå mÉëMüÉzÉiÉå CÌiÉ :|| (pÉÉ ÌlÉ)
Beautiful tree like Kumbhe.
4.MüÉzqÉÏËU : MüzqÉÏUÌSmÉëSåzÉåwÉÑ eÉÉrÉqÉÉliuÉiÉ :|| (xÉÉå ÌlÉ)
Found in Kashmir.
5. MÚüwhÉuÉ×liÉÉ : M×üwhÉÇ uÉ×liÉqÉxrÉÉ :|| (pÉÉ ÌlÉ)
Blackish colors petiole. .
6. ÌmÉiÉUÉåÌWûÍhÉ : iuÉcÉ ÌmÉiÉiuÉÉiÉ : |
Yellowish Bark.
7. pÉSìmÉhÉÏï : pÉSìÉÍhÉ mÉhÉÉïlrÉxrÉÉ :|| ( pÉÉ ÌlÉ)
Beautiful leaves.
8 qÉWûÉMÑüÎqpÉ : MÑüÎqpÉxÉSìÓzÉÉ oÉëÑWûiÉÉMüÉU : | (ÌlÉ AÉ)
Big tree, with wide steam.
9. qÉWûÉMÑüxÉÑqÉMüÉ : qÉWûÎliÉ MÑüxÉqÉÉlrÉxrÉÉ : | (pÉÉ ÌlÉ)
Inflorarescence is long.
10. uÉÉiÉWûiÉç: uÉiÉÉxrÉ uÉÉiÉlÉÉÍzÉÌlÉ : | ( xÉÉå ÌlÉ)
Reduce Vatavyadhi.
11. xÉÑTüsÉÉ : zÉÉåpÉlÉÇ TüsÉqÉxrÉÉ :|| (UÉ ÌlÉ)
Fruits are wholesome and used as Rasayana.
12. xjÉÑsÉiuÉcÉÉ : xjÉÑsÉuÉsMüsÉÉ : | (UÉ ÌlÉ)
Bark is thick.
13. Í´ÉmÉhÉÏï : ´ÉÏqÉÎliÉ mÉhÉÉïlrÉxrÉÉ :| (pÉÉ ÌlÉ)
Leaves are beautiful.
14. xÉuÉïiÉÉåpÉSìÉ : xÉuÉïiÉ : MüsrÉÉhÉMüÉUhÉÏ :|| (A ÌlÉ)
It useful in many ways.
DRUG REVIEW - GAMBHARI
7
Table.2 Showing important Paryaya nama of the Ghambhari.
mÉrÉÉïrÉ lÉÉqÉ cÉ.xÉÇ xÉÑ.xÉÇ A.WØû kÉ.ÌlÉ qÉÉ.Sì qÉ.ÌlÉ Mæü.ÌlÉ pÉÉ.ÌlÉ UÉ.ÌlÉ ÌlÉ.AÉ ÌmÉë.ÌlÉ
MüÉzqÉrÉÉï + + + + + + + + + + +
ÌmÉiÉUÉåÌWûÍhÉ + +
qÉkÉÑmÉÍhÉï + + + + +
Í´ÉmÉhÉÏï + + + + +
xÉuÉïiÉÉåpÉSìÉ + +
MüÉzqÉrÉÉï + + + + +
MüOèTüsÉÉ + + + +
WûÏUÉ + + + + +
MüÉzqÉrÉÉï + + + + +
aÉÇqpÉÉUÏ + + + + + + + + + + +
M×üwhÉuÉ×liÉÉ + + + + + + +
pÉSìèmÉÍhÉï
MÑüqpÉËU + + + + +
xjÉÑsÉiuÉcÉÉ +
xÉSìÓRûiuÉcÉÉ + +
qÉkÉÑqÉÌiÉ +
qÉåÍkÉÌlÉ + + +
xÉÑTüsÉÉ +
xÉTüsÉÉ +
qÉÌWû +
qÉkÉÑUxÉÉ +
qÉWûMÑüxÉÑÍqÉMüÉ + +
ÌuÉSÉËUÍhÉ + +
ÍxÉlkÉÑmÉÌlÉï + +
xÉÑpÉSìÉ + +
MÑüqÉÑSÉ +
aÉÉåmÉpÉSìÉ + + + +
ͤÉËUÍhÉ + +
qÉWûÉpÉSìÉ +
xuÉpÉSìÉ + + +
M×üwhÉÉ + +
DRUG REVIEW - GAMBHARI
8
aÉÑhÉ
MüqÉÉïÍpÉxiÉÑ AlÉÑqÉÏrÉliÉå lÉÉlÉÉ SìurÉ´ÉÉrÉÏ aÉÑhÉÉ: | (xÉÑ.xÉÔ.43)
The gunas of a dravya are inferred based on the pharmacological actions of
that Dravya. The word Guna here indicates Rasa, Guna, Virya, Vipaka, Karma and
Prabhava if any.
Table.3 Showing Gunas of Gambhari.
aÉÑhÉ cÉ.xÉÇ xÉÑ.xÉÇ A.WØû kÉ.ÌlÉ qÉÉ.Sì qÉ.ÌlÉ Mæü.ÌlÉ pÉÉ.ÌlÉ UÉ.ÌlÉ ÌlÉ.
AÉ
ÌmÉë.ÌlÉ
qÉkÉÑU + + + +
AÉqsÉ + + + + + UxÉ
MüwÉÉrÉ + + + +
ÎxlÉakÉ + + + +
aÉÑÂ + + + + + aÉÑhÉ
xÉU + +
uÉÏrÉï ÍzÉiÉ + + + + + +
ÌuÉmÉÉMü qÉkÉÑU + + + + +
uÉÉiÉWûU + + + + + +
ÌmɨÉWûU + SÉåwÉblÉiÉÉ
zÉÉåjÉWûU + +
U£üÌmɨÉWûU + + + +
MüqÉï
rÉiÉç MÑüuÉïÎliÉ iÉiÉç MüqÉï | (cÉ.xÉÔ.26)
The effect of Dravya seen on the body is called as Karma. The Karma is
independent of its own to bring out the action of the Dravya. Pharmacological action
of a drug is defined as the action which is aimed to obtain a specific therapeutic
effect.
Table.4 Showing important Karmas of Gambhari.
MüqÉï cÉ.xÉÇ xÉÑ.xÉÇ A.WØû kÉ.ÌlÉ Mæü.ÌlÉ qÉ.ÌlÉ qÉÉ.Sì pÉÉ.ÌlÉ UÉ.ÌlÉ ÌmÉë.ÌlÉ ÌlÉ.AÉ
UxÉÉrÉlÉ + + + + + + + +
oÉ×ÇWûhÉ + + + + +
SÏmÉlÉ + +
aÉëÉWûÏ + + + +
AÉqÉWûU + + + +
AzÉïWûU + + + +
DRUG REVIEW - GAMBHARI
9
pÉåSMü + +
¾Òû± + +
euÉUlÉÉzÉMü + + + + + +
MåüwrÉ + + +
M×üÍqÉWûU +
¤ÉiÉlÉÉzÉMü + + +
¤ÉrÉlÉÉzÉMü + +
qÉåkrÉ +
qÉѧÉsÉ + + +
mÉÉcÉlÉ + + + +
zÉÔsÉWûU
zÉÉåjÉWûU + + + + + +
´ÉqÉWûU +
zÉÑ¢üsÉ + + +
̧ÉSÉåwÉWûU + +
iÉ×whÉÉWûU + +
ÌuÉwÉSÉåwÉWûU
uÉ×wrÉ + + +
xiÉÇpÉlÉ + +
mÉërÉÉåerÉ A…¡û LuÉÇ qÉɧÉÉ
mÉërÉÉåerÉ A…¡û:
Gambhari being a Tree, it is used all part. For the purpose of medicine the following
parts are mainly concerned.
1. mɧÉ
2. mÉÑwmÉ
3. TüsÉ
4. qÉÔÑsÉ
5. iuÉMü
6. oÉÏeÉ
qÉɧÉÉ:
An ideal Matra is that quantity of the medicine which can bring upon the
aggravated doshas into normal state and not to show any adverse effect on the dhatus.
This particular quantity of the medicine is also called Prayoga Matra. The Matra of
the medicine varies according to age, sex, strength of the patient and according to
doshas involved.
DRUG REVIEW - GAMBHARI
10
The word posology is derived form the Greek word “Posos” means how much
and “logos” means science, which means it is a branch of medical science which deals
with doses or quantity of drugs which can be administered to produce the required
pharmacological actions.
Decocation (Kwath)- 50-100ml.
Fruit (Phala)- 10-20gm.
mÉërÉÉåaÉ
The Gambhari useful in various disease conditions as shown as in table below.
Table.5 Showing important Prayoga of Gambhari in different Vyadhi
mÉërÉÉåaÉ cÉ.xÉÇ xÉÑ.xÉÇ A.WØû kÉ.ÌlÉ qÉÉ.Sì qÉ.ÌlÉ Mæü.ÌlÉ pÉÉ.ÌlÉ UÉ.ÌlÉ. ÌlÉ.AÉ ÌmÉë.ÌlÉ
¤ÉrÉ + + + + +
MüÉqÉsÉÉ +
U£ürÉÉåÌlÉ + +
SÉWû + + + + + +
zÉÔsÉ + + + + +
iÉ×wlÉÉ + + + + + +
qÉ×cÉÉï + + + + +
ESÉuÉïiÉ + + + + +
ÌuÉoÉÇkÉ + + +
euÉU + + + + + + + + +
U£üÌmɨÉç + + + +
qÉѧɢÑücNèû + + +
mÉëqÉåWû + + + + +
AzÉï + + + +
MüÉxÉ + + + + +
AmÉxqÉÉU + + + + + +
aÉÑsqÉ + + + + + + + + +
EU:¤ÉiÉ + + + + +
¾ûiÉzÉÑsÉ + + + + + + +
ElqÉÉS + + + + + +
pÉëqÉ + + + +
ÎmsÉWûÉ + + +
zÉÑ¢üSÉåwÉ + + + + +
AÉqÉzÉÔsÉ + + + +
DRUG REVIEW - GAMBHARI
11
´ÉqÉ + + +
ÌuÉwÉ + + +
ÌuÉSìSÏ + + + +
AÌiÉxÉÉU + + +
ZÉÍsÉirÉ + +
mÉÉÍsÉirÉ +
mÉÉhQÕû + + + + + +
AÉqÉÌrÉMü mÉërÉÉåaÉ
1. Patala, Agnimantha, Bilwa, Syonyka, Kasmarya, Salaparni, Prishanaparni,
Katakari, Bala, Gokshura, Bruhati, Eranda, Punarnawa, Yava, Kulatha, Kola,
Guduchu, Madana, Palasa, Lavana and Sneha. These may be used for
Anuvasan basti in Udavarta, and Vibhandha.
2. The Kasmarya fruit will be used in preparation of Bramya-rasayana.
3. The flower of Kovidara, Kashmarya, and Shalamali, are also used in
Raktapitta condition.
4. Ghee 640gm should be cooked with milk and sugar cane juice 2-5 lit,
Kashmarya juice eight time and Jivaneeya Gana 10gm each as paste. It used in
Apasmar vyadhi.
5. The patient should be fomented with water boiled with VasaPatra, Kashmarya
patra, and Arjaka, bathed with tepid water heated in the sun and pasted with
aromatic substances in Vataja shoth.
6. The Kashaya prepared in Dadhisara (cream) and soured with fruit of
Kashamarya, Amalaki, and Karbudara, Gunjanaka, Shalamali, Kshirini,
should be administered in Raktaarsha.
7. Oil prepared with the juice of Guduchi, Draksha, Gambhari etc. alleviates
Vatarakta.
8. Ghee 640gm cooked with Kashmarya, Triphala, Draksha, Kasamarda,
Parushaka, Punarnava, Haridra, Daruharidra, Kakanasa etc.. Alleviate
Vatajayoniroga.
9. Paste of Kashmarya, Madhuka, macerated with cows milk used in Vatarakta.
10. In Shonitameha decoction of Guduchi, seeds of Tindhuka, Kashamarya, and
Kharjura, added with Honey is used.
DRUG REVIEW - GAMBHARI
12
11. Draksha, Aragwadha, Kashamarya, decoction used in Pittajajwara.
12. Rasa of Dantiphala, is mixed with 4 pala of Gambhari and Draksha Rasa it
cures Panduroga.
13. Kashmaryadi Taila used in Phalithya condition.
14. The Swarasa of Gmbhari Patra along with milk internally used for Shojaka
disease.
15. In Grishama Rutu the Gambhari Patra swarasa with milk useful in Shirashoola
as a local application. For Sthanapushti the Gambhariphalarasa sidhataila will
be used for local application.
16. Gambharimula kwath will be used in Jwara, Apachana, and Shotha etc.
17. Juice of tender leaves with cow milk and sugar candy is given in Gonorrhea,
also it can prevent abortion.
Table.6 Showing Vishishta Yoga Of Gambhari.
PREPARATION INDICATION REFERENCE
Kashmaryadi Kwath. Pittaja jwara, Kasa. Bhi Rt (5/117).
Kashamaryadi sheetkashya. Daha, Mutraghata, Bai Rt (20/ 3).
Kashamaryharalayam. Kshaya, Krushata. Bai Rt (73/56).
Madhukadi sheetkashya. Daha, Trushana, Murcha. Bai Rt (5/166).
Lajoudakam, Pittaja Trushana etc. Bai Rt (20/5).
Krushanadi leha. Rajayakshama, Kshaya. Bai Rt ( 14/ 13).
DRUG REVIEW - GAMBHARI
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REFERENCES
cÉUMü xÉÇÌWûiÉÉ:
1. mÉÉOûsÉÉcÉç AÎalÉqÉljÉÇ cÉ ÌoÉsuÉ zÉÉålrÉMüÉqÉåuÉÇ cÉ : |
MüÉzqÉrÉï zÉÉsÉmÉÌlÉï cÉ mÉëÑzlÉmÉÌlÉï ÌuÉÌSkÉMüÉqÉç : || cÉ xÉÑ ( 2/11)
2. Sì¤ÉÉMüÉzqÉrÉï mÉÂwÉMüÉprÉqÉÉsÉMüÉ ÌuÉÍpÉiÉÌMü MÑücÉsÉÉ : |
oÉSU MühOûmÉÏsÉÑÌlÉiÉÏ SzÉåqÉÉÌlÉ ÌuÉUåcÉlÉÉåmÉaÉiÉÏ pÉuÉÎliÉ : || cÉ xÉÑ (4/24)
3. mÉÉOûsÉÉAÎalÉqÉjÉÇ zrÉÉålrÉMüÉoÉÏsuÉMüÉzqÉUÏ MülOûMüÉUÏMüÉ : |
oÉëÑWûÌiÉ zÉÉsÉmÉÌlÉï mÉëÑzÉlÉmÉÌlÉï aÉÉå¤ÉÑËUMüÉ CÌiÉ SzÉåqÉÉlÉÏ ¤uÉrÉjÉÑ WûUÉÍhÉ pÉuÉÌiÉ : ||
cÉ xÉÑ (4/38)
4. sÉÉeÉÉcÉlSèÇlÉMüÉzqÉërÉïTüsÉÉ qÉkÉÑMü zÉMïüUÉÌlÉsÉÉåcÉxÉsÉÉåzÉÏUxÉÉËUuÉÉ : |
aÉÑQÒûcÉÏÌWûUoÉåUÉÍhÉ SzÉåqÉÉÌlÉSÉWûmÉëzÉqÉlÉÉÌlÉ pÉuÉÎliÉ : || cÉ xÉÑ (4/41)
5. qÉëÑSÒMüÉå¹åhÉÎx§ÉUɧÉåh.......................................
........................mÉrÉxÉÉ ¢ÑüzÉUÉ xÉÌmÉïMüÉzqÉrÉï ̧ÉTüsÉÉ UxÉqÉ: || cÉ xÉÑ (13/66)
6. iÉÉxuÉåuÉ SìurÉxÉrÉÉåaÉÇ MüUhÉiÉÉåmÉUÏxÉZÉårÉÉxÉÑ rÉjÉÉmÉjÄrÉ cÉiÉÑUzÉÏiÉÏ ÌlÉoÉÉåkÉ : |
iɱiÉÉ- xÉÑUÉxÉÉæÌuÉUÉiÉÑxÉÉåSMüqÉæUrÉqÉåSMükÉÉlrÉÉqsÉÉ; wÉQûkÉÉlrÉÉxÉuÉÉ pÉuÉÎliÉ : |
qÉëÑ̲MüÉ- ZÉeÉÑïUMüÉzqÉrÉïkÉluÉUÉeɧÉÑlÉzÉÑlrÉ mÉÂzÉMüÉpÉrÉÉqÉsÉMüÉ qÉëÑaÉÍsÉÎlSMüeÉÉqoÉÑlÉç : |
ÌmÉsÉÑwrÉMÑücÉsÉoÉSUMüMïühSÒÌmÉsÉÑ-ÌmÉërÉÉsÉ mÉlɱçrsÉÉåkÉëÉAµÉjÉmÉsYzÉÌmÉiÉlÉÉå ESÒqoÉUÉeÉqÉÉåSÉ :|
´ÉÑaÉÉOûMüÉ zÉÉÍsÉÌlÉ TüsÉÉxÉuÉÉ : || cÉ xÉÑ (25/49)
7. qÉkÉÑU oÉëÑWûlÉÇuÉëÑwrÉ ZÉeÉÑïUaÉÑ ÍzÉiÉsÉqÉÇ : |
¤ÉrÉåAÍpÉbÉÉiÉå SÉWåû cÉç uÉÉiÉÌmɨÉå cÉ iÉ̲SqÉÇ : || cÉ xÉÑ (27/127)
8. AÉqsÉmÉÂwÉÉMüÉ SìɤÉÉ oÉSUÉhrÉÉÂMüÉÍhÉcÉ : |
ÌmɨÉwsÉåzqÉ mÉëMüÉåÌmÉÍhÉMülÉÉåïokÉÑÌlÉMÑüNûÉlrÉÉÌmÉ : || cÉ xÉÑ (27/132)
9. ÌuÉSÉËUaÉlkÉÉ oÉëÑWûÌiÉ mÉëÑwlÉmÉÌlÉï ÌlÉÌSaÉkÉMüÉqÉ : |
DRUG REVIEW - GAMBHARI
14
aÉlkÉÌmÉÌS µÉSì¹ÉmÉrÉÇqÉ aÉhÉqÉÇ..................: |
ÌoÉsuÉÉÎalÉqÉljÉÇzÉÉålrÉÉMü MüzqÉrÉï mÉÉiÉÍsÉoÉsÉÉ : |
mÉurÉï µÉiÉxrÉ: uÉëÑ̲ÌlêuÉMüÉ pÉËUMüÉåzÉËU : || cÉ ÍcÉ (1/63-64)
10. MüÉzqÉrÉïTüsÉÇ U£ÇüxÉÉaÉëÌWûMüU£üÌmɨÉmÉëzÉqÉlÉÉlÉÉqÉç :|| cÉ ÍcÉ ( 25/39)
11. U£üÉÌiÉxÉÉUå- MüzqÉrÉÉï: TüsÉmÉÑwmÉÉå uÉÉ ÌMüÎlcÉSÉqÉsÉ xÉ zÉMïüUÉ : || cÉç ÍcÉ (19/80)
12. aÉpÉåï zÉÑwMåü iÉÑ uÉÉiÉålÉ oÉÉsÉÉlÉÉcÉÌmÉ zÉÑwrÉiÉÉqÉ : |
ÍxÉiÉÉMüÉzqÉërÉïqÉkÉÑMüÉ: ÌWûiÉqÉÑjÉÉmÉlÉå mÉrÉ : || cÉç ÍcÉ ( 28/61)
13. uÉÉiÉU£åü- ÍxÉ®Ç (iÉæsÉÇ) qÉkÉÑMüMüÉzqÉrÉïxÉæuÉÉ uÉÉiÉU£ülÉÑiÉ : || cÉ ÍcÉ (26/114)
14. MÇüxÉå ͤÉUå¤ÉÑUxÉrÉÉå: MüÉzqÉrÉÉïzOåûaÉÑhÉåUxÉå : |
MüÉÌwÉïMæüeÉÏuÉlÉÏrÉæNû bÉëÑiÉmÉëxjÉÇ ÌuÉmÉÉcÉrÉåiÉ : |
uÉÉiÉÌmɨÉÉåipÉuÉÇ ¤ÉÏmÉëmÉxqÉÉUÇ ÌlÉrÉcNûÌiÉ : || cÉ ÍcÉ ( 10/ 29-30)
15. MüÉzqÉrÉï̧ÉTüsÉÉSì¤ÉÉMüÉxÉqÉSÉï mÉÂwÉMüÉ : |
mÉÑlÉlÉïuÉÉ ²ÏUÌlÉMüÉMüÉlÉÉxÉcÉUå zÉiÉÉuÉrÉÉï .....: || cÉ ÍcÉ ( 30/52)
xÉÑ´ÉÑiÉ xÉÇÌWûiÉ
1. xÉÉËUuÉÉ ...........MüÉzqÉËUTüsÉÇ.......... EÍzÉUcÉåÌiÉ : |
xÉÉËUuÉÉÌS: ÌmÉmÉÉxÉÉblÉÉå U£üÌmɨÉWûUÉå aÉhÉ : |
ÌmɨÉeuÉUÉåmÉëzÉqÉlÉÉå ÌuÉwÉåzÉÉSWûlÉÉzÉlÉqÉÇ : || xÉÑ xÉÑ ( 38/40)
2. qÉkÉÑMüMüÉzqÉrÉïmÉsÉÉzÉiÉæsÉÉÌlÉ qÉkÉÑUMüwÉÉrÉÉÍhÉ MüTüÌmɨÉmÉëzÉqÉlÉÉÌlÉ : || xÉÑ xÉÑ (45/121)
3. ¾ÒûkrÉ qÉѧÉÌuÉpÉlkÉblÉÇ ÌmɨÉÉxÉëÑaÉuÉÉiÉlÉÉzÉlÉqÉÇ : |
MåüzrÉÇ UxÉÉrÉlÉÇ qÉåkrÉ MüzqÉërÉï TüsÉÇqÉÑcÉirÉå : || xÉÑ xÉÑ (46/184)
4. MüÉzqÉrÉïiÉæsÉÉlÉÏ qÉkÉÑUMüwÉÉrÉÉÍhÉ MüTüÌmɨÉmÉëzÉqÉlÉÉÌlÉ : || xÉÑ xÉÑ ( 45/76)
5. MüÉzqÉrÉï qÉkÉÑMüiÉmÉïhÉÇ MüsMüÉåuÉÉ : || xÉÑ ÍcÉ (5/12)
6. zÉÉåÌlÉiÉqÉåÌWûlÉÇ aÉÑQÒûcÉÏÌiÉlSÒMüÉzqÉrÉïZÉeÉÑïUMüwÉÉrÉÉ qÉkÉÑÍqÉ´ÉÇ : || xÉÑ ÍcÉ ( 11/9)
7. SÉWû§ÉÑwhÉÉÎluÉiÉå ÌmɨeuÉUå- ....................MüÉzqÉrÉïxjÉuÉÉmÉÑlÉ: |
MüwÉÉrÉæ: zÉMïüUÉrÉÑ£åü : ....................: || xÉÑ E ( 39/156)
8. aÉqpÉËUMüÉTüsÉÉÇ mÉYuÉ xÉÑwMÇüqÉÑxiÉå̲iÉqÉç mÉÑlÉÇ : |
DRUG REVIEW - GAMBHARI
15
¤ÉÏUålÉÇ zÉÏiÉÌmɨÉblÉÇ xuÉÌSiÉÉmÉjrÉÇxÉåuÉlÉÉ : || (cÉ¢üS¨É)
A¹ÉÇaÉ WØûSrÉ
1. TüsÉÇ iÉÑ............ xÉUÇ MüÉzqÉrÉïeÉÇ ÌWûqÉqÉç : |
zÉ¢ÑülqÉŅ̃uÉoÉlkÉblÉ MåüzrÉ qÉåkrÉÇ UxÉÉrÉlÉqÉç : || A Wû xÉÑ (6/122)
2. xÉÉËUuÉÉåzÉÏU MüÉzqÉrÉï qÉkÉÑMüÍzÉÍzÉUɲrÉqÉç : |
rÉÎziÉmÉÂwÉMüWûÎliÉ ÌmɨÉÉAxÉÑYeuÉïU : || A Wû xÉÑ (15/11)
3. SìɤÉÉÌuÉSÉËUMüÉzqÉrÉïqÉÉxÉÉÇlÉÉ uÉÉ UxÉærÉÑiÉÉlÉ : |
zÉÑ® MüÉå¹xrÉ rÉÑ‹Ï¨É ÌuÉkÉÏoêWÒûWûhÉÇ SÏmÉlÉÇ : |
¾ÒûkrÉÉÌlÉcÉɳmÉÉlÉÉÌlÉ uÉÉiÉb³ÉÉÌlÉ sÉbÉÑÌlÉ cÉ : || A Wû ÍcÉ (5/4)
4. ÍzÉiÉmÉëqÉåWûÉ qÉlÉrÉ:xÉåMüÉ urÉeÉlÉqÉÉÂiÉÉ : |
ÍxÉiÉÉSìɤÉɤÉÑZÉeÉÑïUÉMüzqÉrÉÉïxuÉUxÉ mÉrÉÇ : || A Wû ÍcÉ (7/10)
5. aÉpÉåï zÉÑwMåüiÉÑ uÉÉiÉålÉÇ uÉÉsÉÉÇlÉÉ cÉ ÌuÉzÉÑwrÉiÉÉqÉ : |
...................................... ÌMüÎlcÉiÉÉqsÉ zÉMïüUÉ : || A Wû ÍcÉ (21/22)
6. SÎliÉmɧÉUxÉå MüÉåwhÉå MüzqÉrÉÉï‹ÍsÉqÉmsÉÑiÉqÉ : |
SìɤÉÉ‹ÍsÉ uÉÉ qÉÑÌSiÉÇ iÉiÉç ÌmÉoÉåiÉ mÉÉhQÒûUÉåaÉÎeÉiÉ : || A Wû ÍcÉ (26/6)
kÉluÉliÉUÏ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû:
MüÉzqÉrÉÉï MüzqÉËU ÌWûUÉ MüzqÉrÉÉåï AkÉmÉÑlÉïÌmÉ : |
´ÉÏmÉÌlÉï xÉuÉïiÉÉåpÉSìÉ aÉqpÉËU ¢ÑüzÉluÉëÑiÉÉMüÉ : |
´ÉÏmÉÌlÉï xuÉUxÉå ÌiÉ£üÉ aÉÑÂwlÉÉ U£üÌmɨÉÎeÉiÉ : |
̧ÉSÉåwÉ ´ÉqÉSÉWûÌiÉïeuÉU §ÉÑwlÉÉÌuÉwÉÉeÉrÉiÉç : || (114-115)
MæürÉSåuÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû: (AÉæwÉÍkÉ uÉaÉï)
MüTüÌmɨÉWûUÇ iÉxrÉÉ: TüsÉÇ ÎxlÉakÉ ÌWûqÉÇ aÉÑ : |
xuÉSÒmÉÉMü UxÉ ¾ÒûkrÉ MüwÉÉrÉÉqsÉÇ UxÉÉrÉlÉqÉç : ||
oÉëÑWûhÉçÇ zÉÑ¢üsÉÇ MåüzrÉ qÉåkrÉÇ qÉÔ§ÉÌuÉoÉlkÉlÉÑiÉ : |
DRUG REVIEW - GAMBHARI
16
WûlrÉɲÉiɧÉÑwhÉÉSÉWûÌmɨÉU£ü¤ÉiÉ ¤ÉrÉÉlÉÇ : || (32-34)
pÉÉuÉmÉëMüÉzÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû: (aÉÑQÒûcrÉÌS uÉaÉï)
aÉqpÉËU pÉSìmÉlÉÉï cÉ ´ÉÏmÉlÉÏï qÉkÉÑmÉhÉÏïMüÉ : |
MüÉÎzqÉËU MüÉzqÉËU WûÏUÉ MüÉzqÉrÉï: ÌmÉiÉUÉåÌWûhÉÏ : |
iÉiTüsÉÇ oÉëÑWûlÉçÇ uÉëÑwrÉ aÉÑ MåüwrÉ UxÉÉrÉlÉÇ : |
uÉÉiÉÌmÉ¨É §ÉÑwhÉÉ U£ç ¤ÉrÉ qÉ賈 ÌuÉoÉlSlÉÑiÉ : || (15-17)
UÉeÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû: (mÉëpÉSìÉÌS uÉaÉï)
xrÉiÉ MüÉzqÉrÉï: MüÉzqÉËU¢ÑüwhÉuÉëÑliÉÉ : |
ÌWûUÉ pÉSìÉ xÉuÉïiÉÉåpÉÌSìMüÉcÉ : |
´ÉÏmÉÌlÉï xrÉÉiÉ ÍxÉlSÒmÉÌlÉï xÉÑpÉSìÉ : |
MüqpÉÉËU xÉÉ MüOûTüsÉÉ pÉSìmÉlÉÉåïÌlÉ : || (35)
MÑüqÉÑSÉcÉ aÉÉåmÉpÉSìÉ ÌuÉSÉËUÌlÉ ´ÉÏËUhÉÏ qÉWûÉpÉSìÉ : |
qÉkÉÑmÉÌlÉï xuÉpÉSìÉ ¢ÑüzÉhÉÉ µÉåiÉÉcÉ UÉåÌWûÍhÉ xÉëÑ¹Ï : || (36)
xjÉÑsÉiuÉcÉÉ qÉkÉÑqÉÌiÉ xÉÑTüsÉÉ qÉåÌShÉÏ qÉWûÉMÑüqÉÑSÉ : |
qÉÉSuÉ SìurÉ aÉÑhÉ (ÌuÉÌuÉkÉÉæwÉÍkÉ uÉaÉïÈ)
MüÉzqÉrÉï iÉÑuÉUÉ ÌiÉ£üÉ uÉÏrÉÉåïwlÉÉ qÉkÉÑUÉ aÉÑ : |
ÌSmÉlÉÏ mÉÉcÉlÉÏ qÉåkrÉÉ pÉåÌSÌlÉ pÉëqÉzÉÉåwÉÎeÉiÉ : |
uÉÉiÉÌmɨÉiÉÔwÉÉU£ü ¤ÉrÉqÉÔ§ÉÌuÉoÉÇkÉlÉÑiÉ : ||
ÌmÉërÉÌlÉbÉhOÒû: (WûËUiÉYrÉÉÌS uÉaÉï)
MüÉzqÉrÉï: MüÉzÉqÉËU cÉæuÉ aÉqpÉÉËU cÉÉÌmÉ lÉÉqÉiÉ : |
..................................................oÉSUxÉͳÉpÉqÉÇ : |
...............................................UxÉÉrÉlÉqÉ ..........: || (21-23)
DRUG REVIEW - GAMBHARI
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MODERN DRUG REVIEW
CLASSIFICATION:
According to Benthem and Hooker’s system of classification-
Kingdom Plantae
Division Spermatophyte.
Sub division Diacoliledance.
Class Sympetalae.
Order Lamioleates.
Family Verbenacea.
Genus Gemelina.
Species Arboria
VERNACULAR NAMES
The drug is universally know and accepted by its scientific name. But
still the knowledge of the names in both local and the regional languages is very
important to procure the drug from the regions of its availability.
Sanskrit : Kashamari, Gambhari.
Assamese : Gomari
Bengali : Gamargachha, Gambar
English : Coomb tree, cashmere tree.
Gujrati : Seevan
Hindi : Gambhari
Kannada : Seevani, Shivani, Hannu
Kashmiri : Gumar.
Malayalam : Kumbil, Kumizhu
Marathi : Sivan
Oriya : Gambhari, Bhodroparnni
Punjabi : Khambhari
Tamil : Perunkurmizh, Komizhpazham
Telugu : Gumaditeku
DRUG REVIEW - GAMBHARI
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MORPHOLOGY:
Family: Verbenaceae
There are about 70 genera species 750 in this family
Distribution: Found throughout India, from foot of north- west Himalaya to
Chittagong and throughout Deccan Peninsula.
Habits: Trees, Shrubs more rarely herbs.
Leaves: Opposite, or whorled, simple, stipules.
Flowers: Often brightly colored, Hermaphrodite (rarely polygamous), usually
irregular. Calyx inferior, gamosepalous, persistent, tubular or cup-
shaped, 5-4 lobed or toothed. Corolla gamopetalous; tube usually
cylindrical or dialated above, often curved; limb 2 lipped or sub
equally lobed.
Stamens: 4, didynamous, inserted on the corolla tube.
Filaments: free.
Anthers: 2-celled, opening by longitudinal slits. Disk usually inconspicuous.
Ovary: 2-4 celled. Entire or 4 lobed.
Ovules: variously attached, 2 in each cell.
Style: Terminal, stigma usually entire, less commonly 2-or more lobed.
Fruit : usually more or less drupaceous, 2-4 or 1celled; mesocarp juicy,fleshy
or dry ; endocarp usually bony.
Seeds: Erect or pendulous, separate in distinct cells; albumen 0 in the Indian
genera; embryo straight; radicle inferior.
Genus: Gmelina.
Habit: Tree or shrub unarmed or spinous; young shoots usually tomentose.
Leaves: Opposite, entire or toothed, some time more or less lobed.
Flowers: Large, yellow or brownish in small or panicled cymes with narrow
bracts.
Stamens: Didynamous subexserted another cells along pendulous.
Filaments: free or connate below,
Anthers: oblong
Ovary: 4 celled
Style: Slender.
DRUG REVIEW - GAMBHARI
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Stigma: Shortly 2 fid.
Seeds: Erect or pendulous, separate in distinct cells.
Species: Gmelina arborea Linn:
Habit: Gambhari consists of dried fruit of Gmelina arborea Roxb. (Fam.
Verbenaceae), an unarmed tree, found scattered in deciduous forests
throughout the greater part of the country upto an altitude of 500 m,
planted in gardens and also as an avenue tree.
Leaves: Broadly ovate, acuminate, entire, glabrous, cordate or sometime
termcate and shortly cemeate.
Flowers: Large, yellow-brownish in small or panicled cymes with narrow bracts.
Fruit : A drupe, ovoid, crinkled, black, 1.5-2.0 cm long, sometimes with
portion of attached pedicel, two seeded, sometimes one seeded; taste,
sweetish sour.
Calyx: 5cm broadly companulate anesely fulvous- hairy teeth small triangular
acute
Corolla: Browenish yellow, densely hairy outside reaching 3.8cm long, 5 lobed
2 lipped.
Capsule: Globose, membranous.
Seeds: Seed ovate, 0.5-1 cm long, 0.4-0.6 cm wide, light yellow, surface
smooth, seed coat thin, papery; taste, oily.
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PHARMACOGNOSY:
Table.7 Characters of Gmelina arborea Linn. Fruit.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:
Gmelofuran-a, furanosesquiterpenoid, ssquiterpene, cerylalcohol,
hentriacontanol-1, b-sitosterol, n- octacosanol, gmelinol, apiosylskimmin-a,
apiofuranodyl (1.0.7)- umbelliferone (root); cluytyl ferulate, n-octacosanol,
gmelanone, arborial, 2-0- methyal arboreol, 2-0- ethyal arboreol, isoarboreol, 4-
hydroxysesamin, 1,4- dihydroxysesamin (gummsdiol), 2- piperonyl-3-
(hydroxymethyl)-4 (~hydroxy-3-,4methylenedioxybenzyl) - 4-hydroxy
tetrahydroxyfluron (I) 4-epigummadiol-4-glucoside, 1,4-dihydroxy -2, 6-
dipiperonyl-3, 7-dioxybicyclo [3,3,0] –octane, gmelanone, palmitic, oleic and linoleic
acids, stigmastirol, stigmastinol, campesterol, ~-2-stostirol, butulinol(hertwood)
luteilin, apigenin, quercetin, hentriacontanol, b-sitosterol, quercetogenin and other
flavons (leaf).
PHARMACOLOGY:
Hypoglycaemic, Antiviral.
The Rasayana (anabolic) effect of fruit of G.arborea was studied in rabbits
using electrophoretic analysis of serum fraction, body weight and physical behaviors
Characters Gmelina arborea Linn. Fruit.
Macroscopic
Shape Drupe, Ovoid, crinkled, black,
Size 1.5-2.0 cm long.
Colour Black, crinkled,
Taste. Sweetish sour.
Microscopic
Pericarp. Differentiated in to single layer epicarp.
Mesocarp. Multylayerd, fleshy.
Endocarp. Hard and Stony.
Epicarp. Single layerd, theen walled cells.
DRUG REVIEW - GAMBHARI
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as parameters. An increase in percentage of ~2 and ~-globulin frsction, gain in body
weight and alertness in physical behaviors was observed after treatment with the drug.
In the clinical study, effect of Dashamula, of wich G. arborea is one of the
constituent, on management of sensory and motor disorder pertaining to sympathetic
and parasympathetic outflow among the patient presenting with primary nurological
disorders have been investigated. Significant improvement in nerve conduction
velocity was observed. The pattern of ‘H’ reflex also improved in all these patients
along with clinical response.
CULTIVATION:
It is planted in gardens and avenues. The tree prefers moist, fertile soil with
good drainage. Natural reproduction takes place in rainy season soon after the drupes
falls to the ground. Alternating heat and moisture are necessary to stimulate the
germination. Artificial reproduction may be carried out by direct sowing or by
transplanting. Direct sowing in lines, 3-4m apart, with a distance of 30cm between the
plants has given the good results. Dibbling of seeds with spacing of 2x2m and
broadcast sowing also give satisfactory result for transplanting purposes. Seeds are
sown in drills in nursery beds shortly before rains. Seedlings are transplanted in the
first rainy season when 8-10cm high. If the plants are to be kept for a year in the
nursery, they are pricked out to20cm apart in the first rains and planted out in the next
rainy season with the stem pruned down to 5cm and the root trimmed to 30cm a
spacing of 2x2m is ordinarily suitable. The rate of growth is fast and tree is well
adopted as coppice. It has been found suitable for plantation on waste lands.
Micro propagation of G.arborea was tried through auxiliary bud culture. The
epicromic and crown regions of a6 year old plant were used to initiate shoot cultures.
Explant from the epicormic regions produced 2.7(average) shoot lets /explant when
cultured on McCown’s medium for woody plants rooted on IBA (1.5mg/l)
supplemented McCown’s medium within 7-9 days of culture.
ADULTERANTS / SUBSTITUTES:
Roots of Gmelina asiatica Linn. are used as substitute to Gmelina arborea.
DRUG REVIEW - GAMBHARI
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Photos:
Photo No 1.Gemilina arboria fiower
Photo No 2. Fruts of Gmelina arboria
DRUG REVIEW - DRAKSHA
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DRAKSHA
HISTORY
Draksha is well known drug since Vedic period. Mainly in
Atharvaveda the Draksha in mentioned under the name of Krushana for management
of Apachita Vyadhi, Rajayakshama, Kilasa, and Phalita. Also mentioned it as Balya,
Pushatikaraka, Shukravardhaka, Mamsavardhaka, Rasa poshanakara properties.
Draksha is recommended as the best among the fruits recommended in Ayurveda.
Charaka considered it under Kasahara, Jwarahara, Snehopaga, and Verachanopaga
Ganas. Sushruta consider under Kakolyadi, and Parushakadi gana. Its synonyms such
as Harahura, Madhurasa indicate that this drug was in use since olden days in the
preparation of Madya.
According to Charaka it is used as Trushnahara, also in Madyajanyavikara,
Rajyakshma, Daha, Jwara, Swasha, Rakatapita, Urakshata, Swarabheda. Etc. In
Chikitsa sthana use of the Draksha is found in Pittija Gulma, Pandu, Halimak,
Trushna etc.
Sushruta mentioned the use of Draksha in Jwara chikitsa; Draksha is best
among all Phalavarga. Its use is also mentioned in Pittajagranti, Arbuda and
Bastikarma. Vagbhata also consider that Draksha is useful in Raktapitta, Madyaja
chardi, Brhama and Trushana. Etc.
aÉhÉ - uÉaÉï
Table.8 Showing Gana and varga of Draksha.
aÉhÉ – uÉaÉï cÉ.xÉÇ xÉÑ.xÉÇ A.WØû kÉ.ÌlÉ qÉ.ÌlÉ qÉÉ.Sì. Mæü.ÌlÉ pÉÉ.ÌlÉ UÉ.ÌlÉ ÌlÉ.AÉ ÌmÉë.ÌlÉ
xlÉåWûÉåmÉaÉ +
ÌuÉUcÉlÉÉåmÉaÉ +
MüÉxÉWûU +
euÉUWûU +
MüÉMüÉåsrÉÉÌS +
mÉÂwÉMüÉÌS +
TüsÉ uÉaÉï + + + + +
AÉqÉëÉÌS uÉaÉï + +
AÉåwÉkÉÏ uÉaÉï +
ÌmÉmÉsrÉÉÌS uÉaÉï +
SìɤÉÉÌS uÉaÉï + +
DRUG REVIEW - DRAKSHA
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mÉrÉÉïrÉ lÉÉqÉ
ÌlÉÂÌ£ü
1. qÉײÏMüÉ : qÉëÑSlÉÌiÉ zÉËUUqÉç, zÉËUU qÉSïuÉqÉç sÉÌiÉiÉUiÉ: qÉ×±iÉå uÉÉ :|| (pÉÉ ÌlÉ)
This brings Mrudatwa to the body hence name Mrudwika.
2. aÉÉåxiÉÌlÉ : aÉÉå: xiÉlÉ CuÉÉM×üiÉÉã:|| (pÉÉ ÌlÉ)
Fruit’s shape resembles that of Gosthana.
3. SìɤÉÉ : SìÉQè¤rÉiÉå MüÉQè¤rÉiÉå CÌiÉ ‘SìÉÍ¤É MüÉQè¤ÉÉrÉÉqÉç :|| (pÉÉ ÌlÉ)
It is having sweet taste.
4.xuÉÉÌS: xuÉÉSÕÌlÉ TüsÉÉlrÉxrÉÉ :|| (pÉÉ ÌlÉ)
It is having good taste.
5.qÉkÉÑÒUxÉÉ : qÉÎbuÉuÉ qÉkÉÑU UxÉÉåAzrÉ : || (pÉÉ ÌlÉ)
It is very sweet similar to madhu.
6. rɤqÉblÉÏ : UÉeÉrɤqÉÉhÉÇ WûliÉÏÌiÉ :|| (zÉoScÉÎlSìMüÉ)
The one which, cures the Rajayakshama.
7. oÉëÑWûÍhÉ : kÉiÉÑuÉÍkÉïÌlÉ :|| (Mãü ÌlÉ)
It nourishes the body.
8. aÉÑcNûTüsÉÉ : aÉÑcNåû TüsÉÉlrÉxrÉÉ :|| (UÉ ÌlÉ)
The fruit appears in bunches.
9. TüsÉÉå¨ÉqÉÉ : TüsÉåwÉÔ¨ÉqÉÉ ´Éå¹É AiÉ LuÉ cÉUMü: TüsÉuÉaÉï mÉëjÉqÉ mÉPûÌiÉ :|| (Mæü ÌlÉ)
It is regarded as best one
10. E¨ÉUÉmÉjÉÉ : E¨ÉUÉmÉjÉå eÉÉiÉÉ :|| (A ÌlÉ)
Mostly grows in high attitude of northern region.
11. WûÉUWÕûUÉ : WûÉUWÕûU: qɱÇ, iÉSjÉïqÉÑmÉrÉÑ£üÉ :|| (pÉÉ ÌlÉ)
Using for preparing wine.
Table.9 Showing important Paryaya nama of the Draksha
mÉrÉÉïrÉ lÉÉqÉ cÉ.xÉÇ xÉÑ.xÉÇ A.WØû kÉ.ÌlÉ qÉ.ÌlÉ qÉÉ.Sì Mæü.ÌlÉ pÉÉ.ÌlÉ UÉ.ÌlÉ ÌlÉ.AÉ ÌmÉë.ÌlÉ
SìɤÉÉ + + + + + + + +
M×whÉÉ + + +
ÌmÉërÉÉsÉÉ + +
iÉmÉÎxmÉërÉÉ + + +
MüÉzÉqÉÏËUMüÉ +
DRUG REVIEW - DRAKSHA
25
UxÉÉsÉÉ + + + +
MüUqÉÌSïMüÉ + +
xuÉSÒTüsÉÉ + + +
qÉkÉÑUxÉÉ + +
qÉëÑSÌuÉMüÉ + + + + + +
WûÉUWÒûUÉ + + + + +
aÉÉåxiÉÌlÉ + + + + +
MüÌmÉzÉÉ +
TüsÉÉåiÉqÉÉ + + +
xuÉÉÌS + + + +
oÉëÑWûhÉÏ + +
qÉkÉÑrÉÉålÉÏ + +
qÉkÉÑxÉqpÉuÉÉ + +
qÉkÉÑTüsÉÉ + + +
aÉÑQûÉ + +
aÉÑNûÉTüsÉÉ +
aÉÑhÉ
Table.10 Showing Guans of Draksha
aÉÑhÉ cÉ.xÉÇ xÉÑ.xÉÇ A.WØû kÉ.ÌlÉ qÉ.ÌlÉ qÉÉ.Sì Mæü.ÌlÉ pÉÉ.ÌlÉ UÉ.ÌlÉ ÌmÉë.ÌlÉ
qÉkÉÑU + + + + + + + + + + UxÉ
AÉqsÉ + +
ÎxlÉakÉ + + + +
zÉÏiÉ + + + + + +
qÉ×SÕ + + aÉÑhÉ
aÉÑÂ + + + +
uÉÏrÉï zÉÏiÉ + + + + + + + + + +
ÌuÉmÉÉMü qÉkÉÑU + + + + + +
ÌmɨÉuÉkÉïMü + SÉåwÉblÉiÉÉ
MüTüuÉkÉïMü + + + + + + + +
MüqÉï
Table.11 Showing important Karmas of Draksha
MüqÉï cÉ.xÉÇ xÉÑ.xÉÇ A.WØû kÉ.ÌlÉ qÉÉ.Sì qÉ.ÌlÉ Mæü.ÌlÉ pÉÉ.ÌlÉ UÉ.ÌlÉ ÌmÉë.ÌlÉ ÌlÉ.AÉ
oÉ×WûhÉÇ + + + + + + + + + +
uÉ×wrÉ + + + + + + +
MÇüš + + + + +
lÉå§rÉ + +
oÉsrÉ + + + + + +
DRUG REVIEW - DRAKSHA
26
mÉÑ̹ + + + + +
ÂÍcÉMüÉUxÉ + + + +
´ÉqÉWûU + +
UåcÉlÉ +
xÉëѹèÌuÉlqÉÑ§É +
iÉ×ÎmiÉ + +
xlÉåWûlÉ + + + +
qÉѧÉsÉ + +
xÉÉÉUMü + + +
xÉÇliÉmÉïlÉ + + + + + + +
SìɤÉÉ pÉåS
Raj Nighantukara mentioned four types of Draksha according to their stages.
Bala draksha.
Tarun draksha.
Vruddhaka draksha.
Manuka (dried Draksha)
mÉërÉÉåerÉ A…¡û LuÉÇ qÉɧÉÉ
mÉërÉÉåerÉ A…¡û: Draksha being a herb, it is used as Phala when it is fresh and dry
form. For the purpose of medicine the following parts are mainly concerned.
Manuka
Draksha
qÉɧÉÉ:
1. MüsMü – 10-20 gm 2. xuÉUxÉ- 20- 40 ml
mÉërÉÉåaÉ
The various disorders in which the Draksha is used mainly are Vatavyadhi,
Pittavikaras, etc. and also in various disease conditions as shown in the following
table.
DRUG REVIEW - DRAKSHA
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Table.12 Showing important Prayoga of Draksha in different Vyadhi
mÉërÉÉåaÉ cÉ.xÉÇ xÉÑ.xÉÇ A.WØû kÉ.ÌlÉ qÉÉ.Sì qÉ.ÌlÉ Mæü.ÌlÉ pÉÉ.ÌlÉ åUÉ.ÌlÉ ÌlÉ.AÉ ÌmÉë.ÌlÉ
U£üÌmÉiÉ + + + + + + + + +
EU¤ÉiÉ + +
mÉÉÇQÒûû + + +
¤ÉrÉ + + + + + + + + +
xuÉUpÉåS + + + + +
euÉU + + + + + + + + +
µÉÉxÉ + + + + + +
iÉ×whÉÉ + + + + + + + + + +
SÉWû + + + + +
MüÉxÉ + + +
uÉÉiÉU£ü + +
MüÉqÉsÉÉ + + + +
qÉѧÉM×¶É + + +
zÉÉåwÉ + +
qÉSÉirÉrÉ + + + +
uÉÉiÉÌmɨÉç + +
qÉÑNûÉï + +
¤ÉiÉ + +
ÌuÉxÉmÉï
NûÌSï + +
qÉÉåWû + +
aÉëWûÌlÉ + +
ÌuÉoÉlS + + +
aÉÑsqÉ + + +
mÉëqÉåWû +
¾ÒûSìÉåaÉ + + +
UÉeÉrɤÉqÉÉ + + +
DRUG REVIEW - DRAKSHA
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AÉqÉÌrÉMü mÉërÉÉåaÉ
1. The preparation with Draksha, Sariva, fried paddy, Pippali, honey and Shunthi,
alleviates Trushna.
2. Mantha (saturated drink) with Draksha, Kharjura, Vrakshamla, Parushaka, and
Amalaki fruits alleviates the Madatyaya vikaras.
3. Seeds of Kapikachchu, Pippali, fruits of Draksha, Kharjura, Shatawari,
Shringataka, each 80gm, should be boiled in milk and water each 640ml, till 640
ml remains, this should be filtered with clean cloth and added with sugar,
Vamshalochana and fresh ghee each 80 gm. This should be taken mixed with
honey keeping diet of boiled Shashtika rice. It acts as best Vajikarana properties.
4. Water boiled and cooled with Kharjura, Draksha, Madhuka (flowers), and
Parushaka, cooled it and used for Urdhwaga Raktapitta.
5. One who suffering from Kasa, Asthishoola, should take the Draksha, Madhuka,
Tugakshiri, Pippali, and Bala mixed with ghee and honey.
6. Madhuka, Musta, Mrudvika, Kashmarya, Parushaka (fruits of these three),
Trayamana, Usira, Triphala and Katukarohini, all together kept over night in water
and taken in the morning this alleviates Jwara.
7. Decocation of Vasa, Mrudvika, Haritaki, added with sugar and honey, alleviates
Swasha, Kasa and Raktapiita.
8. In Rajayakshma Draksha, Kharjura, Pippali, Haritaki, Shringi and Duralabha, this
formulation should be taken along with honey and ghee.
9. Old ghee 640gm cooked with paste of dried grapes 320gm alleviates Kamala,
Gulma, Pandhu, Jwara, Prameha, Udararoga.
10. Manjista, Draksha, Haridra, Bala(root), Loha-bhasma, Lodhra, with these jaggary
should be prepared for those suffering from Pandu roga.
11. Ghee, juice of sugarcane, Draksha, milk, sugar, should be given to him to induce
vomiting by this alimentary tract and chest becomes purified by Shodhana.
12. Draksha also used for the subsiding the Jwara.
13. Parushaka, Draksha, Katphala, Dadima, and Triphala etc included in Parushakadi
gana mitigate Vata disorders.
14. Draksha and Madhuka, it cures the disorders of Kapha, and it also helps in
Malahara properties.
DRUG REVIEW - DRAKSHA
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15. Roots of Danti, Dravanti, along with Maricha, Vishvabheshaja, Mridvika,
Chitaraka, are socked in Gomutra for 7 days and converted in powder it act as a
Kapha-Pithahara.
16. Mridvika, Sharkara, Amalaki, is best used for the reducing Bhrama, and Trushna.
17. Draksha decoction also used for Raktapiita, Kshyaya, Swarabheda, Jwara,
Trushana, Mutrakrucha, and Vibhanda.
18. Haritaki churna should be drink along with Draksha Swarasa for Piitaja Granthi
chikitsa
19. The preparation of Mridvika, Amalaki, Nagara, Badara, Sariva, Musta, Chandana,
mixed with honey it cures Trushna, Chardi, Daha, Jwara, and Pittaja disorders.
20. Phanta prepared from Madhukapushpa, Mridvika, Tiktaka, Triphala, Ghambhari,
consumed at proper time it will cure all types of fever.
21. Medicated ghee prepared with Kharjura, Draksha, Parushaka, Madhuka, and
Pipali it cures Kasa, Jwara and Swasha.
22. The juice of Draksha and Amalaki is best for patient suffering from Pandhu and
Kamala.
23. For Rasnadi Basti the paste of Madhanaphala, Saindhava, Indrayava, soup of
meet, honey, Draksha, are used for Basti karma.
24. In vaginal disorders Draksha and Kashamrya will be used.
Table.13 Showing Vishishta yoga of Draksha.
PREPARATION INDICATION REFERENCE
Draksharista. Urakshata, Shwasa, Swarabheda, Sh Sam 10/43.
Drakshadi kwath Vata jwara, Trushna, Daha. A.S. 13/3
Traushanadi ghruta, Kasa, Jwara, Gulma, Kamala, Arsha, Ch ci 18/39
Parushaka grutha Vata-rakta, Arsha, Pittaja-Jwara, Ch ci 29/59.
Sukumar grutha Vrudhi, shotha, Arsha etc. A H ci 2/44
Drakshadi phanta Trushna. Jwara etc A H ci 6/72
Chitrakadi leha Kasa, Hrudroga, Gulma etc. Ch. Chi 18/154
Vidari Gruta Mutraghaata. Bhi Rat (35/30).
DRUG REVIEW - DRAKSHA
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REFERENCES:
cÉUMü xÉÇÌWûiÉÉ:
1. AjÉ TüsÉ uÉaÉï-
§ÉçwhÉÉ SÉWû euÉU µÉÉxÉ U£ü ÌmɨÉç ¤ÉiÉ ¤ÉrÉÉlÉ:|
uÉÉiÉÌmÉ¨É ESÉuÉiÉï xuÉUpÉåSÉ qÉSÉirÉrÉqÉç:|| cÉ. xÉÑ (27/ 125.)
2. qÉljÉ: ZéeÉÑïUqÉëÑ̲MüÉ uÉëѤÉÉqsÉÉÎqsÉMüÉSÉÌSqÉå:|
mÉÂzÉMüÉ:xÉÉqÉsÉYrÉrÉÑ£üÉå qɱÌuÉMüÉUÉlÉÑiÉÉ: || cÉ xÉÑ (23/38)
3. ÌuÉQÇûaÉÌmÉmÉÍsÉqÉÔsÉ ÍzÉaÉëÑpÉåuÉUåcÉlÉå cÉç: |
iÉ¢ü ÍxÉkSèrÉuÉÉaÉÑxrÉÉiÉ Ì¢üÍqÉblÉ xÉÑuÉÎUçcÉïMüÉ : || cÉ xÉÑ ( 2/23)
4. AjÉ qɱ uÉaÉï- kÉÉiÉYrÉÉrÉÍpÉÌwÉiÉÉå ¾û±Éå ÂyzÉÉå UÉåcÉlÉÉÌSmÉlÉÉå : |
qÉÉÎkuÉMüuÉ³É cÉÉiÉÑzÉlÉÉå qÉëÑ̲MüÉxÉÑUÉxÉÉuÉÉ : || cÉ xÉÑ (27/ 188)
5. AéiqÉaÉÑmiÉÉ TüsÉçÇqÉÉwÉÉlÉ ZÉeÉÑïUÉÍhÉzɨÉÉuÉËUqÉ : |
¤ÉëÑaÉÉOûMüÉÍhÉ qÉëÑ̲MüÉ xÉÉkÉrÉåiÉ mÉëxÉÑiÉÉåÎlqÉiÉÉ : || cÉ ÍcÉ (2/14)
6. eÉsÉÇZÉeÉÑïUÉqÉëÑ̲MüÉ:qÉSÒMüÉå: xÉmÉÂwÉMüÉå: |
¤ÉëÑiÉÍzÉiÉ: mÉërÉÉYixrÉå i§ÉmÉhÉÉjÉ: || cÉ ÍcÉ (3/ 205)
7. bÉëÑiÉ qÉëÑ̲MüÉ ZÉeÉÑïUÉMüzÉM`üU ¤ÉÉæSìxÉÇqÉrÉÑ£çüqÉç : |
xÉÌmÉmÉÍsÉMüÉ uÉåxuÉãrÉMüÉxÉxuÉÉxÉ euÉëUÉmÉWûqÉ: || cÉ ÍcÉ (8/96)
8. mÉÑUÉhÉxÉãÌmÉwÉ: mÉëxjÉÉå SìYzÉÉkÉãmÉëxjÉÉå xÉÉÍkÉiÉç: |
MüÉqÉsÉÉaÉÑsqÉÉmÉÉhQÒû uÉÌiÉïqÉåWûÉåSUÉmÉWûqÉç: || cÉ ÍcÉ (16/52)
xÉÑ´ÉÑiÉ xÉÇÌWûiÉ
1. qÉѧÉUÉåkÉeÉÉESÉuÉirÉï—SìɤÉÉUxÉqÉjÉÉÌmÉ uÉÉ : || xÉÑ E (55)
̧ÉTüsÉÉcÉåÌiÉmÉÂwÉMüÉËUirÉwÉ aÉhÉÉå ÌlÉsÉÌuÉlÉzÉlÉqÉç : || xÉÑ xÉÑ (38/43)
2. ÌmɨÉmÉëoÉsÉå SìɤÉÉMåüiÉMüiÉTüsÉÇ mÉrÉxrÉÉqÉÇ kÉÑMücÉlSlÉ : |
MüÉzqÉrÉïMüwÉÉrÉÉ zÉMïüUÉ qÉkÉÑqÉkÉÑU mÉÉrÉårÉiÉ: || xÉÑ ÍcÉ (5/8)
3. rÉwÉirÉÉWûÍqÉÍxÉÍxÉlkÉÑ EiÉTüsÉÉÌlÉlSuÉuÉÉrÉå : |
UxÉÉlelÉqÉÇUxɤÉéåSìSìɤÉÉ xÉÉåÌuÉUxÉÇrÉÑYirÉæ : || xÉÑ ÍcÉ (37/72)
DRUG REVIEW - DRAKSHA
31
4. SìɤÉÉUxÉålɤÉÑUxÉålÉ uÉeÉÌmÉ cÉÔhÉïç ÌmÉoÉåiÉÌmÉ WûËUiÉÌMüiÉÉqÉç : |
qÉkÉÑMüeÉqoÉÑAeÉÑïlÉÉuÉåiÉxÉÉlÉÉqÉ iuÉÉÎakÉ mÉëSåWûÉlÉÉqÉuÉcÉÉUrÉåiÉ : || xÉÑ ÍcÉ ( 18/9)
5. iÉSåuÉZÉhQûqÉëÑSÌuÉMüÉ zÉMïüUÉxÉÌWûiÉÇqÉç mÉÑlÉÇ : |
xÉÉqsÉxÉÌiÉYzÉ xÉÌWûqÉmÉÉlÉMÇüirÉqÉ : || xÉÑ xÉÑ (48/389)
A¹ÉÇaÉ WØûSrÉ
1. mÉjrÉÉqÉsÉMÇüqÉëÑSÌuÉMüÉ mÉOûÉåÍsÉqÉëÑSzÉMïüUÉ : |
bÉëÑiÉÉSÏurÉÉåSMü¤ÉÏUÇ ¤ÉÉåSìSÉÌQûqÉÉ xÉÉåkÉuÉqÉÇ: || A Wû xÉÑ (8\42)
2. xÉMüÉxÉxuÉÉxÉmÉÉΤuÉiÉÉå uÉÉiÉzsÉåwqÉÉåi§Uå euÉUå :|
qÉkÉÑMümÉÑwmÉqÉëÑSuÉÏMüɧÉÉrÉqÉÉlÉÉ mÉÂwÉMüqÉç :|| A Wû ÍcÉ (1/67).
3. bÉëÑiÉÇ ZéeÉÑïUÉ qÉëÑ̲MüÉqÉkÉÑMåü xÉmÉÂwÉMæüü : |
xÉÌmÉmmÉÍsÉMüÉ uÉæxuÉrÉïMüÉxɵÉÉxÉ euÉUmÉWûqÉçÇ : || A Wû ÍcÉ (5/18).
4. SÉWûSÏwÉÑ Ì§ÉuÉëѨMüsMüÉqÉëÑ̲MüÉ uÉÉËUhÉÉÌmÉoÉåiÉ: |
iÉ̲kÉÌmɨɢÑüSÉiÉÉlÉç WûiuÉÉSÉWûÌSMüÉlÉç eÉrÉiÉå : || A Wû Mü (5/26).
5. mÉOûÉåsÉqÉÑxiÉÉ qÉëÑ̲MüÉaÉÑQÒûcÉÏ Ì§ÉTüsÉÉå SìuÉqÉÇ :||
ÍzÉzÉÉåxiÉÑ zÉMïüUÉ ¤ÉéåSìå: xÉiÉiÉÇÌiÉÍqÉUÉiÉÑUÉ : || A W E (13/19)
kÉluÉliÉUÏ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû: (AÉqÉëÉSÏ uÉaÉï)
SìɤÉÉ cÉÉÂTüsÉÉ ¢ÑüwhÉÉ ÌmÉërÉÉsÉÉ iÉÉmÉxÉÌmÉërÉÉ : |
MüÉzqÉÏËUMüÉ ÌuÉÌlÉÌSìwOûÉ UxÉÉsÉÉ MüUqÉïÌSMüÉ : || (49)
SìɤÉÉ ¾è±UxÉÉ xuÉrÉÉï qÉkÉÑUÉ ÎxlÉakÉÉzÉÏiÉsÉÉ : |
U£üÌmÉ¨É euÉU µÉÉxɧÉÑwÉhÉÉ SÉWû ¤ÉrÉÉmÉWûqÉ : || (50)
MæürÉSåuÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû: (AÉæwÉÍkÉ uÉaÉï)
1. SìɤÉÉTüsÉÉåiÉqÉÉxuÉÉÌS WûÉUWÒûËUcÉç oÉëÑWûÌlÉ : |
qÉkÉÑrÉÉåÌlɶÉÂTüsÉÉ UxÉÉsÉÉ qÉkÉÑ xÉqÉÇpÉuÉÉ: || (268)
2. AÉqÉÉxÉÉqsÉÉaÉÑhÉÉ aÉÑÌuÉï xÉÉåuÉÉqsÉÉ U£üÌmɨɢÑüiÉÉ : |
DRUG REVIEW - DRAKSHA
32
SìɤÉÉqsÉÉåYzÉlÉÉ xÉUÉ aÉÑÌuÉï uÉÉiÉÎblÉ MüTüÌmɨÉSÉ : || (301)
3. U£üÌmɨÉeuÉUµÉÉxÉ §ÉÑwhÉÉSÉWû qÉSÉirÉlÉÉ : |
iɲaÉÉåxiÉÌlÉMüÉ SìɤÉÉxuÉÉSÏuÉëÑwÉiÉqÉÉ qÉiÉÉ : || (304)
pÉÉuÉmÉëMüÉzÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû: (AÉqÉëmÉsÉÉSÏ uÉaÉï)
Sì¤ÉÉmÉYuÉÉUxÉÉzÉÏiÉÉ cÉYzÉÑzÉÉoÉëÑWûÍhÉ aÉÑ : |
xuÉSÒmÉÉMüUxÉÉxuÉrÉÉïiÉÑuÉUÉ ´ÉѹÉuÉÏhqÉѧÉÉ :
MüÉå¹qÉÉÂiÉÉ¢ÑüiÉÉ uÉëÑwrÉÉ MüTümÉÑ̹mÉëSÉ : || (111)
UÉeÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû: (AÉqÉëÉSÏ uÉaÉï)
1. AlrÉÉ MüÌmÉsÉSìɤÉÉ qÉëÑ̲MüÉaÉÉåxiÉlÉÏcÉç MüÌmÉsÉTüsÉÉ : |
AqÉëÑiÉUxÉÉ SÏbÉïTüsÉÉ qÉkÉÑuÉÎssÉ cÉ : || (102)
2. aÉÉåxiÉÌlÉ qÉkÉÑUÉ ÍzÉiÉÉ ¾Òû±ÉcÉç qɱWïûwÉÏÍhÉ : |
SÉWû qÉÑcNûÉï euÉU µÉÉxÉ-§ÉÑwÉhÉɾèsÉÉxÉ lÉÉÍzÉlÉÏ : || (104)
3. AlrÉÉ xÉÉ MüÉMüÍsÉSìɤÉÉeÉqoÉÑMüÉcÉç TüsÉÉåiÉqÉÉ : |
sÉbÉÑSì¤ÉÉ cÉç ÌlÉëÌoÉïeÉÉ xÉÑuÉëÑiÉÉ ÂÍcÉMüÉËUÌlÉ : || (106)
DRUG REVIEW - DRAKSHA
33
MODERN DRUG REVIEW
CLASSIFICATION
According to Benthem and Hooker’s system of classification-
Kingdom Plantae
Subkingdom Tracheobionta
Super division Spermatophyta
Division Magnoliophyta
Class Vitaceda
Subclass Vitadae
Order vitales
Family Vitaceae
Genus Vinifera L.
Species Vitis vinifera Linn.
VERNACULAR NAMES
English: Dry grap’s, Raisins.
Hindi: Munkka.
Kannada: -Draksha.
Marathi: Draksha, Anguar.
Gujarati: . Drakh, Darakh.
Punjabi: . Munaca.
Bengali: -.Maneka.
Malayalam: - .Munthringya.
Tamil: - Drakshai, Kottai, Drakshai.
Urdu: - Munaqqa.
Assam -Dakh, Munaqqa.
Arabic: - Mewis, Sabib, Anaib.
Persian: -Angur.
Oriya: - drakya, Gostoni.
Sind: - Drakh.
Telgu: - Drakshakottai,
Sanskrit: - Mrdvika, Gostani
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MORPHOLOGY
Family: VITACEAE:
There are about 11 genera species 450 in this family
Distribution: Extensively cultivated in north western India. In Punjab, Karnataka,
Maharashtra, Delhi, Andrapradesh, etc, also in meddle east and
southern European countries.
Habits: A large, perennial tendril climber; tendrils leaf opposed often bifid,
Leaves: Simple, rotund-cordate or orbicular-cordate, dentate, 3-7 lobed, 10-12
cm across, glabrous above, tomentose beneath.
Flowers: Regular hermaphrodite or unisexual in pedicled umbelled or spicate
cymes usually opposites the leaves; peduncles often transformed in to
tendril or tendril bearing calyx small entire 4-5 lobed. Petals 4-5 valved
free or connate caducous. Stamens 4-5 opposite the petals inserted at
the base of the disk 2-6 celled ovules 1-2 inch cell ascending anthropus
style.
Fruit: A berry, sticky and pulpy, dark brown to black, oblong or oval,
sometimes spherical, 1.5-2.5cm wide; outer skin irregular wrinkled
forming ridges and furrows; usually contain 1-4 seed, 4-7mm long,
ovoid rounded to triangular or simply ovoid, brown to black; odour,
sweetish and pleasant; taste, sweet.
Stamens: 4-5 opposite;
Filaments: free or connate
Ovary: usually sunk in the disk 2-6celld.
Ovules: 2 or more from the inner angles of the cells anatropous (rarely
orthotropous);
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Genus: Vitis Linn.
Habit: Shrubs usually cirrhose sarmentose often climbing to a great height
very rarely erect.
Leaves: Simple or compound, (vary rarely 2 pinnate)
Flowers: Small, some times polygamous umbellate cymose paniculate leaf
opposed (very rarely axillary) usually towards the end of branches
Calyx: Short entire or 4-5 lobes, petals 4-5 free or calyptrately cohering apex.
Stamens: 4-5 inserted below the margin of the disk; anthers free,
Filaments: free or connate below;
Ovary: 2 celled short.
Seeds: few, compressed;
Species: Vitis vinifera Linn
Habit: A large deciduous climber, tendrils long, bifid.
Leaves: 7.5-1.5 cm. long, orbicular-cordate, more or less deeply(3)5-lobed,
Margin irregularly and coarsely toothed, glabrous or nearly so above,
clothed beneath with deciduous grey tomentum, thin, membranous;
petiole 3.8-7.5 cm.long.
Flowers: Green, inflorescene leaf opposed of panicled cymes; peducle
sometimes bearing an unbranched tendril below the flowers.
Petals : 5, cohering at the apex.
Ovary : 5, hypogynous glands adnate to the base.
Style : Very short, thick.
Seed : 2-4, pear shaped, with a discoidal tubercle on the back from wich a low
ridges run over the top and down the ventral face.
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PHARMACOGNOSY:
Mature dried fruit, a berry, is sticky and pulpy, dark brown to black in colour, oblong
or oval, some time spherical, 1.5- 2.5cm long and 0.5-1.5 cm wide. Seeds generally 1-
4 in number are 4-7mm in long, ovoid-rounded to triangular or simple ovoid
Under Microscope, the fruit shows a single layered epidermis, cells filled with
reddish-brown contents; mesocarp pulpy, composed of thin wall irregular cells
containing prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate measuring 13.75-41mu in diameter
and some fibrovascular bundles. Seeds consist of testa and endosperm; testa
composed of thick walled yellowish cells; endosperm consisting of angular
parenchymatous cells containing oil globules and cluster crystals of calcium oxalate,
measuring 11-16mu diameter.
Table.14 Characters of Vitis venifera Dried Fruit.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoic, linolenic acids (shoot); isochlorogenic acids,
isomer of quercitrin, isomer of rutin, monoglycolipid containing a free amino group ,
caffeic, and caffeyeltartaric acid, ellagitannins- brevlagin 1, vitilagin and iso vitaligin
(leaves); 16 B-hydroxy-3-oxoolean 12-en-28-oic acid, 3-oxic acid, 16- B-hydroxyolen
-12-en(cuticle) ; linolol, geraniol, elemol acetate, @-terpional (essential oil of leaves);
Characters Vitis venifera Dried Fruit.
Macroscopic
Shape Oblong or oval, some time spherical
Size 1.5- 2.5cm long and 0.5-1.5 cm wide.
Colour Black, crinkled,
Taste. Sweetish sour.
Microscopic
Pericarp. Differentiated in to single layer epicarp.
Mesocarp. Multilayered, fleshy.
Endocarp. Hard and Stony.
Epicarp. Single layered, thin walled cells.
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3-monoglucosides of delphinidin, cynidin, petinudium, glycosides, malic acid, tannic
acid, dehydroascorbic acid, cholesterol, glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose,
arabinose, rhamonose, and amino acid like alanine, arginine and praline (fruit);
quercetin-3-glucoside, (+) catechin, (-) epecatechin, (+) gallactocatachin,
procyanidins B1 & B2, oleanolic acid, B-sistosterol glucoside, semi drying oil
containing palmitic, steric, olic, and linolicacids along with sistopherol tocopherol
(seeds); cis-1-(5-methyl-5-methylethylhydrofron-2-yl) -1-methyl ethyl O-beta- D-
afiofuracinosyl-1-(1 to 6) beta-D-glucopyraanoside.
PHARMACOLOGY:
Antifungal, angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACE) activity, tumor inhibitory,
anti ulcer, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, wound healing, antimutagenic, antiherpitic,
cardio protective, breast cancer suppressor, antibacterial.
CULTIVATION & PROPAGATION:
Grapes grow on wide range of soils, from sandy to clay loams, shallow to very
deep soils. From highly calcareous to non-calcareous and from very low to very deep
soils, from highly fertility soils. Grape vines are invariably propagated by stem
cuttings, through reproduction by seeds, layers or grafts may be done for special
purposes, Cuttings should always be taken from healthy, vigorous vines having well
maturated cane. Cuttings are usually taken from the prunings during august-
November. They should be 40-50cm long and over 8mm thick 3-5 buds each. In the
nursery, the cuttings are planned in well-drained soil. Generally 90 days are required
for satisfactory rooting. Cutting planted after 20 days storage in one part of soil plus
three part of sand media have been reported good for survival and root and shoot
growth. The rooted cuttings with the fresh leaves are planted at side in pits or
trenches. The side shoots are systematically remove to ensure rapid growth of main
steam. Heavy irrigation, application of farmyard manure and fertilizers are necessary
for the growth grapevines. The vine may commence to yield fruits in the second or
third year of its planting.
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PHOTOS:
Photo No 3. Vitis vinifera Fruits (Grapes)
Photo No 4. Vitis vinifera dry fruit (Raisins)
DRUG REVIEW - KHAJURA
39
KHARJURA
The Kharjura it is also commonest fruit in traditional use as a nutritional
properties. In Charak Samhita Sutrasthana mainly Kharjura explained for reference of
Madathaya, Aruchi, Raktapita, Rajayakshama, etc disorders. Also in Chikitsasthana
mentioned about treatment of Kasa, Visarpa, Trushana, etc.
In Susharuta Samhata also indicates the Kharjura as a treatment aspect of
Shonitameha, Bhagandara, Hikka, Kasa etc. and included in Phala varga.
In Ashatanghrudya it mentioned under treatment of Mada, Murcha, Hrudroga, Arsha,
Gulma, and included in Kashaya dravya varga.
Almost all of the Nighantukaras starting from ancient period to till date have
mentioned elaborately regarding its Guna Karma, Prayoga and Bheda etc.
Bhavaprakasha and Priya nighantu are included Kharjura in Phalavarga and Raja
nighantu and Dhanvantari nighantu explained under Amadi varga.
Madhava Dravyagunakara it includes under Phala varga, Shaka varga, and Srashata
varga.
Now days Kharjura fruit is being used as cooling, oleaginous, cardiotonic,
fattening, cardiac disorder etc.
aÉhÉ – uÉaÉï-
Table.15. Showing Gana and varga of Kharjura.
aÉhÉ – uÉaÉï cÉ.xÉÇ xÉÑ.xÉÇ A.WØû kÉ.ÌlÉ qÉ.ÌlÉ Mæü.ÌlÉ qÉÉ.Sìè. pÉÉ.ÌlÉ UÉ.ÌlÉ ÌlÉ.AÉ ÌmÉë.ÌlÉ
TüsÉ uÉaÉï + + + + +
zÉÉMü uÉaÉï +
AÉæwÉÍkÉ uÉaÉï +
AÉqÉÉÌS uÉaÉï + +
´Éå¹ uÉaÉï +
ÌuÉUåcÉlÉÉåmÉaÉç aÉhÉ +
´ÉqÉWûU +
MüwÉÉrÉSìuÉaÉï +
MüwÉÉrÉxMükÉ +
qÉkÉÑUxMülkÉ +
iÉÉsÉÉÌS uÉaÉï. +
DRUG REVIEW - KHAJURA
40
mÉrÉÉïrÉ lÉÉqÉ
ÌlÉÂÌ£ü
1. ZÉeÉÑïUÏ: ZÉeÉÑï:urÉjÉÉ “ZÉeÉï urÉjÉlÉå” ZÉeÉÑïUÉiÉÏ SSÉÌiÉiÉÏ :| xMÇülSxrxÉç mÉÂwÉiuÉÉiÉ.: || (pÉÉ ÌlÉ)
It cures all types of Vata disorders, it cures Kshaya.
2. ZÉUxMükÉÉ: ZÉU: mÉÑÂwÉÉ: xMülkÉÉåxrÉÉ : || (A ÌlÉ)
Stem is rough in nature.
3. SÒUÉUÉåWûÉ: xMÇülkÉxrÉ ZÉUiuÉÉiÉç ¢ÑücNåûhÉɽirÉå : || (pÉÉ ÌlÉ)
Difficulty to climb the tree because of its rough surfcae.
4. SìÓQûMüliÉMüÉ : mɧÉÉhÉÉÇ MühOûÌMüiuÉÉiÉ : || (Mæü ÌlÉ)
The leaves are spiny.
5. ÌlÉ:´ÉåhÉÏ : xÉqÉÑWûÉͳÉwMüÉliÉÉ EcÉiuÉÉiÉ : || (kÉ ÌlÉ)
It is tall tree.
6. ÌmÉhQûÏ : ÌmÉhQûÉMüÉUTüsÉiuÉÉiÉ | mÉÏhQûÉMüÉUÏAÉxrÉÉxrÉÉiÉÏ: || (ÌlÉ AÉ)
Fruit are roundish in shape.
7. xMÇülkÉTüsÉÉ: xMülkÉåMühQåûTüsÉÉÍhÉ xÉlirÉÉxjÉÉ : || (pÉÉ ÌlÉ)
Fruits appearing on the trunk
1. xuÉÉSÒTüsÉÉ : xuÉÉSÒÌlÉ TüsÉÉlrÉxrÉÉ : || (Mæü ÌlÉ)
The fruits are sweet.
2. xuÉSÒqÉxiÉMüÉ : xuÉÉSÒqÉxiÉMåü zÉÏwÉïpÉÉaÉÉåxrÉÉ : || (pÉÉ ÌlÉ)
The top portion is sweet.
Table.16 Showing important Paryaya nama of the Kharjura
mÉrÉÉïrÉ lÉÉqÉ cÉ.xÉÇ xÉÑ.xÉÇ A.WØû kÉ.ÌlÉ qÉÉ.Sì qÉ.ÌlÉ Mæü.ÌlÉ pÉÉ.ÌlÉ UÉ.ÌlÉ ÌlÉ.AÉ ÌmÉë.ÌlÉ
ZÉUxMülkÉÉ +
SÒUÉUÉåWûÉ +
ÌlÉ:´ÉåhÉÏ +
xuÉÉSÒqÉxiÉMüÉ + +
´ÉåhÉÏ + +
ZÉeÉÑïËUMüÉ +
ZÉeÉÑïËUMüÉ uÉëÑ¤É + + +
´ÉÏTüsÉÉ +
DRUG REVIEW - KHAJURA
41
ZÉeÉÑïU + + + + + + + + + + +
²ÏumÉxÉÇpÉuÉÉ +
ÌmÉhQûZÉeÉÑïËUMüÉ + +
ZÉeÉëÑï + + + + +
xÉÑMühOûMüÉ +
xMülkÉTüsÉÉ + + +
xuÉÉ̲ +
qÉëÑSÒcÉSÉ + + +
pÉÑÍqÉZÉeÉÑïËUMüÉ + + +
MüÉMüMïüMüOûÏ +
SìÓQûMÇüOûMüÉ +
ÍxÉÇWûÏ +
xuÉÉSÒTüsÉÉ + +
xÉÑTüsÉÉ +
ZÉeÉÑïËU + + + + + + +
rÉuÉlÉå¹É +
WûUÏÌmÉrÉÉ +
xuÉÉÌS¹ + + +
AaÉëeÉ +
aÉÑhÉ
Table.17 Showing Gunas of Kharjura
aÉÑhÉ cÉ.xÉÇ xÉÑ.xÉÇ A.WØû kÉ.ÌlÉ qÉ.ÌlÉ qÉÉ.Sì Mæü.ÌlÉ pÉÉ.ÌlÉ UÉ.ÌlÉ ÌlÉ.AÉ ÌmÉë.ÌlÉ
qÉkÉÑU + + + + + + + + + UxÉ
MüwÉÉrÉ + + +
ÎxlÉakÉ + + + + +
aÉÑÂ + + + + + aÉÑhÉ
zÉÏiÉ + + +
uÉÏrÉï zÉÏiÉ + + + + +
ÌuÉmÉÉMü qÉkÉÑU + + + + + + + +
uÉÉiÉWûU + + + +
MüTüMüÉUMü + + + + + + + + + + SÉåwÉblÉiÉÉ
ÌMüÎgcÉiÉ
ÌmɨÉMüÉUMü
+
+ +
+
DRUG REVIEW - KHAJURA
42
MüqÉï
Table.18 Showing important Karmas of Kharjura.
MüqÉï cÉ.xÉÇ xÉÑ.xÉÇ A.WØû kÉ.ÌlÉ qÉ.ÌlÉ. qÉÉ.Sì Mæü.ÌlÉ pÉÉ.ÌlÉ UÉ.ÌlÉ ÌlÉ.AÉ ÌmÉë.ÌlÉ
oÉsrÉ + + + + + + + + +
AÎalÉuÉkÉïMü + + + + +
sÉÇbÉlÉ + +
mÉÉcÉlÉ + + + +
¾Òû± + + + +
zÉÑ¢üsÉ + + + +
SÏmÉlÉ +
zÉÏiÉsÉ + +
qÉѧÉeÉlÉlÉ + + + + +
oÉ×ÇWûhÉ + + +
iÉmÉïhÉ +
ZÉeÉÑïU pÉåS:
Kharjura is one of the commonly used fruits and is one among the “Madhura-
Triphala” Bhavamishra describes three varieties viz Bhumi kharjurika, Pinda
kharjurika, & Chouhara. Raja nighantu mentioned five verities viz,. Kharjura, Pinda
Kharjura, Raja kharjura, Madhu kharjura and Bhu kharjura.
1. qÉkÉÑ ZÉeÉÑïU
2. ÌmÉhQû ZÉeÉÑïU
3. pÉÔZÉeÉÑïËU
4. UÉeÉ ZÉeÉÑïU
5. aÉëÉqrÉ ZÉeÉÑïU
6. NûÉåWûÉUÉ
mÉërÉÉåerÉ A…¡û LuÉÇ qÉɧÉÉ
mÉërÉÉåerÉ A…¡û:
1. TüsÉ
DRUG REVIEW - KHAJURA
43
qÉɧÉÉ:
1. MüsMü- 10-20 gm
2. TüsÉ – 5 in no.
3. xuÉUxÉ- 20- 40 ml
mÉërÉÉåaÉ
The various disorders in which the Kharjura is used mainly are Vatavyadhi,
Kshya, Trushana, etc. and also in various disease conditions as shown in the following
table.
Table.19 Showing important Prayoga of Kharjura in different Vyadhi
mÉërÉÉåaÉ cÉ.xÉÇ xÉÑ.xÉÇ A.WØû kÉ.ÌlÉ qÉ.ÌlÉ qÉÉ.Sì Mæü.ÌlÉ pÉÉ.ÌlÉ UÉ.ÌlÉ ÌlÉ.AÉ ÌmÉë.ÌlÉ
uÉÉiÉurÉÉÍkÉ + + + + + + +
qÉSÉirÉrÉ +
U£üÌmÉ¨É +
MüÉxÉ + + + + +
qÉѧɢÑüNûû + +
pÉaÉÇSU + + + +
zÉÉåÍhÉiÉqÉåWû + + + + + + +
AÂcÉÏ + + + + +
ÌWûMüMüÉ + + +
µÉÉxÉ + + +
¤ÉrÉ + + + + + +
¤ÉiɤÉrÉ + + + + +
MüÉxÉ + + + +
SÉWû + +
´ÉqÉ + +
pÉëÉÎliÉ + +
zÉÔsÉ + + + + +
ÎeÉhÉïeuÉU + +
qÉÔcNûÉï + + + + + +
AÂÍcÉ + + +
MÑü¹ + + +
zÉÉåjÉ + +
AÎalÉqÉÉl± + +
DRUG REVIEW - KHAJURA
44
AÉqÉÌrÉMü mÉërÉÉåaÉ
1. Talapralamba (tender top portion of tala stem) alleviates wound and pain in
chest. Kharjura and fruit of Tala is useful in Raktapitta, and Kshaya.
2. In the tepid decoction of Danti 40 gm, Kashamarya (fruit), or Draksha 160gm,
is dipped and then pressed. The juice so extracted should be taken in anaemia.
3. The decoction of Bala, Mudgaparni, Mashparni, Jivanti, Jevaka, Raddi,
Rasabala, Kakoli, Gokshura, Madhka, Shatavari, Vidari, Draksha, Khajura
should be added to the same quantity, it will be Vajikara properties.
4. Mild boiled with Shunthi, Mrudvika, and Kharjura, added with ghee, honey,
and sugar alleviates Trushana & Jwara.
5. Shalamali, Narikela, Kharjura, Mrdvika, Priyala, Priyangu, Dhanvana,
Atmagupta, etc drugs made decoction this alleviates the Jwara quickly. Also
made an oil preparation for this drugs will called Chandandya taila.
6. Water boiled with Kharjura, Mrudvika, and Parushaka, and cooled with along
with sugar used in Raktapitta Chikitsa.
7. The patient suffering from Raktapitta should take powder of the flowers of
Khadira , Priyangu, Kovidara and Shalamali, mixed with honey.
8. Powder of Sringataka, Parchadpaddy, Musta, Kharjura, & Lotus stem should
be taken with honey it cures the Raktapitta.
9. Draksha, Madhuka, Kharjura, Vidari, Shatavari, Parushaka, Triphala, each
40gm, should be boiled in water 2.56lt remains one fourth , this should be
added with ghee, sugarcane juice, milk along with one fourth paste at the end
sugar and sugar & honey in one fourth quantity should be added to it. The use
of this Ghruth destroys Pittagulma and other Paittika disorders.
10. Ghee mixed with Dates, Mrudvika, Sugar, honey, and long piper alleviates
impairment Kasa, Swasa. & Jwara.
Table.20 Showing Vishishta Yoga of Kharjura
PREPARATION INDICATION REFERENCE
ZÉeÉÔïUÉÌS qÉljÉÇ qÉSÉirÉrÉ, uÉÉiÉÌmɨÉeÉ urÉÉkÉÏ. cÉ.ÍcÉ. (14/209)
MÑüÎqpÉMüɱ iÉæsÉ. lÉÉÌQûuÉëhÉ. pÉæ.U¦ÉÉuÉÍsÉ (50/24)
ZÉeÉÔïUÉÌS YuÉÉjÉ SÉWû, ´ÉqÉ. cÉ.ÍcÉ (5 /15)
ZÉeÉÔïUÉÌS MüwÉÉrÉ AzqÉËU, qÉÔ§ÉUÉåaÉ, M×üÍqÉ, pÉæ.U¦ÉÉuÉÍsÉ (11/6)
ZÉeÉÔïUÉÌS sÉåWû ÌWûMüMüÉ, µÉÉxÉ, MüÉxÉ, pÉæ.U¦ÉÉuÉÍsÉ (15/11)
DRUG REVIEW - KHAJURA
45
REFERENCES:
cÉUMü xÉÇÌWûiÉÉ:
1. qÉkÉÑU oÉëÑWûhÉ uÉëÑwrÉç ZÉeÉÑïU aÉÑ zÉÏiÉsÉÇqÉç : |
¤ÉrÉåAÍpÉbÉÉiÉå SÉWåû cÉç iɲÏiÉqÉ : || cÉ xÉÑ (27/127)
2. ZÉeÉÑïU iÉÉsÉzÉxrÉ cÉç U£æüÌmɨɤÉrÉÉmÉWûqÉÇ : |
iÉÂiÉoÉÏsuÉzÉÉsÉÑ MüMüÉãcNûÉSlÉ MüzÉåÂMüqÉ : || cÉ xÉÑ (27/116)
3 SìɤÉÉZÉeÉÑïUMüÉåsÉÉÇlÉÉ aÉÑ ÌuɹèÇqpÉÏ mÉÉlÉMüqÉçÇ : |
mÉÂwÉMüÉlÉÉÇ ¤ÉÉåSìèxrÉ ŠYxrÉåwÉÑ ÌuÉ¢ÑüiÉÏ mÉëÌiÉ : || cÉ xÉÑ (27/279)
4. AÉiqÉaÉÑmiÉÉ qÉSÒMüÉÌlÉ ZÉeÉÑïUÉÌlÉ zÉiÉÉuÉUÏ : |
ÌuÉSÉrÉÉïqÉsÉMåüwÉÑhÉÉ UxÉxrÉ cÉ mÉëÑjÉMü mÉëÑjÉMü : || cÉ ÍcÉ (2/28)
5. xÉlÉÉaÉUÇ xÉqÉëÑSÌuÉMüÉ xÉbÉëiɤÉÉåSìzÉMïüUÉqÉ : |
¤ÉëÑiÉmÉrÉÇ xÉZÉeÉÑïUÇ ÌmÉmÉÉxÉÉcÉç euÉUlÉÉzÉlÉqÉ : || cÉ ÍcÉ (3/237)
6. eÉsÉÇ ZÉeÉÑïU qÉëÑSÌuÉMüÉ qÉSÒMãü xÉmÉÂwÉMãü : |
mÉërÉÉåxiÉYrÉÇ iÉmÉÉïhÉÉjÉï xÉzÉMïüUqÉ : || cÉ ÍcÉ (4/33)
7. SìɤÉÉqÉkÉÑMüZÉeÉÑïUÉ ÌuÉSÉUÏ xÉ zÉiÉÉuÉËUqÉç : |
mÉÂwÉMüÉhÉÏ Ì§ÉTüsÉÉ xÉkÉrÉåiuÉmÉsÉ xÉÇÍqɨÉqÉ : |
...............ÌmɨÉÌuÉMüÉUÉiÉÉ (CÌiÉ SìɤÉÉÌS bÉëÑiÉ) cÉ ÍcÉ (5/128)
8. bÉëÑiÉZÉeÉÑïU qÉëÑ̲MüÉ zÉMïüUÉ ¤ÉÉåSì xÉÇrÉÑ£üqÉ : |
xÉ ÌmÉmÉÍsÉMüÉÇ uÉæxuÉrÉï MüÉxÉ µÉÉxÉ euÉUÉmÉWûqÉÇ : || cÉ ÍcÉ (8/96)
xÉÑ´ÉÑiÉ xÉÇÌWûiÉÉ
1. euÉUå qÉÑZÉuÉæUxrÉ SìɤÉÉZÉeÉÑïUÉrÉÉåxjÉiÉÉ : |
uÉæUxrÉ kÉÉUrÉåiÉ MüsMü aÉhQÒûwɶÉç iÉjÉÉ ÌWûiÉÇ : || xÉÑ E (19/185)
2. ZÉeÉÑïUqÉkrÉÇ qÉÉaÉkrÉÇ qÉkÉÑ̲ÌiÉrÉÉ : |
MüiÉïurÉÉ:iÉåÌWûMüMüÉxÉÑ ÌuÉSèlrÉÉlÉiÉÉ : || xÉÑ E (50/28)
3. ¤ÉiɤÉrÉÉmÉWûqÉ ¾Òû± zÉÏiÉsÉiÉmÉïhÉ aÉÑ : |
UxÉåmÉÉMåü cÉ qÉkÉÑU ZÉeÉÑïU U£üÌmɨÉÎeÉiÉ : || xÉÑ xÉÑ (46/186)
DRUG REVIEW - KHAJURA
46
4. ZÉeÉÑïËUMüÉ TüsÉÇ zÉÏiÉ qÉkÉÑU UxÉmÉÉMürÉÉå : |
oÉsrÉWûÎliÉ qÉÉÂÎimɨÉqÉSqÉÑNûÉïqÉSÉirÉÉqÉÇ : || xÉÑ xÉÑ (35/73)
5. ZÉeÉÑïU iÉÑuÉUÇ zÉÏiÉ qÉkÉÑU UxÉmÉÉMürÉÉå : |
ÎxlÉakÉ ÂÍcÉMüUÇ ¾è± ¤ÉiɤÉrÉWûU aÉÑ : || xÉÑ xÉÑ (36/34)
A¹ÉÇaÉ ¾èSrÉ :
........... ZÉeÉÑïU.......... mÉÂwÉMÇüqÉç : |
....................................................|| (119)
.......................... cÉç oÉëÑWûhÉÇ aÉÑ zÉÏiÉsÉqÉÇ || (120)
SÉWû ¤ÉiɤÉrÉWûUÇ U£üÌmɨÉç mÉëxÉÉSlÉqÉÇ |
xuÉÉSÒmÉÉMüUxÉÇ ÎxlÉakÉ ÌuɹèÇÎqpÉMüTüzÉÑ¢ü¢ÑüiÉ : || A WÒû xÉÑ (6/119-121)
kÉluÉliÉUÏ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû: (AÉqÉëÌSuÉaÉïç)
1. ZÉeÉÑïËUiÉÑZÉUxMülSÉ MüwÉÉrÉÉ qÉSÒUÉAaÉëeÉÉ : |
SÒ:mÉëkÉwÉÉï SÒUÉUÉåWûÉ ÌlÉ:¤ÉëåhÉÏ xuÉÉSÒqÉxiÉMüÉ : || (46)
¤ÉiɤÉrÉÉmÉWûqÉÇ ¾û±Ç zÉÏiÉsÉ iÉmÉÉïhÉÇ aÉÑ : |
UxÉå mÉÉMåü cÉç qÉkÉÑUÇ ZÉeÉÑïU U£üÌmɨÉÎeÉiÉ : || (47)
2. SÏmrÉÉ cÉç ÌmÉhQûZÉeÉÑïUÏ xiÉsÉÌmÉhQûÉ qÉkÉÑx§ÉÉuÉÉ : |
TüsÉmÉÑwmÉÉ xuÉSÒÌmÉhQûÉ WûrÉpɤÉÉ UxÉÉÍpÉkÉÉ : || (48)
qÉSlÉmÉÉsÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû: (TüsÉÉÌSuÉaÉï)
ZÉeÉÑïËUMüÉ TüsÉ ÍzÉiÉÇ xuÉSÒ ÎxlÉakÉ ¤ÉiÉÉÎx§ÉÎeÉiÉç : |
oÉsrÉ WûÎliÉ qÉÂÎimɨqÉSqÉÑNûÉïqÉSÉirÉÉlÉç || (6)
MæürÉSåuÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû: (AÉæwÉÍkÉ uÉaÉï)
ZÉeÉÑïËU iÉÑuÉUÇ ÍzÉiÉÇ qÉkÉÑUÇ UxÉmÉÉMürÉÉå : |
ÎxlÉakÉ ÂÍcÉMüU ¾Òû± ¤ÉiɤÉrÉWûUÇ aÉÑ : |
DRUG REVIEW - KHAJURA
47
iÉmÉïhÉç U£ÇüÌmɨÉblÉ mÉÑ̹ÌuÉwOèqpÉzÉÑ¢üSqÉç : |
MüÉå¹qÉÉÂiɾÒû± oÉsrÉ SÉWûuÉÉiÉMüTüÉmÉWûqÉ : |
euÉUÉÌoÉbÉÉiɤÉÑiÉ×wlÉÉMüÉxɵÉÉxÉÉͳÉrÉcNûÌiÉ : || (294-296)
pÉÉuÉmÉëMüÉzÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû: (AÉqÉëÉÌSTüsÉuÉaÉï)
ZÉeÉÑïËU ̧ɧÉrÉÇ zÉÏiÉÇ qÉkÉÑUÇ UxÉmÉÉMürÉÉå : |
ÎxlÉakÉÇ ÂÍcÉMüUÇ ¾Òû± ¤ÉiɤÉrÉWûUÇ aÉÑ : |
iÉmÉïhÉ U£üÌmɨÉblÉ mÉÑ̹ÌuÉwOèqpÉzÉÑ¢üSqÉç : |
MüÉå¹qÉÉÂiɾÒû± oÉsrÉ SÉWûuÉÉiÉMüTüÉmÉWûqÉ : |
euÉUÉÌiÉxÉÉU¤ÉëÑi§ÉÑwhÉÉMüÉxɵÉÉxÉÌlÉuÉÉUMüqÉçÇ : |
qÉSqÉÑNûÉïqÉÂÎimɨÉqɱÉåSpÉÔiÉaÉSÉliÉ¢ÔüiÉç : || (117-120)
UÉeÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû: (AÉqÉëÉÌS uÉaÉï)
ZÉeÉÑïËU iÉÑ MüwÉÉrÉÉ cÉç mÉYuÉÉ aÉÉãsrÉÉ MüwÉÉrÉMüÉ : |
ÌmɨÉÎblÉ MüTüSÉ cÉãuÉ ¢ÑüÍqÉ¢ÑüiÉ uÉëѤrÉÉcÉç oÉëÑWûÌlÉ : | (56)
qÉÉSuÉ SìurÉ aÉÑhÉ
ZÉeÉÑïËU aÉÉåxiÉlÉÉpÉÉ rÉÉ ÌmÉëÌMüÌiÉïiÉkÉÉaÉiÉÉ : |
eÉÉrÉiÉå mÉÎcµÉqÉå SåzÉå NûÉåWûÉUÉ rÉÉ mÉU̲mÉÉ :|| (41)
ÌmÉërÉÌlÉbÉhOÒû
ZÉeÉÑïU aÉÉåxiÉlÉÌlÉpÉTüsÉÇ xuÉhÉïuÉhÉï ÌuÉmÉÉMåü : |
qÉkrÉÉrÉÉqÉÇ pÉuÉÌiÉÌlÉZÉÏsÉå pÉÉUiÉå zÉÑwMüSåzÉå : || (75)
DRUG REVIEW - KHAJURA
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MODERN DRUG REVIEW
CLASSIFICATION
According to Benthem and Hooker’s system of classification-
Kingdom Plantae
Super division Spermatophyta.
Division Angiospermia.
Class Monocotyledons.
Order Calycineae.
Family Palmeae.
Genus Phoenix.
Species Sylvestris.
VERNACULAR NAMES
The drug is universally know and accepted by its scientific name. But
still the knowledge of the names in both local and the regional languages is very
important to procure the drug from the regions of its availability.
English: - Dates / Dry dates
Hindi: - Chahura, Chohara.
Kannada: - Karrinchula, Khajura.
Marathi: - Khajura, Kharaka, Kharika(dried)
Gujarati: - Kharek, Kharika.
Punjabi: - Khajura.
Bengali: - Sohara.
Malayalam: - Intappazham, Inthappana.
Tamil: - Pericham, Karchuram, Perichechanti.
Telugu: - Kharjursm.
Urdu: - Khurma.
Assam -Tamar.
Arabic: - Basal.
French: -Ionone
German: -Siebel
Italian: -Cupolas
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49
MORPHOLOGY
Family: Palme
There are about 200 genera. species 1500 in this family
Distribution: Tolerably common throught India, wild or more cultivated in Africa,
Egypt, Syria, and other countries, commercially planted in Sindha and
Punjab.
Habits: Shrubs or tree solitary or gregarious naked or prickly.
Stem: Erect, scandent or decumbent, rarely branched above.
Leaves: Alternate, usually crowded at the apex of the stem, plicate in bud,
pinnaticect, or palmate, rarely entire or 2 pinatisect.
Petiole: Sheathing.
Flowers: Small, hermaphrodite, or 1 sexual, usually 3 bracteolate in branched
spikes or panicles enclosed in one or more large sheathing, spathes.
Perianth: Inferior, 2 – seriate, segments in each series 3, usually all free, imbricate
or valvate.
Stamens: Usually 6 inserted in 2 series opposite perianth segments, sometimes 3
opposite the outer series of segments occasionally many at the base of
the perianth.
Anthers: Versitile, 2 celled dehiscence latral or etrose.
Ovary: 1-3 celled or of 3 one celled carpels , ovules in each carpel 1-2,
anatropous, adnate to the wall, base or top of the cell; stigma 3 usually
sesally
Fruits: 1-3 celled druped or hard berry or of 1-3 carpels; pericarp smooth or
rough ; or clothed with downward imbricating, shining scales.
Seeds: Erect or laterally attached, rarely pendulous; raphe usually branching
all over the testa.
Albumen: Horny or bony uniform or ruminate.
Embryo: Small in cavity near the surface of the albumen
DRUG REVIEW - KHAJURA
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Genus: Phoenix Linn;
Habit: Tall tree or low shrubs, the entire stem of the upper portion only
closely covered by the more or less rhomboid bases of the petioles.
Stems: Occasionally branched the first leaf of seedling & sometimes the first
leaf of root suckers is lanciolate, entire.
Leaves: pinnate, Leaflets entire, liner, folded longitudinally and attached
obliquely.
Petiole: folded, common woody base. Lowest pinnae usually transformed in to
spines, no midrib but a slender nerve on either side of the fold; nerve
longitudinal, parallal, stout, & slender.
Leaflets: in the lower portion of the petiole stand in fascicles. Upper leaflet are
usually alternate or apposite.
Flowers : Dioecies, small, yellowish, coriaceoes, sessile on the bends of long,
glabrous, undulating spikelets, usually supported by 1 or 2 minute,
subulate or triangular bracts, the female flowers are often
approximately in pairs,. The spikelets are inserted in horizontal or
oblique lines on both side of a flat, woody peduncle. Male flowers;
sepals 3, connected in a capsular 3 – toothed calyx. Petals 3, obliquely
ovate, stamens 6; filament short, subulate; anthers erect, dorsifixed,
pistilode minute or absents. Female flowers; sepals 3, connate in a
globose, accrescent calyax.
Fruit : A single oblong, 1 seeded berry with a terminal sigma, a fleshy
pericarp and membranous endocarp seed oblong, ventrally grooved,
albumen uniform or subruminate, embryo small.
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51
Species: Sylvestris. Roxb.Hort Beng.
Habit: A very graceful palm when not injured by extracting toddy, 9-15m
high. Trunk through from persistent base of the leaf stalk. Crown
hemispherical, very larg and thick.
Leaves: 3- 4.5m long, grayish green quit glabrous, pinnate; petioles compressed
only towards the apex, at the base bearing a few channeled triangular
short spine reaching 10cms
Flowers: 6-8mm long very numerous angular oblique calyx – cup shaped with
short 3 rounded teeth. Petals 3 or 4 times longer, than the sepals.
Concave warty on the out side, on the inside deeply ridged &
furrowed. Filament scarcely any, or very shortly than the petals. They
manly two types male & female.
Male flower: White, scanted, spadix 60-90cm long, erect peduncle highly
compressed spathes at about the same length, very coriaceous, almost
woody, scurfy separating in to two boat shaped valves.
Female flower: Spadix and spathe much the same as in the male. Spikes arranged in
the distinct groups, 30 -40cms long. Lower 10 -15cms not bearing any
flower. Flowers distant roundish.
Fruit : Scattered on long, pendulous, similarly coloured spikes 2.5 -3.2cm
long, oblong ellipsoide, orange, yellow with a terminal stigma,
surrounded at the base by perianth, pericarp fleshy, yellow moderate,
very astringent, lined by irregular cellular white tissue , part of which
adheres to the thin envelope that separate with the seed.
Seed : 17mm long rounded at the ends, deeply grooved along its whole length
on one side, with a slight incomplete furrow on the outer side in the
center of which is a depression with mammillate fundus indicating the
position of the embryo. Albumen on a transverse section horse shoe
shaped
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PHARMACOGNOSY
Table.21 Characters of Phonex sylvestris Linn fruit.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
Fleshy fruit contain Protein- 1.2%. Fat- 0.4%, Carbohydrates 33.8%, Fibers –
3.7%, Minaral matter – 1.7%, Calcium- 0.022%.
Dry fruit contains sugars, edible matter- 86%, Protein- 2.5%, Fat- 0.4%,
Carbohydrate- 75.8%, Fibre- 3.9, Minaral matter- 2.1, Iron- 7.3mg, Carotine- 44,
Thiamine- 0.011, Riboflavin- 0.023, Calcium- 0.12, Ascorbic acid- 2mg.
Characters Phonex sylvestris Linn. Fruit
Macroscopic
Shape Oblong berry.
Size 2.5 – 7.5cm long
Colour Reddish brown,
Character Wrinkled, hard and sweet in taste.
Microscopic
Pericarp Wide, single layered epidermis,
Epidermis Covered with striated cuticle, below epidermis 3 to 5 thin
wall cells followed by a layer of stone cells.
Idioblasts and oil Below the stone cells with narrow lumen 28 -30 m in
diameter, scattered.
Powder Reddish brown shows group of thin walled, parenchyma,
stone cell, oil globules & tannin ferrous idioblasts.
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53
CULTIVATION
Date palm is very exacting in its climatic requirements. It requires a long
summer with high day as well as night temperature, mild winter without frosts, a low
relative humidity and very little rain, not much exceeding 12.5cm during the
flowering and fruiting. If once established, it can with sand summer temperature as
high as 50~C. the mean temperature between the period of flowering and ripening of
fruit should be between 25~C & 30~C. depending upon variety.
Date palm can thrive on sandy, loams and & clay soils, but well drained – sandy loam
of good depth & water holding capacity considered best. Through it requires plenty
water in soil, comparatively it needs less water than other fruit crop. Is an important
tree in desert, where it occurs in the oasis. Date palm can do well in soils containing
more alkali or salts than many other plants will tolerate; best growth & fruit quality,
however can not be obtained under conditions or high soil salinity.
Date palm can be propagated by seeds or by off shoots. When grown from
seeds, only about half of the trees turn out to be females and they bear fruit of variable
quality. Moreover, it takes 4-10 years to determine the sexes of the trees and out to
have outstanding qualities, it may be propagated by its off shouts, some new varieties
or clones have originated in this way.
For commercial purposes, however date palm is always propagated by
offshoots from desired selected varieties such trees bear fruit of the same quality as
the mother tree. The offshoot arises from auxiliary buds near the base of the trunk,
chiefly during early life of the palm. Normally 4-5 yrs after planting, at least two
offshoots can be removed from each tree annually for 10 -15 yrs, offshoots are
detached carefully by cutting as close to trunk as possible, rooted offshoots are
generally preferred in order to reduce mortality. Offshoots are pruned immediately or
4-5 days prior to their removal; only the young leaves and the bases of the old ones
are retained. They are removed and planted either in Feb-April in August- September.
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54
Photos;
Photo No 5, Phonex sylvestris tree (pam tree)
Photo No 6. Fuits of Phonex sylvestris (Kharjura)
DISEASE REVIEW
55 - 55 - - 55 -
ANAEMIA
‘Anemia’ ward was introduced in 17th
AD. In 1829, it was defined clearly with
specific definition.
Definition:
Anaemia is derived from Greek word (a, not; haima, blood) which
means without blood, but this is a misnomer because without blood, life is not
possible, here anaemia actually means reduction in the concentration of hemoglobin
in blood.
Anaemia is defined as hemoglobin concentration in blood below the
lower limit of normal range for the age and sex of the individual. In adult, the lower
extreme of the normal hemoglobin is taken as13.0 gm/dl for males and 11.5 gm/dl for
females. Newborn infants have higher hemoglobin level and there fore 15gm/dl is
taken as the lower limit at birth.
Anaemia resulting from the deficiency of iron is known as iron deficiency
Anaemia.
Etiology of Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA)
IDA has been classified based on etiology
Classification:
Increased blood loss:
1. Uterine – e.g. excessive menstruation in reproductive age, repeated
Miscarriages, at onset of menarche, post menopausal uterine bleeding.
2. Gastrointestinal – e.g. peptic ulcer, hemorrhoids, hookworm infestation,
Cancer of stomach and large intestine, chronic aspirin ingestion
3. Renal tract- e.g. haematuria, hemoglobinuria. T.B, Kidney, Uretric calculus etc.
4. Nose – e.g. repeated epistaxis.
5. Lungs – e.g. haemoptysis due to Bronchieactasis, C.A. Lungs, etc.
Inadequacy due to increased requirements:
1. Spurts of growth in infancy, childhood and adolescence,
2. Prematurity
3. Pregnancy and lactation.
Inadequate dietary intake:
1. Poor health education.
2. Anorexia e.g. pregnancy.
3. Elderly individuals due to poor dentition, apathy and financial constraints.
DISEASE REVIEW
56 - 56 - - 56 -
Decreased absorption:
1. Partial or total gastrectomy
2. Achlorhydria
3. Intestinal malabsorption diseases.
Clinical Features:
Table 22 Showing clinical features of Anaemia-
General Cardiovascular Respiratory G.I.system Neurological Reproductive
Weakness Palpitation, Breathlessness.
Anorexia Dizziness Amenorrhea
fatigue anginal pain Dyspnoea acidity, tingling menorrhagia
lassitude Sinus
tachycardia
Weez. heart burn numbness abortion
Oedema collapsing
pulse
Cripitus. palpable
spleen
insomnia etc
pallor dancing carotids etc Palpable
liver.
Dimness of
vision
dry skin haemic murmur etc forgetfulness
White
sclera
congestive
cardiac failure
lack of
concentration
Symptoms:
In symptomatic cases of anaemia the presenting complaints are
tiredness, easy fatigue, generalized muscular weakness, lethargy and headache. In
older patients there may be symptoms of cardiac failure, angina pectoris, intermittent
claudication, confusion and visual disturbances.
Pallor – It is the most common and characteristic sign which may be seen in the
mucus membrane, conjunctiva and skin.
Dyspnoea on exertion is common symptom, which occur with exertion or with
emotion.
Tiredness- Due to deficient oxygen carrying capacity, cell are deprived from vital
oxygen producing hypoxia of the brain and other cells.
Giddiness- Deficient oxygen to the brain cells produces giddiness
Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency Anaemia
By definition, a patient has anaemia whenever hemoglobin level in the number
of circulatory R.B.Cs is significantly reduced. From laboratory stand point, the
DISEASE REVIEW
57 - 57 - - 57 -
diagnosis of presence and severity of anaemia is easy. From a clinical perspective,
diagnosis of anaemia is more complex.
Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency anaemia ultimately rests on laboratory studies.
Laboratory findings of Iron deficiency Anaemia are shown in Table
Table no 23 Showing Normal values of HB%
WHO's Hemoglobin thresholds used to define anemia
(1 g/dL = 0.6206 mmol/L)
Age or gender Hb threshold
(g/dl)
Hb threshold
(mmol/l)
Children (0.5–5yrs) 11.0 6.8
Children (5–12 yrs) 11.5 7.1
Children (12–15 yr) 12.0 7.4
Women, pregnant 11.0 6.8
Men (>15yrs) 13.0 8.1
Table no 24 – Showing Grading of Anemia
Hb levels Grades
Between 10g/dl & cut off point for age Mild
Hb between 7g/dl to 10g/dl Moderate
Hb under 7g/dl Severe
Hb under 5g/dl Very severe
Table no 25 - Showing Clinical grading of Anemia.
Clinical observations Grades
Pallor restricting itself to only
conjunctiva and / or mucus membrane
Mild
Obvious skin pallor Moderate
Palmar creases too are affected Severe
DISEASE REVIEW
58 - 58 - - 58 -
Clinical diagnosis of IDA remains clear. But to understand the exact causes
hematological investigations are necessary to confirm the diagnosis. Investigations
include,
Hb% , RBC count and Hematocrit are decreased
Mean cell indices – MCV MCH and MCHC are also decreased
Peripheral smear examination shows microcytic hypochromic blood
picture.
Mild leukocytosis, thrombocytosis and reticulocytosis
Serum iron is reduced
Serum ferritin is also decreased
Total iron binding capacity is increased
Transferrin saturation is reduced
Bone marrow will be hypercellular with reduced iron stores
Investigations of the Anemic Subjects
Hemoglobin Estimation:
Hemoglobin is estimated in terms of its concentration i.e. amount of
Hemoglobin in grams per 100ml of whole blood.
I. Peripheral Blood Film Examination:
Peripheral blood film examination, for morphologic features after staining it
with the Romanowsky Dyes by Leishmann’s stain.
Following abnormalities in erythroid series are particularly looked for:
i. Variation in size (Anisocytosis): Anisocytosis. It may be due to
1) Macrocytes - are found in Megaloblastic Anaemia, Aplastic Anaemia etc.
2) Microcytes - are seen in Iron deficiency Anaemia, Thalassaemia etc.
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ii. Variation in shape (Poikilocytosis): for eg. Megaloblastic anemia, Iron deficiency
anaemia etc.
iii. Inadequate hemoglobin formation (Hypochromasia): Normally, the intensity of
pink staining of hemoglobin in a Romanowsky stained blood smear gradually
decreases from the periphery to the centre of the cell. Increased centre pallor is
Hypochromasia. It may be due to
a) Lowered hemoglobin content eg. Iron deficiency Anaemia.
b) Thinness of the red cells eg. Thalassaemia.
iv. Compensatory Erythropoiesis: A number of changes are associated with
compensatory increase in erythropoietic activity. These are
a) Polychromasia: Red cells having more than one type of colour. Reticulocytosis.
b) Normoblastaemia: Presence of nucleated red cells. eg haemolytic newborn disease.
v. Miscellaneous changes: Other abnormal red cells may also be seen.
Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anaemia:
It consists of 2 principles:
1) Correction of the disorder causing Anaemia
2) Correction of Iron deficiency
Correction of the disorder:
After a thorough check-up and investigations, evaluation is done and
accordingly surgical or medical measures are taken.
Correction of Iron deficiency:
a) Oral therapy:
Iron deficiency responds very effectively to Oral Iron salts like ferrous
sulphate in the dosage of 60mg, thrice daily.
b) Parenteral therapy:
This is indicated in intolerance to oral Iron therapy, GIT disorders like oral
mal-absorption or when rapid replacement of Iron store is desired like in women
before the expected date of delivery.
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DISEASE REVIEW
Vyutpatti and Paribhasha:
The word ‘Pandu’ is formed from the root dhatu “padi gatou” means
“Gati” i.e. parinama.
The disease Pandu is named after the Varna, mixture of peeta and shweta varna.
mÉÉhQÒûiuÉãlÉÉãmÉsÉͤÉiÉÉã UÉãaÉÉÈ mÉÉhQÒû UÉãaÉ: |
Pandu varna is the combination of shewta and peeta in equal proportion
In Shabdakalpadruma Pandu Varna is considered as the combination of
Shweta and peeta.
Raja Nighantu mentions that Pandu Varna is combination of shukla and peeta
varna.
By observing the above references, it may be considered that Pandu Varna is
the combination of Shweta and Peeta Varnas. The degree of colouration varies
according to the severity of the disease.
Paryaya: Acharyas while describing Pandu vyadhi have come forward with various
paryayas which are mainly based on the colour.
They include
Pandu
Kamala
Panaki
Kumbhava
Lagharaka
Alasakshya
Haridra
Though Kamala, Kumbha kamala has been mentioned as paryaya even then
separate nidana, lakshana and chikitsa is mentioned. Dalhana clarifies that Sushrutha
has considered it as synonyms only based on Kamala being one of the avastha
vishesha of Pandu
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Nidana
The term Nidana refers to Vyadhi bhodhaka and Vyadhi Utpadaka and in this
context it is the factors responsible for the manifestation of Pandu. After a proper
analysis the etiological factors of Pandu roga, stated by different authors the Nidana
can be best explained under the following headings.
Sl.no. Aharaja nidana Viharaja nidana Manasika karana Nidanaarthakara roga
1. Amla, Maithuna Kama. Rakta gulma
2. Lavana, Vegadharana Krodha Pleehodara
3. Kashaya Rasa. Rutu vaishamya Chinta Asrugdhara
4. Ruksha, Ushna,
Tikshna Guna.
Divaswapna Bhaya Arshas poorva roopa
5. Ushna Dravya. Vyayama Shoka Raktasrava
6. Vidagdha anna RaktaPitta
7. Masha atisevana Raktaarbuda
8. Madya. Rakta vahee dhamani
vedha
9. Pureeshaja krimi etc.
POORVAROOPA
Before the actual onset of disease, one experience some sort of symptoms and
exhibit signs which provide clues about the forth coming disease. Such symptoms are
called prodromal symptoms or poorvaroopa. Pathological process of every disease
starts before the clinical manifestations of a disease. Due to the on going pathological
process certain features will develop, though a complete clinical picture is not
manifested. Symptoms such as Twak sphutana, Gatra sada, Mrit bhakshana, Avipaka,
Roukshya, Swedabhava, Shrama, Aruchi, Hrudaya spandana adhikya, Shareera
pandutha, Alpagni, Peeta Vinmootra.
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SAMPRAPTI
Samanya Samprapti:
Samprapti can be clearly understood by studying the following aspects of
Samprapti : 1) Samprapti ghataka
2) Samprapti bheda
Samprapti ghataka:
1) Dosha: Pitta Pradhana Tridosha
2) Dhatu: Rasa dhatu, Rakta dhatu, Mamsa dhatu, Meda dhatu, Ojas, Twacha
3) Agni: Jataragni
4) Ama: Jataragnimandya
5) Srotas: Rasavaha and Raktavaha.
6) Udhbhava sthana : Amashaya
7) Sanchara sthana: Dasha dhamanis.
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8) Asharya sthana: Twaka and Mamsa
9) Vyakta sthana : Twak, Netra, Nakha
Bheda of Pandu:
5 types of Pandu ( Acc to Charaka and Vagbhata)
4 types of Pandu ( Acc to Sushrutha)
6 types of Pandu (Acc to Other Authors)
Table 27 Showing types of Pandu acc to different Authors
S.No Types C.S S.S A.H A.S M.N B.P. Y.R. Sh. S K.S. H.S.
1 Vataja + + + + + + + + + +
2 Pittaja + + + + + + + + + +
3 Kaphaja + + + + + + + + + +
4 Sannipataja + + + + + + + + + +
5 Mrudbhakshana + + + + + + + + +
6 Rukshana - - - - - - - - - +
Vataja Pandu: Etiological factors which mainly increase Vata along with Pittadi
doshas leads to the production of Panduroga with Vata anubandha producing
Vataja Pandu.
Pittaja Pandu: Etiological factors which mainly increase Pitta along with other
Doshas, leads to the production of Pittaja Pandu.
Kaphaja Pandu: Etiological factors which mainly increase Kapha along with
Pittadi doshas leads to production of Panduroga with Kapha anubandha, thus
producing Kaphaja Pandu.
Tridoshaja Pandu: An etiological factor, which increases all the three
Doshas simultaneously, leads to the production of Tridoshaja Pandu.
Mritbhakshanajanya Pandu: One habituated to consumption of Mrit is
likely to suffer from aggravation of the dosha depending upon the nature of
mrit. If the Mrit is of Kashaya rasa, then it aggravates Vayu. If it is Ushara
then Pitta gets aggravated, if it is Madhura then Kapha. Due to its Ruksha
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guna, the Mrit causes Rukshata in the Rasa and the ingredients of food, and
then the undigested Mrit produces Avarodha of Srotas and causes hani to
Indriya bala , Teja, Virya, Oja, Varna and Agninasha, thus producing
Panduroga.
ROOPA
Roopa implies to those signs and symptoms, exhibited during the manifestation
of the disease. This stage occurs when Dosha dooshya Sammurchana has
completed and the disease has manifested with full of its symptoms.
Roopa may manifest with all symptoms highlighted in classics or with only a few
symptoms depending upon the progression or regression of the disease. Some may
newly appear and some may disappear.
Samanya Lakshana:
1) Panduta: Pandu is expressed as the Pratyatma lakshana of Panduroga. Pandu is
named on the basis of discolouration of body parts. This is due to Rasa pradosha.
2) Alpa Raktata: Includes both qualitative and quantitative decrease. Quantitatively
Rakta is 8 Anjalis in body. Prakruta Rakta is produced by Pachaka pitta, which
helps in proper production of Rakta poshaka sara part from Rasadhatu. Ranjaka
pitta effectively converts this to Rakta. Alpa raktata causes Shareera vaivarnya,
Twacha rukshata.
3) Dourbalya: Reduction in the normal strength (Bala), and the prakruta Bala is
measured by Vyayama shakthi. In Pandu it is reduced due to Dhatukshaya.
4) Karshya: Reduction of various Dhatus in body leads to affliction of Samhanana
leading to emaciation of Spik, Udara, Greeva and prominence of Dhamani jala.
5) Karna Kshweda: Due to debility in the sense organs, aggravated Vata produces
this symptom and is one of the Vataja nanatmaja vyadhi.
6) Gatra peeda: Various type of pain is felt in different parts of the body due to
Vata vriddhi, which in turn is due to Dhatu kshaya.
7) Shoonakshi koota shotha and shtivana: They are the continuation sign from
Poorvaroopa stage. Kapha vriddhi producess Srotorodha and further becomes
responsible for Shoonakshi koota shotha
8) Sheerna lomata: Asthi dhatu kshaya.
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9) Hridrava: Vyana vayu , Sadhaka pitta and Avalambaka kapha are residents of
Hridaya and along with Rakthavaha srotas are responsible for increased gati of
Hridaya.
10) Shwasa:(Arohana): Due to Dhatu kshaya and Dourbalya exertional dyspnoea is
produced. Even debility in the hridaya or pranavayu prakopa can also develop
Shwasa.
11) Bhrama:Vata-pitta-rajogunadhikya leading to various Dhatu kshaya like Majja
and Rakta will produce Bhrama.
12) Annadwesha: Charaka mentioned both Annadwesha and Aruchi in Samanya
lakshana. Sushruta mentions this in Upadrava stage and is caused due to Kapha
vriddhi and Agnimandya.
13) Gourava: Heavyness of body indicates Kapha and Amavriddhi , and one of
Kaphaja nanatmaja vikara.
14) Jwara: Indicates Pitta prakopa.
15) Harita Varna: Indicates Pitta vriddhi.
16) Hata prabhatwa: Pitta prakopa, Oja kshaya cause Prabha hani.
17) Shwasa: In Samanya lakshana also, Shwasa is mentioned. There, it refers to
Arohana Ayasa (exertional dyspnoea) i.e Kshudra Shwasa. But in Upadrava stage,
it is severe state of Kshudra Shwasa or any other severe variety of Shwasa.
Vishista Lakshana:
Vataja Pandu: Vata vriddhi produces various Vataja lakshanas of Panduroga
like Krishna Panduta , Arunangata of body parts and various types of Shoola.
Pittaja Pandu: Pitta vriddhi produces various Pittaja presentations like
Peetabhata, Haritabhata, Jwara.
Kaphaja Pandu: Kapha vriddhi produces various Kaphaja manifestations
like Shuklavarnata, Gourava and Shwayathu.
Tridoshaja Pandu: Tridosha prakopa causes presentation of all the
Tridoshaja lakshanas.
Mridbhakshanaja Pandu: Mridbhakshana causes Agnimandya, Roukshyata
of body, Shotha, Dhatu dourbalya, Indriya-Teja-Bala-Oja-Virya kshaya and
Krimi etc.
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Madhavakara has considered Mridbhakshana as vyadhi hetu. Sushruta has
considered this under Tridoshaja Pandu as Mridbhakshana produces Tridosha
prakopa.
Vishista Lakshana’s:
The signs and symptoms specified to virulence of dosha are an important part
of early diagnosis and rationale of treatment.
Table 28 Showing Vishista Lakshana’s of Pandu.
Sr.no. Vataja Pandu Pittaja
Pandu
Kaphaja Pandu Tridoshaja
Pandu
Mritbhakshana
Janya Pandu
1. KrishnaPandutwa Peetabha Gourava Jwara Indriya bala
hani
2. Ruksha angata Haritabha Tandra Arochaka Teja hani
3. Arunangata Jwara Chardhi Hrullasa Bala hani
4. Angamarda Daha Shewatavabhasata Vamana Ojo hani
5. Ruja Trushna Praseka Trushna Varna nasha
6. Aruna sira Moorcha
pipasartha
Lomaharsha Bhrama Agni nasha
7. Toda Peeta mootra Sada Tandra Shoona ganda
8. Kampa Peeta shakrut Moorcha Alasya Shoona akshi
koota
9. Parshwa shoola Swedana Bhrama Shotha Shoona bhru
10. Shirashoola Sheeta
kamitva
Klama Kasa Shoona pada
11. Varcha shosha Naannam
abhinandathi
Shwasa Shosha Shoona nabhi
12. Asya vairasya Katukasya Kasa Vitbandha Shoona mehana
13. Shopha Anupashaya Alasya Parushata Krumi koshta
14. Anaha Ushna Aruchi Klama Atisara
15. Bala kshaya Amla Vatagraha Moha Mala with
raktha
16. Krishna akshi Amla udgara Swasa graha Pandu
17. Krishna Sira Avanaddha Vidahata Shukla motra Tandra
18. Krishna Varnatwa Vidagdhata Shukla akshi Aruchi
19. Krishna mala Dourgandhya Shukla varcha Alasya
20. Krisha mootra Bhinna
varcha
Katu kamatwam Kasa
21. Krisha nakha Dourbalya Ruksha
kamatwam
Swasa
22. Krishna anana Tama Ushna kamatwam Shoola
23. Aruna sira Peetakshi Shwayatu Sada
24. Aruna nakha Peeta Sira
Avanaddha
Madhurasyatwa Mala with krimi
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UPADRAVA
The manifestation of another disease having the same origin of the
previous one and occuring in later part of the previous disease is Upadrava. In
classics, Aupasargika rogas are also called Upadrava of the disease. The Upadrava
can be mild or severe.
Though the Upadrava is nullified by treating the main vyadhi, separate
treatment is required if it is Pradhana. Acharya Sushruta has documented Upadravas
of Pandu Sometimes the Samanya lakshanas may get transformed into Upadrava with
increase in their severity. Aruchi, Pipasa, Jwara, Agnisada, Shopha, Murccha,
Shwasa, Avipaka, Kasa, Sada also occur as the Samanya lakshanas of Pandu. Their
differentiation can only be done by considering the severity at manifestation and the
time of onset.
SADHYA – ASADHYATA
The lakshanas indicating the incurability of Panduroga are as follows:
1) Chirotpanna- Disease Pandu of longer duration.
2) Rukshata (Khaributa)- patient presenting with excessive dryness of the body.
3) When the patient is afflicted with Shotha due to the Kalaprakarsha of the disease.
4) When the Vit pravrutti is Alpa or Baddha.
5) When the patient views everything as yellow.
6) Atisara of Harita varna and Sakapha mala pravrutti is present.
7) Deenata.
8) When afflicted with Chardi, Murccha, Trushna.
9) Pandu, Shwetavabhasa, due to Ati asruk kshaya.
10) Shotha in Anta (extremities) and emaciation of the trunk.
11) Shotha in trunk and wasting of Anta (extremities).
12) Shotha in Guda pradesha, Shepha and Mushka.
13) Tama pravesha.
14) Sangnyahani.
15) Jwara and Atisara.
16) Panduta of Danta-nakha-netra and Pandudarshi.
17) Mlanata, Indriya dourbalya, Tridoshaja Pandu rogi.
18) Complications of Pandu are difficult to treat and cannot be treated.
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ARISTA LAKSHANA
The signs and symptoms indicating the occurrence of death in the near future are
referred to as arista lakshanas. There is no death with out the evolution of the arista
lakshana. The Arista lakshana of the disease Pandu are,
Pandu varnaadhikyata.
Ati krisha.
Ati trishna.
Kupitha ucchwasa.
Chikitsa
Samanya pandu roga chikitsa includes,
Snehana
Vamana
Virechana
Shamana aushadhi sevana according to dosha involvement
Pathya palana
Mrutbhakshana janya pandu chikitsa
Acharya Charaka explains the treatment of this variety of pandu as, in order to
remove the ingested mud possessing specific rasa, teekshna shodhana should be given
by assessing the bala of the patient with suitable drugs. After shodhana, agni and bala
vardhaka aushadha sidha ghrutha should be given.
Shamana aushadhi
Many herbal and mineral origin drugs are mentioned in the treatment of pandu
among which pathya choorna along with madhu and ghruta stands as the most
commonly mentioned yoga.
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A few of the important yogas are listed below.
Table 29 List of shamana yogas in pandu
Sl.no Yoga
1) Navayasa choorna
2) Mandoora vataka
3) Punarnava mandooram
4) Dhatryavaleha
5) Dhatryarishta
6) Datri loha
7) Gaudorishta
8) Lohasava
9) Punarnavasava
10) Aystiladi modaka
11) Dadimadi ghruta
12) Phalatrikadi kwatha
13) Nisha loha
14) Draksha Grutha
15) Vyoshadya Ghrutha
Pathyapathya
Pathyapathya; - It comprises a list of various food articles and other regimens
which are to be followed by a person suffering from pandu to get rid from the
disease.
The pathyaapathya of Pandu roga are as follows.
Pathya:-
A. Ahara:
1. Shuka dhanya varga - Purana Shali , Purana Yava , Godhuma
2. Shami dhanya varga - Mudga
3. Mamsa varga - Jangala Mamsa, Matsya.
4. Shaka varga - Patola, Kushmanda, Jeevanti, Bimbi, Punarnava,
Nagakesara, Guduchi, Dronapushpi.
5. Phala varga - Badara phala , Abhaya ,Dhatri.
6. Ikshu varga - Ikshu Rasa
7. Gorasa varga - Takra , Ghrita , Navaneeta.
8. Mootra varga - Gomutra
9. Madya varga - Souviraka, Tushodaka.
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10. Kritanna Varga - Yusha.
11.Anya dravya - Haridra, Chandana, Yavakshara, Loha bhasma.
B. Karma: Vamana., Virechana, Abhyanga.
Apathya: It lists the food and othe factors which are to be avoided by the Pandu rogi
so as to have a control over the disease.
A. Ahara:
1. Rasa - Kshara, Amla, Katu, Lavana.
2.Anna - Viruddha bhojana, Asatmya bhojana.
3. Jala - Adhikambupana, Dushita jalapana.
4.Kritanna varga - Pinyaka.
5. Shamidhanya varga - Masha, Tila, Kulatha, Nishpava.
6. Sneha varga - Tila taila.
7. Gorasa varga - Dadhi masthu.
8. Madya varga - Saktu.
9. Ahara varga - Hingu, Tambula, Teekshnapadartha
like Maricha, Vidahi padartha,
Atyushna padartha.
10. Anya dravya - Mruttika.
B. Vihara:
Agni, Atapa atisevana,
Adhika vyayama.
Adhika vyavaya.
Krodha.
Adhika marga gamana.
C. Karma:
1) Rakta Sruti.
2) Dhoomapana.
3) Swedana.
4) Vamana vega dharana.
MATERIALS & METHODS
74
Section – 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Aims and Objectives:
Pharmacognostic and Preliminary phytochemical study of Madhura Triphala.
Evaluation of the Madhura Triphala for its Rakta Vardhaka property with respect
to iron deficiency anaemia.
Study design:
Pharmacognostic study of Madhura Triphala is carried out on the basis of
Organoleptic characters.
Preliminary phytochemical study is carried out on the basis of chemical tests
conducted for alkaloids, carbohydrates, proteins, steroids, saponins, tannins and
Thin Layer Chromatography for qualitative analysis.
Rakta Vardhaka property of Madhura Triphala is evaluated on patients suffering
from mild to moderate iron deficiency anaemia.
3.1. Plant material.
The Fruits of the Draksha and Kharajura were collected from market and
Ghambhari Fruits were collected from J.G. C. H. S A. M C herbal Garden.
The Ghambhari Fruits were pounded well in Khalwa Yantra and sieved through
number 100 sieve and Kalka was prepared from Draksha and Karjura followed by
mixing of Churn and Kalka, Stir well to form homogenous mixture and used for
the study.
3.2. Pharmacognostical study:
Macroscopic characters of Madhura Triphala, for the colour, odour, taste and
shape are studied.
MATERIALS & METHODS
75
3.3 Physical constants
Ash Values
Total ash
About 2 g of crude drug powder was accurately weighed in a tared silica dish
previously ignited and weighed. Incinerated gradually by increasing the heat, not
exceeding dull red heat, until free from carbon, cooled and weighed. The percentage
of ash was calculated with reference to the air-dried drug.
B) Acid-insoluble ash
The ash was boiled for 10 minutes with 25 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid, and
the insoluble matter was collected in a gooch crucible. It was washed with hot water,
ignited, and weighed. The percentage of acid-insoluble ash was calculated with
reference to the air-dried drug.
C) Water-soluble ash
The total ash was boiled for 5 minutes with 25 ml of water. The insoluble
matter was collected in a gooch crucible. It was washed with hot water, ignited, and
weighed. The percentage of water-soluble ash was calculated with reference to the
air-dried drug.
MATERIALS & METHODS
76
3.3 Chemical tests for detection of organic chemical constituents:
Table 30: Showing Preliminary Phytochemical Screening
Sl. No Tests Criteria
I. Test for alkaloids
Dragendorff’s Test Orange brown
precipitate
Wagner’s test Reddish brown
precipitate
Hager’s Test Yellow precipitate
Mayer’s Test Cream precipitate
II. Test for Carbohydrates and Glycosides
Molish’s test Purple to violet colour
ring
Fehlings solution Test Brick red precipitate
III. Test for Phytosterols and Triterpenoids
Liebermann’s Buchard’s Test Deep red colour
Salkowski reaction Red colour
IV. Tests for Proteins and Aminoacids
Millon’s Test White precipitate turns
red on heating
Ninhydrin solution Test Violet colour
VI. Test for Saponin
Foam test 1 cm foam layer
VII. Tests for Phenolic compounds and Tannins
Ferric chloride solution Blue green colour
MATERIALS & METHODS
77
CLINICAL STUDY
Materials
Selection of patients
The patients of either sex suffering from Iron Deficiency Anaemia were
randomly selected from O.P.D. and I.P.D. of Shri J.G.Co-op. Ayurveda Medical
College, Hospital by considering inclusion and exclusion Criteria.
Methods of collection of data
Diagnostic criteria
Patients suffering from Mild to Moderate Anaemia were selected for clinical
study based upon following criteria.
Inclusion criteria
Mild to moderate Anaemia.
Patients of either sex will be taken for study.
Patients of 16 – 60 years of age.
Exclusion criteria
Patients with severe anemia
Patients suffering from systemic and dreadful diseases
Patients with congenital disorder related with Haemopeutic system.
Patients suffering with any infectious diseases like malaria.
Patients with Worm infestation.
Plan of study
Medicine – Modakas of Madhura Triphala.
Dosage - 20gm / day (4 modakas) in two divided dose after food.
Duration - 4 weeks.
20 numbers of cases will be selected for the study of either sex.
MATERIALS & METHODS
78
Assessment
Assessment will be done based on the Hb% and blood peripheral
smear observed before and after the treatment.
The patients will be assessed during the treatment once in ten days
for 1 month.
The results are compiled and subjected to Paired‘t’ test to ascertain
statistical significance.
Criteria for the assessment of symptoms:
The improvements of patients were assessed on the basis of relief in the signs
and symptoms of diseases and improvement in the Hb gms %. To analyze the
efficacy of the drug, statistically marks were given to each symptom. According to
severity of the symptoms the grading were given as below;
Score of specific symptoms:
Alaparaktata (Pandutva of Netra, Nakha):
Absent 0
Present 1
Alpamedaska is compared with Exertional Dyspnoea:
Absent 0
Felt at 20-30 steps 1
Felt at 10-20 steps 2
Felt within 10 steps 3
Nissara (Generalized weakness):
Absent 0
Not affecting daily activities 1
Affecting daily activities 2
Felt continuous throughout the day 3
Shithilandriya (tiredness):
Absent 0
Felt during work 1
Felt at rest 2
Felt throughout the day 3
MATERIALS & METHODS
79
Gatrapida:
Absent 0
Not affecting normal routines 1
Affecting normal routines 2
Activity reduced 3
Aruchi:
Absent 0
Observed for 3-4 days/week/associated few days in a week 1
Observed for a week/associated for many days in a week 2
Observed for weeks together/associated more than week 3
Nidranasha:
Absent 0
Felt sometimes but not often 1
Seen often for shorter duration 2
Seen continuous 3
The improvement is documented through statistical significance. The
subjective and objective parameters are assessed by means of interrogation
ascertaining the signs and symptoms before and after the treatment and laboratory
investigation of Hb.
Statistical Analysis:
For assessing the improvement of symptomatic relief and to analyze
statistically the observations were recorded before and after the treatment. The mean,
percentage, S.D, S.E, and t-value (paired t-test) were calculated and analysed.
Criteria for assessment of overall effect of therapy:
i) Complete relief:
100% relief in the complaints of patients along with Hb% above 10 gm%.
ii) Marked improvement:
More than 75% relief in the complaints as well as Hb% increased up to
10 gm%.
iii) Moderate improvement:
More than 50% relief in the complaints along Hb% increased up to
9 gm%.
MATERIALS & METHODS
80
iv) Improvement:
25% to 50% relief in the complaints and light improvement in the Hb%.
v) Unchanged:
Less than 25% relief in the complaints and Hb% unchanged
vi) Worsened;
Haemoglobin estimation-
Sahlis method- This is based on conversion of hemoglobin to acid haematin,
which has a brown colour. N/10 HCl is added to Haemoglobin tube till 20 mark. Then
20 µl of blood drawn from haemoglobin pipette is added and wait for 5-45min.
During this time mixture of acid-blood in the tube is stirred often. Distilled water is
added drop by drop until match is obtained with the brown glass standard
(comparator) provided. Read the lower level of the fluid meniscus on gm % 100ml of
blood.
Blood film examination-
A thin blood film is made by spreading a drop of blood evenly across a clean
grease free slide, using a smooth edge spreader.
For anaemic blood a rapid smearing is needed where as for thick concentrated
blood smearing should be done slowly. A well spread smear shows no lines extending
across or downwards through the film and smear should be tongue shaped.
Leishman’s stain is used for staining. And blood film is studied under the microscope
under strict supervision by pathologist.
OBSERVATION
81
Section - 4
OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS
4.1. PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING
Table No. 31 Showing results of qualitative chemical tests conducted.
Sl.No Tests Results of
Kharjura.
Results of
Draksha.
Results of
Gambhari.
I. Test for alkaloids
Dragendorff’s Test Positive Positive Positive
Wagner’s test Positive Positive Positive
Hager’s test Positive Positive Positive
II. Test for Carbohydrates
Molish’s test Positive Positive Positive
Fehlings solution A & B Positive Positive Positive
III. Test for Phytosterols
Liebermann’s Buchard’s Test Negative Negative Negative
IV. Tests for Proteins & Aminoacids
Millon’s Test Positive Positive Negative
Ninhydrin solutions Negative Negative Negative
V. Test for Steroids
Salkowski reaction Negative Negative Negative
VI. Test for Saponin glycosides
Foam test Negative Negative Negative
VII. Tests for Phenolic compounds
and Tannins
Ferric chloride solution Negative Positive Positive
OBSERVATION
82
Table No. 32. Showing results of qualitative chemical tests conducted of
Madhura Triphala.
Table no 33. Showing Physico-Chemical Evaluation of Madhura Triphala.
Ash Value. Madhura Triphala.
Total Ash 10.5%
Acid insoluble 11.0%
Water soluble 4.5%
Sl.No Tests Results of Madhura
Triphala
I. Test for alkaloids
Dragendorff’s Test Positive
Wagner’s test Positive
Hager’s test Positive
II. Test for Carbohydrates
Molish’s test Positive
Fehlings solution A & B Positive
III. Test for Phytosterols
Liebermann’s Buchard’s Test Negative
IV. Tests for Proteins & Aminoacids
Millon’s Test Positive
Ninhydrin solutions Negative
V. Test for Steroids
Salkowski reaction Negative
VI. Test for Saponin glycosides
Foam test Negative
VII. Tests for Phenolic compounds and
Tannins
Ferric chloride solution Negative
OBSERVATION
84
Clinical Observation:
The observations made during the study are as follows:
Table No – 33/ Graph No 1
Showing status of patients registered under the study
Status of Patient: Total 24 patients were registered for the study out of which 4
patients discontinued the treatment.
Table No-34 / Graph No - 2
Showing age wise distribution
No of patient
Registered
Drop out
Total
24
04
20
Age No
Patient
%
15-30 10 50
31-45 05 25
46-60 05 25
No of patient
Reg Drop
Age Wise distribution
15-30 31-45 46-60
OBSERVATION
85
AGE: Maximum number of patients in this study i.e., 50 % belonged to age group
15-30. Remaining 25% each were from 31-45 years and 46-60 years age
group respectively.
Table No – 35/ Graph No 3
Showing occupation of Patients
OCCUPATION: 40% were student, 25% were agriculture, 20%were housewife and 15%
were other occupation.
Table No-36 / Graph No 4
Showing socio-economic status
Socioecononic status
poormiddle class
SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS: Socio-economic status of 60% patients to be poor and
40% belonging to the middle class. None are higher class.
Occupation No of
patients
%
Student
08 40
Agriculture 05 25
Housewife 04 20
Other 03 15
Socio-
economic
status
No of
Patients
%
Poor 12 60.00
Middle
class
08 40.00
Rich
00 00.00
Occupation of patient
studunt agri housewife other
OBSERVATION
86
Table - 37/ Graph No 5
Showing sex wise distribution
Sex wise distribution
Mainly in this study 60% female and 40% male patients were observed.
Table No – 38 / Graph No 6
Showing diet of patients
DIET: 70% patients had vegetarian diet while 30% patients were mixed diet.
Sex No of
patients %
Male 8 40.00
Female 12 60.00
Diet No of
patients %
Vegetarian 14 70.00
Mixed 06 30.00
male
female
veg
mixed
Diet of patient
OBSERVATION
87
Table 39/ GraphNo. 7: Showing the incidence of symptoms seen in
patients selected for the study
Symptoms Incidence Percentage
Alparaktata 11 55 %
Alpamedaska 09 45%
Nissara 09 45%
Shithilendriya 17 85%
Gatrapida 20 100%
Aruchi 19 95%
Nidranasha 16 80%
Incidence of symptoms
0
5
10
15
20
25
Alpara
ktata
Alpamed
aska
Nissar
a
Shithil
endr
iya
Gatrap
ida
Aruchi
Nidran
asha
Symptoms
Num
ber
of p
atie
nts
Incidence
OBSERVATION
88
RESULTS
The results obtained from the study conducted are presented as follows
Subjective criteria: Cardinal Symptoms:
Alaparaktata :
The mean score of Alparaktata was 1.600 before treatment and it reduced to
0.850 after the treatment which is statistically significant (P <0.010)
Table no 40 and Graph no 8 Presenting change in Alaparaktata.
Mean Paired ‘t’ Test
BT(±SD) AT(±SD)
Difference in Means
S.D. S.E.M ‘t’ P
0.55
(0.510)
0.25
(0.444)
0.300 0.470 0.105 2.854 0.010
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
BT AT
Alaparakta
Alpamedaska :
The mean score of Alpamedaska was 0.85 before treatment and it reduced to
0.45 after the treatment which is statistically significant (P <0.088)
Table no 41 and Graph no 9 presenting change in Alpamedaska.
Mean Paired ‘t’ Test
BT(±SD) AT(±SD)
Difference
in Means S.D. S.E.M ‘t’ P
0.85
(1.137)
0.45
(0.759)
0.400 0.995 0.222 1.798 0.088
OBSERVATION
89
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9
BT AT
Alpamedaska
Nissara :
The mean score of Nissara was 0.85 before treatment and it reduced to 0.55after
the treatment which is statistically significant (P <0.010)
Table no 42 and Graph no 10 presenting change in Nisaar
Mean Paired ‘t’ Test
BT(±SD) AT(±SD)
Difference
in Means S.D. S.E.M ‘t’ P
0.85
(1.137)
0.55
(0.826)
0.300 0.470 0.105 2.854 0.010
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9
BT AT
nisaar
OBSERVATION
90
Shitilandriya :
The mean score of Shitilandriya was 1.25 before treatment and it reduced to
0.70 after the treatment which is extremely statistically significant (P <0.000)
Table no 43 and Graph no 11 Presenting change in Shitilandrya.
Mean Paired ‘t’ Test
BT(±SD) AT(±SD)
Difference in
Means S.D. S.E.M ‘t’ P
1.25
(0.910)
0.70
(0.733)
0.550
0.510 0.114 4.819 0.000
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
BT AT
Shitilandrya
Gatrapida :
The mean score of Gatrapida was 1.55 before treatment and it reduced to 0.80
after the treatment which is extremely statistically significant (P <0.000)
Table no 44 and Graph no 12 Presenting change in Gatrapida.
Mean Paired ‘t’ Test
BT(±SD) AT(±SD)
Difference in
Means S.D. S.E.M ‘t’ P
1.55
(0.759)
0.80
(0.696)
0.750 0.550 0.123 6.097 0.000
OBSERVATION
91
00.20.40.60.8
11.21.41.6
BT AT
Gatrapida
Aruchi :
The mean score of Aruchi was 1.95 before treatment and it reduced to 1.05
after the treatment which is extremely statistically significant (P <0.000)
Table no 45 and Graph no 13 Presenting change in Aruchi.
Mean Paired ‘t’ Test
BT(±SD) AT(±SD)
Difference
in Means S.D. S.E.M ‘t’ P
1.95
(0.826)
1.05
(0.686)
0.900 0.447 0.100 9.000 0.000
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
BT AT
Aruchi
OBSERVATION
92
Nidranasha :
The mean score of Nidranasha was 1.60 before treatment and it reduced to 0.75
after the treatment which is extremely statistically significant (P <0.000)
Table no 46 and Graph no 14 Presenting change in Nidranasha.
Mean Paired ‘t’ Test
BT(±SD) AT(±SD)
Difference
in Means S.D. S.E.M ‘t’ P
1.60
(1.095)
0.75
(0639)
0.850 0.671 0.150 5.667 0.000
Summary of mean difference of subjective parameters:
Table no.47 Showing mean difference of subjective parameters
Sl.No. Subjective Symptoms Before Treatment After Treatment
1. Alparaktata 0.55 0.25
2. Alpamedaska 0.85 0.45
3. Nissara 0.85 0.55
4. Shithilendriya 1.25 0.70
5. Gatrapida 1.55 0.80
6. Aruchi. 1.95 1.05
7. Nidranasha 1.60 0.75
00.20.40.60.8
11.21.41.6
BT AT
Nidranasha
OBSERVATION
93
Graph No.15 Showing mean difference of subjective parameters
Mean Differance of Subjective Parameters
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Alpara
ktata
Alpamed
aska
Nissar
a
Shithil
endr
iya
Gatrap
ida
Aruchi.
Nidran
asha
Subjective Parameters
Mea
n D
iffe
ranc
e
BTAT
Objective criteria:
Haemoglobin %:
The mean score of Hemoglobin % was 8.72 before treatment and it improved
to 9.180 after the treatment which is extremely statistically significant (P <0.001)
Table no 48 and Graph no 16 Presenting change in Haemoglobin %
Mean Paired ‘t’ Test
BT(±SD) AT(±SD)
Difference in
Means S.D. S.E.M ‘t’ P
8.72
(0.185)
9.180
(0.8624)
0.4650
0.2033
0.0455 10.282 0.001
8.48.58.68.78.88.9
99.19.2
B T AT
H ae moglobin
DISCUSSION
94
DISCUSSION
Pandu roga is caused due to Nidanas such as Mithya Ahara-Vihara
(table no.26) that result ultimately the Kuposhana. Alaparaktata and Alapamedska,
Nissara, Shithilendriya are the Pratyatma lakshanas. The other associated symptoms
due to dosha-dushya sammurchana are like Agnimandya, Alasya, Angamarda,
Anaha, Trishna, Tandra, Gatrashoola and signs like Panduta, Rukshata, Shotha, etc
which correlates with the symptoms of nutritional deficiency anemia especially the
Iron deficiency anemia.
The prevalence of this disease is very high in the developing countries
like India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka due to the poverty, malnutrition, recurrent
pregnancy and poor antenatal care. In both these comparable disease conditions the
prime factor affected is Rakta which is essential for a variety of vital physiological
activities like nutrition transport, waste removal, oxygen carrying, thermoregulation
etc. That’s our ancient acharyas have mentioned its prime function as Jeevana.
Discussion on Phytochemical analysis:
Preliminary phyto chemical analysis of all three drugs showed that (Table No.
31) the drug gives positive result for qualitative analysis for alkaloids,
carbohydrates (reducing and not reducing) and glycosides, proteins. The drug
Draksha has shown presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates and glycosides, proteins
and phenolic compounds and tannins. Similarly the drug Gambhari fruit showed the
presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates and glycosides. These findings are similar with
the chemical constituents mentioned in API. On the same way these qualitative tests
were also conducted for the combination Madhura triphala that shows the presence
of alkaloids, carbohydrates, proteins. Thus it can be said that the madhura triphala is
prakruti sama samavaya combination chemically also.
Physico- Chemical evaluation (Table no 33) carried out shows Total Ash
value 10.5%, Acid insoluble 11.0%, Water soluble 4.5%.
TLC was also tried for all the constituents of Madhura Triphala. Incidentally
extract of any drug was not used for the study hence we could not get different
bands on TLC plates as they contain complex principles in them. The same
happened for the Madhura triphala.
DISCUSSION
95
Discussion on plan of study:
Single blind clinical study has been carried out on 20 patients selected
from the OPD and IPD of Shri J G C H S Ayurvedic Medical College Hospital
Ghataprabha.
Discussion on observations during study:
Incidence studies of the entire registered patient are as follows –
Age incidence: (Table No.34) Maximum numbers of patients in the study
were in between the age 15 to 45 (75%) years and 46 to 60 (25%) years. This
may be because of early years of menstruation, pregnancy, lactation and
excessive physical strain, pre menopausal stage (where there is irregular and
excessive menstruation) respectively.
Sex incidence: (Table no 37) Maximum patients were females nearly about
60%; menstruating females require double the quantity of dietary iron
supplement than the non-menstruating. This may be the probable cause for
maximum prevalence among the females.
Occupational incidence: (Table no 35) Patients were House wives about 20%
followed by 40% students, 25% agricultures and rest of other professionals
etc.
Socio-economical incidence: (Table no 36) It was observed that the poor
class and lower middle class shared more percentage i.e. 95%. Lack of proper
hygienic food and nutritive value may be the prime factor in causation of the
disease.
Marital incidence: About Marital status, 50% were married and 50% were
unmarried. Married female patients were suffering from Pandu roga,
probably due to recurrent pregnancy and lactation. 50% of unmarried were
also sufferers may be due to malnutrition and worm infestation.
Dietary incidence: (Table no 38) Detail questioning was done during the
clinical study and observed that patients suffered from Pandu roga were
vegetarians (70% were vegetarians and 30% were mixed diet). Their food
mainly comprised of less calorie vegetables and patients had the habit of
taking Amla, Katu Pradhana rasas. Most patients had habit of taking fried food
items and were from the lower class those consume less hygienic, staled and
less nutritious diet which could probably be a significant cause.
DISCUSSION
96
Symptomatological incidence (Table No. 39)
“xÉÉåÿsmÉU£üÉåÿsmÉqÉåSxMüÉå ÌlÉ:xÉÉU: ÍzÉÍjÉsÉåÎlSìrÉ:| uÉæuÉhrÉïÇ pÉeÉiÉå”- || cÉ ÍcÉ (16/6)
Majority of the cases had the samanya lakshana of Pandu mentioned in
Charaka samhita.
1. Alparaktata (Panduta) – Pallor was seen in 55% of patients subjected for the
study and was seen in the nails, eye and skin.
2. Alpamadaska- Mainly Balahani, one of the main symptoms, usually felt by
patient even after a mild exertion, or by walking a small distance
(Arohanayasa). It was found in 45 % of cases.
3. Nissara – the mainly reduction of Snehansh and Oja in the body. i.e. dryness
(Rukshata), Krushata, Ashtavidhasara kshaya. This is also seen in 45 % of
cases.
4. Shithilendriya – It was presented as weakness in the normal functions of
Indriyas. E.g. Patients complaining inability to hear sound; feeling exhaustion
with less speak also; irritability indicating loss of enthusiasm with respect to
ones Manas; thus it were interrupting their daily routines. It was seen most of
the cases i.e. 85 %. This may be the initial change due to malnutrition so seen
in many cases.
5. Gatrapida- Generalized body ache is seen all patients (100 %).
6. Aruchi- Loss of appetite is seen in 95 % of cases.
7. Nidranasha – Loss of sleep is seen in 80 % of cases. This might be as a result
of Vatavruddhi due to lack of nutrition to Dhatus.
Effect of treatment:
The medicine Madhura Triphala was planned for 30 days on patients attended
O.PD and I.P.D of Shri.J.G.C.H’S Ayurvedic Medical College Hospital, Ghataprabha,
and its treatment effect was assessed both clinically as well as on laboratory
parameters. Initially, as it seen evident that helminthiasis is the leading cause of iron
deficiency anemia a single dose of antiheliminthic drug Albendazole 400 mg was
given to the patients before starting the treatment.
The Drug never presented with any sort of adverse effect during the study period. The
relief obtained in 20 patients in subjective and objective symptoms is listed below-
DISCUSSION
97
Hb gm %: The objective symptom i.e. Hb% also showed a significant
change with value of p <0.001 which is at extremely statistically
significant level.
Peripheral smear: in these not significant changes have been noted in
mild to moderate anemia. Very few cases have minute changes in
peripheral smear that is negligible after treatment also
The subjective symptoms are also analyzed by statistically they are as below:
Alaparaktata- clinically it correlates with the paleness of Nakha, Netra, and
Twacha. The mean score of Alparaktata was 1.600 before treatment and it
reduced to 0.850 after the treatment which is statistically significant (P
<0.010). It is statistically significant at p < 0. 010 level.
Alpamedska- Clinically it correlates with the exertional dyspnoea. Mean
score before treatment was 0.85 and after treatment is will 0.45 which is
statistically significant p< 0.088 level.
Nissara- Clinically it correlates with Genaralised weakness. The mean score
of Nissara was 0.85 before treatment and it reduced to 0.55after the treatment
which is statistically significant (P <0.010), which is also statistically
significant at p< 0.010 level.
Shitilandriya- The mean score of Shitilandriya before treatment it was 1.25
and after treatment it is 0.70 so it statistically extremely significant at the
level of p < 0.00
Gatrpida- The mean score of Gatrapida was 1.55 before treatment and it
reduced to 0.80 after the treatment which is extremely statistically significant
(P <0.000).
Aruchi- The detail questioning asked to the patient and proper history taken
regarding the Aruchi. The mean score before treatment it was 1.95 and after
treatment it is 1.05 so it also statistically extremely significant at p <0.00 level.
Nidranasha- it also one of the symptom observed during study, the mean
score before treatment it was 1.60 and after treatment it will 0.75, it also
statistically extremely significant at p < 0.00 level.
Thus the study conducted on 20 patients of iron deficiency anaemia is
statistically significant. Hence the Madhura triphala is effective in improving the
DISCUSSION
98
Hb % after one month of treatment and also effective in relieving the symptoms of
the same. Thus has got significant Bruhmana property.
Probable mode of action of Madhuratriphala :
Madhuratriphala is the combination of equal parts of fruits of Draksha,
Kharjura, and Gambhari. Raj nighantukar is the first to mention these three fruits
together under the heading of Madhura triphala. These thee drugs are having Madhura
rasa, Madhura vipaka, and Sheeta virya. Hence it is the ‘Prakruti Sam Samavya’
(mÉëM×üiÉÏ xÉqÉ xÉqÉuÉÉrÉ) combination and has the effects of Madhura Rasa such as Balya,
Barumhana, Rasayana, Medhya, Kshayahara, Ksramahara, Raktaprasadana, etc.
Kalka of Draksha (Manuka), Kharjura and Ghambhari fruit each 10 gm weight were
mixed together and modakas of 5 gms each were prepared. Ghruta was used during
preparation of Kalka and Modaka just to ease the process.
Draksha (Manuka)- It having Snigdha, Guru and Mrudhu Guna, Madhura Rasa and
Vipaka, Shita virya; due to these properties it acts as a Jivaniya, Bruhana, Balya,
Raktaprasadana, Medhya, Snehana, Vatapittashamaka and Raktapittshamaka,
Rasayana. So it is mainly indicated in Pitta pradhana vyadhis such as in Pandu,
Madatya, Kamala, Udavarta, Trushana, Shukra-dourbalya,etc.
Rakta and Pitta having the Ashrayashrayi relation with each other got
mutually vitiated in Panda. Draksha, by virtue of its Madhura rasa, Sheeta veerya and
the Madhura vipaka acts as Pitta shamaka, Rakta prasadana, Rakta-Pittahara and also
Rasayana means it increases the quality of dhatus especially Rasa-Rakta and hence
helps in curing the Pandu Roga. Apart from that – fruit contains sugar, gum, tartaric
acid, citric acid, racimic and malic acid, magnesium, iron, some albumin. Raisin
contains calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus and iron in an assimilable form;
besides gum and sugar. Thus are recommended in certain forms of anaemia and
wasting disease.
Ghambhari (fruit) - It is having Madhura Rasa, Madhura Vipaka and Sheeta Virya.
It is having Deepana, Anuloman, Raktapiitashamak, Balya, Rasayana, Tridoshahara
properties. So its use is effectively seen in condition of Pandu, Kshaya, Vatarakta,
Arsha, Sheetapitta, Raktakshaya, Hridroga, Bhrama. Etc.
Its chemical composition are Gmelofuran-a, furanosesquiterpenoid,
ssquiterpene, cerylalcohol, hentriacontanol-1, b-sitosterol, n- octacosanol, gmelinol,
apiosylskimmin-a, apiofuranodyl (1.0.7)- umbelliferone (root); cluytyl ferulate, n-
DISCUSSION
99
octacosanol, gmelanone, arborial, 2-0- methyal arboreol, 2-0- ethyal arboreol,
isoarboreol, 4- hydroxysesamin, 1,4- dihydroxysesamin (gummsdiol), 2- piperonyl-3-
(hydroxymethyl)-4 (~hydroxy-3-,4methylenedioxybenzyl) -4-hydroxy
tetrahydroxyfluron (I) 4-epigummadiol-4-glucoside, 1,4-dihydroxy -2, 6-
dipiperonyl-3, 7-dioxybicyclo [3,3,0] –octane, gmelanone, palmitic, oleic and linoleic
acids, stigmastirol, stigmastinol, campesterol, ~-2-stostirol, butulinol(hertwood)
luteilin, apigenin, quercetin, hentriacontanol, b-sitosterol, quercetogenin and other
flavons (leaf). Thus the drug Gambhari having the more amino acids is there more
nutritive value so it will be used for the anaemia.
Kharjura – It also is having the Madhura, Kashaya Rasa, Snigdha, Guru Gunas,
Shita Virya and Madhura Vipaka properties. It is Bruhana, Balya, Vrusya,
Vatapittahara, Rasayana, Hrudya, Tarpana, due to this it will be used in Raktapitta,
Kshaya, Shrama, Agnimandya, Aruchi, etc. apart from these Kharjura is also well-
known for its nutritious properties as it contains highly protein 1.2%, fat 0.4%,
Carbohydrates 33.8%, Fibers 3.7%, mineral matter 1.7%, calcium 0.22%, thiamine
0.11%, riboflavin 0.023%. So these all factors are helpful to treat the anaemia.
Thus this Prakrutisamasamavaya- Madhura triphala that contains equal parts
of fruits of Draksha, Gambhari and Kharjura has the same properties of all the drugs
in it. Its properties after this study can be inferred as Madhura Rasa, Madhura Vipaka
and Shita Virya. and also Vata hara, Pitthara, Bruhmana, Balya, Vedanasthapana,
Angamardaprashamana, Raktadhatu prasadaka etc. Thus the disease iron deficiency
anaemia (Pandu) where in Rakta dhatu kshaya and Pitta dushti is seen, Madhura
triphala by virtue of its above said properties acts as Vyadhiviparita for the disease.
And also its nutritious properties that are confirmed by the presence of Carbohydrates
and glycosides, Proteins and aminoacids by the qualitative analysis of the study, in
this sense also it can be taken as well nutritive supplement in nutritional deficiency
and specially iron deficiency anaemia.
CONCLUSION
100
CONCLUSION
After thorough analysis of the classical text and modern science information,
and some of its understanding in clinical study, the probable outcome was that the
majority of the symptoms of Panduroga have similarity with the features of Iron
deficiency anaemia, and iron deficiency anaemia is one such disorder existing world wide
with varied percentage.
Females are mostly affected by Panduroga than males.
Martial status, religion, Social status bear no relation in causation of Panduroga.
Contributory factors are mainly related with Pitta and Rakta vitiation
The study reveals dominancy of Pitta Dosha, Rakta Dhatu Dusti, Rasavaha and
Rakthavaha Srotodushti in the pathogenesis of Panduroga.
Sedentary life style, and fault dietary habits are main contributing factors in the
establishment of the disease. Tendency towards sedentary life style and faulty
dietary habits, leads to vitiation of Pitta and Rakta leading to Panduroga.
Panduroga is a disease characterized by Pandutva, Alaprakta, Alapamedaska,
Nissara, Shitilandrya, Dourbalya and Rukshtva of the body.
The results obtained during the study conclude that the Madhuratriphala has good
results in relief of the symptoms like Pandutva, Daurbalya, Shitilandriya, Nissara,
and Aruchi.
It was effective in increasing the Hemoglobin percentage although in slower rate.
The mean difference in Hb% was 0.4650 with P < 0.001 which is statistically
significant.
The present study was carried on small sample for a partial period and it showed
results. However further study is necessary including large sample to draw valid
conclusions and for the same, this study provides a base and hope.
Summary
101
Summary
The study on dissertation entitled “A Clinical Evaluation of Madhura-
Triphala in the Management of Iron deficiency Anaemia” has found clinical
efficacy of Madhura-Triphala on the patients of Pandu. This study comprises of
different topics and is discussed under various headings.
Introduction: It also enlists general information and nomenclature of disease
Anaemia, its historical importance, first use of the word and importance of the
study on iron deficiency anemia.
Objectives: The main aim and objectives of the study has been mentioned.
Review of literature: This section comprises of extensive collection of data wise,
about Etymology, Definition, Classification, Nidana, Poorvaroopa, Roopa,
Samprapti, Sadhya-asadhyata, Upadrava, and Chikitsa along with Pathya-apathya
of the disease. The explaination of Anaemia in terms of modern science has been
dealt in short.
Methodology:
Clinical study – A single blind clinical study with inclusion and exclusion
criteria, criteria for assessment of signs and symptoms, dose, and duration of the
study have been highlighted.
Observational study – A complete sketch on the division of the patients
according to age, sex, economical status, diet, habits, marital status, educational
status has been explained.
Results: The data obtained from the study are analyzed for result and un paired
T test conducted shows significant work. In the present study no patient
complained about any adverse effects of the medicine through out the course.
Discussion: Under this title, concise explaination of the entire study is presented.
And also results obtained from this study have been discussed. The probable mode
of action of the Madhura Triphala in the management of Pandu roga is described.
Conclusion: In this section the conclusion of the above study is done by
highlighting the outcome of the study along with its own limitations. Future scope
for the study has been highlighted.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
102
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DEPT OF P. G STUDIES IN DRAVYAGUNA
J.G.C.H.S’s AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTRE.
GHATAPRABHA.
CASE PROFORMA
“A CLINICAL EVALUATION OF MADHURA-TRIPHALA IN THE
MANAGEMNET OF IRON DEFICIENCY ANAEMIA”
Name:
Age : OPD no: Case no:
Occupation: Date:
Address: Religion:
Chief Complaints and duration:
History of present illness:
History of past illness:
Family history:
Personal history:
A. Personal habits:
1. Appetite: 2. Bowel: R/IR Constipated/Loose stool
3. Diet: Vegetarian/Mixed 4. Micturation:
5. Sleep:
B. Occupational history
C. Treatment history
General examination:
a) Pulse: f) Gait:
b) Temp: g) Clubbing:
c) Respiratory rate: h) Pallor:
d) B.P.: i) Cyanosis:
e) Built
Systemic examination:
1) Cardiovascular system:
2) Respiratory system:
3) Central nervous system:
4) Gastro-intestinal tract:
Dasha vidha pariksha
Prakruti
Vikruti
Sara
Samhanan
Pramana
Satmya
Satwa
Aahar shakti
Vyayam shakti
Vaya
Investigations:
Hb %
Peripheral smear:
Diagnosis:
Treatment:
Follow Up
SYMPTOMS Days
REMARKS
0
10th
20th
30th
Hb%
Peripheral smear:
Result:
Good
Moderate
Mild
Sign of guide, Sign of co-guide Sign of scholar
CONSENT FORM
I S/D/W of aged
Address am under the treatment of Dr
. do hereby give the consent to treatment of disease upon myself.
The nature and the purpose of treatment have been explained to me by Dr.
I declare that I am more than 18 years of age.
I have been informed about untoward effects if any, involved in the treatment. No
assurance has been given to me regarding the success of the treatment. I have given this
consent voluntarily out of my free will without any pressure.
Place:
Date & time: Signature Patient
I here by declare that I have explained in detail regarding the case to the patient and
answered queries to his satisfaction in a language that he could understand.
Place:
Date & time: Signature of Doctor